Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Transplantation between individuals of the same species}} [1] => {{Distinguish|Allogenic succession}} [2] => {{More citations needed|date=June 2021}} [3] => {{Infobox medical intervention | [4] => Name = Allotransplants | [5] => Image = | [6] => Caption = | [7] => ICD10 = | [8] => ICD9 = | [9] => ICD9_mult = | [10] => MeshID = D014184 | [11] => OPS301 = | [12] => OtherCodes = | [13] => }} [14] => '''Allotransplant''' (''allo-'' meaning "other" in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]) is the [[Organ transplant|transplantation]] of [[cell (biology)|cells]], [[Biological tissue|tissues]], or [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/acltears/ACL_surgery.html#allograft|title=None}} The transplant is called an '''allograft''', '''allogeneic transplant''', or '''homograft'''. Most human tissue and [[organ transplant]]s are allografts. [15] => [16] => It is contrasted with [[autotransplantation]] (from one part of the body to another in the same person), [[syngenic]] transplantation of isografts (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals) and [[xenotransplantation]] (from other species). [17] => [18] => Allografts can be referred to as "homostatic" if they are biologically inert when transplanted, such as bone and [[cartilage]].(W. P. Longmire, ''J. National Cancer Institute'' '''14''', 669: ''The term ''homostatic graft'' might be applied to inert tissues such as bone and cartilage when transferred from one individual to another of the same species; and the term ''homovital graft'' might be used in reference to grafts whose cells must continue to grow and reproduce for the graft to be effective after similar transplantation''; H. Conway, ''The Bulletin of the Hong Kong Chinese Medical Association'' '''13''', 43: ''These grafts persist however as homostatic grafts and are completely replaced by host tissues in time.)'' [19] => [20] => An immune response against an allograft or [[Xenotransplantation|xenograft]] is termed [[Transplant rejection|rejection]]. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack on the recipient, called [[Graft versus host|graft-versus-host disease]]. [21] => [22] => ==Procedure== [23] => Material is obtained from a donor who is a living person, or a deceased person's body receiving mechanical support or ventilation, or [[Non-heart-beating donation|a deceased person's body whose heart stopped beating]]. Screening for pathology and risk factors for communicable diseases such as [[HIV]] and [[Viral hepatitis|Hepatitis B and C]] is then conducted.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} [24] => [25] => In the US, donor tissue must be recovered and processed adhering to the [[Current Good Tissue Practices]] rule. In most cases, it is sent to tissue banks for processing and distribution. Each year, [[Food and Drug Administration]] regulated and [[American Association of Tissue Banks]]-accredited tissue banks distribute 1.5 million bone and tissue allografts. [26] => [27] => ==Transplantable organs and tissues== [28] => {{main article|Transplantable organs and tissues}} [29] => A variety of organs and tissues can be used for allografts, including: [30] => * [[Anterior cruciate ligament]] (ACL) repair [31] => * Joint reconstruction in the [[Knee replacement|knee]] and [[Ankle replacement|ankle]] [32] => * Meniscal replacement [33] => * Reconstruction due to cancer or trauma [34] => * Ridge augmentation in dental procedures [35] => * [[Shoulder surgery|Shoulder repair]] [36] => * [[Spinal fusion]] [37] => * [[Urology|Urological procedures]] [38] => * [[Skin]] transplants [39] => * [[Cornea]]l transplants [40] => * [[heart transplantation|Heart transplants]] [41] => * [[Heart valve]]s [42] => * Lung transplantation [43] => * Intestinal transplantation (isolated small bowel, intestine & liver, multivisceral) [44] => * [[liver transplantation|Liver transplants]] [45] => * [[kidney transplantation|Kidney transplants]] [46] => * [[Pancreas transplantation]] [47] => * [[Islet cell transplantation]] [48] => * [[Bone marrow transplant]]s [49] => * [[Bone]] allograft [50] => * [[Ligament]] or [[tendon]] allograft [51] => [52] => ==Laws and regulations== [53] => [54] => === United States === [55] => In the US, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has regulated human tissue intended for transplants since 1993. In order to ensure the quality of donor tissue and reduce contamination and disease transmission risks, three regulations addressing manufacturing activities associated with human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) were promulgated in May 2005: [56] => * companies producing and distributing HCT/Ps must register with the FDA. [57] => * "Donor Eligibility" rule: prescribes criteria for donor eligibility. [58] => * "Current Good Tissue Practices" rule: oversees overall processing and distribution practices of each company. [59] => [60] => ==Other transplant options== [61] => * [[Autograft]], tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same patient. An autograft reduces the risk of rejection but requires a second surgery site, adding pain, risk and possible longer aftercare. [62] => * [[Xenograft]], a transplant from another species [63] => * [[Isograft]], a transplant from a genetically identical donor, such as an identical twin. [64] => * Synthetic and metal implants. Unlike allografts, such grafts do not corporate into the body. [65] => [66] => ==Risks== [67] => As with many operations, allotransplantation risks some side effects. A limiting factor in tissue allotransplantation for reconstructive surgery deals with the side effects of [[immunosuppression]] (metabolic disorders, malignancies, opportunistic infections) which is a predominant issue. The risk of transmitting infection is high.{{cite journal|title=Composite Tissue Allotransplantation and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=237|issue=1|pages=19–25|pmc=1513974|journal=Annals of Surgery|year=2003|last1=Petit|first1=F.|last2=Minns|first2=A. B.|last3=Dubernard|first3=J. M.|last4=Hettiaratchy|first4=S.|last5=Lee|first5=W. P.|pmid=12496526|doi=10.1097/00000658-200301000-00004}} [68] => [69] => ==See also== [70] => * [[Allograft diseases]] [71] => * [[Medical grafting]] [72] => [73] => ==References== [74] => {{Reflist}} [75] => [76] => ==External links== [77] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183943/http://www.aatb.org/files/safetyoftissuetransplants.pdf ] [78] => * [https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/tissueTransplantsFAQ.html#top ] [79] => * [https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/TissueTissueProducts/default.htm Tissue & Tissue Products] [80] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101126080809/http://organdonor.gov/donor/registry.shtm OrganDonor.gov] (How to register to be a donor in the USA) [81] => * [http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=270732 Allogeneic stem cell transplantation] entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms [82] => * [http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=45114 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation] entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms [83] => {{Organ transplantation}} [84] => [85] => [[Category:Transplantation medicine]] [86] => [[Category:Immunology]] [] => )
good wiki

Allotransplantation

Allotransplant (allo- meaning "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft.

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