Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Study of the history of the forms of words}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{redirect|Etymologies|the work by Isidore of Seville|Etymologiae{{!}}''Entymologiae''}} [3] => {{Distinguish|Entomology|Etiology}} [4] => {{Linguistics|Topics}} [5] => '''Etymology''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|t|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɒ|l|ə|dʒ|i|}}, {{respell|ET|im|OL|ə|jee}}[[The New Oxford Dictionary of English]] (1998) {{ISBN|0-19-861263-X}} – p. 633 "'''Etymology''' /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the scientific study of words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".) is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of a word's semantic meaning across time, including its constituent [[morphemes]] and [[phonemes]].[https://www.britannica.com/topic/etymology Etymology: The history of a word or word element, including its origins and derivation]{{Cite web|title=Etymology|url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=etymology|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en}} It is a subfield of [[historical linguistics]], [[philology]], and [[semiotics]], and draws upon comparative [[semantics]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[pragmatics]], and [[phonetics]] in order to construct a comprehensive and chronological catalogue of all meanings that a morpheme, phoneme, word, or sign has carried across time. [6] => [7] => For languages with a long [[recorded history|written history]], etymologists make use of texts, and texts about the language, to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods, how they developed in [[Semantics|meaning]] and [[Phonological change|form]], or when and how they [[Loanword|entered]] the language. Etymologists also apply the methods of [[comparative linguistics]] to reconstruct information about forms that are too old for any direct information to be available. By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the [[comparative method]], [[linguists]] can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way, [[root (linguistics)|word roots]] in many European languages, for example, can be traced all the way back to the origin of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]]. [8] => [9] => Even though etymological research originated from the [[philology|philological]] tradition, much current etymological research is done on [[language family|language families]] where little or no early documentation is available, such as [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]. [10] => [11] => ==Etymology == [12] => [13] => The word ''etymology'' is derived from the Ancient Greek word {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐτυμολογία}} ({{transliteration|grc|ἐτυμολογία}}), itself from {{wikt-lang|grc|ἔτυμον}} ({{transliteration|grc|ἔτυμον}}), meaning {{gloss|true sense or sense of a truth}}, and the suffix {{transliteration|grc|-logia}}, denoting {{gloss|the study or logic of}}.{{OEtymD|etymology}}{{LSJ|e)tumologi/a|ἐτυμολογία}}, {{LSJ|e)/tumos|ἔτυμον|ref}}. [14] => [15] => The term ''etymon'' refers to the predicate (i.e. stemAccording to [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]], the ultimate etymon of the English word ''machine'' is the Proto-Indo-European '''stem''' ''*māgh'' {{gloss|be able to}}, see p. 174, {{cite book |last=Zuckermann |first=Ghil'ad |year=2003 |url=http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232 |title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1403917232}} or rootAccording to [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]], the co-etymon of the Israeli word ''glida'' {{gloss|ice cream}} is the Hebrew '''root''' ''gld'' {{gloss|clot}}, see p. 132, {{cite book |last=Zuckermann |first=Ghil'ad |year=2003 |url=http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232 |title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1403917232}}) from which a later word or morpheme derives. For example, the Latin word {{lang|la|candidus}}, which means {{gloss|white}}, is the etymon of English ''candid''. Relationships are often less transparent, however. English [[Toponym|place names]] such as [[Winchester]], [[Gloucester]], [[Tadcaster]] share in different modern forms a [[suffix]]ed etymon that was once meaningful, Latin {{lang|la|castrum}} {{gloss|fort}}. [16] => [17] => [[File:Etymological Relationships Tree.png | thumb|Diagram showing relationships between etymologically related words]] [18] => [19] => ==Methods== [20] => [21] => Etymologists apply a number of methods to study the origins of words, some of which are: [22] => [23] => * [[Philology|Philological]] research. Changes in the form and meaning of the word can be traced with the aid of older texts, if such are available. [24] => * Making use of [[dialectology|dialectological]] data. The form or meaning of the word might show variations between [[dialect]]s, which may yield clues about its earlier history. [25] => * The [[comparative method]]. By a systematic comparison of related languages, etymologists may often be able to detect which words derive from their common ancestor language and which were instead later borrowed from another language. [26] => * The study of [[semantic change]]. Etymologists must often make hypotheses about changes in the meaning of particular words. Such hypotheses are tested against the general knowledge of semantic shifts. For example, the assumption of a particular change of meaning may be substantiated by showing that the same type of change has occurred in other languages as well. [27] => [28] => == Types of word origins == [29] => [30] => Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic mechanisms, the most important of which are [[language change]], borrowing (i.e., the adoption of "[[loanwords]]" from other languages); [[word formation]] such as [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivation]] and [[Compound (linguistics)|compounding]]; and [[onomatopoeia]] and [[sound symbolism]] (i.e., the creation of imitative words such as "click" or "grunt"). [31] => [32] => While the origin of newly emerged words is often more or less transparent, it tends to become obscured through time due to sound change or semantic change. Due to [[sound change]], it is not readily obvious that the English word ''set'' is related to the word ''sit'' (the former is originally a [[causative]] formation of the latter). It is even less obvious that ''bless'' is related to ''blood'' (the former was originally a derivative with the meaning "to mark with blood"). [33] => [34] => [[Semantic change]] may also occur. For example, the English word ''bead'' originally meant "prayer". It acquired its modern meaning through the practice of counting the recitation of prayers by using beads. [35] => [36] => == History == [37] => The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, which began no earlier than the 18th century. From [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] through the 17th century, from {{IAST | [[Pāṇini]]}} to [[Pindar]] to Sir [[Thomas Browne]], etymology had been a form of witty wordplay, in which the supposed origins of words were creatively imagined to satisfy contemporary requirements; for example, the [[Ancient Greek poetry|Greek poet]] [[Pindar]] (born in approximately 522 BCE) employed inventive etymologies to flatter his patrons. [[Plutarch]] employed etymologies insecurely based on fancied resemblances in [[sound]]s. [[Isidore of Seville]]'s ''[[Etymologiae]]'' was an encyclopedic tracing of "first things" that remained uncritically in use in Europe until the sixteenth century. ''[[Etymologicum genuinum]]'' is a [[grammatical]] [[encyclopedia]] edited at [[Constantinople]] in the ninth century, one of several similar [[Byzantine]] works. The thirteenth-century ''[[Legenda Aurea]],'' as written by [[Jacobus de Varagine]], begins each ''[[Hagiography|vita]]'' of a saint with a fanciful [[excursus]] in the form of an etymology.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek1skuzIZH0C&q=legenda+aurea+etymology+beginning&pg=PA27|title=Women of the Gilte Legende: A Selection of Middle English Saints Lives|last1=Jacobus|last2=Tracy|first2=Larissa|date=2003|publisher=DS Brewer|isbn=9780859917711|language=en}} [38] => [39] => ===Ancient Sanskrit=== [40] => {{Main|Nirukta}} [41] => The [[Sanskrit]] linguists and grammarians of [[History of India|ancient India]] were the first to make a comprehensive analysis of linguistics and etymology. The study of Sanskrit etymology has provided Western scholars with the basis of [[historical linguistics]] and modern etymology. Four of the most famous Sanskrit linguists are: [42] => [43] => * [[Yaska]] ({{c.|6th–5th}} centuries BCE) [44] => * {{IAST | [[Pāṇini]]}} ({{Circa|520}}–460 BCE) [45] => * [[Katyayana|{{IAST | Kātyāyana}}]] (6th-4th centuries BCE) [46] => * [[Patanjali|{{IAST | Patañjali}}]] (2nd century BCE) [47] => [48] => These linguists were not the earliest Sanskrit grammarians, however. They followed a line of ancient grammarians of Sanskrit who lived several centuries earlier like [[Sakatayana]] of whom very little is known. The earliest of attested etymologies can be found in [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] in the philosophical explanations of the ''[[Brahmana]]s'', ''[[Aranyaka]]s,'' and ''[[Upanishad]]s''. [49] => [50] => The analyses of [[Vyakarana|Sanskrit grammar]] done by the previously mentioned linguists involved extensive studies on the etymology (called ''[[Nirukta]]'' or ''Vyutpatti'' in Sanskrit) of Sanskrit words, because the ancient Indians considered sound and speech itself to be sacred and, for them, the words of the sacred ''[[Vedas]]'' contained deep encoding of the mysteries of the soul and God. [51] => [52] => ===Ancient Greco-Roman=== [53] => One of the earliest philosophical texts of the Classical Greek period to address etymology was the [[Socratic dialogue]] ''[[Cratylus (dialogue)|Cratylus]]'' ({{Circa|360 BCE}}) by [[Plato]]. During much of the dialogue, [[Socrates]] makes guesses as to the origins of many words, including the names of the gods. In his [[Ode]]s [[Pindar]] spins complimentary etymologies to flatter his patrons. [[Plutarch]] (''Life of [[Numa Pompilius]]'') spins an etymology for ''[[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex]]'', while explicitly dismissing the obvious, and actual "bridge-builder": [54] =>
The priests, called Pontifices.... have the name of Pontifices from ''potens'', powerful because they attend the service of the gods, who have power and command overall. Others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to perform all the duties possible; if anything lays beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled. The most common opinion is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the priests the title of bridge-makers. The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood.
[55] => [56] => ===Medieval=== [57] => {{Main|Medieval etymology}} [58] => [[Isidore of Seville]] compiled a volume of etymologies to illuminate the triumph of religion. Each saint's legend in [[Jacobus de Varagine]]'s ''[[Legenda Aurea]]'' begins with an etymological discourse on the saint's name: [59] =>
Lucy is said of light, and light is beauty in beholding, after that S. Ambrose saith: The nature of light is such, she is gracious in beholding, she spreadeth over all without lying down, she passeth in going right without crooking by right long line; and it is without dilation of tarrying, and therefore it is showed the blessed Lucy hath beauty of virginity without any corruption; essence of charity without disordinate love; rightful going and devotion to God, without squaring out of the way; right long line by continual work without negligence of slothful tarrying. In Lucy is said, the way of light.{{Cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume2.htm#Lucy|title=Medieval Sourcebook: The Golden Legend: Volume 2 (full text)|access-date=2005-05-28|archive-date=2000-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001209054700/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume2.htm#Lucy|url-status=dead}}
[60] => [61] => ===Modern era=== [62] => {{Further|Comparative method}} [63] => [64] => Etymology in the modern sense emerged in the late 18th-century European academia, within the context of the wider "[[Age of Enlightenment]]", although preceded by 17th century pioneers such as [[Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn]], [[Gerardus Vossius]], [[Stephen Skinner (lexicographer)|Stephen Skinner]], [[Elisha Coles]], and [[William Wotton]]. The first known systematic attempt to prove the relationship between two languages on the basis of similarity of [[grammar]] and [[lexicon]] was made in 1770 by the Hungarian, [[János Sajnovics]], when he attempted to demonstrate the relationship between [[Sami languages|Sami]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (work that was later extended to the whole [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric language family]] in 1799 by his fellow countryman, [[Samuel Gyarmathi]]).Szemerényi 1996:6 [65] => [66] => The origin of modern [[historical linguistics]] is often traced to [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]], a Welsh [[Philology|philologist]] living in [[India]], who in 1782 observed the genetic relationship between [[Sanskrit]], [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[Latin]]. Jones published his ''The Sanscrit Language'' in 1786, laying the foundation for the field of [[Indo-European linguistics]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/226197/view/sir-william-jones-british-philologist|title=Sir William Jones, British philologist - Stock Image - H410/0115|first=SHEILA TERRY/SCIENCE PHOTO|last=LIBRARY|website=Science Photo Library}} [67] => [68] => The study of etymology in [[Germanic philology]] was introduced by [[Rasmus Christian Rask]] in the early 19th century and elevated to a high standard with the ''[[German Dictionary]]'' of the [[Brothers Grimm]]. The successes of the comparative approach culminated in the [[Neogrammarian]] school of the late 19th century. Still in the 19th century, German philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] used etymological strategies (principally and most famously in ''[[On the Genealogy of Morals]],'' but also elsewhere) to argue that moral values have definite historical (specifically, cultural) origins where modulations in meaning regarding certain concepts (such as "good" and "evil") show how these ideas had changed over time—according to which value-system appropriated them. This strategy gained popularity in the 20th century, and philosophers, such as [[Jacques Derrida]], have used etymologies to indicate former meanings of words to de-center the "violent hierarchies" of Western [[philosophy]]. [69] => [70] => ==Notable etymologists== [71] => *[[Ernest Klein]] (1899–1983), Hungarian-born Romanian-Canadian linguist, etymologist [72] => *[[Marko Snoj]] (born 1959), Indo-Europeanist, Slavist, Albanologist, lexicographer, and etymologist [73] => *[[Anatoly Liberman]] (born 1937), linguist, medievalist, etymologist, poet, translator of poetry and literary critic [74] => *[[Michael Quinion]] (born c. 1943) [75] => [76] => == See also == [77] => {{Portal|Linguistics}} [78] => {{div col}} [79] => * Examples [80] => ** [[Etymological dictionary]] [81] => ** [[Lists of etymologies]] [82] => ** [[Place name origins]] [83] => * Fallacies [84] => ** {{Annotated link|Bongo-Bongo (linguistics)|Bongo-Bongo}} [85] => ** {{Annotated link|Etymological fallacy}} [86] => ** {{Annotated link|False cognate}} [87] => ** {{Annotated link|False etymology}} [88] => ** {{Annotated link|Folk etymology}} [89] => ** {{Annotated link|Malapropism}} [90] => ** {{Annotated link|Pseudoscientific language comparison}} [91] => * Linguistic studies and concepts [92] => ** {{Annotated link|Diachrony and synchrony}} [93] => *** [[wikt:surface analysis#Noun|Surface analysis]] ([[wikt:surface etymology#Noun|surface etymology]]) [94] => ** {{Annotated link|Historical linguistics}} [95] => ** {{Annotated link|Lexicology}} [96] => ** {{Annotated link|Philology}} [97] => ** {{Annotated link|Proto-language}} [98] => ** {{Annotated link|Onomastics}} [99] => *** {{Annotated link|Toponymy}} [100] => ** {{Annotated link|Wörter und Sachen}} [101] => * Processes of word formation [102] => ** {{Annotated link|Cognate}} [103] => ** [[Epeolatry]] [104] => ** {{Annotated link|Neologism}} [105] => ** {{Annotated link|Phono-semantic matching}} [106] => ** {{Annotated link|Semantic change}} [107] => ** {{Annotated link|Suppletion}} [108] => {{div col end}} [109] => [110] => ==Notes== [111] => {{Reflist}} [112] => [113] => ==References== [114] => * Alfred Bammesberger. ''English Etymology''. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1984. [115] => * Philip Durkin. "Etymology", in ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'', 2nd edn. Ed. Keith Brown. Vol. 4. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006, pp. 260–7. [116] => * Philip Durkin. ''The Oxford Guide to Etymology''. Oxford/NY: Oxford University Press, 2009. [117] => * William B. Lockwood. ''An Informal Introduction to English Etymology''. Montreux, London: Minerva Press, 1995. [118] => * Yakov Malkiel. ''Etymology''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. [119] => * Alan S. C. Ross. ''Etymology, with a special reference to English''. Fair Lawn, N.J.: Essential Books; London: Deutsch, 1958. [120] => * Michael Samuels. ''Linguistic Evolution: With Special Reference to English''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. [121] => * Bo Svensén. "Etymology", chap. 19 of ''A Handbook of Lexicography: The Theory and Practice of Dictionary-Making''. Cambridge/NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009. [122] => * Walther von Wartburg. ''Problems and Methods in Linguistics'', rev. edn. with the collaboration of Stephen Ullmann. Trans. Joyce M. H. Reid. Oxford: Blackwell, 1969. [123] => [124] => ==External links== [125] => [126] => [138] => [139] => {{Wiktionary}} [140] => {{Commons category}} [141] => *{{Curlie|Reference/Dictionaries/Etymology/}} [142] => *[http://www.ezglot.com/etymologies.php List of etymologies of words in 90+ languages] [143] => *[https://www.etymonline.com/ Online Etymology Dictionary] [144] => [145] => {{Authority control}} [146] => [147] => [[Category:Etymology| ]] [] => )
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Etymology

Etymology is the study of the origins and historical development of words. It explores the historical changes in meaning and form of words across different languages and cultures.

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It explores the historical changes in meaning and form of words across different languages and cultures. The etymology of a word is often traced back to its earliest known form and its linguistic roots. This study involves examining historical documents, analyzing linguistic structures, and comparing similar words in related languages. By understanding the etymology of words, scholars can gain insights into the cultural and historical contexts in which they emerged. Etymology is of significant importance in fields such as linguistics, anthropology, archaeology, and literature. This Wikipedia page on etymology provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, covering various aspects, methods, and examples of etymological research.

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