Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Isotope of fluorine emitting a positron}} [1] => {{Infobox isotope [2] => |image=Fluorine-18 decay.svg [3] => |image_caption=Decay over 24 hours [4] => |alternate_names = Fluorine-18 [5] => |mass_number = 18 [6] => |symbol = F [7] => |num_neutrons = 9 [8] => |num_protons = 9 [9] => |abundance = [[Radioisotope]] [10] => |halflife = {{val|109.771|(20)|ul=min}} [11] => |decay_mode1 = [[Positron emission]] (97%) [12] => |decay_energy1 = 0.6335 [13] => |decay_mode2 = [[Electron capture]] (3%) [14] => |decay_energy2 = 1.6555 [15] => |decay_product = Oxygen-18 [16] => |decay_symbol = O [17] => |decay_mass = 18 [18] => |mass = 18.0009380(6) [19] => |spin = 1+ [20] => |excess_energy = {{val|873.431|0.593}} [21] => |binding_energy = {{val|137369.199|0.593}} [22] => }} [23] => [24] => '''Fluorine-18''' (18F) is a [[fluorine]] [[radioisotope]] which is an important source of [[positron]]s. It has a mass of 18.0009380(6) u and its [[half-life]] is 109.771(20) minutes. It decays by [[positron emission]] 96.7% of the time and [[electron capture]] 3.3% of the time. Both modes of decay yield stable [[oxygen-18]]. [25] => [26] => == Natural occurrence == [27] => {{chem|18|F}} is a natural [[trace radioisotope]] produced by [[cosmic ray spallation]] of atmospheric argon as well as by reaction of protons with natural oxygen: 18O + p → 18F + n. [28] => [http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope50 SCOPE 50 - Radioecology after Chernobyl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513065145/http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope50/ |date=2014-05-13 }}, the [[Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment]] (SCOPE), 1993. See table 1.9 in Section 1.4.5.2. [29] => [30] => == Synthesis == [31] => In the [[radiopharmaceutical]] industry, fluorine-18 is made using either a [[cyclotron]] or [[linear particle accelerator]] to bombard a target, usually of natural or enriched [18O]waterFowler J. S. and Wolf A. P. (1982). The synthesis of carbon-11, fluorine-18 and nitrogen-13 labeled radiotracers for biomedical applications. Nucl. Sci. Ser. Natl Acad. Sci. Natl Res. Council Monogr. 1982. with high energy [[protons]] (typically ~18 [[MeV]]). The fluorine produced is in the form of a water solution of [18F][[fluoride]], which is then used in a rapid chemical synthesis of various radio pharmaceuticals. The organic oxygen-18 pharmaceutical molecule is not made before the production of the radiopharmaceutical, as high energy protons destroy such molecules ([[radiolysis]]). Radiopharmaceuticals using fluorine must therefore be synthesized after the fluorine-18 has been produced. [32] => [33] => == History == [34] => First published synthesis and report of properties of fluorine-18 were in 1937 by Arthur H. Snell, produced by the nuclear reaction of 20Ne(d,α)18F in the cyclotron laboratories of [[Ernest Lawrence|Ernest O. Lawrence]].{{Cite journal|last=Anonymous|date=1937-01-15|others=#5 shows the abstract of Arthur H. Snell about the discovery of the first produced fluorine-18.|title=Minutes of the Pasadena Meeting, December 18 and 19, 1936|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.51.142|journal=Physical Review|language=en|volume=51|issue=2|pages=142–150|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.51.142|bibcode=1937PhRv...51..142. |issn=0031-899X}} [35] => [36] => == Chemistry == [37] => Fluorine-18 is often substituted for a [[hydroxyl group]] {{no break|(–OH)}} in a radiotracer parent molecule, due to similar [[steric]] and [[electrostatic]] properties. This may however be problematic in certain applications due to possible changes in the molecule [[Chemical polarity|polarity]]. [38] => [39] => == Applications == [40] => Fluorine-18 is one of the early tracers used in [[positron emission tomography]] (PET), having been in use since the 1960s.{{cite journal|last1=Blau|first1=Monte|last2=Ganatra|first2=Ramanik|last3=Bender|first3=Merrill A.|title=18F-fluoride for bone imaging|journal=Seminars in Nuclear Medicine|date=January 1972|volume=2|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1016/S0001-2998(72)80005-9|pmid=5059349 }} [41] => Its significance is due to both its short half-life and the emission of positrons when decaying. [42] => A major medical use of fluorine-18 is: in positron emission tomography (PET) to image the brain and heart; to image the thyroid gland; as a radiotracer to image bones and seeking cancers that have metastasized from other locations in the body and in radiation therapy treating internal tumors. [43] => [44] => Tracers include [[sodium fluoride]] which can be useful for skeletal imaging as it displays high and rapid bone uptake accompanied by very rapid blood clearance, which results in a high bone-to-background ratio in a short time{{cite journal|last1=Ordonez|first1=A. A.|last2=DeMarco|first2=V. P.|last3=Klunk|first3=M. H.|last4=Pokkali|first4=S.|last5=Jain|first5=S.K.|title=Imaging Chronic Tuberculous Lesions Using Sodium [18F]Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography in Mice.|journal=Molecular Imaging and Biology|date=October 2015|volume=17|issue=5|pages=609–614|doi=10.1007/s11307-015-0836-6|pmid=25750032|pmc=4561601}} and [45] => [[fluorodeoxyglucose]] (FDG), where the 18F substitutes a [[hydroxyl]]. [46] => New dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive fluoride (18F) labeling of [[Antibody|antibodies]], which allows for [[positron emission tomography]] (PET) imaging of [[cancer]].{{Cite journal|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Erik A.|last2=Wang|first2=Ye|last3=Crisp|first3=Jessica L.|last4=Vera|first4=David R.|last5=Tsien|first5=Roger Y.|last6=Ting|first6=Richard|date=2016-04-27|title=New Dioxaborolane Chemistry Enables [18F]-Positron-Emitting, Fluorescent [18F]-Multimodality Biomolecule Generation from the Solid Phase|journal=Bioconjugate Chemistry|language=EN|volume=27|issue=5|pages=1390–1399|doi=10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00164|pmc=4916912|pmid=27064381}} A Human-Derived, Genetic, Positron-emitting and Fluorescent (HD-GPF) reporter system uses a human protein, [[Glutamate carboxypeptidase II|PSMA]] and non-immunogenic, and a small molecule that is positron-emitting (18F) and fluorescent for dual modality PET and fluorescence imaging of genome modified cells, e.g. [[cancer]], [[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing|CRISPR/Cas9]], or [[CAR-T cell|CAR T]]-cells, in an entire mouse.{{Cite journal|last1=Guo|first1=Hua|last2=Harikrishna|first2=Kommidi|last3=Vedvyas|first3=Yogindra|last4=McCloskey|first4=Jaclyn E|last5=Zhang|first5=Weiqi|last6=Chen|first6=Nandi|last7=Nurili|first7=Fuad|last8=Wu|first8=Amy P|last9=Sayman|first9=Haluk B.|date=2019-05-23|title=A fluorescent, [ 18 F]-positron-emitting agent for imaging PMSA allows genetic reporting in adoptively-transferred, genetically-modified cells|journal=ACS Chemical Biology|language=en|doi=10.1021/acschembio.9b00160|pmid=31120734|issn=1554-8929|pmc=6775626|volume=14|issue=7 |pages=1449–1459}} The dual-modality small molecule targeting [[Glutamate carboxypeptidase II|PSMA]] was tested in humans and found the location of primary and [[Metastasis|metastatic]] [[prostate cancer]], fluorescence-guided removal of cancer, and detects single cancer cells in tissue margins.{{Cite journal|last1=Aras|first1=Omer|last2=Demirdag|first2=Cetin|last3=Kommidi|first3=Harikrishna|last4=Guo|first4=Hua|last5=Pavlova|first5=Ina|last6=Aygun|first6=Aslan|last7=Karayel|first7=Emre|last8=Pehlivanoglu|first8=Hüseyin|last9=Yeyin|first9=Nami|last10=Kyprianou|first10=Natasha|last11=Chen|first11=Nandi|date=March 2021|title=Small Molecule, Multimodal [18F]-PET and Fluorescence Imaging Agent Targeting Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen: First-in-Human Study|journal=Clinical Genitourinary Cancer|volume=19 |issue=5 |language=en|pages=405–416| pmid=33879400 | doi=10.1016/j.clgc.2021.03.011| pmc=8449790|doi-access=free}} [47] => [48] => == References == [49] => {{Reflist}} [50] => [51] => {{Isotope sequence [52] => |element=fluorine [53] => |lighter=[[fluorine-17]] [54] => |heavier=[[fluorine-19]] [55] => |before=[[neon-18]] [56] => |after=[[oxygen-18]] [57] => }} [58] => [59] => [[Category:Isotopes of fluorine]] [60] => [[Category:Medicinal radiochemistry]] [61] => [[Category:Positron emitters]] [62] => [[Category:Medical isotopes]] [] => )
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Fluorine-18

Fluorine-18 (18F) is a fluorine radioisotope which is an important source of positrons. It has a mass of 18.

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