Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} [1] => {{About|the fruit|other uses}} [2] => {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} [3] => {{Automatic taxobox [4] => | image = OrangeBloss wb.jpg [5] => | image_caption = [[orange (fruit)|Sweet orange]] (''Citrus × sinensis'' [[cultivar]]) [6] => | fossil_range = {{Geological Range|8|0|[[Tortonian]]–Present, 8–0 [[Megaannum|Ma]]|ref={{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus |journal=Nature |date=7 February 2017 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |s2cid=205263645 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free }}}} [7] => | taxon = Citrus [8] => | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] [9] => | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] [10] => | subdivision = [11] => Ancestral species:
[12] => ''Citrus maxima'' – [[Pomelo]]
[13] => ''Citrus medica'' – [[Citron]]
[14] => ''Citrus reticulata'' – [[Mandarin orange]]
[15] => ''[[Citrus micrantha]]'' – a [[Papeda (citrus)|papeda]]
[16] => ''Citrus hystrix'' – [[Kaffir lime]]
[17] => ''Citrus cavaleriei'' – [[Citrus cavaleriei|Ichang papeda]]
[18] => ''Citrus japonica'' – [[Kumquat]] [19] => ---- [20] => Important hybrids:
[21] => ''Citrus'' × ''aurantiifolia'' – [[Key lime]]
[22] => ''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' – [[Bitter orange]]
[23] => ''Citrus'' × ''latifolia'' – [[Persian lime]]
[24] => ''Citrus'' × ''limon'' – [[Lemon]]
[25] => ''Citrus'' × ''limonia'' – [[Rangpur (fruit)|Rangpur]]
[26] => ''Citrus'' × ''paradisi'' – [[Grapefruit]]
[27] => ''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' – [[Orange (fruit)|Sweet orange]]
[28] => ''Citrus'' × ''tangerina'' – [[Tangerine]]
[29] => See also [[#List of citrus fruits|below]] for other species and hybrids. [30] => |synonyms = [31] => {{Genus list [32] => |Aurantium|Mill. [33] => |Citreum|Mill. [34] => |×Citrofortunella|J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore [35] => |×Citroncirus|J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore [36] => |Citrophorum|Neck. [37] => |Eremocitrus|Swingle [38] => |Feroniella|Swingle [39] => |Fortunella|Swingle [40] => |Limon|Mill. [41] => |Microcitrus|Swingle [42] => |Oxanthera|Montrouz. [43] => |Papeda|Hassk. [44] => |Pleurocitrus|Tanaka [45] => |Poncirus|Raf. [46] => |Pseudaegle|Miq. [47] => |Sarcodactilis|C.F.Gaertn. [48] => }} [49] => |synonyms_ref = {{cite web |title=''Citrus'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30022289-2 |access-date=2021-09-10}} [50] => }} [51] => [52] => '''''Citrus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant|flowering]] trees and [[shrub]]s in the [[rue]] family, [[Rutaceae]] ({{IPAc-en|r|uː|ˈ|t|eɪ|s|i|ˌ|aɪ}}). Plants in the genus produce '''citrus fruits''', including crops such as [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[Mandarin orange|mandarins]], [[lemon]]s, [[grapefruit]]s, [[pomelo]]s, and [[lime (fruit)|limes]]. The genus ''Citrus'' is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, [[Melanesia]], and Australia. Various citrus species have been used and domesticated by indigenous cultures in these areas since ancient times. From there its cultivation spread into [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]] by the [[Austronesian expansion]] ({{circa|3000}}–1500 BCE); and to the Middle East and the [[Mediterranean]] ({{circa|1200 BCE}}) via the [[incense trade route]], and onwards to Europe and the Americas.{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu GA, Terol J, Ibanez V, López-García A, Pérez-Román E, Borredá C, Domingo C, Tadeo FR, Carbonell-Caballero J, Alonso R, Curk F, Du D, Ollitrault P, Roose ML, Dopazo J, Gmitter FG, Rokhsar DS, Talon M |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus |journal=Nature |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29414943 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free }} [53] => [54] => == History == [55] => Citrus plants are native to subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, [[Island Southeast Asia]], [[Near Oceania]], and northeastern and central Australia. Domestication of citrus species involved much hybridization and [[introgression]], leaving much uncertainty about when and where domestication first happened. A genomic, phylogenic, and biogeographical analysis by Wu ''et al.'' (2018) has shown that the center of origin of the genus ''Citrus'' is likely the southeast foothills of the [[Himalayas]], in a region stretching from eastern [[Assam]], northern [[Myanmar]], to western [[Yunnan]]. It diverged from a common ancestor with ''[[Trifoliate orange|Poncirus trifoliata]]''. A change in climate conditions during the [[Late Miocene]] (11.63 to 5.33 [[million years ago|mya]]) resulted in a [[Evolutionary radiation|sudden speciation event]]. The species resulting from this event include the [[citron]]s (''Citrus medica'') of South Asia; the [[pomelo]]s (''C. maxima'') of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]; the [[mandarin orange|mandarin]]s (''C. reticulata''), [[kumquat]]s (''C. japonica''), [[mangshanyegan]] (''C. mangshanensis''), and [[ichang papeda]]s (''C. cavaleriei'') of southeastern China; the [[kaffir lime]]s (''C. hystrix'') of [[Island Southeast Asia]]; and the [[biasong]] and [[samuyao]] (''C. micrantha'') of the [[Philippines]]. [56] => [[File:Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa (Fuller et al., 2017).png|thumb|left|Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main ''Citrus'' cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa]] [57] => This was later followed by the spread of citrus species into [[Taiwan]] and Japan in the [[Early Pliocene]] (5.33 to 3.6 [[million years ago|mya]]), resulting in the [[tachibana orange]] (''C. tachibana''); and beyond the [[Wallace Line]] into [[Papua New Guinea]] and Australia during the [[Early Pleistocene]] (2.5 million to 800,000 years ago), where further speciation events occurred resulting in the [[Australian lime]]s.{{cite book |first1=Dorian Q. |last1=Fuller |first2=Cristina |last2=Castillo |first3=Eleanor |last3=Kingwell-Banham |first4=Ling |last4=Qin |first5=Alison |last5=Weisskopf|editor1-first=Véronique |editor1-last=Zech-Matterne |editor2-first=Girolamo|editor2-last=Fiorentino |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean |chapter=Charred pomelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |year=2017 |pages=29–48 |isbn=9782918887775 |doi=10.4000/books.pcjb.2107 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03501166/file/2017-Ruas-etal-Citrus.pdf |chapter-url =https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2173?lang=en}} [58] => [59] => The earliest introductions of citrus species by human migrations was during the [[Austronesian expansion]] ({{circa|3000}}–1500 BCE), where ''[[Citrus hystrix]]'', ''[[Citrus macroptera]]'', and ''[[Citrus maxima]]'' were among the [[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia|canoe plants]] carried by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] voyagers eastwards into [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]].{{cite journal |last1=Blench |first1=R.M. |title=Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo Pacific region |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=2005 |volume=24 |pages=31–50 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255579031}} [60] => [61] => The citron (''[[Citrus medica]]'') was also introduced early into the Mediterranean basin from India and Southeast Asia. It was introduced via two ancient trade routes: an overland route through [[Persia]], the [[Levant]] and the Mediterranean islands; and a maritime route through the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] into North Africa. Although the exact date of the original introduction is unknown due to the sparseness of archaeobotanical remains, the earliest evidence are seeds recovered from the [[Hala Sultan Tekke]] site of [[Cyprus]], dated to around 1200 BCE. Other archaeobotanical evidence include pollen from [[Carthage]] dating back to the 4th century BCE; and carbonized seeds from [[Pompeii]] dated to around the 3rd to 2nd century BCE. The earliest complete description of the citron was first attested from [[Theophrastus]], {{circa|310 BCE}}. The agronomists of [[classical Rome]] made many references to the cultivation of citrus fruits within the limits of their empire. [62] => [63] => Lemons, pomelos, and sour oranges are believed to have been introduced to the Mediterranean later by Arab traders at around the 10th century CE; and sweet oranges by the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] from Asia during the 15th to 16th century. Mandarins were not introduced until the 19th century.{{cite book |first2=Girolamo |last2=Fiorentino |first1=Véronique |last1=Zech-Matterne |first3=Sylvie |last3=Coubray |first4=François |last4=Luro|editor1-first=Véronique |editor1-last=Zech-Matterne|editor2-first=Girolamo|editor2-last=Fiorentino |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean: Acclimatization, diversification, uses |chapter=Introduction |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |year=2017 |isbn=9782918887775|chapter-url =https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2240}}{{cite journal |last1=Langgut |first1=Dafna |title=The Citrus Route Revealed: From Southeast Asia into the Mediterranean |journal=HortScience |date=June 2017 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=814–822 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI11023-16|doi-access=free}}{{cite book |first1=Dafna |last1=Langgut|editor1-first=Véronique|editor1-last=Zech-Matterne|editor2-first=Girolamo|editor2-last=Fiorentino |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean |chapter=The history of ''Citrus medica'' (citron) in the Near East: Botanical remains and ancient art and texts |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |year=2017 |isbn=9782918887775|chapter-url =https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2184#text}} [64] => [65] => Oranges were introduced to Florida by Spanish colonists.{{Cite web|url=http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/docs/f/fruit.htm|title=Exploring Florida Documents: Fruit|website=fcit.usf.edu}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.tytyga.com/History-of-the-Citrus-and-Citrus-Tree-Growing-in-America-a/381.htm|title=History of the Citrus and Citrus Tree Growing in America|website=www.tytyga.com}} [66] => [67] => In cooler parts of Europe, citrus fruit was grown in [[orangery|orangeries]] starting in the 17th century; many were as much status symbols as functional agricultural structures.Billie S. Britz, "Environmental Provisions for Plants in Seventeenth-Century Northern Europe" ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '''33'''.2 (May 1974:133–144) p 133. [68] => [69] => === Etymology === [70] => The generic name originated from [[Latin]], where it referred to either the plant now known as [[citron]] (''C. medica'') or a conifer tree (''[[Thuja]]''). It is related to the [[ancient Greek]] word for [[Lebanon Cedar|cedar]], κέδρος (''kédros''). This may be due to perceived similarities in the smell of citrus leaves and fruit with that of cedar.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC |first=Pinchas |last=Spiegel-Roy |author2=Eliezer E. Goldschmidt |title=Biology of Citrus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-33321-4 |page=4 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Collectively, ''Citrus'' fruits and plants are also known by the [[Romance languages|Romance]] loanword ''agrumes'' (literally "sour fruits"). [71] => [72] => === Evolution === [73] => The large citrus fruit of today evolved originally from small, edible berries over millions of years. Citrus species began to diverge from a common ancestor about 15 million years ago, at about the same time that ''[[Severinia (plant)|Severinia]]'' (such as the [[Chinese box orange]]) diverged from the same ancestor. About 7 million years ago, the ancestors of ''Citrus'' split into the main genus, ''Citrus'', and the genus ''Poncirus'' (such as the [[trifoliate orange]]), which is closely enough related that it can still be hybridized with all other citrus and used as rootstock. These estimates are made using genetic mapping of plant [[chloroplast]]s.{{Cite web|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/04/05/molbev.msv082.full.pdf+html|title=A phylogenetic analysis of 34 chloroplast genomes elucidates the relationships between wild and domestic species within the genus Citrus|date=31 January 2016|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131222305/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/04/05/molbev.msv082.full.pdf+html|url-status=bot: unknown}} A DNA study published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 2018 concludes that the genus ''Citrus'' first evolved in the foothills of the [[Himalaya]]s, in the area of [[Assam]] (India), western [[Yunnan]] (China), and northern [[Myanmar]].{{cite web |last=Briggs |first=Helen |date=8 February 2018 |title=DNA Story of when life first gave us lemons |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42960445 |access-date=19 July 2022}} [74] => [75] => The three ancestral (sometimes characterized as "original" or "fundamental") species in the genus ''Citrus'' associated with modern ''Citrus'' cultivars are the [[mandarin orange]], [[pomelo]], and [[citron]]. Almost all of the common commercially important citrus fruits (sweet oranges, lemons, grapefruit, limes, and so on) are hybrids involving these three species with each other, their main progenies, and other wild ''Citrus'' species within the last few thousand years.{{cite journal |title=A genealogy of the citrus family |first1=Riccardo |last1=Velasco |first2=Concetta |last2=Licciardello |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=640–642 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2954 |pmid=25004231 |year=2014 |s2cid=9357494|doi-access=free}}{{cite book |last1=Inglese |first1=Paolo |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science |last2=Sortino |first2=Giuseppe |chapter=Citrus History, Taxonomy, Breeding, and Fruit Quality |date=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.221 |isbn=9780199389414}} [76] => [77] => === Fossil record === [78] => A [[fossil]] leaf from the [[Pliocene]] of [[Valdarno]] (Italy) is described as †''Citrus meletensis''.Citrus meletensis (Rutaceae), a new species from the Pliocene of Valdarno (Italy). Fischer, T.C. & Butzmann, Plant Systematics and Evolution – March 1998, Volume 210, Issue 1, pp 51–55. doi:10.1007/BF00984727 [79] => In China, fossil leaf specimens of †''Citrus linczangensis'' have been collected from coal-bearing strata of the Bangmai Formation in the Bangmai village, about 10 km (6 miles) northwest of [[Lincang City]], Yunnan. The Bangmai Formation contains abundant fossil plants and is considered to be of late [[Miocene]] age. ''Citrus linczangensis'' and ''C. meletensis'' share some important characters, such as an intramarginal vein, an entire margin, and an articulated and distinctly winged [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]].Citrus linczangensis sp. n., a Leaf Fossil of Rutaceae from the Late Miocene of Yunnan, China by Sanping Xie, Steven R Manchester, Kenan Liu and Bainian Sun – International Journal of Plant Sciences 174(8):1201–1207 October 2013. [80] => [81] => == Taxonomy == [82] => {{Main|Citrus taxonomy}} [83] => [[File:Citrus tern cb simplified 1.svg|thumb|Citrus fruits clustered by genetic similarity, [[ternary diagram]] based on data from Curk, et al. (2016){{cite journal |title=Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers |last1=Curk |first1=Franck |last2=Ollitrault |first2=Frédérique |last3=Garcia-Lor |first3=Andres |last4=Luro |first4=François |last5=Navarro |first5=Luis |last6=Ollitrault |first6=Patrick |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=565–583 |year=2016 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcw005 |pmid=26944784 |pmc=4817432}}]] [84] => [85] => The [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] and [[systematics]] of the genus are complex and the precise number of natural [[species]] is unclear, as many of the named species are [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] clonally propagated through seeds (by [[apomixis]]), and [[genetics|genetic]] evidence indicates that even some wild, true-breeding species are of hybrid origin. [86] => [87] => Most cultivated ''Citrus'' spp. seem to be [[hybrid (biology)|natural]] or [[Hybrid speciation|artificial hybrids]] of a small number of core ancestral species, including the citron, pomelo, mandarin, and [[Papeda (citrus)|papeda]].{{Cite book |volume=2 |pages=199–214 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_10 |series=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World |year=2014 |last1=Klein |first1=Joshua D. |title=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East |isbn=978-94-017-9275-2 |chapter=Citron Cultivation, Production and Uses in the Mediterranean Region}} Natural and cultivated [[citrus hybrid]]s include commercially important fruit such as oranges, [[grapefruit]], lemons, limes, and some [[tangerine]]s. [88] => [89] => Apart from these core citrus species, [[Australian lime]]s and the recently discovered [[mangshanyegan]] are grown. [[Kumquat]]s and ''[[Clymenia (plant)|Clymenia]]'' spp. are now generally considered to belong within the genus ''Citrus''.{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013 |author=Andrés García Lor |url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versión3.Tesis%20Andrés%20García-Lor.pdf |pages=79}} Trifoliate orange, which is often used as commercial [[rootstock]], is an outgroup and may or may not be categorized as a citrus. [90] => [91] => [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] analysis suggested the species of ''[[Oxanthera]]'' from [[New Caledonia]], commonly known as false oranges, should be transferred to the genus ''Citrus''.Bayer, R. J., et al. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150331210237/http://www.amjbot.org/content/96/3/668.full A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences.] ''American Journal of Botany'' 96(3), 668–85. The transfer has been accepted.{{cite web |title=''Oxanthera'' Montrouz. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:35867-1 |access-date=2021-09-10}} [92] => [93] => == Description == [94] => [95] => === Tree === [96] => These plants are large shrubs or small to moderate-sized trees, reaching {{convert|5|–|15|m|abbr=on}} tall, with [[Spine (botany)|spiny]] shoots and alternately arranged [[evergreen]] [[leaf|leaves]] with an entire margin.{{Cite web |url=https://crfg.org/wp-content/uploads/CITRUS-PRUNING-Presentation.pdf |title=Citrus Pruning |last=Del Hotal |first=Tom |website=California Rare Fruit Growers}} The [[flower]]s are solitary or in small [[corymb]]s, each flower {{convert|2|–|4|cm|abbr=on}} diameter, with five (rarely four) white petals and numerous stamens; they are often very strongly scented, due to the presence of essential oil glands. [97] => [98] => === Fruit === [99] => [[File:Citrus fruits.jpg|thumb|left|Slices of various citrus fruits]] [100] => The fruit is a [[hesperidium]], a specialised berry, globose to elongated,{{cite web |author=Janick, Jules |date=2005 |publisher=[[Purdue University]] Tropical Horticulture Lecture 32 |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_32/lec_32.html |title=Citrus|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624235046/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_32/lec_32.html|archive-date=24 June 2005}} {{convert|4|–|30|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|4|–|20|cm|abbr=on}} diameter, with a leathery rind or "peel" called a [[pericarp]]. The outermost layer of the pericarp is an "exocarp" called the [[flavedo]], commonly referred to as the [[Zest (ingredient)|zest]]. The middle layer of the pericarp is the mesocarp, which in citrus fruits consists of the white, spongy "albedo", or "pith". The innermost layer of the pericarp is the endocarp. The space inside each segment is a [[locule]] filled with [[juice vesicles]], or "pulp". From the endocarp, string-like "hairs" extend into the locules, which provide nourishment to the fruit as it develops.{{cite web |url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Citrus/b1241tx.html |title=Citrus fruit diagram |work=ucla.edu|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121003070722/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Citrus/b1241tx.html|archive-date=3 October 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lith |title=Lith |work=TheFreeDictionary.com}} Many citrus [[cultivar]]s have been developed to be seedless (see [[nucellar embryony]] and [[parthenocarpy]]) and easy to peel. [101] => [102] => Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, partly due to [[flavonoid]]s and [[limonoid]]s (which in turn are [[terpene]]s) contained in the rind, and most are juice-laden. The juice contains a high quantity of [[citric acid]] and other organic acids giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. The genus is commercially important as many species are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh, pressed for juice, or preserved in [[marmalade]]s and [[pickling|pickles]]. [103] => [104] => They are also good sources of [[vitamin C]]. [105] => [106] => The flavonoids include various [[flavanone]]s and [[flavones]].{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/70/1/70_178/_article |title=Flavonoid Composition of Fruit Tissues of Citrus Species |access-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528015124/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/70/1/70_178/_article |archive-date=28 May 2007 |url-status=dead}} [107] => [108] => == Cultivation == [109] => {{Further|Citrus production}} [110] => [[File:Lemon on a Wood Table.jpg|thumb|left|Lemons are a citrus fruit native to Asia, but now common worldwide.]] [111] => [112] => Citrus trees [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridise]] very readily – depending on the [[pollen]] source, plants grown from a [[Persian lime]]'s seeds can produce fruit similar to grapefruit. Most commercial citrus cultivation uses trees produced by [[grafting]] the desired fruiting [[cultivar]]s onto [[citrus rootstock|rootstocks]] selected for disease resistance and hardiness. [113] => [114] => The colour of citrus fruits only develops in climates with a ([[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal]]) cool winter.{{Cite web |title=The relation of climate conditions to color development in citrus fruit |url=https://fshs.org/proceedings-o/1942-vol-55/59-61%20(STEARNS).pdf|access-date = 3 July 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In tropical regions with no winter at all, citrus fruits remain green until maturity, hence the tropical "green oranges".{{Cite web |url=https://plantscientist.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/why-is-my-orange-green/ |title=Why is my orange green? |last=Shailes |first=Sarah |date=4 December 2014 |website=Plant Scientist}} The Persian lime in particular is extremely sensitive to cool conditions, thus it is not usually exposed to cool enough conditions to develop a mature colour.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} If they are left in a cool place over winter, the fruits will change colour to yellow. [115] => [116] => The terms "ripe" and "mature" are usually used synonymously, but they mean different things. A mature fruit is one that has completed its growth phase. [[Ripening]] is the changes that occur within the fruit after it is mature to the beginning of decay. These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decrease in acids, softening, and change in the fruit's colour.{{cite book |author1=Helgi Öpik |author2=Stephen A. Rolfe |author3=Arthur John Willis |author4=Herbert Edward Street |title=The physiology of flowering plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atZq3w6pOvQC&pg=PA309 |access-date=31 July 2010 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66251-2 |pages=309– }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [117] => [118] => Citrus fruits are non-[[climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] and respiration slowly declines and the production and release of ethylene is gradual.{{cite book |author1=Pinchas Spiegel-Roy |author2=Eliezer E. Goldschmidt |title=Biology of citrus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC&pg=PA101 |access-date=31 July 2010 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33321-4 |pages=101– }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The fruits do not go through a ripening process in the sense that they become "tree ripe". Some fruits, for example cherries, physically mature and then continue to ripen on the tree. Other fruits, such as pears, are picked when mature, but before they ripen, then continue to ripen off the tree. Citrus fruits pass from immaturity to maturity to overmaturity while still on the tree. Once they are separated from the tree, they do not increase in sweetness or continue to ripen. The only way change may happen after being picked is that they eventually start to decay. [119] => [120] => With oranges, colour cannot be used as an indicator of ripeness because sometimes the rinds turn orange long before the oranges are ready to eat. Tasting them is the only way to know whether they are ready to eat. [121] => [122] => [[File:Mandariner Citrus deliciosa.jpg|thumb|right|Mediterranean Mandarin (''[[Citrus ×deliciosa]]'' plantation, Son Carrió ([[Mallorca]])]] [123] => [124] => Citrus trees are not generally [[frost]] hardy. Mandarin oranges (''C. reticulata'') tend to be the hardiest of the common ''Citrus'' species and can withstand short periods down to as cold as {{convert|−10|C}}, but realistically temperatures not falling below {{convert|−2|C}} are required for successful cultivation. Tangerines, tangors and [[yuzu]] can be grown outside even in regions with more marked subfreezing temperatures in winter, although this may affect fruit quality. A few hardy hybrids can withstand temperatures well below freezing, but do not produce quality fruit. Lemons can be commercially grown in cooler-summer/moderate-winter, coastal Southern California, because sweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit. The related trifoliate orange (''C. trifoliata'') can survive below {{convert|−20|C}}; its fruit are astringent and inedible unless cooked, but a few better-tasting cultivars and hybrids have been developed (see [[citrange]]s). [125] => [[File:Citrus leaf.JPG|thumb|Leaf of ''Citrus'' tree]] [126] => [127] => The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Abandoned trees in valleys may suffer, yet survive, the dry summer of Central California's [[Inner Coast Ranges]]. At any age, citrus grows well enough with infrequent irrigation in partial shade, but the fruit crop is smaller. Being of tropical and subtropical origin, oranges, like all citrus, are broadleaved and evergreen. They do not drop leaves except when stressed. The [[Plant stem|stems]] of many varieties have large sharp [[Spine (botany)|thorns]]. The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruit begins to ripen in fall or early winter, depending on cultivar, and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars of tangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to 18 months to ripen. [128] => [129] => === Production === [130] => {{See also|Citrus production}} [131] => [[File:Hauptanbaugebiete-Zitrusfrüchte.svg|thumb|Major producer regions]] [132] => [133] => According to the [[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], world production of all citrus fruits in 2016 was {{convert|124|e6MT|abbr=off}}, with about half of this production as oranges.{{cite web |title=Citrus fruit, fresh and processed: Statistical Bulletin |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i8092e.pdf |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=2016}} At US $15.2 billion equivalent in 2018, citrus tradehttps://oec.world/en/profile/hs/citrus?disaggregationYearSelector=tradeYear3 OEC — The Observer of Economic Complexity, Citrus makes up nearly half of the world fruit trade, which was US$32.1 billion for the same year.https://oec.world/en/profile/sitc/fruit OEC — The Observer of Economic Complexity, Fruit According to the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD), citrus production grew during the early 21st century mainly by the increase in [[tillage|cultivation]] areas, improvements in transportation and packaging, rising incomes and consumer [[preference]] for healthy foods. In 2019–20, world production of oranges was estimated to be {{convert|47.5|e6MT|abbr=off}}, led by Brazil, Mexico, the European Union, and China as the largest producers.{{cite web |title=Citrus: World Markets and Trade |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/citrus.pdf |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=1 January 2020}} [134] => [135] => === As ornamental plants === [136] => [[File:Orangerie Kruidtuin Leuven.jpg|thumb|[[Orangery]] of the [[Botanical Garden]] in [[Leuven]] ([[Belgium]])]] [137] => [138] => Citrus trees grown in tubs and wintered under cover were a feature of [[History of gardens|Renaissance gardens]], once glass-making technology enabled sufficient expanses of clear glass to be produced. An [[orangery]] was a feature of royal and aristocratic residences through the 17th and 18th centuries. The ''Orangerie'' at the [[Louvre|Palace of the Louvre]], 1617, inspired imitations that were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s. In the United States, the earliest surviving orangery is at the [[Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia|Tayloe House, Mount Airy, Virginia]]. George Washington had an orangery at [[Mount Vernon]]. [139] => [140] => Some modern hobbyists still grow dwarf citrus in containers or greenhouses in areas where the weather is too cold to grow it outdoors. Consistent climate, sufficient sunlight, and proper watering are crucial if the trees are to thrive and produce fruit. Compared to many of the usual "green shrubs", citrus trees better tolerate poor container care. For cooler winter areas, limes and lemons should not be grown, since they are more sensitive to winter cold than other citrus fruits. Hybrids with kumquats (× ''[[Citrofortunella]]'') have good cold resistance. A citrus tree in a container may have to be repotted every 5 years or so, since the roots may form a thick "root-ball" on the bottom of the pot.{{Cite book |title=Citrus : complete guide to selecting & growing more than 100 varieties for California, Arizona, Texas, the Gulf Coast and Florida |last=Lance. |first=Walheim |date=1996 |publisher=Ironwood Press |isbn=978-0-9628236-4-0 |location=Tucson, Ariz. |oclc=34116821|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/citruscompletegu00walh}} [141] => [142] => === Pests and diseases === [143] => {{Main|List of citrus diseases}} [144] => [[File:Citrus canker on fruit.jpg|thumb|right|[[Citrus canker]] is caused by the [[gammaproteobacterium]] ''Xanthomonas axonopodis''.]] [145] => [146] => Citrus plants are very liable to infestation by [[aphid]]s, [[whitefly]], and [[scale insect]]s (e.g. [[California red scale]]). Also rather important are the viral infections to which some of these [[ectoparasite]]s serve as [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] such as the aphid-transmitted ''[[Citrus tristeza virus]]'', which when unchecked by proper methods of control is devastating to citrine plantations. The newest threat to citrus groves in the United States is the [[Diaphorina citri|Asian citrus psyllid]]. [147] => [148] => The Asian citrus psyllid is an aphid-like insect that feeds on the leaves and stems of citrus trees and other citrus-like plants. The real danger lies in the fact that the psyllid can carry a deadly, bacterial tree disease called [[Huanglongbing]] (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease.{{cite journal |last1=Alquézar |first1=Berta |last2=Carmona |first2=Lourdes |last3=Bennici |first3=Stefania |last4=Peña |first4=Leandro |title=Engineering of citrus to obtain huanglongbing resistance |journal=[[Current Opinion in Biotechnology]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=70 |year=2021 |issn=0958-1669 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.003 |pages=196–203 |s2cid=235712334 |pmid=34198205|doi-access=free |hdl=10251/189663 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite web |url=http://www.californiacitrusthreat.org/asian-citrus-psyllid.php |title=About the Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing |work=californiacitrusthreat.org|access-date=30 November 2012|archive-date=13 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213014128/http://www.californiacitrusthreat.org/asian-citrus-psyllid.php|url-status=dead}} Because {{as of|2021|lc=yes}} the causative bacteria are not culturable, evaluation of resistant [[citrus cultivar|cultivars]] and [[vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] is slow. There are some [[Citrus greening resistance|HLB-resistant]] and [[plant defense against herbivory|vector-resistant]] citrus strains known, and [[genetically engineered Citrus|genetic engineering]] and new [[pesticide|chemical controls]] have been proven in laboratory use and show promise for field use. [149] => [150] => In August 2005, citrus greening disease was discovered in the south Florida region around Homestead and Florida City. The disease has since spread to every commercial citrus grove in Florida. In 2004–2005, USDA statistics reported the total Florida citrus production to be 169.1 million boxes of fruit. The estimate for all Florida citrus production in the 2015–2016 season is 94.2 million boxes, a 44.3% drop.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Florida/Publications/Citrus/Citrus_Statistics/2015-16/fcs1516.pdf |title=Florida Citrus Statistics 2015–2016 |date=3 October 2017 |website=United States Department of Agriculture – National Agricultural Statistics Service|access-date=3 October 2017}} Carolyn Slupsky, a professor of nutrition and [[food science]] at the [[University of California, Davis]] has said that "we could lose all fresh citrus within 10 to 15 years".{{cite news |title=Farmers, researchers try to hold off deadly citrus greening long enough to find cure |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/can-science-solve-citrus-greening-disease/ |access-date=20 September 2019}} [151] => [152] => In June 2008, the psyllid was spotted dangerously close to California – right across the international border in [[Tijuana]], Mexico. Only a few months later, it was detected in San Diego and Imperial Counties, and has since spread to Riverside, San Bernardino, Orange, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, sparking quarantines in those areas. The Asian citrus psyllid has also been intercepted coming into California in packages of fruit and plants, including citrus, ornamentals, herbs and bouquets of cut flowers, shipped from other states and countries. [153] => [154] => The foliage is also used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species such as the [[Geometridae]] [[common emerald]] (''Hemithea aestivaria'') and [[double-striped pug]] (''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata''), the [[Arctiidae]] [[giant leopard moth]] (''Hypercompe scribonia''), ''[[Hypercompe eridanus|H. eridanus]]'', ''[[Hypercompe icasia|H. icasia]]'' and ''[[Hypercompe indecisa|H. indecisa]]'', many species in the family Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies), and the [[black-lyre leafroller moth]] (''"Cnephasia" jactatana''), a [[tortrix moth]]. [155] => [156] => Since 2000, the [[citrus leafminer]] (''Phyllocnistis citrella'') has been a pest in California,{{cite web |url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r107303211.html |title=Citrus Leafminer – UC Pest Management |date=January 2019 |publisher=University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources}} boring meandering patterns through leaves. [157] => [158] => In eastern Australia, the bronze-orange bug (''[[Musgraveia sulciventris]]'') can be a major pest of citrus trees, particularly grapefruit. In heavy infestations it can cause flower and fruit drop and general tree stress. [159] => [160] => European brown snails (''[[Cornu aspersum]]'') can be a problem in California, though laying female [[Khaki Campbell]] and other [[mallard]]-related ducks can be used for control. [161] => [162] => ==== Deficiency diseases ==== [163] => Citrus plants can also develop a deficiency condition called [[chlorosis]], characterized by yellowing leavesOnline at SumoGardener {{cite web |url=http://sumogardener.com/yellow-leaves-citrus-trees/ |title=How to Avoid Yellow Leaves on Citrus Trees |date=9 July 2016}} highlighted by contrasting [[leaf vein]]s. The shriveling leaves eventually fall, and if the plant loses too many, it will slowly die. This condition is often caused by an excessively high [[pH]] ([[alkaline soil]]), which prevents the plant from absorbing iron, [[magnesium]], [[zinc]], or other nutrients it needs to produce [[chlorophyll]]. This condition can be cured by adding an appropriate acidic fertilizer formulated for citrus, which can sometimes revive a plant to produce new leaves and even flower buds within a few weeks under optimum conditions. A soil which is too acidic can also cause problems; citrus prefers neutral soil (pH between 6 and 8). Citrus plants are also sensitive to excessive salt in the soil. [[Soil testing]] may be necessary to properly diagnose nutrient-deficiency diseases.{{cite web |last=Mauk |first=Peggy A. |title=Questions and Answers to Citrus Management (3rd ed.) |url=http://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/391-272.pdf |publisher=University of California Cooperative Extension|access-date=24 May 2014 |author2=Tom Shea}} [164] => [165] => == Uses == [166] => [167] => === Culinary === [168] => Many citrus fruits, such as [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]s, [[tangerine]]s, [[grapefruit]]s, and [[clementine]]s, are generally eaten fresh. They are typically peeled and can be easily split into segments. Grapefruit is more commonly halved and eaten out of the skin with a spoon.{{cite web |url=http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/grapefruit.html |title=Foods Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere: Grapefruit |publisher=Aihd.ku.edu |first=Scott |last=Sheu |website=American Indian Health and Diet Project|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100818035403/http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/grapefruit.html|archive-date = 18 August 2010|url-status = dead}} Special spoons ([[grapefruit spoon]]s) with serrated tips are designed for this purpose. Orange and grapefruit juices are also popular breakfast beverages. More acidic citrus, such as lemons and limes, are generally not eaten on their own. [[Meyer lemon]]s can be eaten out of hand with the fragrant skin; they are both sweet and sour. [[Lemonade]] or [[limeade]] are popular beverages prepared by diluting the juices of these fruits and adding sugar. Lemons and limes are also used in cooked dishes, or sliced and used as garnishes. Their juice is used as an ingredient in a variety of dishes; it can commonly be found in salad dressings and squeezed over cooked fish, meat, or vegetables. [169] => [170] => A variety of flavours can be derived from different parts and treatments of citrus fruits. The [[peel (fruit)|rind]] and [[essential oil|oil]] of the fruit is generally bitter, especially when cooked, so is often combined with sugar. The [[juice vesicles|fruit pulp]] can vary from sweet to extremely sour. [[Marmalade]], a condiment derived from cooked orange or lemon, can be especially bitter, but is usually sweetened with sugar to cut the bitterness and produce a jam-like result. Lemon or lime is commonly used as a [[garnish (food)|garnish]] for water, soft drinks, or cocktails. Citrus juices, rinds, or slices are used in a variety of mixed drinks. The colourful outer skin of some citrus fruits, known as [[zest (ingredient)|zest]], is used as a flavouring in cooking; the white inner portion of the peel, the pith, is usually avoided due to its bitterness. The zest of a citrus fruit, typically lemon or an orange, can also be soaked in water in a [[coffee filter]], and drunk. [171] => [172] => [173] => File:NIH citrus.jpg|Wedges of pink [[grapefruit]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], and lemon, and a half orange (clockwise from top) [174] => File:Calamansi (sliced) - Philippines.jpg|[[Calamansi]], a ubiquitous part of traditional [[Philippine condiments|dipping sauces and condiments]] in [[Philippine cuisine]] [175] => File:Citrus aurantiifolia in Kadavoor.jpg|''[[Citrus aurantifolia]]'' in [[Kerala]] [176] => File:Pomeranzen.jpg|Ripe [[bitter orange]]s (''Citrus × aurantium'') from [[Asprovalta]] [177] => File:Citrus fruits for sale in a New Zealand supermarket.jpg|Citrus fruits for sale in a [[New Zealand]] [[supermarket]] [178] => [179] => [180] => ===Phytochemicals and research=== [181] => Some ''Citrus'' species contain significant amounts of the [[phytochemical]] class called [[furanocoumarin]]s, a diverse family of naturally occurring organic chemical compounds.{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Meng |last2=Zhou |first2=Shu-yi |last3=Fabriaga |first3=Erlinda |last4=Zhang |first4=Pian-hong |last5=Zhou |first5=Quan |title=Food-drug interactions precipitated by fruit juices other than grapefruit juice: An update review |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |volume=26 |issue=2 |year=2018 |issn=1021-9498 |pmid=29703387 |doi=10.1016/j.jfda.2018.01.009 |pages=S61–S71 |pmc=9326888 | doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Wei-Lun |last2=Suh |first2=Joon Hyuk |last3=Wang |first3=Yu |title=Chemistry and health effects of furanocoumarins in grapefruit |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |volume=25 |issue=1 |year=2017 |issn=1021-9498 |doi=10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.008 |pages=71–83 |pmid=28911545 |pmc=9333421 | doi-access=free}} In humans, some (not all) of these chemical compounds act as strong [[photosensitizer]]s when applied topically to the skin, while other furanocoumarins interact with medications when taken orally. The latter is called the "grapefruit juice effect", a common name for a related group of [[grapefruit-drug interactions]]. [182] => [183] => Due to the photosensitizing effects of certain furanocoumarins, some ''Citrus'' species are known to cause [[phytophotodermatitis]],{{cite journal |journal=The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology |url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |title=Botanical Dermatology |last1=McGovern |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Barkley |first2=Theodore M. |volume=37 |issue=5 |at=Section [http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis] |publisher=Internet Dermatology Society |date=2000 |access-date=29 November 2018 |pmid=9620476 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x |s2cid=221810453}} a potentially severe skin inflammation resulting from contact with a light-sensitizing botanical agent followed by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] light. In ''Citrus'' species, the primary photosensitizing agent appears to be [[bergapten]],{{cite journal |last1=Dugrand-Judek |first1=Audray |last2=Olry |first2=Alexandre |last3=Hehn |first3=Alain |last4=Costantino |first4=Gilles |last5=Ollitrault |first5=Patrick |last6=Froelicher |first6=Yann |last7=Bourgaud |first7=Frédéric |title=The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in ''Citrus'' Species Closely Matches ''Citrus'' Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways |journal=PLOS ONE |date=November 2015 |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=e0142757 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0142757 |pmid=26558757 |pmc=4641707 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1042757D |doi-access=free}} a linear furanocoumarin derived from [[psoralen]]. This claim has been confirmed for lime{{cite journal |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |year=1993 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=331–35 |title=Phototoxic coumarins in limes |last1=Nigg |first1=H. N. |last2=Nordby |first2=H. E. |last3=Beier |first3=R. C. |last4=Dillman |first4=A. |last5=Macias |first5=C. |last6=Hansen |first6=R. C. |pmid=8505017 |doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90187-4 |url=https://eurekamag.com/pdf/002/002671183.pdf}}{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=A. M. |last2=Wu |first2=J. J. |last3=Hansen |first3=R. C. |last4=Nigg |first4=H. N. |last5=Beiere |first5=R. C. |title=Bullous phytophotodermatitis associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in limes |journal=Am J Contact Dermat |date=2002 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1053/ajcd.2002.29948 |pmid=11887098 |issn=0891-5849}} and [[Bergamot orange|bergamot]]. In particular, [[bergamot essential oil]] has a higher concentration of bergapten (3000–3600 mg/kg) than any other ''Citrus''-based essential oil.{{cite web |work=The German Research Foundation (DFG) |url=https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2006/sklm_furocoumarine_en_2006.pdf |title=Toxicological Assessment of Furocoumarins in Foodstuffs |publisher=DFG Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) |date=2004 |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224130338/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2006/sklm_furocoumarine_en_2006.pdf |url-status=dead }} [184] => [185] => In general, three ''Citrus'' ancestral species (pomelos, citrons, and papedas) synthesize relatively high quantities of furanocoumarins, whereas a fourth ancestral species (mandarins) is practically devoid of these compounds. Since the production of furanocoumarins in plants is believed to be heritable, the descendants of mandarins (such as sweet oranges, tangerines, and other small mandarin hybrids) are expected to have low quantities of furanocoumarins, whereas other hybrids (such as limes, grapefruit, and sour oranges) are expected to have relatively high quantities of these compounds. [186] => [187] => In most ''Citrus'' species, the peel contains a greater diversity and a higher concentration of furanocoumarins than the pulp of the same fruit. An exception is [[bergamottin]], a furanocoumarin implicated in grapefruit-drug interactions, which is more concentrated in the pulp of certain varieties of pomelo, grapefruit, and sour orange. [188] => [189] => One review of preliminary research on diets indicated that consuming citrus fruits was associated with a 10% reduction of risk for developing breast cancer.{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Jung-Kook |last2=Bae |first2=Jong-Myon |date=1 March 2013 |title=Citrus fruit intake and breast cancer risk: a quantitative systematic review |journal=Journal of Breast Cancer |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=72–76 |doi=10.4048/jbc.2013.16.1.72 |issn=1738-6756 |pmc=3625773 |pmid=23593085}} [190] => [191] => == List of citrus fruits == [192] => [193] => {{Main|List of citrus fruits}} [194] => [[File:Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit, pink) white bg.jpg|thumb|right|[[Grapefruit]]]] [195] => [[File:Cedri BMK.jpg|thumb|right|[[Citron]]s (''Citrus medica'') for sale in Germany]] [196] => [[File:Citrus australasica red whole.jpg|thumb|right|Red [[finger Lime]] (''Citrus australasica''), a rare delicacy from Australia]] [197] => The genus ''Citrus'' has been suggested to originate in the eastern Himalayan foothills. Prior to human cultivation, it consisted of just a few species, though the status of some as distinct species has yet to be confirmed: [198] => [204] => * ''[[Citrus assamensis]]'' – ginger lime, from [[Assam]] and [[Bangladesh]] [205] => * ''[[Citrus crenatifolia]]'' – species name is unresolved, from [[Sri Lanka]] [206] => * ''[[Citrus japonica]]'' – kumquats, from East Asia ranging into Southeast Asia (sometimes separated into four-five ''Fortunella'' species) [207] => * ''[[Citrus mangshanensis]]'' – species name is unresolved, from [[Hunan]], China [208] => * ''[[pomelo|Citrus maxima]]'' – pomelo (pummelo, shaddock), from the [[Island Southeast Asia]] [209] => * ''[[Citrus medica]]'' – citron, from India [210] => * ''[[Citrus reticulata]]'' – mandarin orange, from China [211] => * ''[[Citrus trifoliata]]'' – trifoliate orange, from Korea and adjacent China (often separated as ''Poncirus'') [212] => * [[Australian lime]]s [213] => **''[[Citrus australasica]]'' – [[Australian finger lime]] [214] => ** ''[[Citrus australis]]'' – [[Australian round lime]] [215] => ** ''[[Citrus garrawayi]] ''– [[Mount White lime]] [216] => ** ''[[Citrus glauca]]'' – [[Australian desert lime]] [217] => ** ''[[Citrus gracilis]]'' – Kakadu lime or Humpty Doo lime [218] => ** ''[[Citrus inodora]]'' – Russel River lime and Maiden's Australian lime [219] => ** ''[[Citrus warburgiana]] ''– [[New Guinea wild lime]] [220] => ** ''[[Citrus wintersii]] ''– [[Brown River finger lime]] [221] => * [[Papeda (citrus)|Papedas]], including [222] => **''[[Citrus halimii]]'' – ''limau kadangsa'', ''limau kedut kera'', from [[Thailand]] and [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] [223] => ** ''[[Citrus hystrix]]'' – [[Kaffir lime]], ''makrut'', from [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] to [[Island Southeast Asia]] [224] => ** ''[[Citrus cavaleriei]]'' – Ichang papeda from southern China [225] => ** ''[[Citrus celebica]]'' – Celebes papeda [226] => ** ''[[Citrus indica]]'' – [[Indian wild orange]], from the [[Indian subcontinent]]{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2640 |title=Species list in GRIN for genus ''Citrus'' |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |access-date=6 January 2011 |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120155922/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2640 |archive-date=20 January 2009}} [227] => ** ''[[Citrus latipes]]'' – [[Citrus latipes|Khasi papeda]], from [[Assam]], Meghalaya, Burma [228] => ** ''[[Citrus longispina]]'' – Megacarpa papeda, winged lime, blacktwig lime [229] => ** ''[[Citrus macrophylla]]'' – Alemow [230] => ** ''[[Citrus macroptera]]'' – Melanesian papeda from Indochina to Melanesia [231] => ** ''[[Citrus micrantha]], Citrus westeri'' – ''biasong'' or ''samuyao'' from the southern Philippines{{citation |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35816/35816-h/35816-h.htm#pb21 |title=Citrus Fruits In The Philippines |journal=Philippine Agricultural Review |volume=8 |year=1915 |author=P. J. Wester}} [232] => ** ''[[Citrus webberi]]'' – Kalpi, Malayan lemon [233] => [234] => === Hybrids and cultivars === [235] => [[File:Oroblanco (sweetie) fruits.jpg|thumb|Sweetie or [[oroblanco]] is a pomelo-grapefruit hybrid.]] [236] => [[File:Yemenite.jpg|thumb|The [[etrog]], or citron, is central to the ritual of the Jewish [[Sukkot]] festival. Many varieties are used for this purpose (including the [[Yemenite citron|Yemenite]] variety pictured).]] [237] => [[File:Clementinepeeled.jpg|thumb|[[Clementine]]s (''Citrus'' ×''clementina'') have thinner skins than oranges.]] [238] => [[File:Citrus unshiu-unshu mikan-2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikan]] (''Citrus'' ×''unshiu''), also known as satsumas]] [239] => [[File:Ambersweet oranges.jpg|thumb|upright|Sweet oranges (''Citrus'' ×''sinensis'') are used in many foods. Their ancestors were pomelos and mandarin oranges.]] [240] => [[File:Odichukuthi lime crossection.JPG|thumb|Cross-section of Odichukuthi lime]] [241] => [[File:Odichukuthi naranga.JPG|thumb|upright|Odichukuthi fruit]] [242] => [[File:Frutto pompia.jpg|thumb|A pompia fruit]] [243] => Sorted by parentage. As each hybrid is the product of (at least) two parent species, they are listed multiple times. [244] => [245] => '''''Citrus maxima''-based''' [246] => * [[Amanatsu]], natsumikan – ''Citrus'' × ''natsudaidai'' (''C. maxima'' × unknown) [247] => * [[Cam sành]] – (''C. reticulata'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [248] => * [[Dangyuja]] – (''Citrus grandis Osbeck'') [249] => * [[Grapefruit]] – ''Citrus'' × ''paradisi'' (''C. maxima'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [250] => * [[Haruka (citrus)|Haruka]] – ''Citrus tamurana'' x ''natsudaidai'' [251] => * [[Hassaku orange]] – (''Citrus hassaku'') [252] => * [[Ichang lemon]] – (''Citrus wilsonii'') [253] => * [[Imperial lemon]] – (''C.'' × ''limon'' × ''C.'' × ''paradisi'') [254] => * [[Kawachi Bankan]] – (''Citrus kawachiensis'') [255] => * [[Kinnow]] – (''C.'' × ''nobilis'' × ''C.'' × ''deliciosa'') [256] => * [[Kiyomi]] – (''C.'' × ''sinensis'' × ''C.'' × ''unshiu'') [257] => * [[Minneola tangelo]] – (''C. reticulata'' × ''C.'' × ''paradisi'') [258] => * [[Orangelo]], Chironja – (''C.'' × ''paradisi'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [259] => * [[Oroblanco]], Sweetie – (''C. maxima'' × ''C.'' × ''paradisi'') [260] => * [[Sweet orange]] – ''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' (probably ''C. maxima'' × ''C. reticulata'') [261] => * [[Tangelo]] – ''Citrus'' × ''tangelo'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. maxima'' or ''C.'' × ''paradisi'') [262] => * [[Tangor]] – ''Citrus'' × ''nobilis'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [263] => * [[Ugli]] – (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. maxima'' or ''C.'' × ''paradisi'') [264] => [265] => '''''Citrus medica''-based''' [266] => * [[Alemow]], Colo – ''Citrus'' × ''macrophylla'' (''C. medica'' × ''C. micrantha'') [267] => * [[Buddha's hand]] – ''Citrus medica'' var. ''sarcodactylus'', a fingered citron. [268] => * [[Citron]] varieties with sour [[juice vesicles|pulp]] – [[Diamante citron]], [[Florentine citron]], [[Greek citron]] and [[Balady citron]] [269] => * Citron varieties with sweet pulp – [[Corsican citron]] and [[Moroccan citron]] [270] => * [[Etrog]], a group of citron cultivars that are traditionally used for a Jewish ritual. ''Etrog'' is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for citron in general. [271] => * [[Fernandina (fruit)|Fernandina]] – ''Citrus'' × ''limonimedica'' (probably (''C. medica'' × ''C. maxima'') × ''C. medica'') [272] => * [[Ponderosa lemon]] – (probably (''C. medica'' × ''C. maxima'') × ''C. medica'') [273] => * [[Lemon]] – ''Citrus'' × ''limon'' (''C. medica'' × ''C.'' × ''aurantium'') [274] => * [[Key lime]], Mexican lime, Omani lime – ''Citrus'' × ''aurantiifolia'' (''C. medica'' × ''C. micrantha'') [275] => * [[Persian lime]], Tahiti lime – ''C.'' × ''latifolia'' (''C.'' × ''aurantiifolia'' × ''C.'' × ''limon'') [276] => * [[Limetta]], Sweet Lemon, Sweet Lime, mosambi – ''Citrus'' × ''limetta'' (''C. medica'' × ''C.'' × ''aurantium'') [277] => * [[Lumia (citrus)|Lumia]] – several distinct pear shaped lemon-like hybrids. [278] => * [[Pompia]] – ''Citrus medica tuberosa'' Risso & Poiteau, 1818 (''C. medica'' × ''C.'' × ''aurantium''), native to [[Sardinia]], genetically synonymous with Rhobs el Arsa. [279] => * [[Rhobs el Arsa]] – 'bread of the garden', ''C. medica'' × ''C.'' × ''aurantium'', from [[Morocco]]. [280] => * [[Yemenite citron]] – a pulpless true citron. [281] => [282] => '''''Citrus reticulata''–based''' [283] => * [[Bergamot orange]] – ''Citrus'' × ''bergamia'' (''C.'' × ''limon'' × ''C.'' × ''aurantium'') [284] => * [[Bitter orange]], Seville Orange – ''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' (''C. maxima'' × ''C. reticulata'') [285] => * [[Blood orange]] – ''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' [[cultivar]]s [286] => * [[Calamansi]], Calamondin – (''Citrus reticulata'' × ''Citrus japonica'') [287] => * [[Cam sành]] – (''C. reticulata'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [288] => * [[Chinotto]] – ''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' var. ''myrtifolia'' or ''Citrus'' × ''myrtifolia'' [289] => * [[Kiyomi|ChungGyun]] – ''Citrus reticulata'' cultivar{{Verify source|date=December 2008}} [290] => * [[Clementine]] – ''Citrus'' × ''clementina'' [291] => * [[Cleopatra Mandarin]] – ''Citrus'' × ''reshni'' [292] => * [[Dekopon|Siranui]] – ''Citrus reticulata'' cv. 'Dekopon' (ChungGyun × Ponkan) [293] => * [[Daidai]] – ''Citrus'' ×''aurantium'' var. ''daidai'' or ''Citrus'' × ''daidai'' [294] => * [['Encore' mandarin|Encore]] – ((''Citrus reticulata'' x ''sinensis'') x ''C. deliciosa'') [295] => * [[Grapefruit]] – ''Citrus'' ×''paradisi'' (''C. maxima'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [296] => * Hermandina – ''Citrus reticulata'' cv. 'Hermandina' [297] => * [[Imperial lemon]] – ((''C. maxima'' × ''C. medica'') × ''C.'' ×''paradisi'') [298] => * [[Iyokan]], ''anadomikan'' – ''Citrus'' × ''iyo'' [299] => * [[Jabara (citrus)|Jabara]] – (''Citrus jabara'') [300] => * [[Kanpei]] – (''Citrus reticulata'' 'Kanpei') [301] => * [[Kinkoji unshiu]] – (''Citrus obovoidea'' × ''unshiu'') [302] => * [[Kinnow]], Wilking – (''C.'' × ''nobilis'' × ''C.'' × ''deliciosa'') [303] => * [[Kishumikan]] – (''Citrus kinokuni'') [304] => * [[Kiyomi]] – (''C. sinensis'' × ''C.'' × ''unshiu'') [305] => * [[Kobayashi mikan]] – (''Citrus natsudaidai'' × ''unshiu'') [306] => * [[Koji orange]] – (''Citrus leiocarpa'') [307] => * [[Laraha]] – ''''C.'' × ''aurantium'' ssp. ''currassuviencis'' [308] => * [[Citrus x deliciosa|Mediterranean mandarin]], Willow Leaf – ''Citrus'' × ''deliciosa'' [309] => * [[Meyer lemon]], Valley Lemon – ''Citrus'' × ''meyeri'' (''C. medica'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [310] => * Michal mandarin – ''Citrus reticulata'' cv. 'Michal' [311] => * [[Mikan]], Satsuma – ''Citrus'' × ''unshiu'' [312] => * [[Murcott (fruit)|Murcott]] – (''C. reticulata'' x ''sinensis'') [313] => * [[Naartjie]] – (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. nobilis'') [314] => * Nova mandarin, Clemenvilla [315] => * [[Orangelo]], [[Chironja]] – (''C.'' × ''paradisi'' × ''C.'' ×''s inensis'') [316] => * [[Oroblanco]], [[Sweetie (fruit)|Sweetie]] – (''C. maxima'' × ''C.'' × ''paradisi'') [317] => * {{Interlanguage link|Palestine sweet lime|fr|3=Citrus limettioides|vertical-align=sup}} – ''Citrus'' × ''limettioides'' [[Chōzaburō Tanaka|Tanaka]] (''C. medica'' × ''C.'' × ''sinensis'') [318] => * [[Ponkan]] – ''Citrus reticulata'' cv. 'Ponkan' [319] => * [[Rangpur (fruit)|Rangpur]], Lemanderin, Mandarin Lime – ''Citrus'' × ''limonia'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. medica'') [320] => * [[Reikou]] – (Kuchinotsu No.37 x 'Murcott') [321] => * [[Rough lemon]] – ''Citrus'' × ''jambhiri'' Lush. (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. medica'') [322] => * [[Sanbokan]] – ''Citrus sulcata'' [323] => * [[Setoka]] – (Kuchinotsu No.37 x 'Murcott') [324] => * [[Shekwasha]], Hirami Lemon, Taiwan Tangerine – ''Citrus'' × ''depressa'' [325] => * Sunki, Suenkat – ''Citrus'' ''sunki'' or ''C. reticulata'' var. ''sunki'' [326] => * [[Sweet orange]] – ''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' (''C. maxima'' × ''C. reticulata'') [327] => * [[Tachibana orange]] – ''Citrus'' ''tachibana'' (Mak.) [[Chōzaburō Tanaka|Tanaka]] or ''C. reticulata'' var. ''tachibana'' [328] => * [[Tangelo]] – ''Citrus'' × ''tangelo'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. maxima'' or ''C.'' ×''paradisi'') [329] => * [[Tangerine]] – ''Citrus'' × ''tangerina'' [330] => * [[Tangor]] – ''Citrus'' × ''nobilis'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C.'' ×''sinensis'') [331] => * [[Tsunonozomi]] – ('[[Kiyomi]]' × [['Encore' mandarin|'Encore]]') [332] => * [[Ugli]] – (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. maxima'' or ''C.'' ×''paradisi'') [333] => * [[Volkamer lemon]] – ''Citrus'' × ''volkameriana'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C. medica'') [334] => * [[Yukou (Japanese citrus)|Yukou]] – (''Citrus yuko'') [335] => * [[Yuzu]] – ''Citrus'' × ''junos'' (''C. reticulata'' × ''C.'' × ''cavaleriei'') [336] => [337] => '''Other/Unresolved''' [338] => * [[Djeruk limau]] – ''Citrus'' × ''amblycarpa'' [339] => * [[Gajanimma]], [[Carabao Lime]] – ''Citrus'' × ''pennivesiculata'' [340] => * [[Hyuganatsu]], Hyuganatsu pumelo – ''Citrus tamurana'' [341] => * [[Ichang lemon]] – (''C.'' ''cavaleriei'' × ''C. maxima'') [342] => * [[Kabosu]] – ''Citrus'' ×''sphaerocarpa'' [343] => * [[Odichukuthi]] – ''Citrus Odichukuthi'' from Malayalam [344] => * [[Ougonkan]] – ''Citrus flaviculpus'' hort ex. Tanaka [345] => * [[Sakurajima komikan orange]] [346] => * [[Shonan gold]] – (Ougonkan) ''Citrus flaviculpus'' hort ex. Tanaka × (Imamura unshiu), ''Citrus unshiu'' Marc [347] => * [[Sudachi]] – ''Citrus'' × ''sudachi'' [348] => [349] => For hybrids with kumquats, see [[citrofortunella]]. For hybrids with the trifoliate orange, see [[citrange]]. [350] => [351] => == See also == [352] => {{Portal|Food}} [353] => * [[Citrus taxonomy]] [354] => * [[Japanese citrus]] [355] => * [[List of lemon dishes and beverages]] [356] => {{Clear}} [357] => [358] => ==References== [359] => {{Reflist|30em}} [360] => [361] => == External links == [362] => * [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AA092 Effects of pollination on Citrus plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225171028/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa092 |date=25 February 2017 }} Pollination of Citrus by Honey Bees [363] => * [http://www.crec.ifas.ufl.edu/ Citrus Research and Education Center] of [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] (largest citrus research center in world) [364] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030325131715/http://www.grcp.ucdavis.edu/publications/doc22/Appx.pdf Citrus Variety Collection by the University of California] [365] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528155551/http://www.uga.edu/fruit/citrus.html Citrus] (Mark Rieger, Professor of Horticulture, University of Georgia) [366] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615092509/http://fundecitrus.com.br/english/menu_us.html Fundecitrus – Fund for Citrus Plant Protection] is an organization of citrus Brazilian producers and processors. [367] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090627080835/http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/citrus/ ''Citrus'' – taxonomy] [[fruit anatomy]] at GeoChemBio [368] => * {{cite web |url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus.html |title=Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D)  – A Work in Progress |author=Porcher Michel H. |date=1995 |publisher=School of Agriculture and Food Systems, Faculty of Land & Food Resources, The University of Melbourne. Australia|display-authors=etal}} [369] => [370] => {{Citrus}} [371] => {{Taxonbar|from=Q81513}} [372] => {{Authority control}} [373] => [374] => [[Category:Citrus| ]] [375] => [[Category:Cocktail garnishes]] [376] => [[Category:Garden plants]] [377] => [[Category:Lists of foods|Citrus fruits]] [378] => [[Category:Lists of plants]] [379] => [[Category:Ornamental trees]] [380] => [[Category:Plants used in bonsai]] [381] => [[Category:Aurantioideae genera]] [382] => [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] [] => )
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Citrus

Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. This genus includes numerous species that are highly cultivated for their fruits, which are commonly known as citrus fruits.

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This genus includes numerous species that are highly cultivated for their fruits, which are commonly known as citrus fruits. Citrus fruits are well-known for their juicy pulp, acidic taste, and high vitamin C content. Some of the most popular varieties of citrus fruits include oranges, lemons, grapefruits, limes, and tangerines. The trees in the citrus genus are typically evergreen, with glossy leaves and fragrant white flowers. They are native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, but have been introduced and cultivated in various parts of the world. Citrus trees are cultivated for both commercial and ornamental purposes, and they have become important economic crops in many countries. Citrus fruits have a long history and have been cultivated for thousands of years. They have played significant roles in various cultures, such as in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, where they were valued for their medicinal properties and symbolic meanings. Today, citrus fruits are widely consumed and are used in a variety of culinary applications, including in juices, jams, desserts, and savory dishes. In addition to their culinary uses, citrus fruits have numerous health benefits. They are rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, which contribute to their ability to boost the immune system, improve digestion, and lower the risk of chronic diseases. Citrus fruits are also known for their refreshing and uplifting fragrance, and the essential oils derived from the peels of citrus fruits are used in perfumes, cleaning products, and aromatherapy. The cultivation of citrus trees requires specific conditions, such as well-drained soil, warm climate, and adequate sunlight. They are susceptible to various pests and diseases, including citrus canker and citrus greening, which have had significant impacts on citrus production in certain regions. To counter these challenges, various methods of pest control and disease management are implemented, including the use of biological agents, genetic modification, and cultural practices. Overall, citrus fruits are not only delicious and versatile in the kitchen, but they also provide numerous health benefits and contribute to the economy of many countries. The Wikipedia page on Citrus provides comprehensive information on the scientific classification, cultivation, historical and cultural significance, culinary uses, and health benefits of citrus fruits, making it a valuable resource for anyone seeking detailed knowledge on this fascinating genus.

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