Array ( [0] => {{Short description|One quadrillionth of a second}} [1] => A '''femtosecond''' is a unit of time in the [[International System of Units]] (SI) equal to 10{{sup|−15}} or {{frac|1|1 000 000 000 000 000}} of a [[second]]; that is, one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth, of a second.{{cite web |publisher= [[Merriam Webster]] Online Dictionary |url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/femtosecond |title = Femtosecond: Merriam Webster definition }} For context, a femtosecond is to a second as a second is to about 31.71 million years; a ray of light travels approximately 0.3 [[Micrometre|μm (micrometers)]] in 1 femtosecond, a distance comparable to the diameter of a [[virus]].Compared with overview in: {{cite book |author1=Fisher, Bruce |author2=Harvey, Richard P. |author3=Champe, Pamela C. |title=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year= 2007|isbn=978-0-7817-8215-9 |page= 3}} The first to make femtosecond measurements was the Egyptian Nobel Laureate Ahmed Zewail, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1999. Professor Zewail used lasers to measure the movement of particles at the femtosecond scale, thereby allowing chemical reactions to be observed for the first time. [2] => [3] => The word ''femtosecond'' is formed by the [[SI prefix]] ''femto'' and the [[SI unit]] ''second''. Its symbol is '''fs'''.{{cite web |title = NIST Definitions of the SI units |url = http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html |author = NIST |author-link = NIST }} [4] => [5] => A femtosecond is equal to 1000 [[attosecond]]s, or 1/1000 [[picosecond]]. Because the next higher SI unit is 1000 times larger, times of 10−14 and 10−13 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of femtoseconds. [6] => [7] => * Typical time steps for [[molecular dynamics]] simulations are on the order of 1 fs.{{cite web |publisher = [[LAMMPS]] Molecular Simulator |url = http://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/run_style.html |title = Femtosecond: use in molecular dynamics simulation }} [8] => * The [[Period (physics)|periods]] of the waves of visible [[light]] have a duration of about 2 femtoseconds. {\lambda\over{c}} = {600 \times 10^{-9}~{\rm m} \over 3 \times 10^8~{\rm m}~{\rm s}^{-1}} = 2.0 \times 10^{-15}~{\rm s} The precise duration depends on the energy of the [[photon]]s, which determines their color. (''See [[wave–particle duality]]''.) This time can be calculated by dividing the [[wavelength]] of the light by the [[speed of light]] (approximately 3×108 m/s) to determine the time required for light to travel that distance.{{cite book |title = Ultrafast Optics |author = Andrew M. Weiner |url = http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471415391.html |isbn = 978-0-471-41539-8 |year = 2009 |publisher = Wiley }} [9] => {| class="wikitable" style="float:center; width:400px; margin:1em 0 1em 1em; clear:right;" [10] => |+ The colors of the visible light spectrum{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems|author=Craig F. Bohren|publisher=Wiley-VCH|year=2006|isbn=978-3-527-40503-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oDOWr_yueIC&pg=PA214|page=214|bibcode=2006fari.book.....B}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [11] => |- [12] => !style="text-align: left" colspan="2"|Color [13] => !abbr="wavelength"|Wavelength
interval [14] => !abbr="frequency"|Cycle time
interval [15] => |- [16] => !style="background:#f00;"| [17] => !style="text-align: left"|[[Red]] [18] => | ~ 700–635 nm [19] => | ~ 2.3–2.1 fs [20] => |- [21] => !style="background:#ff8000"| [22] => !style="text-align: left"|[[orange (colour)|Orange]] [23] => | ~ 635–590 nm [24] => | ~ 2.1-2.0 fs [25] => |- [26] => !style="background:#ff0"| [27] => !style="text-align: left"|[[Yellow]] [28] => | ~ 590–560 nm [29] => | ~ 2.0–1.9 fs [30] => |- [31] => !style="background:#0f0"| [32] => !style="text-align: left"|[[Green]] [33] => | ~ 560–520 nm [34] => | ~ 1.9–1.7 fs [35] => |- [36] => !style="background:#0ff"| [37] => !style="text-align: left"|[[Cyan]] [38] => | ~ 520–490 nm [39] => | ~ 1.7–1.6 fs [40] => |- [41] => !style="background:#00f"| [42] => !style="text-align: left"|[[Blue]] [43] => | ~ 490–450 nm [44] => | ~ 1.6–1.5 fs [45] => |- [46] => !style="background:#8000ff" | [47] => !style="text-align: left"|[[Violet (color)|Violet]] [48] => | ~ 450–400 nm [49] => | ~ 1.5–1.3 fs [50] => |} [51] => [52] => ==Examples== [53] => * 46 fs – the swiftest [[chemical reaction]] known ([[radiolysis]] of water leads to the formation of a H2O+ ion, which rapidly reacts to become [[hydronium]] (H3O+) and a short lived [[hydroxyl radical]] (•OH)){{Cite journal |last=Loh |first=Z.-H. |last2=Doumy |first2=G. |last3=Arnold |first3=C. |last4=Kjellsson |first4=L. |last5=Southworth |first5=S. H. |last6=Al Haddad |first6=A. |last7=Kumagai |first7=Y. |last8=Tu |first8=M.-F. |last9=Ho |first9=P. J. |last10=March |first10=A. M. |last11=Schaller |first11=R. D. |last12=Bin Mohd Yusof |first12=M. S. |last13=Debnath |first13=T. |last14=Simon |first14=M. |last15=Welsch |first15=R. |date=2020-01-10 |title=Observation of the fastest chemical processes in the radiolysis of water |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz4740 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6474 |pages=179–182 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz4740 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free }} [54] => * 200 fs – the average chemical reaction, such as the reaction of [[Pigment|pigments]] in an [[Human eye|eye]] to light [55] => * 300 fs – the duration of a vibration of the atoms in an [[iodine]] molecule{{cite book |last = Abbi |first = S. C. |title = Nonlinear Optics and Laser Spectroscopy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bnuGcAZR14IC&pg=PA361 |year = 2001 |publisher = Alpha Science Int'l Ltd |location = United States of America |isbn = 8173193541 |page = 361 }} [56] => [57] => == See also == [58] => * [[Femtochemistry]] [59] => * [[Femtosecond pulse shaping]] [60] => * [[Ultrafast laser spectroscopy]] [61] => * [[Mode-locking]] [62] => * [[Microsecond]] [63] => * [[Millisecond]] [64] => * [[Nanosecond]] [65] => * [[Orders of magnitude (time)]] [66] => * [[Ahmed Zewail]] [67] => [68] => == References == [69] => {{Reflist}} [70] => [71] => {{Orders of magnitude seconds}} [72] => {{Authority control}} [73] => [74] => {{DEFAULTSORT:1 E-15 S}} [75] => [[Category:Orders of magnitude (time)]] [76] => [77] => [[de:Sekunde#Abgeleitete Maßeinheiten]] [78] => [[fr:1 E-15 s]] [] => )
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Femtosecond

A femtosecond is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to 10−15 or 1/1 000 000 000 000 000 of a second; that is, one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth, of a second. For context, a femtosecond is to a second as a second is to about 31.

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