Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Icelandic company}} [1] => {{Infobox company [2] => | name = Carbfix [3] => | industry = [[Carbon sequestration]] [4] => | predecessor = [5] => | founded = 2007 [6] => | founders = [[Reykjavík Energy]], [[the University of Iceland]], [[CNRS]], and [[the Earth Institute]] at Columbia University [7] => | hq_location_city = [[Reykjavík]] [8] => | hq_location_country = [[Iceland]] [9] => | website = https://www.carbfix.com/ [10] => }} [11] => [12] => '''Carbfix''' is an Icelandic company that has developed an approach to capturing and [[Carbon sequestration|storing CO2]] in water, and its injection into subsurface [[basalts]]. Once in the subsurface, the injected CO2 reacts with the host rock forming stable [[carbonate]] minerals, thus providing storage of the captured gas. [13] => [14] => Approximately 200 tons of CO2 were injected into subsurface basalts in 2012. Research results published in 2016 showed that 95% of the injected CO2 was solidified into [[calcite]] within 2 years, using 25 tons of water per tonne of CO2.{{cite journal|last1=Matter|first1=Juerg M.|last2=Stute|first2=Martin|last3=Snæbjörnsdottir|first3=Sandra O.|last4=Oelkers|first4=Eric H.|last5=Gislason|first5=Sigurdur R.|last6=Aradottir|first6=Edda S.|last7=Sigfusson|first7=Bergur|last8=Gunnarsson|first8=Ingvi|last9=Sigurdardottir|first9=Holmfridur|last10=Gunlaugsson|first10=Einar|last11=Axelsson|first11=Gudni|last12=Alfredsson|first12=Helgi A.|last13=Wolff-Boenisch|first13=Domenik|last14=Mesfin|first14=Kiflom|last15=Fernandez de la Reguera Taya|first15=Diana|last16=Hall|first16=Jennifer|last17=Dideriksen|first17=Knud|last18=Broecker|first18=Wallace S.|date=June 10, 2016|title=Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions|journal=Science|volume=352|issue=6291|pages=1312–1314|doi=10.1126/science.aad8132|pmid=27284192|bibcode=2016Sci...352.1312M|doi-access=free}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/10/11901368/carbon-dioxide-capture-storage-stone-climate-change-study|title=Scientists turn carbon dioxide into stone to combat global warming|date=10 June 2016|work=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=11 June 2016}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2093272-co2-injected-deep-underground-turns-to-rock-and-stays-there/|title=CO2 injected deep underground turns to rock – and stays there|last=Le Page|first=Michael|date=2016-06-09|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-12-04|language=en-US}} Since this time this approach has been upscaled at [[Hellisheiði Power Station|Hellisheiði]] and ongoing research is implementing this approach at other sites across Europe.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} [15] => [16] => ==Background== [17] => Carbfix was founded by the then Icelandic President, Dr [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]], Einar Gunnlaugsson at Reykjavík Energy, [[Wallace S. Broecker]] at Columbia University, Eric H. Oelkers at CNRS Toulouse (France), and Sigurður Reynir Gíslason at the University of Iceland to limit the [[Greenhouse gas emissions]] in Iceland.{{cite journal|last1=Gíslason|first1=Sigurður R.|last2=Sigurðardóttir|first2=Holmfriður|last3=Aradóttir|first3=Edda Sif|last4=Oelkers|first4=Eric H.|date=July 2018|title=A brief history of CarbFix: Challenges and victories of the project's pilot phase|journal=Energy Procedia|volume=146|pages=103–114|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.014|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018EnPro.146..103G }} Reykjavik Energy supplied the initial funding for Carbfix. Further funding has been supplied by The European Commission and the Department of Energy of the United States. In addition to finding a new method for permanent [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon dioxide storage]], another objective of the project was to train scientists.{{Cite news|title=That {{CO2}} warming the world: Lock it in a rock |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/science-headlines/ci_18773956|access-date =11 October 2011}} [18] => [19] => ==Method== [20] => [[File:CarbFix core.png|right|thumb|Image of calcite formed in basalt due to CO2-charged water-rock interaction at the Carbfix site]] [21] => CO2 is captured either by its dissolution in water from power plant exhaust, or directly from the atmosphere by air capture followed by its dissolution in water. The carbonated water is injected into the subsurface where it reacts with the Ca and Mg present in the rock.{{Cite journal|last1=Oelkers|first1=Eric H.|last2=Gislason|first2=Sigurdur R.|last3=Matter|first3=Juerg M.|date=2008-10-01|title=Mineral Carbonation of {{CO2}}|journal=Elements|language=en|volume=4|issue=5|pages=333–337|doi=10.2113/gselements.4.5.333|bibcode=2008Eleme...4..333O |issn=1811-5209}} Calcium and magnesium are present in rocks - but rarely as oxides where the reactions would be simply: [22] => [23] => * CaO + {{CO2|link=yes}} → CaCO3 [24] => * MgO + CO2 → MgCO3 [25] => [26] => However [[silicate mineral]]s of these elements are common in many rocks, such as [[basalt]], so an example reaction might be: [27] => * Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 → 2MgCO3 + SiO2 [28] => as a result CO2 is locked away with no dangerous byproducts. [29] => [30] => ==Practicalities== [31] => Drilling and injecting carbonated water at high pressure into basaltic rocks at [[Hellisheiði Power Station|Hellisheiði]] has been estimated to cost less than $25 a ton.{{cite journal|last1=Gunnarsson|first1=Ingvi|last2=Aradóttir|first2=Edda S.|last3=Oelkers|first3=Eric H.|last4=Clark|first4=Deirdre E.|last5=Arnarson|first5=Magnús Þór|last6=Sigfússon|first6=Bergur|last7=Snæbjörnsdóttir|first7=Sandra Ó.|last8=Matter|first8=Juerg M.|last9=Stute|first9=Martin|last10=Júliusson|first10=Bjarni M.|last11=Gíslason|first11=Sigurður R.|date=December 2018|title=The rapid and cost-effective capture and subsurface mineral storage of carbon and sulfur at the CarbFix2 site|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/425577/1/Gunnarsson_et_al._IJGGC_manuscript_revised.pdf|journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control|volume=79|pages=117–126|doi=10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.08.014|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018IJGGC..79..117G }} [32] => [33] => This project commenced carbon injection in 2012.{{Cite web|url=http://grebeproject.eu/2017/02/09/carbfix-project-gas-rock/|title=Carbfix project – from gas to rock - GREBE Project|date=2017-02-19|website=GREBE project, European Union|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-04}}{{Cite journal|last1=Sigfusson|first1=Bergur|last2=Gíslason|first2=Sigurður R.|last3=Matter|first3=Juerg M.|last4=Stute|first4=Martin|last5=Gunnlaugsson|first5=Einar|last6=Gunnarsson|first6=Ingvi|last7=Aradóttir|first7=Edda S.|last8=Sigurðardóttir|first8=Holmfriður|last9=Mesfin|first9=Kiflom|date=June 2015|title=Solving the carbon-dioxide buoyancy challenge: The design and field testing of a dissolved {{CO2}} injection system|journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control|volume=37|pages=213–219|last10=Alfredsson|first10=Helgi A.|last11=Wolff-Beonisch|first11=Domenik|last12=Arnarsson|first12=Magnus T.|last13=Oelkers|first13=Eric H.|doi=10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.022|doi-access=free}} The funding was supplied by the [[University of Iceland]], [[Columbia University]], France's [[Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique|National Centre of Scientific Research]], the [[United States Department of Energy]], the [[European Union|EU]], Nordic funds and [[Reykjavik Energy]].{{cite news|title=Iceland's Hellisheidi prepares to start injection at carbon storage project|url=http://www.ifandp.com/article/0013593.html|date=9 September 2011|access-date=2011-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327014804/http://www.ifandp.com/article/0013593.html|archive-date=2012-03-27|url-status=dead}} [34] => [35] => These funding sources include the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No. 764760 and 764810. The European Commission through the projects CarbFix (EC coordinated action 283148), Min-GRO (MC-RTN-35488), Delta-Min (PITN-GA-2008-215360), and {{CO2}}-REACT (EC Project 317235). Nordic fund 11029-NORDICCS; the Icelandic GEORG Geothermal Research fund (09-02-001) to S.R.G. and Reykjavik Energy; and the U.S. Department of Energy under award number DE-FE0004847. [36] => [37] => Cost is around US$25 per tonne of CO2.{{Cite web|title=This startup has unlocked a novel way to capture carbon—by turning the dirty gas into rocks|url=https://fortune.com/2021/03/06/carbon-capture-storage-rocks-net-zero-carbfix-startup-iceland/|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Fortune|language=en}} [38] => [39] => ==Challenges== [40] => This approach requires substantial water and the presence of reactive rocks, which are not available in all localities. [41] => [42] => The nearby [[Hengill]] volcano, generated a [[earthquake swarm|swarm]] of low magnitude [[earthquakes]] as a result of pumping water without the CO2, with 250 quakes being reported on 13 September 2011.{{Cite news|url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/vatnsdaeling-veldur-skjalftum|title=Water pumping causes tremor|date=13 September 2011|language=Icelandic}} [43] => [44] => There have been earthquakes reported due to the injection of waste water in the area.{{Cite news|url=http://www.visir.is/orkuveitan-framkallar-jardskjalfta-i-henglinum/article/2011110229859|title=Orkuveitan framkallar jarðskjálfta í Henglinum|date=21 February 2011|language=Icelandic}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.jonfr.com/volcano/?p=570 |title=Human made earthquakes in Hengill volcano |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021042223/http://www.jonfr.com/volcano/?p=570 |url-status=dead }} Proceedings at the [[2010 World Geothermal Congress]] reported that reinjection at Hellisheiði had [[induced seismicity|induced seismic]] activity.{{Cite web|url=http://b-dig.iie.org.mx/BibDig/P10-0464/pdf/2308.pdf |title=Geothermal Reinjection at the Hengill Triple Junction, SW Iceland |access-date=27 September 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [45] => [46] => ==Criticisms== [47] => [48] => In March 2023, Carbfix was criticised in the Icelandic media when Mannlíf, an electronic news publication, revealed that the partnership's head of communications had been an outspoken [[climate change denialist]]. Ólafur Teitur Guðnason, Carbfix's principal media spokesperson, worked as a columnist for [[Viðskiptablaðið]], an Icelandic right-wing newspaper, during the years 2004–2007. In his articles, Ólafur Teitur had expressed doubts that climate change was caused by human actions and maintained that media coverage of environmental affairs was fearmongering.{{Cite web|title=Samskiptastjóri Carbfix: "Umhverfismál eru ofmetinn málaflokkur – Yfirborð sjávar er ekki að hækka"|url=https://www.mannlif.is/frettir/samskiptastjori-carbfix-umhverfismal-eru-ofmetinn-malaflokkur-yfirbord-sjavar-er-ekki-ad-haekka/|access-date=2023-04-03|website=Mannlíf|date=26 March 2023 |language=is}} Ólafur Teitur replied with a Facebook post, stating that his former position was wrong and he had changed his mind since then: "I would find it burdensome if my earlier views would cast aspersions to the great work done by my colleagues at Carbfix since 2007."{{Cite web|title=Samskiptastjóri Carbfix var efasemdamaður í loftslagsmálum|url=https://www.visir.is/g/20232395534d/sam-skipta-stjori-car-b-fix-var-efa-semda-madur-i-lofts-lags-malum|access-date=2023-04-03|website=Vísir|date=28 March 2023 |language=is}}{{Cite web|title=Ólafur svarar gagnrýni um fyrri efasemdir|url=https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2023/03/28/olafur_svarar_gagnryni_um_fyrri_efasemdir/|access-date=2023-04-03|website=mbl.is|language=is}} In a follow-up piece, Mannlíf claimed that Ólafur Teitur's columns had all the characteristics of [[fake news]], presenting propaganda and pseudoscience as scientific facts.{{Cite web|title=Sæll Ólafur Teitur: Ná sinnaskipti þín líka til annarra málaflokka?|url=https://www.mannlif.is/raddir/pistlar/samskiptastjori-carbfix-gera-menn-thar-a-bae-ser-grein-fyrir-thvi-ad-their-eru-ad-selja-kjaftaedi/|access-date=2023-04-03|website=Mannlíf|date=28 March 2023 |language=is}} [49] => [50] => ==Current status== [51] => [[File:Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant.png|thumb|The Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant is the site of the original Carbfix project, which injected approximately 200 tons of CO2 into the subsurface and fixed it as stable carbonate minerals.]] [52] => Carbfix was updated, as part of the EC funded CarbFix2 project starting in June 2014 at the [[Hellisheiði Power Station|Hellisheiði]] geothermal power plant. CarbFix2 was designed to capture all of the hydrogen sulfide and most of the carbon dioxide generated from the power plant. As of 2018, 68% of the H2S and 34% of the CO2 is being captured as a dissolved phase in water and injected to a depth of 750 metres underground into basaltic rocks. Results show that the majority of these injected gases are fixed as stable mineral phases in less than one year. Further work has focused on the direct capture of CO2 from the atmosphere coupled to its subsurface mineralization. [53] => [54] => Carbfix is currently run by a set of three scientific directors: Sigurður Reynir Gíslason of the University of Iceland, Eric H. Oelkers of the CNRS Toulouse, and Edda Sif Aradóttir of Reykjavik Energy. Current efforts are aimed at generalizing the Carbfix process in part through the use of seawater for CO2 capture and storage, so the method can be adopted worldwide. [55] => [56] => The Carbfix approach is currently being adopted at four new sites in Europe through the EC funded GECO project.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} [57] => [58] => [[Reykjavik Energy]] launched a subsidiary, '''Carbfix,''' to commercialize this technology in 2019.{{Cite web|title=Our story {{!}} Carbfix|url=https://www.carbfix.com/our-story|access-date=2020-07-17|website=www.carbfix.com}} [59] => [60] => On 20 July 2021 the Swiss and Icelandic governments have agreed to jointly develop “negative emission technologies” which involve extracting CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it underground using Carbfix and [[Climeworks]].{{cite web|title=Switzerland and Iceland join forces to 'capture' {{CO2}}|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/switzerland-and-iceland-join-forces-to--capture--co2-/46835456|url-status=live|website=swissinfo.ch|date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802110703/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/switzerland-and-iceland-join-forces-to--capture--co2-/46835456 |archive-date=2021-08-02 }} [61] => [62] => ==References== [63] => {{Reflist}} [64] => [65] => ==External links== [66] => *[https://www.carbfix.com Carbfix.com – Website of the project] [67] => *{{cite news|last=Brabant|first=Malcolm|title=To combat climate change, these scientists are turning CO2 into rock|date=August 23, 2016|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|publisher=[[WETA-TV]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/combat-climate-change-scientists-turning-co2-rock|access-date=July 18, 2022}} [68] => *{{YouTube|0iqBUSvnsAg|To combat climate change, these scientists are turning {{CO2}} into rock}}, Aug 23, 2016 [[PBS NewsHour]] [69] => [70] => [[Category:Emissions reduction]] [71] => [[Category:Environment of Iceland]] [72] => [[Category:Climate engineering]] [] => )
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Carbfix

Carbfix is an Icelandic company that has developed an approach to capturing and storing CO2 in water, and its injection into subsurface basalts. Once in the subsurface, the injected CO2 reacts with the host rock forming stable carbonate minerals, thus providing storage of the captured gas.

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Basalt

Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.

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