Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Mutual affection between people}} [1] => {{Redirect|Friend||Friend (disambiguation)|and|Friends (disambiguation)|and|Friendship (disambiguation)}} [2] => {{Redirect-distinguish|Friendliness|Friendliness (album)}} [3] => {{pp|small=yes}} [4] => [[File:2018 IMG 8253 Helsinki, Finland (40249531641) (cropped).jpg|thumb|302x302px|A group of Germans at [[Allas Sea Pool]], [[Helsinki]], Finland. Traveling abroad together is a strong indicator of friendship.]] [5] => {{Love sidebar|types}} [6] => '''Friendship''' is a [[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]] of mutual [[affection]] between people.{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford Dictionary Press |title=Definition for friend |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/friend |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126115911/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/friend |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2011 |access-date=25 May 2012}} It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an "acquaintance" or an "association", such as a classmate, neighbor, coworker, or colleague. [7] => [8] => In some cultures,{{Which|date=November 2023}} the concept of friendship is restricted to a small number of very deep relationships; in others, such as the U.S. and Canada, a person could have many friends, and perhaps a more intense relationship with one or two people, who may be called ''good friends'' or ''best friends''. Other colloquial terms include ''besties'' or ''[[Best friends forever|Best Friends Forever]]'' (''BFF''s). Although there are many forms of friendship, certain features are common to many such bonds, such as choosing to be with one another, enjoying time spent together, and being able to engage in a positive and supportive role to one another.{{Cite journal |last=Howes |first=Carollee |year=1983 |title=Patterns of Friendship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1129908 |journal=Child Development |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=1041–1053 |doi=10.2307/1129908 |issn=0009-3920 |jstor=1129908}} [9] => [10] => Sometimes friends are distinguished from [[family]], as in the saying "friends and family", and sometimes from [[Sexual partner|lovers]] (e.g., "lovers and friends"), although the line is blurred with [[Friends with benefits relationships|friends with benefits]]. Similarly, being in the ''[[friend zone]]'' describes someone who is restricted from rising from the status of friend to that of lover (see also [[unrequited love]]). [11] => [12] => Friendship has been studied in academic fields, such as [[Communication studies|communication]], [[sociology]], [[social psychology]], [[anthropology]], and [[philosophy]]. Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, including [[social exchange theory]], [[equity theory]], [[relational dialectics]], and [[attachment styles]]. [13] => [14] => ==Developmental psychology== [15] => ===Childhood=== [16] => {{Annotated image [17] => | image = Childhood friends at a carnival.jpg [18] => | image-width = 430 [19] => | image-left = -75 [20] => | image-top = -10 [21] => | width = 200 [22] => | height = 280 [23] => | float = right [24] => | caption = Building friendships in childhood can help develop social skills like empathy and openness. [25] => }} [26] => The understanding of friendship by children tends to be focused on areas such as common activities, physical proximity, and shared expectations.{{cite book|last1=Bremner|first1=J. Gavin|title=An Introduction to Developmental Psychology|year=2017|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-8652-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-YGCwAAQBAJ|access-date=26 September 2017}}{{rp|498}}{{efn|In comparison to older respondents, who tend to describe friendship in terms of psychological rather than mostly physical aspects.{{rp|498}}}} Such friendships provide opportunity for [[Play (activity)|playing]] and practicing [[Emotional self-regulation|self-regulation]].{{rp|246}} Most children tend to describe friendship in terms of things like [[sharing]], and children are more likely to share with someone they consider to be a friend.{{rp|246}}{{cite book|last1=Newman|first1=Barbara M.|last2=Newman|first2=Phillip R.|year=2012|title=Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach|location=Stanford, Conn.}}{{Cite web|first=Alexia|last=Lafata|website=Elite Daily|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/life/culture/childhood-friends-most-important-friends/1063153|title=Your Childhood Friendships Are The Best Friendships You'll Ever Have|date=17 Jun 2015|access-date=21 June 2016}} [27] => [28] => Recent work on friendship in young children investigated the cues they use to infer friendship. Young children use cues such as sharing resources, like snacks,{{Cite journal |last1=DeJesus |first1=Jasmine M. |last2=Rhodes |first2=Marjorie |last3=Kinzler |first3=Katherine D. |date=2013-10-07 |title=Evaluations Versus Expectations: Children's Divergent Beliefs About Resource Distribution |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12093 |journal=Cognitive Science |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=178–193 |doi=10.1111/cogs.12093 |pmid=24117730 |s2cid=8358667 |issn=0364-0213}} and sharing secrets,{{Cite journal |last1=Liberman |first1=Zoe |last2=Shaw |first2=Alex |date=November 2018 |title=Secret to friendship: Children make inferences about friendship based on secret sharing. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000603 |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=54 |issue=11 |pages=2139–2151 |doi=10.1037/dev0000603 |pmid=30284884 |s2cid=52914199 |issn=1939-0599}} especially in older adolescents, to determine friendship status. When comparing cues of similarity in food preference or gender, [[propinquity]], and [[loyalty]] in adolescent children, younger children rely on similarity in gender/food preferences but more so propinquity to infer friendship while older adolescents rely heavily on propinquity to infer friendship.{{Cite journal |last1=Liberman |first1=Zoe |last2=Shaw |first2=Alex |date=August 2019 |title=Children use similarity, propinquity, and loyalty to predict which people are friends |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.03.002 |journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |volume=184 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1016/j.jecp.2019.03.002 |pmid=30974289 |s2cid=109941102 |issn=0022-0965}} [29] => [30] => As children mature, they become more reliant on others, as awareness grows. They gain the ability to empathize with their friends, and enjoy playing in groups. They also experience peer rejection as they move through the middle childhood years. Establishing good friendships at a young age helps a child to be better acclimated in society later on in their life. [31] => [32] => Based upon the reports of teachers and mothers, 75% of preschool children had at least one friend. This figure rose to 78% through the [[fifth grade]], as measured by co-nomination as friends, and 55% had a mutual best friend.{{rp|247}} About 15% of children were found to be chronically friendless, reporting periods of at least six months without mutual friends.{{rp|250}} [33] => [34] => Friendships in childhood can assist in the development of certain skills, such as building empathy and learning different problem solving techniques.{{cite web|last=Kennedy-Moore|first= Eileen |year=2013|website=Psychology Today|title= What Friends Teach Children|url= https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/growing-friendships/201305/what-friends-teach-children}} [35] => Coaching from parents can help children make friends. [[Eileen Kennedy-Moore]] describes three key ingredients of children's friendship formation: (1) openness, (2) similarity, and (3) shared fun.{{cite web|last=Kennedy-Moore|first= Eileen |year=2012|website=Psychology Today|title= How children make friends (part 1)|url= http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201209/how-children-make-friends-part-1}} ([http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201209/how-children-make-friends-part-2 part 2]) ([http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201209/how-children-make-friends-part-3 part3]) Parents can also help children understand social guidelines they have not learned on their own.{{cite book|last1=Elman|first1=N.M.|last2=Kennedy-Moore|first2=E.|year=2003|title=The Unwritten Rules of Friendship: Simple Strategies to Help Your Child Make Friends|location=New York|publisher=Little, Brown}} Drawing from research by Robert Selman{{cite book|last=Selman|first=R.L.|year=1980|title=The Growth of Interpersonal Understanding: Developmental and Clinical Analyses|publisher=Academic Press|location=New York}} and others, Kennedy-Moore outlines developmental stages in children's friendship, reflecting an increasing capacity to understand others' perspectives: "I Want It My Way", "What's In It For Me?", "By the Rules", "Caring and Sharing", and "Friends Through Thick and Thin."{{cite web|last=Kennedy-Moore|first= Eileen |date=26 February 2012|title= Children's Growing Friendships|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201202/childrens-growing-friendships|website=Psychology Today}} [36] => [37] => ===Adolescence=== [38] => [[File:Bhutan, Friends - Flickr - babasteve.jpg|thumb|Two friends sitting together in [[Bhutan]]]] [39] => [40] => In adolescence, friendships become "more giving, sharing, frank, supportive, and spontaneous."{{Cite web |title=Friendships — Tuituia domain |url=https://practice.orangatamariki.govt.nz/core-practice/practice-tools/the-tuituia-framework-and-tools/the-tuituia-framework-and-domains/friendships-tuituia-domain/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=practice.orangatamariki.govt.nz}} Adolescents tend to seek out peers who can provide such qualities in a [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)|reciprocal relationship]], and to avoid peers whose problematic behavior suggests they may not be able to satisfy these needs. Particular personal characteristics and [[disposition]]s are also features sought by adolescents, when choosing whom to begin a friendship with.{{Cite journal|last1=Verkuyten|first1=Maykel|last2=Masson|first2=Kees|date=1996-10-01|title=Culture and Gender Differences in the Perception of Friendship by Adolescents|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002075996401089|journal=International Journal of Psychology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=207–217|doi=10.1080/002075996401089|issn=0020-7594}} During adolescence, friendship relationships are more based on similar morals and values, loyalty, and shared interests than those of children, whose friendships stem from being in the same vicinity and access to playthings.{{rp|246}} [41] => [42] => A large study of American adolescents determined how their engagement in problematic behavior (such as stealing, fighting, and truancy) was related to their friendships. Findings indicated that adolescents who were less likely to engage in problematic behavior had friends who did well in school, participated in school activities, avoided drinking, and had good [[mental health]]. The opposite was true of adolescents who did engage in problematic behavior. Whether adolescents were influenced by their friends to engage in problem behavior depended on how much they were exposed to those friends, and whether they and their friendship groups "fit in" at school.{{cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15015689/|last1=Crosnoe|first1=Robert|last2=Needham|first2=Belinda|year=2004|title=Holism, contextual variability, and the study of friendships in adolescent development|journal=Child Development|volume=75|number=1|pages=264–279|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00668.x|pmid=15015689 }} [43] => [44] => Friendships formed during [[Higher education|post-secondary education]] last longer than friendships formed earlier.{{cite web|last=Sparks|first=Glenn|date=August 7, 2007|url=http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007b/070807SparksFriendship.html|url-status=dead|title=Study shows what makes college buddies lifelong friends|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407142440/https://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007b/070807SparksFriendship.html |archive-date=2019-04-07 |website=Purdue University News}} In late adolescence, cross-racial friendships tend to be uncommon, likely due to prejudice and cultural differences. [45] => [46] => ===Adulthood=== [47] => Friendship in adulthood provides companionship, affection, and emotional support, and contributes positively to mental well-being and improved physical health.{{cite book|last1=Schulz|first1=Richard|title=The Encyclopedia of Aging: Fourth Edition, 2-Volume Set|date=2006|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-8261-4844-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgS29D0Mr4gC|access-date=27 September 2017}}{{rp|426}} [48] => [49] => Adults may find it particularly difficult to maintain meaningful friendships in the workplace. "The workplace can crackle with competition, so people learn to hide vulnerabilities and quirks from colleagues. Work friendships often take on a transactional feel; it is difficult to say where networking ends and real friendship begins."{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Alex|title=Friends of a Certain Age: Why Is It Hard To Make Friends Over 30?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/fashion/the-challenge-of-making-friends-as-an-adult.html?pagewanted=all|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 25, 2012|date=13 July 2012}} Many adults value the financial well-being and security that their job provides more than developing friendships with coworkers.{{cite web|last=Bryant|first=Susan|title=Workplace Friendships: Asset or Liability?|url=http://career-advice.monster.com/in-the-office/workplace-issues/workplace-friendships-asset-or-liab/article.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126073432/http://career-advice.monster.com/in-the-office/workplace-issues/workplace-friendships-asset-or-liab/article.aspx|archive-date=2013-01-26|website=[[Monster.com]]|access-date=October 25, 2012}} [50] => [51] => [[File:Jonathan Lovingly Taketh His Leave of David by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld.jpg|thumbnail|{{Lang|de|Freundschaft zwischen Jonathan und David}} by [[Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld]] (1860), which translates in English as ''Friendship between Jonathan and David'']] [52] => 2,000 American adults surveyed had an average of two close friends, defined as "people they had 'discussed important matters' with in the past six months".{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8876376/Most-adults-have-only-two-close-friends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8876376/Most-adults-have-only-two-close-friends.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Most adults have 'only two close friends'|date=November 8, 2011|last=Willis|first=Amy|work=The Telegraph|access-date=August 11, 2013|location=London}}{{cbignore}} [53] => * {{cite journal | last=Brashears | first=Matthew E. | title=Small networks and high isolation? A reexamination of American discussion networks | journal=Social Networks | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=33 | issue=4 | year=2011 | issn=0378-8733 | doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2011.10.003 | pages=331–341}} Numerous studies with adults suggest that friendships and other supportive relationships enhance self-esteem.{{cite journal|last=Berndt|first=Thomas J.|year=2002|url=http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~berndt/Friendship%20quality%20and%20social%20development.pdf|title=Friendship Quality and Social Development|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=11 |pages=7–10 |publisher=American Psychological Society|doi=10.1111/1467-8721.00157 |s2cid=14785379 }} [54] => [55] => ===Older adults=== [56] => [[Old age|Older adults]] report high levels of personal satisfaction in their friendships as they age, even as the overall number of friends tends to decline. This satisfaction is associated{{clarify|reason=in what way?|date=July 2023}} with an increased ability to accomplish [[activities of daily living]], as well as a reduced decline in [[Cognition|cognitive abilities]], decreased instances of hospitalization, and better outcomes related to [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|rehabilitation]].{{rp|427}} The overall number of reported friends in later life may be {{clarify|text=mediated by|reason=in which direction; does this mean correlated with or is some causality implied one way or the other?|date=July 2023}} increased lucidity, better speech and vision, and marital status{{which|date=July 2023}}.{{cite book|last1=Blieszner|first1=Rosemary|last2=Adams|first2=Rebecca G.|title=Adult Friendship|year=1992|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-8039-3673-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs5DQAAQBAJ|access-date=27 September 2017}}{{rp|53}} A decline in the number of friends an individual has as they become older has been explained by Carstensen's Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, which describes a change in motivation that adults experience when socializing. The theory states that an increase in age is characterized by a shift from information-gathering to emotional regulation; in order to maintain positive emotions, older adults restrict their social groups to those with whom they share an emotional bond.{{cite book|last=Carstensen|first=L.L.|year=1993|chapter=Motivation for social contact across the life span: A theory of socioemotional selectivity|editor-first=J.E.|editor-last=Jacobs|title=Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1992: Developmental perspectives on motivation|pages=209–254|location=Lincoln, Neb.|publisher=University of Nebraska Press}} [57] => * {{cite journal|last1=Carstensen|first1=L.L.|last2=Isaacowitz|first2=D.M.|last3=Charles|first3=S.T.|year=1999|title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity|journal=American Psychologist|volume=54|issue=3 |pages=165–181|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217 }} [58] => * {{cite journal|last1=Carstensen|first1=L.L.|last2=Gottman|first2=J.M.|last3=Levensen|first3=R.W.|year=1995|title=Emotional behavior in long-term marriage|journal=Psychology and Aging|volume=10|issue=1 |pages=140–149|doi=10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.140 |pmid=7779311 }} [59] => As one review phrased it: [60] => [61] =>
Research within the past four decades has now consistently found that older adults reporting the highest levels of happiness and general well being also report strong, close ties to numerous friends.{{cite book|last1=Nussbaum|first1=Jon F.|last2=Federowicz|first2=Molly|last3=Nussbaum|first3=Paul D.|title=Brain Health and Optimal Engagement for Older Adults|year=2010|publisher=Editorial Aresta S.C.|isbn=978-84-937440-0-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwxrMe5Fo6QC|access-date=27 September 2017}}
[62] => [63] => As family responsibilities and vocational pressures lessen, friendships become more important. Among the elderly, friendships can provide links to the larger community, serve as a protective factor against depression and loneliness, and compensate for potential losses in social support previously given by family members.{{cite book|last1=Burleson|first1=Brant R.|title=Communication Yearbook 19|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-87317-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8mMAgAAQBAJ|access-date=27 September 2017}}{{rp|32–33}} Especially for people who cannot go out as often, interactions with friends allow for continued societal interaction. Additionally, older adults in declining health who remain in contact with friends show improved psychological well-being.{{cite book|title=Exploring Lifespan Development|edition=3rd|first=Laura E.|last= Berk|year=2014|page=696|publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-205-95738-5}} [64] => [65] => ==Forming and maintaining== [66] => Forming and maintaining friendships often requires time and effort. [67] => [68] => Friendships are foremost formed by choice, typically on the basis that the parties involved admire each other on an intimate level, and enjoy commonality and socializing.{{Cite book |last1=Spencer |first1=Liz |url= |title=Rethinking Friendship: Hidden Solidarities Today |last2=Pahl |first2=Ray |year=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18820-1 |pages=59 |doi=10.1515/9780691188201}} [69] => [70] => Given that friendships provide people with many mental, social, and health benefits,{{Cite journal |last=Dunbar |first=R.I.M. |date=January 2018 |title=The Anatomy of Friendship |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.10.004 |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=32–51 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2017.10.004 |pmid=29273112 |s2cid=31147785 |issn=1364-6613}} people should want to associate with and form lasting relationships with people who can provide the benefits they need. Thus, people have specific friendship preferences for the types of behaviors and traits that are associated with these benefits.{{Cite book |last1=Tooby |first1=J |title=Friendship and the banker's paradox: Other pathways to the evolution of adaptations for altruism. |last2=Cosmides |first2=Leda |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996}} Recent work on friendship preferences shows that while there is much overlap between men and women for the traits they prefer in close same-gender friends (e.g., being prioritized over other friends, friends with varied knowledge/skills), there are some differences: women compared to men had greater preference for emotional support, emotional disclosure, and emotional reassurance, while men compared to women had greater preference for friends that offer opportunities for accruing status, boosting their reputation, and will provide physical aid.{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Keelah E.G. |last2=Krems |first2=Jaimie Arona |last3=Ayers |first3=Jessica D. |last4=Rankin |first4=Ashley M. |date=January 2022 |title=Sex differences in friendship preferences |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.09.003 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=44–52 |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.09.003 |s2cid=244009099 |issn=1090-5138}} [71] => [72] => Most people underestimate how much other people like them.{{cite news |title=The Liking Gap in Conversations: Do People Like Us More Than We Think? |work=SAGE Journals |year=2018 |doi=10.1177/0956797618783714|last1=Boothby |first1=Erica J. |last2=Cooney |first2=Gus |last3=Sandstrom |first3=Gillian M. |last4=Clark |first4=Margaret S. |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1742–1756 }} [73] => * {{cite magazine |first=Jamie|last=Ducharme|date=2018-09-17|title=People Like You More Than You Think, a New Study Suggests |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/5396598/good-first-impression/}} The [[liking gap]] can make it difficult to form friendships.{{cite news |first=Steven|last=Reinberg|date=2018-09-19|title='Liking Gap' Might Stand in Way of New Friendships |work=US News |url=https://health.usnews.com/health-care/articles/2018-09-19/liking-gap-might-stand-in-way-of-new-friendships}} [74] => * {{cite news |author=Society for Personality and Social Psychology|date=2019-02-08|title=Bridging the 'liking-gap,' researchers discuss awkwardness of conversations |work=Science Daily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190208115331.htm}} [75] => [76] => According to communications professor Jeffery Hall, most friendships involve tacitly agreed-upon expectations in six different areas:{{Cite web |last=Khazan |first=Olga |date=2023-06-28 |title=Stop Firing Your Friends |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/06/stop-breaking-up-with-friends/674540/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}} [77] => [78] => ; Positive regard: The friends genuinely like each other, and are not merely pretending to like each other for the purpose of [[social climbing]] or some other desired benefit. [79] => ; [[Self-disclosure]]: The friends feel that they can discuss topics of deep personal significance. [80] => ; Instrumental aid: The friends help each other in practical ways. For example, a friend might drive another friend to the airport. [81] => ; [[Similarity (psychology)|Similarity]]: The friends have similar worldviews. For example, they might have the same culture, class, religion, or life experiences. [82] => ; Enjoyment: The friends believe that it is fun and easy to spend time together. [83] => ; [[Agency (sociology)|Agency]]: The friends have valuable information, skills, or resources that they can share with each other. For example, a friend with business connections might know when a desirable job will be available, or a wealthy friend might pay for an expensive experience. [84] => [85] => Not all relationships have the same balance of each area. For example, women may prefer friendships that emphasize genuine positive regard and deeper self-disclosure, and men may prefer friendships with a little more agency. [86] => [87] => === Developmental issues === [88] => People with certain types of [[developmental disorders]] may struggle to make and maintain friendships. This is especially true of children with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD),{{cite journal|last1=Wiener|first1=Judith|last2=Schneider|first2=Barry H.|title=A multisource exploration of the friendship patterns of children with and without learning disabilities|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|year=2002|volume=30|issue=2|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11369370|pages=127–41|access-date=26 September 2017|pmid=12002394|doi=10.1023/A:1014701215315|s2cid=42157217}} [89] => * {{cite journal |last1=Hoza |first1=Betsy |author-link=Betsy Hoza |date=June 7, 2007 |title=Peer Functioning in Children With ADHD |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=101–06 |doi=10.1016/j.ambp.2006.04.011 |pmc=2572031 |pmid=17261489}} [[autism spectrum]] disorders,{{cite journal |last1=Bauminger |first1=Nirit |last2=Solomon |first2=Marjorie |last3=Aviezer |first3=Anat |last4=Heung |first4=Kelly |last5=Gazit |first5=Lilach |last6=Brown |first6=John |last7=Rogers |first7=Sally J. |date=3 January 2008 |title=Children with Autism and Their Friends: A Multidimensional Study of Friendship in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=135–50 |doi=10.1007/s10802-007-9156-x |pmid=18172754 |s2cid=35579739}} or children with [[Down syndrome]].{{cite web|url=https://ndss.org/resources/friendships-social-relationships|title=Friendships & Social Relationships|website=National Down Syndrome Society}}{{cite book|title=Social Development for Individuals with Down Syndrome – An Overview|first1=Sue|last1=Buckley|first2=Gillian|last2=Bird|first3=Ben|last3=Sacks|publisher=Down Syndrome Educational Trust|year=2002|isbn=9781903806210}} [90] => [91] => ==Health== [92] => [[File:Mithra (4684713252).jpg|thumb|upright|The Persian god [[Mithra]], of covenants, light, oaths, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship]] [93] => Studies found that strong social supports improve a person's prospects for good health and longevity. Conversely, loneliness and a lack of social supports are linked to an increased risk of [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], viral [[infection]]s, and [[cancer]], as well as higher mortality rates overall. Researchers termed friendship networks a "behavioral [[vaccine]]" that boosts both physical and mental health.{{Cite book|last1=Sias|first1=Patricia|last2=Bartoo|first2=Heidi|chapter=Friendship, Social Support, and Health|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387368986|title=Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health: Theory, Research, and Practice|year=2007|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-0-387-36898-6|editor-last=L'Abate|editor-first=Luciano|location=New York|pages=455–472|language=en}} [94] => [95] => A large body of research links friendship and health, but the precise reasons for the connection remain unclear. Most studies in this area are large [[Prospective cohort study|prospective studies]] that follow people over time, and while there may be a [[Correlation does not imply causation|correlation]] between the two variables (friendship and health status), researchers still do not know if there is a cause and effect relationship (such as: good friendships improve health). Theories that attempt to explain this link include that good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; that good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services when needed; that good friends enhance their friends' coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and that good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health.{{Cite journal |last=Jorm |first=Anthony F. |year=2005 |title=Social networks and health: it's time for an intervention trial |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=537–538 |doi=10.1136/jech.2004.031559 |issn=0143-005X |pmc=1757066 |pmid=15965132}} [96] => [97] => ===Mental health=== [98] => Having few or no friends is a common experience among those who are diagnosed with a range of [[mental disorders]], and can be used as a telling factor.{{cite journal|last1=Reisman|first1=John M.|title=Friendship and its Implications for Mental Health or Social Competence|journal=The Journal of Early Adolescence|date=September 1, 1985|volume=5|issue=3|pages=383–91|doi=10.1177/0272431685053010|s2cid=144275803}} A 2004 study from the [[American Journal of Public Health]] observed that lack of friendship plays a role in increasing risk of [[suicidal ideation]] among female adolescents, while also true for having more friends who are not themselves friends with one another. However, it is also suggested that no similar effect is observed for males.{{cite web |date=January 6, 2004 |title=Friendships play key role in suicidal thoughts of girls, but not boys |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/636105 |access-date=26 September 2017 |website=EurekAlert! |publisher=[[Ohio State University]]}} [99] => [100] => * {{cite journal |last1=Bearman |first1=Peter S. |last2=Moody |first2=James |year=2004 |title=Suicide and Friendships Among American Adolescents |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.94.1.89 |pmc=1449832 |pmid=14713704}} [101] => [102] => Higher friendship quality directly contributes to self-esteem, self-confidence, and social development. A [[World Database of Happiness|World Happiness Database]] study found that people with close friendships are happier, although the absolute number of friends did not increase happiness.{{cite news|first=Pascale|last=Harter|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23097143 | work=BBC News | title=Can we make ourselves happier? | date=1 July 2013}} Other studies suggested that children who have friendships of a high quality may be protected against the development of certain disorders, such as anxiety and depression.{{cite journal | last1 = Brendgen | first1 = M. | last2 = Vitaro | first2 = F. | last3 = Bukowski | first3 = W.M. | last4 = Dionne | first4 = G. | last5 = Tremblay | first5 = R.E. | last6 = Boivin | first6 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Can friends protect genetically vulnerable children from depression? | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 277–89 | doi=10.1017/s0954579412001058| pmid = 23627944 | s2cid = 12110401 }} [103] => * {{cite journal | last1 = Bukowski | first1 = W.M. | last2 = Hoza | first2 = B. | last3 = Boivin | first3 = M. | year = 1994 | title = Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: the development and psychometric properties of the friendship qualities scale | journal = Journal of Social and Personal Relationships | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 471–84 | doi=10.1177/0265407594113011| s2cid = 143806076 }} Conversely, having few friends is associated with [[High school dropouts|dropping out of school]], as well as [[aggression]], adult [[crime]], and [[loneliness]].{{rp|500}} Peer {{clarify|text=rejection|reason=who is doing the rejecting: the person with lower later aspiration or their peer(s)?|date=July 2023}} is also associated with lower later aspiration in the [[workforce]] and participation in social activities, while higher levels of friendship were associated with higher adult [[self-esteem]].{{rp|500–01}} [104] => [105] => Having more close friends is correlated with improved mental health and [[Cognitive skill|cognitive ability]]. However, this association stops once around five friends is reached, after which having more friends is no longer linked to better mental health and is correlated with lower [[cognition]]. Additionally, people with few or many{{Compared to?|date=July 2023}} friends had more symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ([[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]]) and were less able to learn from their experiences.{{Cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Chun |last2=Rolls |first2=Edmund T |last3=Xiang |first3=Shitong |last4=Langley |first4=Christelle |last5=Sahakian |first5=Barbara J |last6=Cheng |first6=Wei |last7=Feng |first7=Jianfeng |date=2023-07-03 |editor-last=Whelan |editor-first=Robert |editor2-last=Büchel |editor2-first=Christian |editor3-last=Whelan |editor3-first=Robert |editor4-last=Schreuders |editor4-first=Lisa |title=Brain and molecular mechanisms underlying the nonlinear association between close friendships, mental health, and cognition in children |journal=eLife |volume=12 |pages=e84072 |doi=10.7554/eLife.84072 |pmid=37399053 |pmc=10317501 |issn=2050-084X |doi-access=free }} [106] => * {{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Is more always better? |url=https://elifesciences.org/digests/84072/is-more-always-better |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=eLife |language=en}} [107] => [108] => ==Dissolution== [109] => Friendships may end. This is often the result of natural changes over time, as friends grow more distant both physically and emotionally, but it can also be the result of a sudden shock, such as learning that a friend holds incompatible values. [110] => [111] => Some social media influencers provide suggestions using [[therapy speak]] to [[break up]] with a friend.{{Cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Jonaki |last2=Jarenwattananon |first2=Patrick |last3=Limbong |first3=Andrew |date=13 April 2023 |title='Therapy speak' is everywhere, but it may make us less empathetic |work=NPR |department=[[All Things Considered]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/13/1169808361/therapy-speak-is-everywhere-but-it-may-make-us-less-empathetic}}{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Meg |title=Is Therapy-Speak Ruining Our Relationships? |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-au/therapy-language-trend-ruining-relationships |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=[[Refinery 29]] |language=en}} These have been criticized for being impersonal and upsetting, partially because they often reduce a conversation to a 30-second soundbite-sized announcement. Social media posts may also encourage confrontations akin to a workplace [[performance appraisal]], in which one person tells a friend that they are dissatisfied and threatens to break off the relationship if the friend does not conform to their expectations. The end of a friendship is often due to inappropriate expectations on the part of the dissatisfied person, and demanding that a friend meet those expectations is incompatible with friendship's voluntary qualities. Another option would be for the dissatisfied person to look for another friend who can meet the unmet need. For example, if someone is dissatisfied because a friend does not plan events, then that person could find a second friend, someone who enjoys planning events, instead of rejecting the first friend for not being able to single-handedly meet all of their needs. [112] => [113] => The dissolution of a friendship may be taken personally as a [[Social rejection|rejection]]. Disruptions of friendships are associated with increased [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]], [[anger]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and may be highly stressful events, especially in [[child]]hood. However, potential negative effects can be mitigated if the dissolution of a friendship is replaced with another close relationship.{{rp|248}} [114] => [115] => ==Demographics== [116] => Friends tend to be similar to one another in terms of age, gender, behavior, [[substance abuse]], personal disposition, and academic performance.{{r|oxford|page=248}}{{r|enc|page=426}}{{r|brain|pages=55–56}} In [[Multiculturalism|ethnically diverse]] countries, children and adolescents tend to form friendships with others of the same race or ethnicity, beginning in [[preschool]], and peaking in middle or late childhood.{{cite book|last1=Zelazo|first1=Philip David|title=The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology|volume=2: Self and Other|year= 2013|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-995847-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m_D4NYVRI8C|access-date=26 September 2017}}{{rp|264}} As a result of social separation and {{clarify|text=confinement|date=July 2023}} of the sexes, friendships between men and women have little presence in recorded history, having only become a widely accepted practice in the 20th century.{{Cite journal |last=Deresiewicz |first=William |year=2007 |title=Thomas Hardy and the History of Friendship Between the Sexes |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/TWC24043958 |journal=The Wordsworth Circle |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.1086/TWC24043958 |s2cid=165725516 |issn=0043-8006}} [117] => [118] => === Gender differences === [119] => {{POV section|date=November 2023}} [120] => In general, girl-girl friendship interactions among children tend to focus on interpersonal connections and [[Social support|mutual support]]. In contrast, boy-boy interaction tends to be more focused on [[social status]], and may discourage the expression of emotional needs.{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Margaret|title=Developmental Psychology: A Student's Handbook|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-84169-192-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yLl11fWXr8C|access-date=26 September 2017|pages=320–02}}{{clarify|reason=page range is malformed|date=July 2023}} Girls report more anxiety, jealousy, and relational victimization and less stability related to their friendships. Boys, on the other hand, report higher levels of physical victimization. Nevertheless, boys and girls tend to report relative{{Compared to?|date=July 2023}} satisfaction levels with their friendships.{{rp|249–50}} [121] => [122] => Women tend to be more expressive and intimate in their same-sex friendships and have fewer friends. Men are more likely to define intimacy in terms of shared physical experiences. In contrast, women are more likely to define it in terms of shared emotional ones. Men are less likely to make emotional or personal disclosures to other men because the other man could use this information against them. However, they will disclose this information to women (as they are not in competition with them), and men tend to regard friendships with women as more meaningful, intimate, and pleasant. [[Male-male friendship]]s are generally more like [[alliance]]s, while [[female-female friendship]]s are much more attachment-based. This also means that the end of male-male friendships tends to be less emotionally upsetting than that of female-female friendships.{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FJoAgAAQBAJ |title=A Mind Of Her Own: The evolutionary psychology of women |date=2013-05-16 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-164701-7 |pages=108–110 |language=en}} [123] => * {{Cite journal |last1=David-Barrett |first1=Tamas |last2=Rotkirch |first2=Anna |last3=Carney |first3=James |last4=Behncke Izquierdo |first4=Isabel |last5=Krems |first5=Jaimie A. |last6=Townley |first6=Dylan |last7=McDaniell |first7=Elinor |last8=Byrne-Smith |first8=Anna |last9=Dunbar |first9=Robin I. M. |date=2015-03-16 |editor-last=Jiang |editor-first=Luo-Luo |title=Women Favour Dyadic Relationships, but Men Prefer Clubs: Cross-Cultural Evidence from Social Networking |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e0118329 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118329 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4361571 |pmid=25775258|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018329D |doi-access=free }} [124] => [125] => Women tend to be more socially adept than their male peers, among older adults. As a result, many older men may rely upon a female companion, such as a spouse, to compensate for their comparative lack of social skills.{{r|brain|page=55}} One study found that women in Europe and North America were slightly more likely than men to self-report having a best friend.{{cite journal | last1=Pearce | first1=Eiluned | last2=Machin | first2=Anna | last3=Dunbar | first3=Robin I. M. | title=Sex Differences in Intimacy Levels in Best Friendships and Romantic Partnerships | journal=Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=7 | issue=1 | date=18 October 2020 | issn=2198-7335 | doi=10.1007/s40750-020-00155-z | pages=1–16| s2cid=226358247 | doi-access=free }} [126] => * {{Cite web|editor-last=Heingartner|editor-first=Douglas|date=2020-10-20|title=Women are more likely than men to say they have a best friend|url=https://www.psychnewsdaily.com/women-are-more-likely-than-men-to-say-they-have-a-best-friend/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=PsychNewsDaily|language=en-US}} [127] => [128] => === Culture === [129] => Which relationships count as a true friend, rather than as an acquaintance or a co-worker, vary by culture. In English-speaking cultures, it is not unusual for people to include weaker relationships as being friends.{{Cite journal|last1=Doucerain|first1=Marina M.|last2=Ryder|first2=Andrew G.|last3=Amiot|first3=Catherine E.|date=October 2021|title=What Are Friends for in Russia Versus Canada?: An Approach for Documenting Cross-Cultural Differences|journal=Cross-Cultural Research|language=en|volume=55|issue=4|pages=382–409|doi=10.1177/10693971211024599|s2cid=236265614 |issn=1069-3971|doi-access=free}} In other cultures, such as the Russian and Polish cultures, only the most significant relationships are considered friends. A Russian might have one or two friends plus a large number of "pals" or acquaintances; a Canadian in similar circumstances might count all of these relationships as being friends. [130] => [131] => In [[Western culture]]s, friendships are often seen as lesser to familial or romantic relationships.{{Cite journal|last=Tillmann-Healy|first=Lisa M.|date=2003-10-01|title=Friendship as Method|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077800403254894|journal=Qualitative Inquiry|language=en|volume=9|issue=5|pages=729–749|doi=10.1177/1077800403254894|s2cid=144256070|issn=1077-8004}} Friendships in Ancient Greece were more utilitarian than affectionate, being based upon obligation and reliance, though different Classical communities understood friendship in different ways, and the Greeks held a much broader conception of friendship than modern English-speaking cultures do.{{Sfn|Konstan|1997|p=2}}{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=John M. |year=1977 |title=Aristotle on the Forms of Friendship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20126987 |journal=The Review of Metaphysics |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=619–648 |jstor=20126987 |issn=0034-6632}} [[Aristotle]] wrote of there being three kinds of friendships: those in recognition of pleasure, those in recognition of advantage, and those in recognition of virtue. [132] => [133] => When discussing taboos of friendship{{example needed|date=July 2023}} it was found that Chinese respondents found more than their British counterparts.{{ambiguous|date=November 2021}} [134] => [135] => == Evolutionary approach == [136] => Evolutionary approaches to understanding friendship focus primarily on its function. In other words, what does friendship do for individuals, how does it work psychologically, and how do these processes affect people's actual behavior. Within this field, there are multiple proposed theories or perspectives about the function of forming friendships and making friends. One is the theory of [[Reciprocal altruism in humans|Reciprocal Altruism]] which provides an explanation as to why individuals make friends with un-related others. It argues that friendship allows people to exchange benefits with each other and keep track of these exchanges in order to avoid exchanging benefits with a poor cooperator, or someone who will take benefits without giving any in return.{{Cite journal |last=Trivers |first=Robert L. |date=March 1971 |title=The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/406755 |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |doi=10.1086/406755 |issn=0033-5770}} Another perspective likens friendships to insurance investments and argues when deciding to invest into forming a new friendship with another person an individual should be able to discern: whether the potential friend will be willing to help them back in the future, if the potential friend is in the position to help them in the future, and if the friendship is worth continuing or not, especially when many other potential friendships can be made.{{Cite journal |last1=Burkett |first1=Brandy |last2=Cosmides |first2=Leda |last3=Bugental |first3=Daphne |date=2007 |title=Jealousy, friendship, and the banker's paradox |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e514412014-554 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e514412014-554 }} These factors will determine whether forming a friendship with someone will be beneficial or injurious. Another explanation for the function of friendships is called the Alliance Hypothesis{{Cite journal |last1=DeScioli |first1=Peter |last2=Kurzban |first2=Robert |date=2009-06-03 |title=The Alliance Hypothesis for Human Friendship |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=e5802 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005802 |issn=1932-6203 |doi-access=free |pmid=19492066 |pmc=2688027 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5802D }} which argues that the function of friendships is to acquire [[alliance]]s for future conflicts or disputes. The Alliance Hypothesis states that conflicts typically can be won if and only if one side is able to acquire more allies than the competing side, all else equal, so individuals should be able to increase their odds of winning the conflict if they are able to recruit more alliances to their side. Choosing your allies can be very important and there exists a variety of methods in deciding allies such as [[bandwagoning]] or choosing an ally that is loyal and will come to your aid in the future conflicts.{{Cite journal |last1=DeScioli |first1=Peter |last2=Kurzban |first2=Robert |last3=Koch |first3=Elizabeth N. |last4=Liben-Nowell |first4=David |date=January 2011 |title=Best Friends |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393979 |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=6–8 |doi=10.1177/1745691610393979 |pmid=26162107 |s2cid=212547 |issn=1745-6916}} Thus, individuals should form alliances (i.e., friendships) with people that ranks themselves higher than other allies/friends. It is relative rank (i.e., where the self ranks among all other individuals) that is the most important contributing factor when deciding who is a loyal ally and friend. [137] => [138] => == Friendship jealousy == [139] => [[Jealousy]] is an emotion that is often studied in the context of romantic and sexual relationships. However, individuals also feel jealous when it comes to potentially losing valued friendships. Friendship jealousy acts as an alert to the self that a close friends' other friends may be a threat to the self's relationship with that close friend which motivates the self to enact behaviors that prevent the close friend from further developing better relationships with their other friends. A recent multi-study paper found that friendship jealousy is activated by the potential loss of a friend by another person, is highly attuned to the feeling or thoughts of being replaced, and that the closer or more valued that friendship is, the more friendship jealousy someone will feel.{{Cite web |last1=Krems |first1=Jaimie |last2=Williams |first2=Keelah |last3=Kenrick |first3=Douglas |last4=Aktipis |first4=Athena |date=2020-04-28 |title=Friendship jealousy: One tool for maintaining friendships in the face of third-party threats? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wdc2q |access-date=2023-11-26 |doi=10.31234/osf.io/wdc2q |pmid=32772531 |s2cid=221101011 }} Men and women also tend to express different levels of friendship jealousy depending on the person who is attempting to replace them in the friendship, such that women compared to men expressed more jealousy over the potential loss of a best-friend to another woman.{{Cite journal |last1=Krems |first1=Jaimie Arona |last2=Williams |first2=Keelah E.G. |last3=Merrie |first3=Laureon A. |last4=Kenrick |first4=Douglas T. |last5=Aktipis |first5=Athena |date=March 2022 |title=Sex (similarities and) differences in friendship jealousy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.11.005 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=97–106 |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.11.005 |issn=1090-5138}} [140] => [141] => ==Non-human friendship== [142] => {{See also|Ethology|Altruism in animals|Sociobiology}} [143] => [[File:CUTE FRIENDSHIP.JPG|thumb|A man with an [[Indian palm squirrel]] (''Funambulus palmarum'')]] [144] => Friendship is found among animals of higher intelligence, such as higher [[mammal]]s and some [[bird]]s. There is ample comparative animal research on the existence of friendships, or the existence of similar forms of relationships, in animals. The function of these relationships in non-human animals appears to primarily be for forming and solidifying [[alliance]]s for a wide range of fitness and survival reasons.{{Citation |last1=Hemelrijk |first1=Charlotte K. |title=15 Cooperation, Coalition, and Alliances |date=2007 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_43 |work=Handbook of Paleoanthropology |pages=1321–1346 |access-date=2023-11-26 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |last2=Steinhauser |first2=Jutta|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_43 |isbn=978-3-540-32474-4 }} Across a range of non-human animal species, alliances are formed for protection, competition over reproductive access to receptive mates,{{Cite journal |last1=Hemelrijk |first1=Charlotte K. |last2=Luteijn |first2=Madelein |date=1998-03-23 |title=Philopatry, male presence and grooming reciprocation among female primates: a comparative perspective |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050432 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=207–215 |doi=10.1007/s002650050432 |s2cid=43297085 |issn=0340-5443}} as means to seek social comfort,{{Cite journal |last1=Shutt |first1=Kathryn |last2=MacLarnon |first2=Ann |last3=Heistermann |first3=Michael |last4=Semple |first4=Stuart |date=2007-02-27 |title=Grooming in Barbary macaques: better to give than to receive? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052 |journal=Biology Letters |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052 |pmid=17327200 |issn=1744-9561|pmc=2464693 }} solidify social bonds,{{Cite journal |last=Silk |first=Joan B. |author-link=Joan Silk |date=October 2002 |title=The Form and Function of Reconciliation in Primates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.032902.101743 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–44 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.032902.101743 |issn=0084-6570}} and to thwart diseases.{{Cite journal |last=Zamma |first=Koichiro |date=March 2002 |title=Grooming site preferences determined by lice infection among Japanese macaques in Arashiyama |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02629575 |journal=Primates |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1007/bf02629575 |pmid=12091746 |s2cid=42457072 |issn=0032-8332}} An expansive [[meta-analysis]] examining grooming behaviors in 14 different [[primate]] species found that grooming behaviors elicit different types of benefit exchanges, such as support and aid for future intra-species conflicts.{{Cite journal |last=Schino |first=Gabriele |date=2006-10-03 |title=Grooming and agonistic support: a meta-analysis of primate reciprocal altruism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arl045 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=115–120 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arl045 |issn=1465-7279|hdl=10.1093/beheco/arl045 |hdl-access=free }} Male [[bottlenose dolphin]]s use synchronous surfacing to determine membership of other potential male allies{{Cite journal |last1=Connor |first1=Richard C. |last2=Smolker |first2=Rachel |last3=Bejder |first3=Lars |date=December 2006 |title=Synchrony, social behaviour and alliance affiliation in Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.03.014 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1371–1378 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.03.014 |s2cid=4513557 |issn=0003-3472}} while female bottlenose dolphins use gentle contact behaviors (i.e., touching behaviors) with other females in response to harassment from males.{{Cite journal |last1=Connor |first1=Richard |last2=Mann |first2=Janet |last3=Watson-Capps |first3=Jana |date=2006-06-09 |title=A Sex-Specific Affiliative Contact Behavior in Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins, ''Tursiops'' sp. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01203.x |journal=Ethology |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=631–638 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01203.x |bibcode=2006Ethol.112..631C |issn=0179-1613}} Female [[spotted hyena]]s, whose groups follow a very strict [[dominance hierarchy]], form [[alliance]]s (i.e., coalitionary bonds) to move up the [[dominance hierarchy]] by usurping a hyena of higher dominance rank.{{Cite journal |last1=Strauss |first1=Eli D. |last2=Holekamp |first2=Kay E. |date=2019-03-11 |title=Social alliances improve rank and fitness in convention-based societies |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=18 |pages=8919–8924 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1810384116 |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free |pmid=30858321 |pmc=6500164 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.8919S }} Feral female horses develop alliances with other female horses to avoid harassment from male horses and these alliances aid in increasing their offspring's chances of survival.{{Cite journal |last1=Cameron |first1=Elissa Z. |last2=Setsaas |first2=Trine H. |last3=Linklater |first3=Wayne L. |date=2009-08-18 |title=Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=33 |pages=13850–13853 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900639106 |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free |pmid=19667179 |pmc=2728983 |bibcode=2009PNAS..10613850C }} [145] => [146] => ==See also== [147] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [148] => * [[Blood brother]] [149] => * [[Boston marriage]] [150] => * [[Bromance]] [151] => * [[Casual relationship]] [152] => * [[Cross-sex friendships]] [153] => * [[Female bonding]] [154] => * [[Fraternization]] [155] => * [[Frenemy]] [156] => * [[Friend of a friend]] [157] => * [[Friendship Day]] [158] => * [[Imaginary friend]] [159] => * [[Intimate relationship]] [160] => * [[Kalyāṇa-mittatā]] (spiritual friendship) [161] => * [[Male bonding]] [162] => * [[Nicomachean Ethics#Books VIII and IX: Friendship and partnership|Nicomachean Ethics, Books VIII and IX: Friendship and partnership]] [163] => * [[Platonic love]] [164] => * [[Prosocial behavior]] [165] => * [[Romantic friendship]] [166] => * [[Sharing]] [167] => * [[Social connection]] [168] => * [[Theorem on friends and strangers]] [169] => * [[Womance]] [170] => {{div col end}} [171] => [172] => ==Notes== [173] => {{notelist}} [174] => [175] => ==References== [176] => {{Reflist}} [177] => *{{Cite book |last=Konstan |first=David |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/friendship-in-the-classical-world/E35A9078EBB25755D06BAB46C8F90953 |title=Friendship in the Classical World |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45402-5 |series= |location= |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511612152}} [178] => [179] => ==Further reading== [180] => * {{cite book|author=Aristotle|author-link=Aristotle|title=The Nicomachean Ethics|title-link=Nicomachean Ethics|at=VIII & IX}} [181] => * {{cite book|author=Bray, Alan|title=The Friend|year=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-07181-7|author-link=Alan Bray}} [182] => * {{cite book|last=Cicero|first=Marcus Tullius|title=Laelius de Amicitia|title-link=Laelius de Amicitia}} [183] => * {{cite book|last=Emerson|first=Ralph Waldo|title=Essays: First Series|year=1841|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Essays:_First_Series/Friendship|access-date=18 August 2013|chapter=Friendship}} [184] => * {{cite journal|first1=Brian|last1=Hare|author-link1=Brian Hare|first2=Vanessa|last2=Woods|author-link2=Vanessa Woods|title-link=Survival of the Friendliest|title=Survival of the Friendliest: Natural selection for hypersocial traits enabled Earth's apex species to best Neandertals and other competitors|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=323|number=2|date=August 2020|pages=58–63}} [185] => * {{cite book|author=Lepp, Ignace|title=The Ways of Friendship|year=1966|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York|author-link=Ignace Lepp}} [186] => * {{cite book|author=Said, Edward|title=Orientalism|year=1979|publisher=Vintage Books|location=US|isbn=978-0-394-74067-6|author-link=Edward Said}} [187] => * {{cite book |first=John Edward |last=Terrell |title=A Talent for Friendship: Rediscovery of a Remarkable Trait |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199386451 |year=2014}} [188] => [189] => ==External links== [190] => {{Wikiquote}} [191] => {{Wiktionary}} [192] => * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003hyd3 BBC Radio 4 series "In Our Time", on ''Friendship'', 2 March 2006] [193] => * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friendship/ Friendship] at the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' [194] => {{Commons category|Friends|position=left}} [195] => [196] => {{Interpersonal relationships}} [197] => [198] => {{Authority control}} [199] => [200] => [[Category:Friendship| ]] [201] => [[Category:Kindness]] [202] => [[Category:Concepts in ethics]] [203] => [[Category:Philosophy of love]] [204] => [[Category:Group processes]] [205] => [[Category:Human activities]] [] => )
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Friendship

Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between two or more people. It is characterized by warmth, trust, and support.

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It is characterized by warmth, trust, and support. Friendships are often based on common interests, values, or experiences, and can be formed in various settings such as school, work, or through social activities. Throughout history, the importance of friendship has been recognized and celebrated. In classical philosophy, friendship was regarded as one of the highest virtues, and philosophers like Aristotle and Cicero explored its meaning and significance. The concept of friendship has also been explored in literature, with famous examples including the friendship between Frodo and Sam in J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" and the bond between Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson in Arthur Conan Doyle's detective stories. Friendships bring numerous benefits to individuals. They provide emotional support, companionship, and a sense of belonging. Friends can also serve as sounding boards for ideas and help individuals grow and develop in various aspects of life. Additionally, friendships contribute to overall well-being, as studies have shown that strong social connections can improve mental and physical health. Friendship can be categorized into different types, such as childhood friendships, work friendships, and online friendships. Each type has its own dynamics and characteristics. In recent years, the advent of social media and the internet has expanded the concept of friendships, allowing people to connect with others from different parts of the world and maintain relationships virtually. While friendships are generally positive and enriching, conflicts and challenges can arise as well. Disagreements, jealousy, and the passage of time can strain friendships, leading to rifts or even the end of the relationship. However, with effective communication, understanding, and forgiveness, many friendships can be overcome these obstacles and survive. Overall, friendship is a vital aspect of human life. It provides social support, happiness, and personal growth. It enriches our lives and offers a sense of belonging and community. The Wikipedia page on friendship explores the various aspects of this important relationship, delving into its history, types, benefits, and challenges, highlighting its central role in our lives.

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