Array ( [0] => {{Distinguish|text=[[agricultural economics]] (also known as agronomics)}} [1] => {{Short description|Science of producing and using plants}} [2] => {{broader|Agricultural science}}{{See also|Agriculturist}} [3] => {{Agriculture}}'''Agronomy''' is the science and technology of producing and using [[plant]]s by [[agriculture]] for [[food]], [[fuel]], [[fiber]], chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of [[plant genetics]], [[plant physiology]], [[meteorology]], and [[soil science]]. It is the application of a combination of sciences such as [[biology]], [[chemistry]], [[economics]], [[ecology]], [[earth science]], and [[genetics]]. Professionals of agronomy are termed [[Agriculturist|agronomists]]. [4] => [5] => ==History== [6] => Agronomy has a long and rich history dating to the [[Neolithic Revolution]]. Some of the earliest practices of agronomy are found in ancient civilizations, including [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[China]] and [[India]]. They developed various techniques for the management of [[soil fertility]], [[irrigation]] and [[crop rotation]]. [7] => [8] => During the 18th and 19th centuries, advances in science led to the development of modern agronomy. German chemist [[Justus von Liebig]] and [[John Bennett Lawes]], an English entrepreneur, contributed to the understanding of [[plant nutrition]] and [[soil chemistry]]. Their work laid for the establishment of modern fertilizers and agricultural practices. [9] => [10] => Agronomy continued to evolve with the development of new technology and practices in the 20th century. From the 1960s, the [[Green Revolution]] saw the introduction of high-yield variety of crops, modern fertilizers and improvement of agricultural practices. It led to an increase of global food production to help reduce hunger and poverty in many parts of the world. [11] => [12] => ==Plant breeding== [13] => {{Main|Plant breeding}} [14] => [[Image:Research- alternative crops.jpg|thumb|left|An agronomist, field-sampling a trial plot of flax]] [15] => This topic of agronomy involves [[selective breeding]] of plants to produce the best [[crop]]s for various conditions. Plant breeding has increased [[crop yield]]s and has improved the [[nutritional value]] of numerous crops, including [[maize|corn]], [[soybeans]], and [[wheat]]. It has also resulted in the development of new types of plants. For example, a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] grain named [[triticale]] was produced by crossbreeding rye and wheat. Triticale contains more usable [[protein]] than does either rye or wheat. Agronomy has also been instrumental for fruit and vegetable production research. Furthermore, the application of plant breeding for turfgrass development has resulted in a reduction in the demand for fertilizer and water inputs (requirements), as well as turf-types with higher disease resistance. [16] => [17] => ==Biotechnology== [18] => [[Image:Research-mapping plant genomes.jpg|thumb|An agronomist mapping a plant [[genome]]]] [19] => [20] => Agronomists use [[biotechnology]] to extend and expedite the development of desired characteristics.Georgetown International Environmental Law Review Biotechnology is often a laboratory activity requiring field testing of new crop varieties that are developed. [21] => [22] => In addition to increasing crop yields agronomic biotechnology is being applied increasingly for novel uses other than food. For example, [[oilseed]] is at present used mainly for margarine and other food oils, but it can be modified to produce fatty acids for [[detergent]]s, substitute fuels and [[petrochemical]]s. [23] => [24] => ==Soil science== [25] => {{Main|Agricultural soil science}} [26] => Agronomists study sustainable ways to make [[soil]]s more productive and profitable. They classify soils and analyze them to determine whether they contain nutrients vital for plant growth. Common macronutrients analyzed include compounds of [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]], [[potassium]], [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], and [[sulfur]]. Soil is also assessed for several micronutrients, like [[zinc]] and [[boron]]. The percentage of organic matter, [[soil pH]], and nutrient holding capacity ([[cation exchange capacity]]) are tested in a regional laboratory. Agronomists will interpret these laboratory reports and make recommendations to modify soil nutrients for optimal plant growth.{{cite book|last=Hoeft|first=Robert G.|title=Modern Corn and Soybean Production|year=2000|publisher=MCSP Publications |asin=B0006RLD8U |pages=107 to 171}} [27] => [28] => ===Soil conservation=== [29] => Additionally, agronomists develop methods to preserve soil and decrease the effects of [erosion] by wind and water. For example, a technique known as [[contour plowing]] may be used to prevent soil erosion and conserve rainfall. Researchers of agronomy also seek ways to use the soil more effectively for solving other problems. Such problems include the disposal of human and animal [[manure]], [[water pollution]], and [[pesticide]] accumulation in the soil, as well as preserving the soil for future generations such as the burning of paddocks after crop production. Pasture management techniques include [[no-till farming]], planting of soil-binding grasses along contours on steep slopes, and using contour drains of depths as much as 1 metre.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rss4DwAAQBAJ&q=no-tilling+crops%2C+soil-binding+grasses+and+contour+drains&pg=PA236|title=Fundamentals of Agriculture (ICAR-NET, JRF, SRF, CSIR-NET, UPSC & IFS)|last1=Arya|first1=R. L.|last2=Arya|first2=S.|last3=Arya|first3=Renu|last4=Kumar|first4=J.|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-93-86102-36-2|language=en}} [30] => [31] => ==Agroecology== [32] => [[Agroecology]] is the management of agricultural systems with an emphasis on ecological and environmental applications.{{cite web |url=http://www.agron.iastate.edu/academic/undergraduate/options/agro_ecol.aspx [33] => |title=Iowa State University: Undergraduate Program - Agroecology [34] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007045315/http://www.agron.iastate.edu/academic/undergraduate/options/agro_ecol.aspx [35] => |archive-date=7 October 2008}} This topic is associated closely with work for [[sustainable agriculture]], [[organic farming]], and [[Food systems|alternative food systems]] and the development of alternative cropping systems.[https://rosenberg-agronom.com/ Rosenberg Agronom] [36] => [37] => ==Theoretical modeling== [38] => [[Theoretical production ecology]] is the quantitative study of the growth of crops. The plant is treated as a kind of biological factory, which processes [[light]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[water]], and [[Plant nutrition|nutrients]] into harvestable products. The main parameters considered are temperature, sunlight, standing crop biomass, plant production distribution, and nutrient and water supply.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} [39] => [40] => ==See also== [41] => * [[Agricultural engineering]] [42] => * [[Agricultural policy]] [43] => * [[Agroecology]] [44] => * [[Agrology]] [45] => * [[Agrophysics]] [46] => * [[Crop farming]] [47] => * [[Food systems]] [48] => * [[Horticulture]] [49] => * [[Green Revolution]] [50] => * [[Vegetable farming]] [51] => [52] => ==References== [53] => {{Reflist|30em}} [54] => [55] => ==Bibliography== [56] => * Wendy B. Murphy, ''The Future World of Agriculture'', Watts, 1984. [57] => * Antonio Saltini, ''Storia delle scienze agrarie'', 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, {{ISBN|88-206-2412-5}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2413-3}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2414-1}}, {{ISBN|88-206-2415-X}} [58] => [59] => ==External links== [60] => {{Wiktionary|agronomist}} [61] => {{Commons category|Agronomy}} [62] => {{Wikiquote}} [63] => {{Wikiversity department}} [64] => *[https://www.agronomy.org/ The American Society of Agronomy (ASA)] [65] => *[https://www.crops.org/ Crop Science Society of America (CSSA)] [66] => *[https://www.soils.org/ Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)] [67] => *[http://www.european-agronomy.org/ European Society for Agronomy] [68] => *[https://www.nal.usda.gov/main/ The National Agricultural Library (NAL)] – Comprehensive agricultural library. [69] => *[http://www.fisaonline.de/index.php?act=home&lang=en Information System for Agriculture and Food Research] [70] => [71] => {{Agriculture footer}} [72] => {{Botany}}{{Branches of biology}}{{Portal bar|Agriculture|Ecology|Environment}} [73] => [74] => {{Authority control}} [75] => [76] => [[Category:Agronomy| ]] [77] => [[Category:Agricultural science|.]] [78] => [[Category:Applied sciences]] [79] => [[Category:Plant agriculture]] [] => )
good wiki

Agronomy

Agronomy is the scientific study of crops and their production, including all aspects of plant physiology, soil science, and pest management. It is a multidisciplinary field that combines biology, genetics, chemistry, and engineering to improve agricultural practices and optimize crop yields.

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It is a multidisciplinary field that combines biology, genetics, chemistry, and engineering to improve agricultural practices and optimize crop yields. Agronomists use their expertise to develop and implement sustainable farming systems that enhance food production, preserve natural resources, and minimize negative environmental impacts. This field also involves research and innovation to develop new crop varieties, improve nutrient management, and explore alternative farming methods. Agronomy plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security and addressing the challenges of a growing population and changing climate.

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