Array ( [0] => {{More citations needed|date=May 2023}} [1] => {{Short description|Study of chemical cycles of the earth that are either driven by or influence biological activity}} [2] => [[File:1934-V I Vernadsky.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right| {{center|[[Vladimir Vernadsky]], founder of biogeochemistry}}]] [3] => [4] => '''Biogeochemistry''' is the [[Branches of science|scientific discipline]] that involves the study of the [[chemistry|chemical]], [[physics|physical]], [[geology|geological]], and [[biology|biological]] processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the [[biosphere]], the [[cryosphere]], the [[hydrosphere]], the [[pedosphere]], the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]], and the [[lithosphere]]). In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of [[biogeochemical cycle]]s, the cycles of [[chemical element]]s such as [[carbon]] and [[nitrogen]], and their interactions with and incorporation into [[life|living things]] transported through earth scale biological systems in space and time. The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of [[Carbon cycle|carbon]], [[Nitrogen cycle|nitrogen]], [[Oxygen cycle|oxygen]], [[Sulfur cycle|sulfur]], [[Iron cycle|iron]], and [[Phosphorus cycle|phosphorus]] cycles.{{Cite book |last=Schlesinger |first=William H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251 |title=Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change |date=2020 |others=Emily S. Bernhardt |isbn=978-0-12-814609-5 |edition=4th |location=London |oclc=1183905251}} Biogeochemistry is a [[Systems thinking|systems science]] closely related to [[systems ecology]]. [5] => [6] => ==History== [7] => === Early Greek === [8] => Early Greeks established the core idea of biogeochemistry that nature consists of cycles.{{Cite journal |last=Gorham |first=Eville |date=1991-01-01 |title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002942 |journal=Biogeochemistry |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=199–239 |doi=10.1007/BF00002942 |s2cid=128563314 |issn=1573-515X}} [9] => [10] => === 18th-19th centuries === [11] => Agricultural interest in 18th-century soil chemistry led to better understanding of nutrients and their connection to biochemical processes. This relationship between the cycles of organic life and their chemical products was further expanded upon by [[Jean-Baptiste Dumas|Dumas]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Boussingault|Boussingault]] in a 1844 paper that is considered an important milestone in the development of biogeochemistry.{{Cite journal |last=Bianchi |first=Thomas S. |date=2021-06-01 |title=The evolution of biogeochemistry: revisited |journal=Biogeochemistry |language=en |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=141–181 |doi=10.1007/s10533-020-00708-0 |s2cid=227165026 |issn=1573-515X|doi-access=free }}{{Cite book |last1=Dumas |first1=J.-B. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137099 |title=The chemical and physiological balance of organic nature; an essay |last2=Boussingault |first2=J. B. |date=1844 |publisher=H. Bailliere |edition=The 3d ed., with new documents. |location=London |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.137099}} [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] first used the term ''[[biosphere]]'' in 1802, and others continued to develop the concept throughout the 19th century. Early climate research by scientists like [[Charles Lyell]], [[John Tyndall]], and [[Joseph Fourier]] began to link [[Glacial period|glaciation]], [[weathering]], and climate.{{Cite journal |last=Bard |first=Edouard |date=2004-06-01 |title=Greenhouse effect and ice ages: historical perspective |url= |journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience |language=en |volume=336 |issue=7 |pages=603–638 |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2004.02.005 |bibcode=2004CRGeo.336..603B |issn=1631-0713}} [12] => [13] => === 20th century === [14] => The founder of modern biogeochemistry was [[Vladimir Vernadsky]], a [[Russia]]n and [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] scientist whose 1926 book ''The Biosphere'',Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2007, Essays on Geochemistry & the Biosphere, tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, {{ISBN|0-907791-36-0}} (originally published in Russian in 1924) in the tradition of [[Mendeleev]], formulated a physics of the Earth as a living whole.{{Cite book |last=Schlesinger |first=William H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251 |title=Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change |date=2020 |others=Emily S. Bernhardt |isbn=978-0-12-814609-5 |edition=4th |location=London |oclc=1183905251}} Vernadsky distinguished three spheres, where a sphere was a concept similar to the concept of a [[phase-space]]. He observed that each sphere had its own laws of [[evolution]], and that the higher spheres modified and dominated the lower: [15] => [16] => # [[Abiotic]] sphere – all the non-living energy and material processes [17] => # Biosphere – the life processes that live within the abiotic sphere [18] => # Nöesis or [[noosphere]] – the sphere of human [[cognitive process]] [19] => [20] => Human activities (e.g., agriculture and [[Industry (manufacturing)|industry]]) modify the biosphere and abiotic sphere. In the contemporary environment, the amount of influence humans have on the other two spheres is comparable to a geological force (see [[Anthropocene]]). [21] => [22] => The American [[limnology|limnologist]] and [[geochemistry|geochemist]] [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] is credited with outlining the broad scope and principles of this new field. More recently, the basic elements of the discipline of biogeochemistry were restated and popularized by the British scientist and writer, [[James Lovelock]], under the label of the ''[[Gaia theory (science)|Gaia Hypothesis]]''. Lovelock emphasized a concept that life processes regulate the Earth through [[feedback]] mechanisms to keep it habitable. The research of [[Manfred Schidlowski]] was concerned with the biochemistry of the [[Early Earth]].[[Manfred Schidlowski]]: ''[?via%3Dihub Carbon isotopes as biochemical recorders of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history: Evolution of a concept]''. In: [[Precambrian Research]]. Vol. 106, Issues 1-2, 1 February 2001, pages 117-134. [23] => [24] => ==Biogeochemical cycles== [25] => {{biogeochemical cycle sidebar}} [26] => [27] => [[Biogeochemical cycle]]s are the pathways by which [[chemical substance]]s [[Wiktionary:cycle|cycle]] (are turned over or moved through) the [[Biotic components|biotic]] and the [[abiotic]] compartments of [[Earth]]. The biotic compartment is the [[biosphere]] and the abiotic compartments are the [[atmosphere]], [[hydrosphere]] and [[lithosphere]]. There are biogeochemical cycles for chemical elements, such as for [[calcium cycle|calcium]], [[carbon cycle|carbon]], [[hydrogen cycle|hydrogen]], [[mercury cycle|mercury]], [[nitrogen cycle|nitrogen]], [[oxygen cycle|oxygen]], [[phosphorus cycle|phosphorus]], [[selenium cycle|selenium]], [[iron cycle|iron]] and [[sulfur cycle|sulfur]], as well as molecular cycles, such as for [[water cycle|water]] and [[silica cycle|silica]]. There are also macroscopic cycles, such as the [[rock cycle]], and human-induced cycles for synthetic compounds such as [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s (PCBs). In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance can remain or be [[:Wiktionary:sequestered|sequestered]] for a long period of time.Moses, M. (2012) [http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/biogeochemical_cycles Biogeochemical cycles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122221017/https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycles |date=2021-11-22 }}. ''[[Encyclopedia of Earth]]''.Fisher M. R. (Ed.) (2019) ''Environmental Biology'', [https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/3-2-biogeochemical-cycles/ 3.2 Biogeochemical Cycles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927040314/https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/3-2-biogeochemical-cycles/ |date=2021-09-27 }}, OpenStax. {{Cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |title=Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2017-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}.[https://cnx.org/contents/ZdFkREJc@7/Biogeochemical-Cycles Biogeochemical Cycles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927040316/https://cnx.org/contents/ZdFkREJc@7/Biogeochemical-Cycles |date=2021-09-27 }}, ''OpenStax'', 9 May 2019. {{Cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |title=Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2017-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}. [28] => [29] => ==Research== [30] => Biogeochemistry research groups exist in many universities around the world. Since this is a highly [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] field, these are situated within a wide range of host disciplines including: [[atmospheric sciences]], [[biology]], [[ecology]], [[geomicrobiology]], [[environmental chemistry]], [[geology]], [[oceanography]] and [[soil science]]. These are often bracketed into larger disciplines such as [[earth science]] and [[environmental science]]. [31] => [32] => Many researchers investigate the [[biogeochemical cycle]]s of [[chemical element]]s such as [[carbon]], [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]] and [[sulfur]], as well as their [[stable isotope]]s. The cycles of [[trace element]]s, such as the [[trace metal]]s and the [[radionuclide]]s, are also studied. This research has obvious applications in the exploration of ore deposits and oil, and in the remediation of environmental pollution. [33] => [34] => Some important research fields for biogeochemistry include: [35] => [36] => * [[scientific model|modelling]] of natural systems [37] => * soil and water acidification recovery processes [38] => * [[eutrophication]] of surface waters [39] => * [[carbon sequestration]] [40] => * [[environmental remediation]] [41] => * [[global change]] [42] => * [[climate change]] [43] => * biogeochemical prospecting for ore deposits [44] => * [[soil chemistry]] [45] => * [[chemical oceanography]] [46] => [47] => {{clear}} [48] => [49] => == Evolutionary Biogeochemistry == [50] => Evolutionary biogeochemistry is a branch of modern biogeochemistry that applies the study of biogeochemical cycles to the geologic history of the Earth. This field investigates the origin of biogeochemical cycles and how they have changed throughout the planet's history, specifically in relation to the evolution of life.{{Cite book |last=Bashkin |first=Vladimir N. |title=Modern biogeochemistry |last2=Howarth |first2=Robert W. |date=2002 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publ |isbn=978-1-4020-0992-1 |location=Dordrecht}} [51] => [52] => ==See also== [53] => {{Portal|Earth sciences|Ecology|Environment}} [54] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [55] => * [[Acid rain]] [56] => * [[Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor]] [57] => * [[Carbon sink]] [58] => * [[Ecosystem model]] [59] => * [[Edaphology]] [60] => * [[Environmental engineering science]] [61] => * [[Geochemistry]] [62] => * [[Geophysiology]] [63] => * [[GEOTRACES]] [64] => * [[Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry]] [65] => * [[IMBER]] [66] => * [[Marine biogeochemical cycles]] [67] => * [[Pedology]] [68] => * [[Physical impacts of climate change]] [69] => {{div col end}} [70] => [71] => ==References== [72] => {{Reflist}} [73] => [74] => ==Representative books and publications== [75] => {{Refbegin}} [76] => * Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2007, Essays on Geochemistry and the Biosphere, tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, {{ISBN|0-907791-36-0}} (originally published in Russian in 1924) [77] => * Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. {{ISBN|0-12-625155-X}}. [78] => * Schlesinger, W. H., 2005. Biogeochemistry. Vol. 8 in: Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier Science. {{ISBN|0-08-044642-6}} [79] => * Vladimir N. Bashkin, 2002, Modern Biogeochemistry. Kluwer, {{ISBN|1-4020-0992-5}}. [80] => * Samuel S. Butcher et al. (Eds.), 1992, Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Academic, {{ISBN|0-12-147685-5}}. [81] => * Susan M. Libes, 1992, Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry. Wiley, {{ISBN|0-471-50946-9}}. [82] => * Dmitrii Malyuga, 1995, Biogeochemical Methods of Prospecting. Springer, {{ISBN|978-0-306-10682-8}}. [83] => * ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles''[http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/]. A journal published by the [[American Geophysical Union]]. [84] => * {{cite book|last1= Cullen |first1= Jay T.|last2=McAlister|first2=Jason|chapter= Chapter 2. Biogeochemistry of Lead. Its Release to the Environment and Chemical Speciation|publisher= de Gruyter|date= 2017|series= Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=17|title=Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health|editor1-last=Astrid|editor1-first= S.|editor2-last=Helmut|editor2-first=S.|editor3-last=Sigel |editor3-first= R. K. O.|doi=10.1515/9783110434330-002|pmid= 28731295}} [85] => * Woolman, T. A., & John, C. Y., 2013, An Analysis of the Use of Predictive Modeling with Business Intelligence Systems for Exploration of Precious Metals Using Biogeochemical Data. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research (IJBIR), 4(2), 39-53.v [https://www.igi-global.com/article/content/78275]. [86] => * [https://www.springer.com/west/home/geosciences?SGWID=4-10006-70-35757517-0 ''Biogeochemistry'']. A journal published by Springer. [87] => {{Refend}} [88] => [89] => ==External links== [90] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041113141704/http://www.treatiseongeochemistry.com/contents/vol8.html Treatise on Geochemistry Volume 8. Biogeochemistry] [91] => * [http://www.igbp.net/ International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme] [92] => [93] => {{BranchesofChemistry}} [94] => {{Authority control}} [95] => [96] => [[Category:Biogeochemistry| ]] [97] => [[Category:Chemical oceanography]] [98] => [[Category:Limnology]] [99] => [[Category:Systems ecology]] [] => )
good wiki

Biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the .

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