Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Free and open-source Unix-like operating system}} [1] => {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}} [2] => {{Distinguish|OpenBSD}} [3] => {{Infobox OS [4] => | name = FreeBSD [5] => | logo = Freebsd logo.svg [6] => | logo size = 200px [7] => | screenshot = FreeBSD 13.0 boot loader screenshot.png [8] => | caption = FreeBSD 13.0 [[Booting|bootloader]] with [[ASCII art]] logo [9] => | screenshot_size = 300px [10] => | developer = The FreeBSD Project [11] => | family = [[Unix-like]] ([[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]]) [12] => | working state = Current [13] => | source model = [[Open-source software|Open source]] [14] => | released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1993|11|1}} [15] => | marketing target = [[Server (computing)|Servers]], [[workstation]]s, [[embedded system]]s, [[firewall (computing)|network firewalls]] [16] => | package manager = pkg [17] => | supported platforms = [[x86-64]], [[AArch64|ARM64]], [[ARM32]], [[IA-32]], [[PowerPC]], [[RISC-V]] [18] => | kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] with [[loadable kernel module|dynamically loadable modules]] [19] => | userland = [[BSD]] [20] => | ui = [[Unix shell]]s: [[Almquist_shell|sh]] or [[tcsh]] (user-selectable) [21] => | license = [[FreeBSD License]], [[FreeBSD Documentation License]] [22] => }} [23] => [24] => '''FreeBSD''' is a [[free and open-source]] [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]] descended from the [[Berkeley Software Distribution]] (BSD). The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 developed from [[386BSD]]{{Cite web |title=FreeBSD History |url=https://people.freebsd.org/~murray/presentations/20050429-msu-freebsd/text2.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=people.freebsd.org}} and the current version runs on [[x86]], [[ARM architecture family|ARM]], [[PowerPC]] and [[RISC-V]] processors. The project is supported and promoted by the [[FreeBSD Foundation]]. [25] => [26] => FreeBSD maintains a complete system, delivering a [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]], [[device driver]]s, [[Userland (computing)|userland]] utilities, and documentation, as opposed to [[Linux]] only delivering a [[Linux kernel|kernel]] and drivers, and relying on third-parties like [[GNU]] for system software. The FreeBSD [[source code]] is generally released under a [[permissive software license|permissive]] [[FreeBSD License|BSD license]], as opposed to the [[copyleft]] [[GPL]] used by Linux. [27] => [28] => The FreeBSD project includes a [[computer security|security]] team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution. A wide range of additional third-party [[application software|applications]] may be installed from binary packages using the pkg [[package manager|package management system]] or from source via [[FreeBSD Ports]],{{cite web |title=Chapter 4. Installing Applications: Packages and Ports |url=https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/ |website=FreeBSD Handbook |publisher=The FreeBSD Project |access-date=2021-06-16}} or by manually compiling source code. [29] => [30] => As of 2005, FreeBSD was the most popular [[open-source software|open-source]] BSD operating system, accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed and [[BSD licenses|permissively licensed]] BSD systems. Much of FreeBSD's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems such as [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] (the basis for [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[watchOS]], and [[tvOS]]), [[TrueNAS]] (an open-source [[network-attached storage|NAS]]/[[storage area network|SAN]] operating system), and the system software for the [[PlayStation 3]]{{cite mailing list|title = FreeBSD Handbook and PS3|url = https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-doc/2013-December/022959.html|date = 17 December 2013|access-date = 22 January 2016|last = Rosenberg|first = Alex|mailing-list = freebsd-doc}} and [[PlayStation 4]]{{cite web | url=https://doc.dl.playstation.net/doc/ps4-oss/ | title=Open Source Software used in PlayStation®4 | publisher=Sony Interactive Entertainment | access-date=4 January 2019 }} game consoles. The other BSD systems ([[OpenBSD]], [[NetBSD]], and [[DragonFly BSD]]) also contain a large amount of FreeBSD code, and vice-versa{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}. [31] => [32] => ==History== [33] => {{Main|FreeBSD version history}} [34] => [35] => ===Background=== [36] => In 1974, Professor [[Bob Fabry]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], acquired a Unix source license from [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]. Supported by funding from [[DARPA]], the [[Computer Systems Research Group]] started to modify and improve AT&T Research Unix. They called this modified version "Berkeley Unix" or "[[Berkeley Software Distribution]]" (BSD), implementing features such as [[TCP/IP]], [[virtual memory]], and the [[Unix File System|Berkeley Fast File System]]. The BSD project was founded in 1976 by [[Bill Joy]]. But since BSD contained code from AT&T Unix, all recipients had to first get a license from AT&T in order to use BSD. [37] => [38] => In June 1989, "Networking Release 1" or simply Net-1 – the first public version of BSD – was released. After releasing Net-1, [[Keith Bostic (software engineer)|Keith Bostic]], a developer of BSD, suggested replacing all AT&T code with freely-redistributable code under the original [[BSD license]]. Work on replacing AT&T code began and, after 18 months, much of the AT&T code was replaced. However, six files containing AT&T code remained in the kernel. The BSD developers decided to release the "Networking Release 2" (Net-2) without those six files. Net-2 was released in 1991. [39] => [40] => ===Birth of FreeBSD=== [41] => In 1992, several months after the release of Net-2, [[William Jolitz|William]] and [[Lynne Jolitz]] wrote replacements for the six AT&T files, ported BSD to [[Intel 80386]]-based microprocessors, and called their new operating system [[386BSD]]. They released 386BSD via an anonymous FTP server. The development flow of 386BSD was slow, and after a period of neglect, a group of 386BSD users including Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and [[Jordan Hubbard]]{{cite web | url=https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/introduction/#history | title=A Brief History of FreeBSD | access-date=2023-10-13}} decided to branch out on their own so that they could keep the operating system up to date. On 19 June 1993, the name FreeBSD was chosen for the project.{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/national-freebsd-day/|title=June 19 is National FreeBSD Day!|date=6 June 2017|publisher=FreeBSD Foundation|access-date=13 November 2017}} The first version of FreeBSD was released in November 1993.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|pp=4–5}} [42] => [43] => In the early days of the project's inception, a company named [[Walnut Creek CDROM]], upon the suggestion of the two FreeBSD developers, agreed to release the operating system on [[CD-ROM]]. In addition to that, the company employed [[Jordan Hubbard]] and David Greenman, ran FreeBSD on its servers, sponsored FreeBSD conferences and published FreeBSD-related books, including ''The Complete FreeBSD'' by [[Greg Lehey]]. By 1997, FreeBSD was Walnut Creek's "most successful product". The company later renamed itself to ''The FreeBSD Mall'' and later [[iXsystems]]. [44] => [45] => Today, FreeBSD is used by many IT companies such as [[IBM]], [[Nokia]], [[Juniper Networks]], and [[NetApp]] to build their products.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=5}} Certain parts of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[Mac OS X]] operating system are based on FreeBSD. Both the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Nintendo Switch]] operating system also borrow certain components from FreeBSD, while the [[PlayStation 4]] operating system is derived from FreeBSD 9. [[Netflix]], [[WhatsApp]],{{Cite web | url=https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/news-and-events/newsletter/freebsd-foundation-semi-annual-newsletter-august-2013/ |title = FreeBSD Foundation Semi-Annual Newsletter, August 2013 |at = WhatsApp, Inc. Testimonial |date = 5 August 2013}} and [[FlightAware]]{{cite web|url=https://www.flightaware.com/about/code/freebsd.rvt|title=FreeBSD High Capacity Server Performance Tuning ✈ FlightAware|website=FlightAware}} are also examples of large, successful and heavily network-oriented companies which are running FreeBSD. [46] => [47] => ===Lawsuit=== [48] => 386BSD and FreeBSD were both derived from BSD releases.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=5}} In January 1992, [[Berkeley Software Design Inc.]] (BSDi) started to release [[BSD/386]], later called BSD/OS, an operating system similar to FreeBSD and based on 4.3BSD Net/2. AT&T filed a lawsuit against BSDi and alleged distribution of AT&T source code in violation of license agreements. The lawsuit was settled out of court and the exact terms were not all disclosed. The only one that became public was that BSDi would migrate their source base to the newer 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. Although not involved in the litigation, it was suggested to FreeBSD that they should also move to 4.4BSD-Lite2.{{sfn|Lehey|2003|p=8}} FreeBSD 2.0, which was released in November 1994, was the first version of FreeBSD without any code from AT&T. [49] => [50] => ==Features== [51] => [[File:FreeBSD 14 welcome screen after login.png|thumb|FreeBSD 14 console after login]] [52] => [53] => ===Use cases=== [54] => FreeBSD contains a significant collection of server-related software in the base system and the ports collection, allowing FreeBSD to be configured and used as a [[mail server]], [[web server]], [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]], [[FTP server]], [[DNS server]] and a [[Router (computing)|router]], among other applications. [55] => [56] => FreeBSD can be installed on a regular desktop or a laptop. The [[X Window System]] is not installed by default, but is available in the [[FreeBSD Ports|FreeBSD ports collection]]. [[Wayland (protocol)|Wayland]] is also available for FreeBSD{{Cite web|title=How to install Wayland?|url=https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/how-to-install-wayland.77128/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The FreeBSD Forums|date=26 September 2020 |language=en-US}} (unofficially supported). A number of [[desktop environment]]s such as [[Lumina (desktop environment)|Lumina]], [[GNOME]], [[KDE]], and [[Xfce]], as well as lightweight window managers such as [[Openbox]], [[Fluxbox]], [[dwm]], and bspwm, are also available for FreeBSD. As of FreeBSD 12, support for a modern graphics stack is available via drm-kmod. A large number of wireless adapters are supported. [57] => [58] => FreeBSD releases installation images for supported platforms. Since FreeBSD 13 the focus has been on [[x86-64]] and [[aarch64]] platforms which have Tier 1 support. [[IA-32]] is a Tier 1 platform in FreeBSD 12 but is a Tier 2 platform in FreeBSD 13. 32 bit ARM processors using armv6 or armv7 also have Tier 2 support. 64 bit versions of [[PowerPC]] and [[RISC-V]] are also supported. Interest in the RISC-V architecture has been growing. The [[MIPS architecture]] port has been marked for deprecation and there is no image for any currently supported version. FreeBSD 12 supports [[SPARC]] but there is no image for FreeBSD 13. [59] => [60] => ===Networking=== [61] => FreeBSD's TCP/IP stack is based on the [[4.2BSD]] implementation of TCP/IP which greatly contributed to the widespread adoption of these protocols. FreeBSD also supports [[IPv6]], [[Stream Control Transmission Protocol|SCTP]], [[IPsec|IPSec]], and wireless networking ([[Wi-Fi]]). The IPv6 and IPSec stacks were taken from the [[KAME project]]. Prior to version 11.0, FreeBSD supported [[Internetwork Packet Exchange|IPX]] and [[AppleTalk]] protocols, but they are considered old and have now been dropped. [62] => [63] => As of FreeBSD 5.4, support for the [[Common Address Redundancy Protocol]] (CARP) was imported from the [[OpenBSD]] project. CARP allows multiple nodes to share a set of IP addresses, so if one of the nodes goes down, other nodes can still serve the requests. [64] => [65] => ===Storage=== [66] => FreeBSD has several unique features related to storage. [[Soft updates]] can protect the consistency of the [[Unix File System|UFS]] filesystem (widely used on the BSDs) in the event of a system crash. Filesystem snapshots allow an image of a UFS filesystem at an instant in time to be efficiently created.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=220}} Snapshots allow reliable backup of a live filesystem. [[GEOM]] is a modular framework that provides [[RAID]] (levels 0, 1, 3 currently), [[full disk encryption]], [[Journaling file system|journaling]], concatenation, caching, and access to network-backed storage. GEOM allows building of complex storage solutions combining ("chaining") these mechanisms.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|loc=18. DISK TRICKS WITH GEOM}} [67] => FreeBSD provides two frameworks for data encryption: [[GBDE]] and [[Geli (software)|Geli]]. Both GBDE and Geli operate at the disk level. GBDE was written by [[Poul-Henning Kamp]] and is distributed under the two-clause BSD license. Geli is an alternative to GBDE that was written by Pawel Jakub Dawidek and first appeared in FreeBSD 6.0. [68] => [69] => From 7.0 onward, FreeBSD supports the [[ZFS]] filesystem. ZFS was previously an open-source filesystem that was first developed by [[Sun Microsystems]], but when [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] acquired Sun, ZFS became a proprietary product. However, the FreeBSD project is still developing and improving its ZFS implementation via the [[OpenZFS]] project. The currently supported version of OpenZFS is 2.2.2 which contains an important fix for a data corruption bug. This version is compatible with releases starting from 12.2-RELEASE. {{Cite web |title=Releases · openzfs/zfs |url=https://github.com/openzfs/zfs/releases |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=GitHub |language=en}} [70] => [71] => ===Security=== [72] => FreeBSD provides several security-related features including [[access-control list]]s (ACLs), security event auditing, extended file system attributes, [[mandatory access control]]s (MAC) and fine-grained [[Capability-based security|capabilities]]. These security enhancements were developed by the '''TrustedBSD''' project. The project was founded by [[Robert Watson (computer scientist)|Robert Watson]] with the goal of implementing concepts from the [[Common Criteria]] for Information Technology Security Evaluation and the [[TCSEC|Orange Book]]. This project is ongoing{{Clarify timeframe|date=October 2022}} and many of its extensions have been integrated into FreeBSD. The project is supported by a variety of organizations, including the DARPA, NSA, Network Associates Laboratories, Safeport Network Services, the University of Pennsylvania, Yahoo!, McAfee Research, SPARTA, Apple Computer, nCircle Network Security, Google, the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, and others. [73] => [74] => The project has also ported the [[NSA]]'s [[FLASK]]/TE implementation from [[SELinux]] to FreeBSD. Other work includes the development of [[OpenBSM]], an open-source implementation of Sun's Basic Security Module (BSM) [[Application programming interface|API]] and audit log file format, which supports an extensive security audit system. This was shipped as part of FreeBSD 6.2. Other infrastructure work in FreeBSD performed as part of the TrustedBSD Project has included GEOM and OpenPAM. [75] => [76] => Most components of the TrustedBSD project are eventually folded into the main sources for FreeBSD. In addition, many features, once fully matured, find their way into other operating systems. For example, [[OpenPAM]] has been adopted by [[NetBSD]]. Moreover, the TrustedBSD MAC Framework has been adopted by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] for [[macOS]].{{cite web|title=Authentication, Authorization, and Permissions Guide|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/security/conceptual/AuthenticationAndAuthorizationGuide/Permissions/Permissions.html|website=developer.apple.com|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=13 September 2014}} [77] => [78] => FreeBSD ships with three different firewall packages: [[Ipfirewall|IPFW]], [[pf (firewall)|pf]] and [[IPFilter]]. IPFW is FreeBSD's native firewall. pf was taken from OpenBSD and IPFilter was ported to FreeBSD by Darren Reed.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=273}} [79] => [80] => Taken from OpenBSD, the [[OpenSSH]] program was included in the default install. OpenSSH is a free implementation of the SSH protocol and is a replacement for [[telnet]]. Unlike telnet, OpenSSH encrypts all information (including usernames and passwords).{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=440}} [81] => [82] => In November 2012, The FreeBSD Security Team announced that hackers gained unauthorized access on two of the project's servers. These servers were turned off immediately. More research demonstrated that the first unauthorized access by hackers occurred on 19 September. Apparently hackers gained access to these servers by stealing [[Secure Shell#Authentication: OpenSSH key management|SSH keys]] from one of the developers, not by exploiting a bug in the operating system itself. These two hacked servers were part of the infrastructure used to build third-party software packages. The FreeBSD Security Team checked the integrity of the binary packages and determined that no unauthorized changes were made to the binary packages, but stated that they could not guarantee the integrity of packages that were downloaded between 19 September and 11 November. [83] => [84] => ===Portability=== [85] => FreeBSD has been ported to a variety of [[instruction set architecture]]s. The FreeBSD project organizes architectures into tiers that characterize the level of support provided. Tier 1 architectures are mature and fully supported, e.g. it is the only tier "supported by the security officer". Tier 2 architectures are under active development but are not fully supported. Tier 3 architectures are experimental or are no longer under active development.{{Cite web|title=21. Support for Multiple Architectures|url=https://docs.freebsd.org/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/committers-guide/archs.html|access-date=2024-02-04|website=docs.freebsd.org}} [86] => [87] => {{As of|2023|December}}, FreeBSD has been ported to the following architectures: [88] => [89] => {| class="wikitable sortable" [90] => |- [91] => ! Architecture [92] => ! Support level in 14.x [93] => ! Notes [94] => |- [95] => | [[x86-64]] [96] => | Tier 1 [97] => | referred to as "amd64" [98] => |- [99] => | [[IA-32|x86 (IA-32)]] [100] => | Tier 2 [101] => | referred to as "i386", unsupported in 15.x [102] => |- [103] => | [[AArch64|64-bit ARMv8]] [104] => | Tier 1 [105] => |referred to as "aarch64" [106] => |- [107] => | [[ARMv7|32-bit ARMv7]] [108] => | Tier 2 [109] => |referred to as "armv7" [110] => |- [111] => | [[ARMv6|32-bit ARMv6]] [112] => | Tier 3 [113] => |referred to as "armv6", unsupported in 15.x [114] => |- [115] => | [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]] [116] => | unsupported [117] => |referred to as "mips", "mipsel", "mipshf", "mipselhf", "mipsn32", "mips64", "mips64el", "mips64hf", "mips64elhf", tier 2 until 12.x [118] => |- [119] => | 32-bit and 64-bit [[PowerPC]] [120] => | Tier 2 [121] => |referred to as "powerpc", "powerpcspe", "powerpc64", "powerpc64le". 32 bit will not be supported from 15.x [122] => |- [123] => | 64-bit [[RISC-V]] [124] => | Tier 2 [125] => | referred to as "riscv64" [126] => |} [127] => [128] => The 32-bit ARM (including OTG) and MIPS support is mostly aimed at embedded systems ([[AArch64|ARM64]] is also aimed at servers{{Cite web|title=arm64 – FreeBSD Wiki|url=https://wiki.freebsd.org/arm64|access-date=2021-03-02|website=wiki.freebsd.org}}), however FreeBSD/ARM runs on a number of [[single-board computer]]s, including the [[BeagleBone Black]], [[Raspberry Pi]] and Wandboard.{{cite web|title=FreeBSD/arm|url=https://wiki.freebsd.org/FreeBSD/arm|access-date=30 November 2014}} [129] => [130] => ===Hardware compatibility=== [131] => Supported devices are listed in the FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Hardware Notes.{{cite web | url = https://www.freebsd.org/releases/12.1R/hardware.html | title = FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Hardware Notes | access-date = 2020-06-11 | publisher = The FreeBSD Documentation Project}} The document describes the devices currently known to be supported by FreeBSD. Other configurations may also work, but simply have not been tested yet. Rough automatically extracted lists of supported device ids are available in a third party repository.{{cite web | url = https://github.com/bsdhw/Drivers/blob/master/freebsd/freebsd-12.1.list | title = FreeBSD 12.1: ids of supported devices | access-date = 2020-06-11 | publisher = BSD Hardware Project}} [132] => [133] => In 2020, a new project was introduced to automatically collect information about tested hardware configurations.{{cite web | url = https://bsd-hardware.info/?d=FreeBSD | title = FreeBSD Hardware | access-date = 2020-06-11 | publisher = BSD Hardware Project}} [134] => [135] => ===Third-party software=== [136] => {{Further|FreeBSD Ports}} [137] => FreeBSD has a [[software repository]] of over 30,000 {{cite web [138] => |url=https://www.freebsd.org/ports/ [139] => |title=About FreeBSD Ports [140] => |publisher=freebsd.org [141] => |access-date=2021-01-18 [142] => }} applications that are developed by third parties. Examples include [[windowing system]]s, [[web browser]]s, [[email client]]s, [[Productivity software|office suites]] and so forth. In general, the project itself does not develop this software, only the framework to allow these programs to be installed, which is known as the Ports collection. Applications may either be compiled from source ("ports"), provided their licensing terms allow this, or downloaded as precompiled binaries ("packages").{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=317}} The Ports collection supports the current and stable branches of FreeBSD. Older releases are not supported and may or may not work correctly with an up-to-date Ports collection. [143] => [144] => Ports use [[make (software)|Makefile]]s to automatically fetch the desired application's [[source code]], either from a local or remote [[Digital library|repository]], unpack it on the system, apply patches to it and compile it. Depending on the size of the source code, compiling can take a long time, but it gives the user more control over the process and its result. Most ports also have package counterparts (i.e. precompiled binaries), giving the user a choice. Although this method is faster, the user has fewer customization options.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=317}} [145] => [146] => FreeBSD version 10.0 introduced the [[package manager]] pkg as a replacement for the previously used package tools. It is functionally similar to [[Advanced Packaging Tool|apt]] and [[Yellowdog Updater, Modified|yum]] in [[Linux distribution]]s. It allows for installation, upgrading and removal of both ports and packages. In addition to pkg, [[PackageKit]] can also be used to access the Ports collection. [147] => [148] => ===Jails=== [149] => {{Main|FreeBSD jail}} [150] => First introduced in FreeBSD version 4,{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/4.0R/announce.html|title=FreeBSD 4.0 Announcement|website=www.freebsd.org}} jails are a security mechanism and an implementation of [[operating-system-level virtualization]] that enables the user to run multiple instances of a guest operating system on top of a FreeBSD host. It is an enhanced version of the traditional [[chroot]] mechanism. A process that runs within such a jail is unable to access the resources outside of it. Every jail has its own [[hostname]] and [[IP address]]. It is possible to run multiple jails at the same time, but the kernel is shared among all of them. Hence only software supported by the FreeBSD kernel can be run within a jail. [151] => [152] => ===Virtualization=== [153] => {{Main|bhyve}} [154] => [[bhyve]], a new virtualization solution, was introduced in FreeBSD 10.0. bhyve allows a user to run a number of guest operating systems (FreeBSD, [[OpenBSD]], [[Linux]], and [[Microsoft Windows]]{{cite web|title=What's new for FreeBSD 11|url=https://wiki.freebsd.org/WhatsNew/FreeBSD11|website=wiki.freebsd.org|access-date=28 September 2015}}) simultaneously. Other operating systems such as [[Illumos]] are planned. bhyve was written by Neel Natu and Peter Grehan and was announced in the 2011 BSDCan conference for the first time. The main difference between bhyve and [[FreeBSD jail]]s is that jails are an [[operating system-level virtualization]] and therefore limited to only FreeBSD guests; but bhyve is a type 2 [[hypervisor]] and is not limited to only FreeBSD guests. For comparison, bhyve is a similar technology to [[Kernel-based Virtual Machine|KVM]] whereas jails are closer to [[LXC|LXC containers]] or [[Solaris Containers|Solaris Zones]]. [[Amazon EC2]] AMI instances are also supported via amazon-ssm-agent [155] => [156] => Since FreeBSD 11.0, there has been support for running as the Dom0 privileged domain for the [[Xen]] type 1 hypervisor.{{cite web |title=Xen – FreeBSD Wiki |url=https://wiki.freebsd.org/Xen |website=wiki.freebsd.org}} Support for running as DomU (guest) has been available since FreeBSD 8.0. [157] => [158] => [[VirtualBox]] (without the closed-source [[VirtualBox#VirtualBox Extension Pack|Extension Pack]]) and [[QEMU]] are available on FreeBSD. [159] => [160] => ===OS compatibility layers=== [161] => Most software that runs on [[Linux]] can run on FreeBSD using an optional built-in [[compatibility layer]]. Hence, most Linux binaries can be run on FreeBSD, including some proprietary applications distributed only in binary form. This compatibility layer is not an [[Emulator|emulation]]; Linux's [[system call]] interface is implemented in the FreeBSD's kernel and hence, Linux [[executable|executable images]] and [[shared libraries]] are treated the same as FreeBSD's native executable images and shared libraries. Additionally, FreeBSD provides [[compatibility layer]]s for several other [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s, in addition to Linux, such as [[BSD/OS]] and [[SVR4]], however, it is more common for users to compile those programs directly on FreeBSD.{{sfn|Lehey|2003|p=162}} [162] => [163] => No noticeable performance penalty over native FreeBSD programs has been noted when running Linux binaries, and, in some cases, these may even perform more smoothly than on Linux. However, the layer is not altogether seamless, and some Linux binaries are unusable or only partially usable on FreeBSD. There is support for system calls up to version [[Linux_kernel_version_history#Releases_4.x.y|4.4.0]], available since {{nowrap|FreeBSD 14.0}}. As of release 10.3, FreeBSD can run 64-bit Linux binaries. [164] => [165] => FreeBSD has implemented a number of [[Microsoft Windows]] native [[Network Driver Interface Specification|NDIS]] kernel interfaces to allow FreeBSD to run (otherwise) Windows-only network drivers.{{cite mailing list|url=http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/2004-January/019489.html|title=Project Evil: The Evil Continues|author=Bill Paul|mailing-list=freebsd-current|date=24 January 2004}} [166] => [167] => The [[Wine (software)|Wine]] compatibility layer, which allows the running of many Windows applications, especially games, without a (licensed) copy of [[Microsoft Windows]], is available for FreeBSD. [168] => [169] => ===Kernel=== [170] => FreeBSD's kernel provides support for some essential tasks such as managing processes, communication, booting and filesystems. FreeBSD has a [[monolithic kernel|monolithic]] kernel,{{sfn|McKusick|Neville-Neil|2004|loc=Chapter 2. Design Overview of FreeBSD}} with a modular design. Different parts of the kernel, such as drivers, are designed as modules. The user can load and unload these modules at any time.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=118}} [[ULE scheduler|ULE]] is the default [[scheduling (computing)|scheduler]] in FreeBSD since version 7.1, it supports [[Symmetric multiprocessor system|SMP]] and [[Simultaneous multithreading|SMT]]. The FreeBSD kernel has also a scalable event notification interface, named [[kqueue]]. It has been ported to other BSD-derivatives such as [[OpenBSD]] and [[NetBSD]]. Kernel threading was introduced in FreeBSD 5.0, using an [[Thread (computing)#M:N (hybrid threading)|M:N threading model]]. This model works well in theory,{{cite web|title=Thread models semantics: Solaris and Linux M:N to 1:1 thread model|url=http://mcct.quest.edu.pk/short_papers/paper_79.pdf|publisher=Department of computer Science and Engineering, Air University Multan Pakistan|access-date=16 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916060330/http://mcct.quest.edu.pk/short_papers/paper_79.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2014|url-status=dead}}{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=359}} but it is hard to implement and few operating systems support it. Although FreeBSD's implementation of this model worked, it did not perform well, so from version 7.0 onward, FreeBSD started using a [[Thread (computing)#1:1 (kernel-level threading)|1:1 threading model]], called libthr.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=359}} [171] => [172] => ===Documentation and support=== [173] => FreeBSD's documentation consists of its handbooks, manual pages, mailing list archives, FAQs and a variety of articles, mainly maintained by The FreeBSD Documentation Project. FreeBSD's documentation is translated into several languages.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=25}} All official documentation is released under the [[FreeBSD Documentation License]], "a permissive non-copyleft free documentation license that is compatible with the GNU FDL". FreeBSD's documentation is described as "high-quality".{{sfn|Lehey|2003|p=16}} [174] => [175] => The FreeBSD project maintains a variety of mailing lists. Among the most popular mailing lists are FreeBSD-questions (general questions) and FreeBSD-hackers (a place for asking more technical questions).{{sfn|Lehey|2003|p=17}} [176] => [177] => Since 2004, the New York City BSD Users Group database provides [[dmesg]] information from a collection of computers ([[laptop]]s, [[workstation]]s, [[single-board computer]]s, [[embedded system]]s, [[virtual machine]]s, etc.) running FreeBSD.{{cite web|title=dmesgd|url=http://dmesgd.nycbug.org/index.cgi?action=dmesgd&do=index&fts=FreeBSD|website=dmesgd.nycbug.org|publisher=NYC*BUG|access-date=16 December 2015}} [178] => [179] => ===Installers=== [180] => From version 2.0 to 8.4, FreeBSD used the sysinstall program as its main installer. It was written in [[C (programming language)|C]] by [[Jordan Hubbard]]. It uses a [[text user interface]], and is divided into a number of menus and screens that can be used to configure and control the installation process. It can also be used to install Ports and Packages as an alternative to the [[command-line interface]]. [181] => [182] => The sysinstall utility is now considered deprecated in favor of bsdinstall, a new installer which was introduced in FreeBSD 9.0. bsdinstall is "a lightweight replacement for sysinstall" that was written in sh. According to [[OSNews]], "It has lost some features while gaining others, but it is a much more flexible design, and will ultimately be significant improvement". [183] => [184] => ===Shell=== [185] => Prior to 14.0, the default shell was [[tcsh]] for root{{Cite web |title=FreeBSD Quickstart Guide for Linux® Users |url=https://docs.freebsd.org/en/articles/linux-users/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=FreeBSD Documentation Portal |language=en}} and the [[Almquist shell]] (sh) for regular users.{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/linux-users/shells.html|title=2. Default Shell|website=www.freebsd.org}} Starting with 14.0, the default shell is sh for both root and regulars.{{Cite web |title=FreeBSD Quickstart Guide for Linux® Users |url=https://docs.freebsd.org/en/articles/linux-users/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=FreeBSD Documentation Portal |language=en}} The default scripting shell is the Almquist shell.{{cite web |title=sh(1) |url=https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+14.0-RELEASE&arch=default&format=html |website=FreeBSD Manual Pages |publisher=The FreeBSD Project |access-date=2024-03-14}} [186] => [187] => ==Development== [188] => FreeBSD is developed by a volunteer team located around the world. The developers use the [[Internet]] for all communication and many have not met each other in person. In addition to local user groups sponsored and attended by users, an annual conference, called BSDcon, is held by [[USENIX]]. BSDcon is not FreeBSD-specific so it deals with the technical aspects of all BSD-derived operating systems, including [[OpenBSD]] and [[NetBSD]].{{sfn|Lehey|2003|p=20}} In addition to BSDcon, three other annual conferences, EuroBSDCon, AsiaBSDCon and BSDCan take place in [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[Canada]] respectively. [189] => [190] => ===Governance structure=== [191] => {{Main|FreeBSD Core Team}} [192] => The FreeBSD Project is run by around 500 committers or developers who have commit access to the master source code repositories and can develop, debug or enhance any part of the system. Most of the developers are volunteers and few developers are paid by some companies.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=5}} There are several kinds of committers, including source committers (base operating system), doc committers (documentation and website authors) and ports (third-party application porting and infrastructure). Every two years the FreeBSD committers select a 9-member FreeBSD Core Team, which is responsible for overall project direction, setting and enforcing project rules and approving new committers, or the granting of commit access to the source code repositories. A number of responsibilities are officially assigned to other development teams by the FreeBSD Core Team, for example, responsibility for managing the ports collection is delegated to the Ports Management Team.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=6}} [193] => [194] => In addition to developers, FreeBSD has thousands of "contributors". Contributors are also volunteers outside of the FreeBSD project who submit patches for consideration by committers, as they do not have commit access to FreeBSD's source code repository. Committers then evaluate contributors' submissions and decide what to accept and what to reject. A contributor who submits high-quality patches is often asked to become a committer.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|p=6}} [195] => [196] => ===Branches=== [197] => FreeBSD [[software developer|developers]] maintain at least two branches of simultaneous development. The ''-CURRENT'' branch always represents the "[[bleeding edge]]" of FreeBSD development. A ''-STABLE'' branch of FreeBSD is created for each major version number, from which -RELEASE is cut about once every 4–6 months. If a feature is sufficiently stable and mature it will likely be [[backport]]ed (''MFC'' or ''Merge from CURRENT'' in FreeBSD developer slang) to the ''-STABLE'' branch.{{sfn|Lucas|2007|pp=372–375}} [198] => [199] => ===Foundation=== [200] => {{Main|FreeBSD Foundation}} [201] => FreeBSD development is supported in part by the FreeBSD Foundation. The foundation is a non-profit organization that accepts donations to fund FreeBSD development. Such funding has been used to sponsor developers for specific activities, purchase hardware and network infrastructure, provide travel grants to developer summits, and provide legal support to the FreeBSD project. [202] => [203] => In November 2014, the FreeBSD Foundation received US$1 million donation from [[Jan Koum]], co-founder and CEO of [[WhatsApp]]{{snd}} the largest single donation to the Foundation since its inception. In December 2016, Jan Koum donated another $500,000.{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/blog/foundation-announces-new-uranium-donor/|title=Foundation Announces New Uranium Donor|date=December 2016|publisher=FreeBSD Foundation|access-date=29 December 2016}} Jan Koum himself is a FreeBSD user since the late 1990s and WhatsApp uses FreeBSD on its servers.{{cite web|url=http://freebsdfoundation.blogspot.com/2014/11/freebsd-foundation-announces-generous.html|title=Updated! – FreeBSD Foundation Announces Generous Donation and Fundraising Milestone [204] => |publisher=FreeBSD Foundation|access-date=20 November 2014|date=17 November 2014 [205] => }} [206] => [207] => ==License== [208] => FreeBSD is released under a variety of open-source licenses. The kernel code and most newly created code are released under the two-clause [[BSD license]] which allows everyone to use and redistribute FreeBSD as they wish. This license was approved by [[Free Software Foundation]] and [[Open Source Initiative]] as a Free Software and Open Source license respectively. Free Software Foundation described this license as "a lax, permissive non-copyleft free software license, compatible with the GNU GPL". There are parts released under three- and four-clause BSD licenses, as well as the [[Beerware]] license. Some device drivers include a [[binary blob]], such as the [[Atheros]] [[Hardware abstraction layer|HAL]] of FreeBSD versions before 7.2.{{failed verification|date=February 2024}} Some of the code contributed by other projects is licensed under [[GNU General Public License|GPL]], [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL]], [[Common Development and Distribution License|CDDL]] and [[ISC license|ISC]]. All the code licensed under [[GPL]] and [[CDDL]] is clearly separated from the code under liberal licenses, to make it easy for users such as embedded device manufacturers to use only [[permissive free software license]]s. ClangBSD aims to replace some [[GPL]] dependencies in the FreeBSD base system by replacing the [[GNU compiler collection]] with the BSD-licensed [[LLVM]]/[[Clang]] compiler. ClangBSD became self-hosting on 16 April 2010. [209] => [210] => ==Logo== [211] => For many years FreeBSD's logo was the generic [[BSD Daemon]], also called ''Beastie'', a distorted pronunciation of ''BSD''. However, Beastie was not unique to FreeBSD. Beastie first appeared in 1976 on Unix T-shirts of comic artist Phil Foglio art,{{cite web | url=https://www.mckusick.com/beastie/shirts/usenix.html | title=USENIX }} for Mike O'Brien,{{cite web |url=http://www.lemis.com/grog/whyadaemon.html|title=What's that daemon?}}{{cite web | url=https://www.itreview.org/documents/2006/0616.html | title=UNIX Methods and Concepts: Putting the Genie Back in the Bottle, by Salus & Toomey }}{{cite web |url=http://www.toad.com/early-usenix-newsletters/19760430-unix-news-n5.pdf |title=UNIX News, Number 5 |date=April 30, 1976}}{{cite journal |url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/1056-20.pdf |title=USENIX notes |journal=[[;login:]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |date=February 2005}} with some purchased by [[Bell Labs]].{{cite journal |url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_dec15_11_history_login.pdf |title=login: The UNIX Newsletter Volume 2, Number 7, August 1977 |journal=[[;login:]] |volume=40 |issue=6 |date=December 2015}} [212] => [213] => More popular versions of the BSD daemon were drawn by animation director [[John Lasseter]] beginning in 1984. Several FreeBSD-specific versions were later drawn by Tatsumi Hosokawa. In lithographic terms, the Lasseter graphic is not [[line art]] and often requires a screened, four-color [[Photo-offset|photo offset]] printing process for faithful reproduction on physical surfaces such as paper. Also, the BSD daemon was thought to be too graphically detailed for smooth size scaling and aesthetically over-dependent on multiple color gradations, making it hard to reliably reproduce as a simple, standardized logo in only two or three colors, much less in monochrome. [214] => [215] => Because of these worries, a competition was held and a new logo designed by Anton K. Gural, still echoing the BSD daemon, was released on 8 October 2005. However, it was announced by [[Robert Watson (computer scientist)|Robert Watson]] that the FreeBSD project is "seeking a new logo, but not a new mascot" and that the FreeBSD project would continue to use Beastie as its mascot. [216] => [217] => The name "FreeBSD" was coined by David Greenman on 19 June 1993, other suggested names were "BSDFree86" and "Free86BSD". FreeBSD's slogan, "The Power to Serve", is a trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation. [218] => [219] => ==Derivatives== [220] => {{Further|List of products based on FreeBSD}} [221] => [[File:PC-BSD-10.png|thumb|PC-BSD version 10, the operating system that was later known as [[TrueOS]]]] [222] => There are a number of software distributions based on FreeBSD. Notable derivatives include: [223] => [224] => * [[DesktopBSD]] (desktop-oriented operating system, originally based on KDE) [225] => * [[TrueNAS]] (for [[network-attached storage]] devices) [226] => * [[FreeSBIE]] ([[live CD]]) [227] => * [[GhostBSD]] ([[MATE (software)|MATE]]-based distribution, which also offers other desktop environments) [228] => * [[MidnightBSD]] [229] => * [[NanoBSD]] [230] => * [[PicoBSD]] [231] => * [[IntelliStar]] (satellite system that runs TV programs such as Weatherscan and Local On The 8s) [232] => * [[m0n0wall]] (firewall) [233] => * [[OpenServer 10]] (server) [234] => * [[OPNsense]] (firewall) [235] => * [[pfSense]] (firewall) [236] => * [[TrueOS]], previously known as PC-BSD (aimed at home users and workstations, but with a FreeNAS-like server version and TrueOS pico for [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 32-bit embedded devices) [237] => * [[TrustedBSD]] [238] => * [[XigmaNAS]] (for [[network-attached storage]] devices) [239] => * [[Orbis OS]] ([[PlayStation 4 system software]]) [240] => [241] => All these distributions have no or only minor changes when compared with the original FreeBSD base system. The main difference to the original FreeBSD is that they come with pre-installed and pre-configured software for specific use cases. This can be compared with [[Linux]] distributions, which are all binary compatible because they use the same kernel and also use the same basic tools, compilers, and libraries while coming with different applications, configurations, and branding. [242] => [243] => Besides these distributions, there are some independent operating systems based on FreeBSD. [[DragonFly BSD]] is a fork from FreeBSD 4.8 aiming for a different multiprocessor synchronization strategy than the one chosen for FreeBSD 5 and development of some [[microkernel]] features. It does not aim to stay compatible with FreeBSD and has huge differences in the kernel and basic [[Userland (computing)|userland]]. [[MidnightBSD]] is a fork of FreeBSD 6.1 borrowing heavily from [[NeXTSTEP]], particularly in the user interface department. [244] => [245] => [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], the core of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[macOS]], includes a [[virtual file system]] and network stack derived from those of FreeBSD, and components of its [[userspace]] are also FreeBSD-derived.{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/BSD/BSD.html|title=Kernel Programming Guide: BSD Overview|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/porting/conceptual/portingunix/background/background.html|title=Porting UNIX/Linux Applications to OS X: Overview of OS X|publisher=Apple Inc.}} [246] => [247] => Some subscription services that are directly based on FreeBSD are: [248] => [249] => * [[WhatsApp]]{{cite web|title=1 million is so 2011|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/1-million-is-so-2011|publisher=WhatsApp Blog|access-date=27 August 2014}}{{snd}} processes 2 million concurrent TCP connections per server. [250] => [251] => Embedded devices and embedded device operating systems based on FreeBSD include: [252] => [253] => * [[Juniper Networks|Juniper]]'s [[JUNOS]] router operating system. [254] => * [[EMC Isilon]]'s [[OneFS distributed file system|OneFS]] operating system. [255] => * [[NetApp]]'s Data ONTAP 8.x and the now-superseded ONTAP GX (only as a loader for proprietary kernel-space module). [256] => * [[Netflix]]'s [[Open Connect]] Appliance to handle content delivery. [257] => * The [[PlayStation 4]] ("[[PlayStation 4 system software|Orbis OS]]") [258] => * [[Panasas]]' PanFS parallel file system{{cite web | url = https://www.storagereview.com/news/panasas-announces-next-gen-activestor-scale-out-nas-solution | title = Panasas Announces Next-Gen ActiveStor Scale-out NAS Solution | first = Lyle | last = Smith | date = 2017-11-08 | website = Storage Reviews }} [259] => * [[pfSense]], an open-source firewall, router and security appliance operating system. [260] => [261] => ==Version history== [262] => {{Main|FreeBSD version history}} [263] => {| class="wikitable" [264] => |- [265] => ! Version [266] => ! Release date [267] => ! Supported until [268] => ! Significant changes [269] => |- [270] => | {{Version |o |1.x}} [271] => | November 1993 [272] => | {{dunno}} [273] => | [274] => * The first official release. [275] => * The Ports Collection. [276] => * Fixed some outstanding bugs from import of [[386BSD]] [277] => * Addition of some ported applications ([[XFree86]], [[XView]], [[InterViews]], [[Elm (e-mail client)|elm]], [[Network News Transfer Protocol|nntp]]) [278] => |- [279] => | {{Version |o |2.x}} [280] => | 22 November 1994 [281] => | {{dunno}} [282] => | [283] => * Replaced code base with BSD-Lite 4.4 (to satisfy terms of the [[USL v. BSDi]] lawsuit settlement) [284] => * New installer and new boot manager [285] => * Loadable filesystems support for more filesystems (MS-DOS, unionfs, [[kernfs (BSD)|kernfs]]) [286] => * Imported loadable kernel modules from [[NetBSD]] [287] => * Replaced BSD malloc with [[malloc|phkmalloc]] [288] => * Full [[Linuxulator|Linux emulation]] with [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] [289] => * [[ipfirewall|Dummynet]] traffic shaping [290] => |- [291] => | {{Version |o |3.x}} [292] => | 16 October 1998 [293] => | {{dunno}} [294] => | [295] => * [[symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP) [296] => * CAM (Common Access Method) [[SCSI]] system [297] => * [[VESA]] video modes [298] => * Initial USB device support [299] => * [[Pluggable Authentication Modules]] (PAM) [300] => * [[Netgraph]] [301] => * [[RAID-5]] support in vinum [302] => |- [303] => | {{Version |o |4.x}} [304] => | 14 March 2000 [305] => | 31 January 2007{{cite mailing list|url=https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-security/2006-October/004111.html|title=FreeBSD 4.x EoL|author=FreeBSD Security Officer|mailing-list=freebsd-security}} [306] => | [307] => * [[IPv6]] support and [[IPsec]] with [[KAME project|KAME]] (applications were also updated to support IPv6) [308] => * [[OpenSSH]] integrated into the base system [309] => * Emulator for [[SVR4]] binary files [310] => * New jail(2) system call and jail(8) admin command added{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/4.0R/notes.html|title=FreeBSD 4.0 Release Notes|website=The FreeBSD Project}} [311] => * [[Kqueue]] event notification interface [312] => * Basic [[IEEE 1394 interface|Firewire]] [313] => * Basic [[HyperThreading]] support [314] => * In-kernel [[OpenBSD Cryptographic Framework|cryptographic framework]] imported from [[OpenBSD]] [315] => * [[USB2]] support [316] => * Added ports/CHANGES and ports/UPDATING to [[FreeBSD Ports]] [317] => |- [318] => | {{Version |o |5.x}} [319] => | 14 January 2003 [320] => | 31 May 2008 [321] => | [322] => * Support for [[UltraSPARC]] and [[IA-64]] processors [323] => * SMP support via changes to kernel locking (release most of kernel from the [[Giant lock]]) [324] => * [[GEOM]] [325] => * Kernel Scheduled Entities [326] => * [[Mandatory Access Control]] imported from [[TrustedBSD]] [327] => * [[Bluetooth]] [328] => * [[Advanced Configuration and Power Interface|ACPI]] [329] => * Experimental support for [[x86-64|AMD64]] [330] => * Experimental 1:1 and M:N thread libraries for multithreaded processing [331] => * Experimental [[ULE scheduler]] [332] => * [[ALTQ]] [333] => * Addition of new debugging framework [[Kernel debugger|KDB]] [334] => * Import [[PF (firewall)|pf]] from [[OpenBSD]] [335] => * Binary compatibility interface for native execution of [[Network Driver Interface Specification|NDIS]] drivers [336] => * Replaced [[XFree86]] with [[X Window System|X.Org]] 6.7 [337] => * Cryptography enabled by default in base [338] => * Import [[Common Address Redundancy Protocol]] from [[OpenBSD]] [339] => |- [340] => | {{Version |o |6.x}} [341] => | 1 November 2005 [342] => | 30 November 2010 [343] => | [344] => * Performance monitoring counters support [345] => * New [[Wi-Fi]] stack [346] => * [[Geli (software)|GELI]] [347] => * Network bridging [348] => * NanoBSD utility [349] => * [[Network Driver Interface Specification|NDIS]] driver support [350] => * Keyboard multiplexer [351] => * UFS filesystem stability [352] => * Bluetooth autoconfiguration [353] => * Additional Ethernet and RAID drivers [354] => * Support for [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]] architecture [355] => * [[OpenBSM]] audit subsystem [356] => * freebsd-update (binary updates for security fixes and errata patches) [357] => |- [358] => | {{Version |o |7.x}} [359] => | 27 February 2008 [360] => | 28 February 2013 [361] => | [362] => * [[ZFS]] [363] => * [[DTrace]] [364] => * [[GUID Partition Table|GPT]] [365] => * Reference implementation of [[SCTP]] [366] => * Added support for [[ARM architecture]], and dropped support for [[DEC Alpha]] [367] => * Support for [[Intel High Definition Audio]] (HDA) [368] => * Replacing phkmalloc with [[Malloc#FreeBSD's and NetBSD's jemalloc|jemalloc]] [369] => * [[tmpfs]] [370] => * [[ULE scheduler]] made default scheduler for i386 and [[AMD64]] platforms [371] => |- [372] => | {{Version |o |8.x}} [373] => | 26 November 2009 [374] => | 1 August 2015 [375] => | [376] => * [[SATA]] [[Native Command Queuing|NCQ]] support [377] => * [[Xen]] guest support [378] => * High Availability Storage [379] => * Native NFSv4 ACL support [380] => * [[USB 3.0]] support [381] => |- [382] => | {{Version |o |9.x}} [383] => | 12 January 2012 [384] => | 31 December 2016 [385] => | [386] => * Capsicum [[capability-based security]] mechanism [387] => * [[Unix File System|UFS]] SoftUpdates+Journal [388] => * [[ZFS]] updated to version 28 [389] => * bsdconfig, system configuration utility [390] => * bsdinstall, the new system installation program [391] => * RCTL, a flexible resource limits mechanism [392] => * GRAID, flexible software [[RAID]] implementation [393] => * virtio drivers [394] => * pkgng{{cite web|url=https://docs.freebsd.org/doc/9.2-RELEASE/share/doc/freebsd/handbook/pkgng-intro.html|title=Using pkgng for Binary Package Management|publisher=FreeBSD Project|work=FreeBSD 9.2 Handbook|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193109/https://docs.freebsd.org/doc/9.2-RELEASE/share/doc/freebsd/handbook/pkgng-intro.html|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=dead}} [395] => * vt, the new virtual terminal implementation [396] => |- [397] => | {{Version |o |10.x}} [398] => | 20 January 2014 [399] => | 31 October 2018{{cite web|title=FreeBSD Security Information — End of Life|url=https://www.freebsd.org/security/security.html|publisher=The FreeBSD Project.|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012075432/https://www.freebsd.org/security/security.html|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}} [400] => | [401] => * [[BHyVe|bhyve]] hypervisor [402] => * [[Clang]] replaced [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] on supported architectures [403] => * New [[iSCSI]] stack [404] => * Added support for [[Raspberry Pi]] [405] => * [[UEFI]] boot for amd64 [406] => * [[ZFS]] booting via [[UEFI]] [407] => * [[ZFS]] on root file system [408] => * [[ZFS]] reliability and performance improvements [409] => * Implementation of pkg, a new FreeBSD package manager, also referred to as ''pkgng''{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.0R/relnotes.html|title=FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE Release Notes|website=The FreeBSD Project}} [410] => * Support for [[UDP Lite]] protocol (RFC 3828) [411] => * [[Symmetric multiprocessor system|SMP]] support for armv6 [412] => * New autofs-based [[automounter]] [413] => * [[Direct Rendering Manager|DRM]] code updated to match Linux 3.8.13, allowing multiple simultaneous X servers [414] => * Support for 64-bit Linux binaries through the compatibility layer [415] => |- [416] => | {{Version |o|11.x}} [417] => | 10 October 2016{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/11.0R/announce.html|title=FreeBSD 11.0-RELEASE Announcement|publisher=The FreeBSD Project|access-date=10 October 2016}} [418] => | 30 September 2021{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/security/#sup|title=FreeBSD Security Information|website=The FreeBSD Project}} [419] => | [420] => * New version of NetMap{{cite web|url=https://wiki.freebsd.org/WhatsNew/FreeBSD11|title=What's new for FreeBSD 11|publisher=The FreeBSD Project|access-date=24 March 2015}} [421] => * Support for the 64-bit [[ARM Architecture]] [422] => * umount(8) -N new flag which is used to forcefully unmount an NFS mounted filesystem [423] => * [[crontab]] -f new flag added [424] => * The [[ZFS]] filesystem has been updated to implement parallel mounting. [425] => * The trim(8) utility has been added, which deletes content for blocks on flash-based storage devices that use wear-leveling algorithms. [426] => |- [427] => | {{Version |o |12.x}} [428] => | 11 December 2018{{cite web |title=FreeBSD 12.0 Release Process |url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/12.0R/schedule.html |publisher=The FreeBSD Project |date=2017-09-18}}{{cite web |url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/12.0R/relnotes.html |date=2019-10-09 |title=FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE Release Notes |publisher=The FreeBSD Project}} [429] => | 31 December 2023 [430] => | [431] => * The [[ext2]]fs(5) filesystem has been updated to support full read/write support for ext4 [432] => * FreeBSD has changed the way [[Free and open-source graphics device driver|graphics drivers]] are handled on amd64 and i386. Graphics drivers for modern [[ATI-AMD]] and Intel graphics cards are now available in the Ports Collection. [433] => * The UFS/FFS filesystem has been updated to support check hashes to cylinder-group maps. [434] => |- [435] => | {{Version |co |13.x}} [436] => | 13 April 2021{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/13.0R/schedule.html|title=FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE Release Process|publisher=The FreeBSD Project|date=2020-07-21|access-date=2020-08-02}}{{Cite web|title=The FreeBSD Project {{!}} FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE Release Notes|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/13.0R/relnotes/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.freebsd.org}} [437] => | 31 January 2026 [438] => | [439] => * The clang, lld, and lldb utilities and compiler-rt, llvm, libunwind, and libc++ libraries have been updated to version 11.0.1. [440] => * Removed the obsolete binutils 2.17 and gcc(1) 4.2.1 from the tree. All supported architectures now use the LLVM/clang toolchain. [441] => * The kernel now supports in-kernel framing and encryption of Transport Layer Security (TLS) data on TCP sockets for TLS versions 1.0 through 1.3. Transmit offload via in-kernel crypto drivers is supported for MtE cipher suites using AES-CBC as well as AEAD cipher suites using AES-GCM. Receive offload via in-kernel crypto drivers is supported for AES-GCM cipher suites for TLS 1.2. Using KTLS requires the use of a KTLS-aware userland SSL library. The OpenSSL library included in the base system does not enable KTLS support by default, but support can be enabled by building with the WITH_OPENSSL_KTLS option [442] => * The 64-bit ARM architecture known as arm64 or AArch64 is promoted to Tier-1 status for FreeBSD 13. [443] => |- [444] => | {{Version |c |14.x}} [445] => | 20 November 2023{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/14.0R/announce/|title=FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE Announcement|publisher=The FreeBSD Project|date=2023-11-20|access-date=2023-11-20}}{{Cite web|title=The FreeBSD Project {{!}} FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE Release Notes|url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/14.0R/relnotes/|access-date=2023-11-20|website=www.freebsd.org}} [446] => |30 November 2028 [447] => | [448] => * OpenSSH has been updated to version 9.5p1. [449] => * OpenSSL has been updated to version 3.0.12, a major upgrade from OpenSSL 1.1.1t in FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE. [450] => * The bhyve hypervisor now supports TPM and GPU passthrough. [451] => * FreeBSD supports up to 1024 cores on the amd64 and arm64 platforms. [452] => * ZFS has been upgraded to OpenZFS release 2.2, providing significant performance improvements. [453] => * It is now possible to perform background filesystem checks on UFS file systems running with journaled soft updates. [454] => * Experimental ZFS images are now available for AWS and Azure. [455] => * The default congestion control mechanism for TCP is now CUBIC. [456] => |- [457] => | {{Version |p |15.x}} [458] => | {{TBA}} [459] => | {{dunno}} [460] => | [461] => * Drop support for all 32 Bit CPU instruction set architectures except armv7{{cite web |url=https://www.freebsd.org/releases/14.0R/relnotes/ |title=FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE Release Notes -> General Notes Regarding Future FreeBSD Releases |date=2023-11-30 |accessdate=2024-04-15}} [462] => |- [463] => ! Version [464] => ! Release date [465] => ! Supported until [466] => ! Significant changes [467] => |- [468] => | colspan="4" | {{Version |l |show=111101}} [469] => |} [470] => [471] => ==See also== [472] => {{Portal|Free and open-source software}} [473] => * [[BAPP]], a set of commonly used software with FreeBSD [474] => * [[Comparison of BSD operating systems]] [475] => * [[Comparison of operating system kernels]] [476] => * [[Comparison of operating systems]] [477] => * [[Comparison of router software projects]] [478] => * [[Computer Systems Research Group]] [479] => * [[List of router and firewall distributions]] [480] => * [[List of router firmware projects]] [481] => * [[Marshall Kirk McKusick]] [482] => [483] => ==References== [484] => ===Citations=== [485] => {{Reflist|30em|refs = [486] => {{cite web [487] => |first = Frank [488] => |last = Pohlmann [489] => |url = http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-freebsd/ [490] => |title = Why FreeBSD [491] => |publisher = [[IBM DeveloperWorks]] [492] => |date = 19 July 2005 [493] => |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130911043847/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-freebsd/ [494] => |archive-date = 11 September 2013 [495] => }} [496] => [497] => {{Cite report [498] => |title = BSD Usage Survey Report [499] => |url = http://www.bsdcertification.org/downloads/pr-20051031-usage-survey-en-en.pdf [500] => |access-date = 5 December 2010 [501] => |date = 31 October 2005 [502] => |publisher = The BSD Certification Group [503] => }} [504] => [505] => {{cite web [506] => |title=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution [507] => |url=https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/kirkmck.html [508] => |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] [509] => |access-date=15 June 2022 [510] => |df=dmy [511] => |date=29 March 1999 [512] => }} [513] => [514] => {{cite web [515] => |url = http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/history.html [516] => |title = A Brief History of FreeBSD [517] => |publisher = FreeBSD.org [518] => |access-date = 31 January 2009 [519] => }} [520] => [521] => {{cite web [522] => |last1 = Bruce [523] => |first1 = Bob [524] => |title = Company History [525] => |url = https://www.freebsdmall.com/cgi-bin/fm/history.html [526] => |publisher = FreeBSD Mall [527] => |access-date = 6 August 2014 [528] => }} [529] => [530] => {{cite web [531] => |last1 = Johnson [532] => |first1 = Dwight [533] => |title = Report from Comdex—Walnut Creek CDROM, FreeBSD and Slackware [534] => |url = http://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/1998112000105OP [535] => |publisher = Linux Today [536] => |access-date = 6 August 2014 [537] => |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813043446/http://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/1998112000105OP [538] => |archive-date = 13 August 2014 [539] => |url-status = dead [540] => }} [541] => [542] => {{cite book [543] => |last = McKusick [544] => |first = Marshall [545] => |title = The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System [546] => |chapter = Section 2.13 [547] => |year = 2005 [548] => |publisher = Addison-Wesley [549] => |isbn = 0-201-70245-2 [550] => }} [551] => [552] => {{cite web [553] => |last=Farrokhi [554] => |first=Babak [555] => |title=Network Configuration—IPv6 with FreeBSD [556] => |url=http://www.packtpub.com/article/network-configuration-ipv6-with-freebsd [557] => |publisher=[[Packt]] [558] => |access-date=26 December 2013 [559] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226203328/http://www.packtpub.com/article/network-configuration-ipv6-with-freebsd [560] => |archive-date=26 December 2013 [561] => |url-status=dead [562] => |df=dmy [563] => |date=16 October 2009 [564] => }} [565] => [566] => {{cite web [567] => |title=FreeBSD Wireless Networking Support [568] => |url=https://www.bsdcan.org/2005/papers/FreeBSDWirelessNetwokringSupport.pdf [569] => |publisher=BSDCan [570] => |access-date=15 June 2022 [571] => |author=Sam Leffler [572] => |df=dmy [573] => }} [574] => [575] => {{cite web [576] => |title = Overview of the KAME Project [577] => |url = http://www.kame.net/project-overview.html [578] => |publisher = [[KAME project]] [579] => |access-date = 11 August 2014 [580] => }} [581] => [582] => {{cite mailing list [583] => |url = http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-stable/2013-October/075582.html [584] => |title = [heads up] axing AppleTalk and IPX/SPX [585] => |date = 28 October 2013 [586] => |access-date = 12 August 2014 [587] => |mailing-list = freebsd-stable [588] => |last = Smirnoff [589] => |first = Gleb [590] => }} [591] => [592] => {{cite web [593] => |title = CARP(4) [594] => |url = http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?carp [595] => |work = The FreeBSD documentation Project [596] => |access-date = 25 October 2013 [597] => }} [598] => [599] => {{cite book [600] => |last1 = McKusick [601] => |first1 = Marshall [602] => |last2 = Neville-Neil [603] => |first2 = George V. 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FreeBSD

FreeBSD is a free and open-source operating system based on the BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) UNIX operating system. It was originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

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About

It was originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s and early 1980s. FreeBSD aims to provide a reliable, stable, and secure platform for a variety of computer architectures. The operating system is known for its advanced networking capabilities, scalability, and performance. It supports both server and desktop environments, and it has gained popularity in various industries, including web hosting, network infrastructure, and embedded systems. FreeBSD is distributed under a permissive BSD License, allowing users to freely modify and distribute the software without significant restrictions. The project is supported by a diverse community of developers, contributors, and users who collaborate to improve and enhance the system. Some of the prominent features of FreeBSD include its efficient file system (UFS) and journaling file system (WUJIFS), which provide reliability and data integrity. It also includes the ZFS file system, which brings advanced storage management capabilities to the operating system. FreeBSD supports various file systems, including FAT, Ext2/3/4, NTFS, and HFS. The operating system includes a large collection of third-party software, accessible through the FreeBSD Ports and Packages Collection. Users can easily install, update, and remove software packages using package management tools like pkg and ports. FreeBSD is known for its security practices, including its strong emphasis on code correctness, privilege separation, and proactive vulnerability management. It has a dedicated Security Team that works diligently to identify and address potential security vulnerabilities. The project has seen widespread adoption among individuals, organizations, and educational institutions. Its community-driven development model ensures a transparent and collaborative approach to software development. Additionally, it maintains compatibility with many applications and software developed for other UNIX-like operating systems. In summary, FreeBSD is a highly capable and reliable operating system that offers advanced networking, excellent performance, and robust security. Its open-source nature and large community ensure its continuous development and support, making it a popular choice for a wide range of computing needs.

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