Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Low-THC cannabis plant}} [1] => {{About|industrial uses of cannabis|the genus of plants|Cannabis|therapeutic preparations of the plant|Medical cannabis|the psychoactive preparation|Cannabis (drug)|religious use|Entheogenic use of cannabis|other uses|Hemp (disambiguation)}} [2] => {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} [3] => {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} [4] => {{Use American English|date=March 2024}} [5] => {{Cannabis sidebar}} [6] => [[File:La Roche Jagu chanvre 1.JPG|thumb|A hemp field in [[Côtes-d'Armor]], [[Brittany (administrative region)|Brittany]], France, which is Europe's largest hemp producer as of 2022]] [7] => [[File:Drone video of a maze in a hemp field in Kanepi parish, Estonia (August 2022).webm|thumb|Drone video of a hemp themed maze in a hemp (kanep in Estonian) field in Kanepi parish, Estonia (August 2022)]] [8] => '''Hemp''', or '''industrial hemp''', is a plant in the botanical class of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' [[cultivar]]s grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products.{{Cite journal|date=4 November 2019|title=USDA releases hemp production requirements|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09743-polcon4|journal=C&EN Global Enterprise|volume=97|issue=43|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-09743-polcon4|issn=2474-7408|last1=Britt Erickson|s2cid=213055550}} Along with [[bamboo]], hemp is among the fastest growing plants{{cite book|author=Robert Deitch|title=Hemp: American History Revisited: The Plant with a Divided History|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-226-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064/page/219 219]}} on Earth. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable [[fiber]] 50,000 years ago.{{citation|last=Tourangeau|first=Wesley|s2cid=143126182|year=2015|title=Re-defining Environmental Harms: Green Criminology and the State of Canada's Hemp Industry|journal=Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice|volume=57|issue=4|pages=528–554|doi=10.3138/cjccj.2014.E11}} It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, [[rope]], textiles, clothing, [[Bioplastic|biodegradable plastics]], [[paint]], [[Insulation-displacement connector|insulation]], [[biofuel]], food, and [[Fodder|animal feed]].{{citation|title=The Legalization of Industrial Hemp and What it Could Mean for Indiana's Biofuel Industry|last=Keller|first=NM|year=2013|journal=Indiana International & Comparative Law Review|volume=23|issue=3|page=555|url=http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol23p555.pdf|doi=10.18060/17887|doi-broken-date=31 March 2024|doi-access=free|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103142002/https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol23p555.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Renée |title=Defining Hemp: A Fact Sheet |date=22 March 2019 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, DC |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44742.pdf |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329104649/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44742.pdf |url-status=live }} [9] => [10] => Although chemotype I [[cannabis]] and hemp (types II, III, IV, V) are both ''Cannabis sativa'' and contain the [[psychoactive]] component [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), they represent distinct [[cultivar]] groups, typically with unique [[phytochemistry|phytochemical]] compositions and uses.{{Cite journal|last1=Toth|first1=Jacob A.|last2=Stack|first2=George M.|last3=Cala|first3=Ali R.|last4=Carlson|first4=Craig H.|last5=Wilk|first5=Rebecca L.|last6=Crawford|first6=Jamie L.|last7=Viands|first7=Donald R.|last8=Philippe|first8=Glenn|last9=Smart|first9=Christine D.|last10=Rose|first10=Jocelyn K. C.|last11=Smart|first11=Lawrence B.|date=2020|title=Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L.|journal=GCB Bioenergy|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=213–222|doi=10.1111/gcbb.12667|issn=1757-1707|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020GCBBi..12..213T }} Hemp typically has lower concentrations of total THC and may have higher concentrations of [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), which potentially mitigates the [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] effects of THC.{{citation |last=Swanson |first=TE |title=Controlled Substances Chaos: The Department of Justice's New Policy Position on Marijuana and What It Means for Industrial Hemp Farming in North Dakota |year=2015 |journal=North Dakota Law Review |volume=90 |issue=3 |page=602 |url=https://law.und.edu/_files/docs/ndlr/pdf/issues/90/3/90ndlr599.pdf |access-date=18 May 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611031852/https://law.und.edu/_files/docs/ndlr/pdf/issues/90/3/90ndlr599.pdf |url-status=dead }} The legality of hemp varies widely among countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content into commercial production.{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Geoff|title=Specialty Oils and Fats in Food and Nutrition: Properties, Processing and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGyZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|date= 2015|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-78242-397-3|page=39}}{{cite book|last=Crime|first=United Nations Office on Drugs and|title=Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products: Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLR3bFaUZj0C&pg=PA12|year=2009|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-148242-3|page=12}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [11] => [12] => ==Etymology== [13] => {{further|Etymology of cannabis}} [14] => [15] => The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common [[Proto-Indo-European]] source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term ''{{lang|grc|κάνναβις}}'' ({{transliteration|grc|kánnabis}}) is the oldest [[Attested language|attested]] form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] or [[Thracian language|Thracian]] word.{{citation| first=JP|last=Mallory| title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|editor=JP Mallory |editor2=DQ Adams|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis| page=266| edition=Illustrated| location=London, UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=Encyclopedia%20of%20Indo-European%20Culture&pg=PA266| isbn=978-1-884964-98-5}}{{citation|first=DQ|last=Adams|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|editor=JP Mallory|editor2=DQ Adams|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzilBQAAQBAJ&q=oxford+dictionary+indo-european|isbn=978-0-19-105812-7|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151323/https://books.google.com/books?id=lzilBQAAQBAJ&q=oxford+dictionary+indo-european#v=snippet&q=oxford%20dictionary%20indo-european&f=false|url-status=live}} Then it appears to have been borrowed into Latin, and separately into Slavic and from there into Baltic, Finnish, and [[Germanic language]]s.{{citation|first=EJW|last=Barber|title=Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean|year=1991|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC&q=hemp|isbn=978-0-691-00224-8|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151323/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC&q=hemp#v=snippet&q=hemp&f=false|url-status=live}} [16] => [17] => In the Germanic languages, following [[Grimm's law]], the "k" would have changed to "h" with the first Germanic sound shift,{{citation| first1=Patrick| last1=McConvell| first2=Michael| last2=Smith| editor=Henning Andersen| chapter=Millers and Mullers: The archaeo-linguisitic stratigraphy of technological change in holocene Australia|page=181|title=Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing| year=2003| isbn=978-1-58811-379-5| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuAIyYdrHJQC&pg=PA181}} giving [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] *''hanapiz'', after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form, {{lang|ang|hænep}}, {{lang|ang|henep}}. [[Elizabeth Wayland Barber|Barber]] (1991) however, argued that the spread of the name "kannabis" was due to its historically more recent plant use, starting from the south, around Iran, whereas non-THC varieties of hemp are older and prehistoric. Another possible source of origin is [[Assyrian (Akkadian dialect)|Assyrian]] {{lang|akk-Latn|qunnabu}}, which was the name for a source of oil, fiber, and medicine in the 1st millennium BC. [18] => [19] => [[Cognates]] of hemp in other Germanic languages include Dutch {{lang|nl|hennep}}, Danish and Norwegian {{lang|gmq|hamp}}, Saterland Frisian {{lang|stq|Hoamp}}, German {{lang|de|Hanf}}, Icelandic {{lang|is|hampur}} and Swedish {{lang|sv|hampa}}. In those languages "hemp" can refer to either industrial fiber hemp or narcotic cannabis strains. [20] => [21] => ==Uses== [22] => [[File:Hemp bunch-dried out -seeds close up PNr°0063.jpg|thumb|Hemp seed]] [23] => [24] => Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products, including rope, textiles, clothing, shoes, food, paper, bioplastics, insulation, and biofuel. The [[bast fiber]]s can be used to make textiles that are 100% hemp, but they are commonly blended with other fibers, such as [[flax]], cotton or silk, as well as virgin and recycled polyester, to make [[woven fabric]]s for apparel and furnishings. The inner two fibers of the plant are woodier and typically have industrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding, and litter. When [[oxidize]]d (often erroneously referred to as "drying"), [[hemp oil]] from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizing agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well.{{cite web | url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_culture2.shtml | title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Culture #2 | publisher=erowid.org | access-date=20 June 2008 | archive-date=22 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622220114/https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_culture2.shtml | url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=May 2016|reason=Questionable source—low-quality website that doesn't publish its editorial policy and doesn't have a reputation for fact-checking or accuracy (WP:QS)}} A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95% of hemp seed sold in the [[European Union]] was used in animal and bird feed.{{cite journal |title=Michael Karus: European Hemp Industry 2002 Cultivation, Processing and Product Lines |journal=Journal of Industrial Hemp |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London}}{{better source needed|date=May 2016|reason=Industry journal that isn't indexed in any major databases, doesn't have a reputation for fact-checking or accuracy, isn't notable and isn't independent of the subject}} [25] => [26] => ===Food=== [27] => [28] => [[File:hempseed.jpg|thumb|A [[macro photography|macro]] image of hemp seeds]] [29] => {{nutritionalvalue [30] => | name=Hemp seed, hulled [31] => | water=4.96 g [32] => | cholesterol=0 mg [33] => | ash=6.06 g [34] => | kJ=2451 [35] => | protein=31.56 g [36] => | fat=48.75 g [37] => | satfat=4.600 g [38] => | transfat=0 g [39] => | monofat = 5.400 g [40] => | omega9fat=5.023 g [41] => | polyfat = 38.100 g [42] => | omega3fat=9.301 g [43] => | omega6fat=28.698 g [44] => | carbs=4.67 g [45] => | fiber=4.0 g (around 20 g when whole) [46] => | sugars=1.50 g [47] => | lactose=0.07 g [48] => | calcium_mg=70 [49] => | copper_mg = 1.600 [50] => | iron_mg=7.95 [51] => | magnesium_mg=700 [52] => | phosphorus_mg=1650 [53] => | potassium_mg=1200 [54] => | sodium_mg=5 [55] => | manganese_mg=7.600 [56] => | zinc_mg=9.90 [57] => | vitC_mg=0.5 [58] => | thiamin_mg=1.275 [59] => | riboflavin_mg=0.285 [60] => | niacin_mg=9.200 [61] => | pantothenic_mg= [62] => | vitB6_mg=0.600 [63] => | folate_ug=110 [64] => | vitB12_ug = 0 [65] => | choline_mg= [66] => | vitA_ug=1 [67] => | vitA_iu=11 [68] => | betacarotene_ug=7 [69] => | vitE_mg=0.80 [70] => | vitK_ug= [71] => [72] => | tryptophan=0.369 g [73] => | threonine=1.269 g [74] => | isoleucine=1.286 g [75] => | leucine=2.163 g [76] => | lysine=1.276 g [77] => | methionine=0.933 g [78] => | cystine=0.672 g [79] => | phenylalanine=1.447 g [80] => | tyrosine=1.263 g [81] => | valine=1.777 g [82] => | arginine=4.550 g [83] => | histidine=0.969 g [84] => | alanine=1.528 g [85] => | aspartic acid=3.662 g [86] => | glutamic acid=6.269 g [87] => | glycine=1.611 g [88] => | proline=1.597 g [89] => | serine=1.713 g [90] => | right=1 [91] => | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161221223323/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3614?fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby= Link to Complete USDA Nutrient Database Entry] [92] => }} [93] => Hemp seeds can be eaten raw, ground into hemp meal, [[sprouting|sprouted]] or made into dried sprout powder. Hemp seeds can also be made into a [[slurry]] used for baking or for beverages, such as [[hemp milk]] and [[tisane]]s.{{cite news|title=America's First Hemp Drink - Chronic Ice - Making a Splash in the Natural Beverage Market |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/06/08/prweb8548278.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227105313/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fg%2Fa%2F2011%2F06%2F08%2Fprweb8548278.DTL |archive-date=27 December 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=8 June 2011 |agency=[[Vocus (software)|Vocus]] |location=Los Angeles |url-status=dead }} [[Hemp oil]] is [[Expeller pressing|cold-pressed]] from the seed and is high in [[unsaturated fatty acids]].{{cite web |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/328226/ages001eh_1_.pdf |title=USDA ERS - Industrial Hemp in the United States: Status and Market Potential |publisher=Ers.usda.gov |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625174325/http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/328226/ages001eh_1_.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead }} [94] => [95] => In the UK, the [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] treats hemp as a purely non-food crop, but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0.3% [[THC]] concentration, hemp seeds can be imported for [[sowing]] or for sale as a food or food ingredient.{{citation|title=Industrial fibre crops: business opportunities for farmers|website=gov.uk|publisher=Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs|date=13 June 2013|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/industrial-fibre-crops|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308191105/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/industrial-fibre-crops|url-status=live}} In the US, hemp can be used legally in food products and, {{as of|2000|lc=y}}, was typically sold in [[health food store]]s or through [[mail order]]. [96] => [97] => [98] => File:HempSeed.jpg|Whole hemp seeds [99] => File:Konopne seminko loupane.jpg|Hulled hemp seeds [100] => [101] => [102] => ====Nutrition==== [103] => {{further|Hemp protein}} [104] => A {{convert|100|g|oz|abbr=off|adj=on|frac=2}} portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies {{convert|2451|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]]. They contain 5% water, 5% [[carbohydrates]], 49% total fat, and 31% [[protein]]. [105] => [106] => The share of protein obtained from the hemp seeds can be increased in by processing the seeds, such as by dehulling the seeds, or by using the meal or cake (also called hemp seed flour),{{cite journal |vauthors=Teterycz D, Sobota A, Przygodzka D, Łysakowska P |title=Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) enriched pasta: Physicochemical properties and quality evaluation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=e0248790 |date=2021 |pmid=33735229 |pmc=7971538 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0248790 | doi-access = free|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1648790T }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} that is, the remaining fraction of hemp seed obtained after expelling its oil fraction.{{cite journal |vauthors=Sun X, Sun Y, Li Y, Wu Q, Wang L |title=Identification and Characterization of the Seed Storage Proteins and Related Genes of Cannabis sativa L |journal=Front Nutr |volume=8 |issue= |pages=678421 |date=2021 |pmid=34164425 |pmc=8215128 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2021.678421|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Farinon B, Molinari R, Costantini L, Merendino N |title=The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=7 |date=June 2020 |page=1935 |pmid=32610691 |pmc=7400098 |doi=10.3390/nu12071935 |doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} The proteins are mostly located in the inner layer of the seed, whereas the hull is poor in proteins, as it mostly contains the fiber.{{cite journal |vauthors=Montero L, Ballesteros-Vivas D, Gonzalez-Barrios AF, Sánchez-Camargo AD |title=Hemp seeds: Nutritional value, associated bioactivities and the potential food applications in the Colombian context |journal=Front Nutr |volume=9 |pages=1039180 |date=2022 |pmid=36712539 |pmc=9875026 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.1039180 | doi-access = free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} [107] => [108] => Hemp seeds are notable in providing 64% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV) of protein per 100-gram serving.{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/custom/629104/2|title=Nutrition Facts for Hemp Seeds (shelled) per 100 g serving|publisher=Conde Nast, Custom Analysis|date=2014|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219194648/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/custom/629104/2|url-status=live}} The three main proteins in hemp seeds are edestin (83% of total protein content), albumin (13%) and ß-conglycinin (up to 5%).{{cite journal |vauthors=Yano H, Fu W |title=Hemp: A Sustainable Plant with High Industrial Value in Food Processing |journal=Foods |volume=12 |issue=3 |date=February 2023 |page=651 |pmid=36766179 |pmc=9913960 |doi=10.3390/foods12030651 | doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} Hemp seed proteins are highly digestible compared to soy proteins when untreated (unheated).{{cite journal |vauthors=El-Sohaimy SA, Androsova NV, Toshev AD, El Enshasy HA |title=Nutritional Quality, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) Protein Isolate |journal=Plants (Basel) |volume=11 |issue=21 |date=October 2022 |page=2825 |pmid=36365277 |pmc=9656340 |doi=10.3390/plants11212825 | doi-access = free }} The [[amino acid]] profile of hemp seeds is comparable to the profiles of other protein-rich foods, such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy.{{cite journal |vauthors=Burton RA, Andres M, Cole M, Cowley JM, Augustin MA |title=Industrial hemp seed: from the field to value-added food ingredients |journal=J Cannabis Res |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=45 |date=July 2022 |pmid=35906681 |pmc=9338676 |doi=10.1186/s42238-022-00156-7 | doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}{{cite journal |author=Callaway, J. C. |s2cid=43988645 |title=Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview |journal=Euphytica |volume=140 |issue=1–2 |pages=65–72 |date=1 January 2004 |doi=10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6 |url=http://www.finola.com/Hempseed%20Nutrition.pdf |access-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214440/http://www.finola.com/Hempseed%20Nutrition.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead }} [[Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score|Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores]] were 0.49–0.53 for whole hemp seed, 0.46–0.51 for hemp seed meal, and 0.63–0.66 for [[hulled]] hemp seed.{{cite journal |vauthors=House JD, Neufeld J, Leson G|title=Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=58 |issue=22 |pages=11801–7 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20977230 |doi=10.1021/jf102636b}} The most abundant amino acid in hemp seed is glutamic acid (3.74–4.58% of whole seed) followed by arginine (2.28–3.10% of whole seed). The whole hemp seed can be considered a rich-protein source containing a protein amount higher or similar than other protein-rich products, such as quinoa (13.0%), chia seeds (18.2–19.7%), buckwheat seeds (27.8%) and linseeds (20.9%). Nutritionally, the protein fraction of hemp seed is highly digestible comparing to other plant-based proteins such as soy protein. Hemp seed protein has a good profile of essential amino acids, still, this profile of amino acids is inferior to that of soy or casein.{{cite journal |vauthors=Rizzo G, Storz MA, Calapai G |title=The Role of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition |journal=Foods |volume=12 |issue=18 |date=September 2023 |page=3505 |pmid=37761214 |pmc=10528039 |doi=10.3390/foods12183505 | doi-access=free}}{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} [109] => [110] => Hemp seeds are a rich source of [[dietary fiber]] (20% DV), [[B vitamins]], and the [[dietary minerals]] [[manganese]] (362% DV), [[phosphorus]] (236% DV), [[magnesium]] (197% DV), [[zinc]] (104% DV), and iron (61% DV). About 73% of the energy in hemp seeds is in the form of fats and [[essential fatty acids]], mainly [[polyunsaturated fatty acids]], [[linoleic acid|linoleic]], [[oleic acid|oleic]], and [[alpha-linolenic acid|alpha-linolenic]] acids. The ratio of the 38.100 grams of polyunsaturated fats per 100 grams is 9.301 grams of omega-3 to 28.698 grams of omega-6.[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?query=ndbNumber:12012 Seeds, hemp seed,hulled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?query=ndbNumber:12012 |date=3 April 2019 }} FoodData Central. USDA. Retrieved 3 February 2021. Typically, the portion suggested on packages for an adult is 30 grams, approximately three tablespoons. [111] => [112] => With its gluten content as low as 4.78 ppm, hemp is attracting attention as a gluten-free (<20 ppm) food material. [113] => [114] => Despite the rich nutrient content of hemp seeds, the seeds contain [[antinutrient|antinutritional compounds]], including [[phytic acid]],{{Cite journal|last1=Ellison|first1=Campbell|last2=Moreno|first2=Teresa|last3=Catchpole|first3=Owen|last4=Fenton|first4=Tina|last5=Lagutin|first5=Kirill|last6=MacKenzie|first6=Andrew|last7=Mitchell|first7=Kevin|last8=Scott|first8=Dawn|date=1 July 2021|title=Extraction of hemp seed using near-critical {{CO2}}, propane and dimethyl ether|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844621000577|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|language=en|volume=173|pages=105218|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105218|s2cid=233822572|issn=0896-8446|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151329/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0896844621000577|url-status=live}} [[trypsin]] inhibitors, and [[tannins]], in statistically significant concentrations.{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=David |title=Industrial Hemp as a Modern Commodity Crop |date=2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=30 |isbn=978-0-89118-632-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgDQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151324/https://books.google.com/books?id=WgDQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} [115] => [116] => ====Storage==== [117] => [[Hemp oil]] oxidizes and turns [[Rancidification|rancid]] within a short period of time if not stored properly; its shelf life is extended when it is stored in a dark airtight container and refrigerated. Both light and heat can degrade hemp oil. [118] => [119] => ===Fiber=== [120] => Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history, with production climaxing soon after being introduced to the New World. For centuries, items ranging from rope, to fabrics, to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber. Hemp was also commonly used to make sail [[canvas]]. The word "canvas" is derived from the word ''cannabis''.{{cite web |url=http://www.crrh.org/cannabis |title=CRRH, Archaeologists agree that cannabis was among the first crops cultivated by human beings at least over 6,000 years ago, and perhaps more than 12,000 years ago |publisher=Crrh.org |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808214738/http://www.crrh.org/cannabis |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=canvas |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026152528/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=canvas |url-status=live }} Pure hemp has a texture similar to [[linen]].{{cite news [121] => |first=Mary Elizabeth [122] => |last=Cronin [123] => |title=Hemp fashions are clean, comfy, and legal [124] => |newspaper=The Free Lance-Star [125] => |date=11 February 1995 [126] => |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AucyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809,2114672&dq=hemp+cloth&hl=en [127] => |access-date=1 June 2020 [128] => |archive-date=4 April 2023 [129] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404044244/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AucyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809,2114672&dq=hemp+cloth&hl=en [130] => |url-status=live [131] => }} Because of its versatility for use in a variety of products, today hemp is used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes, accessories, dog collars, and home wares. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with [[lyocell]].{{cite web |url=http://futuremakers.artez.nl/project/going-eco-going-dutch/ |title=Going eco, going Dutch |publisher=Futuremakers.artez.nl |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=17 June 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623203913/http://futuremakers.artez.nl/project/going-eco-going-dutch/ |url-status=live }} Its benefits in terms for sustainability also increase its appeal in industries, such as the clothing industry. {{Cite journal |last1=Carton |first1=Guillaume |last2=Parigot |first2=Julia |date=2 June 2022 |title=Disappearing natural resources: what flowers tell us about new value chains |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBS-07-2020-0168/full/html |journal=Journal of Business Strategy |language=en |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=222–228 |doi=10.1108/JBS-07-2020-0168 |issn=0275-6668 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129194350/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBS-07-2020-0168/full/html |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |journal=Stanford Social Innovation Review|last1=Carton |first1=Guillaume |last2=Parigot |first2=Julia |date=2024 |title=Building Sustainable Value Chains From Hemp and Flowers |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/sustainable-resources-industrial-value-chains |language=en |doi=10.48558/GXDE-BA27 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129194442/https://ssir.org/articles/entry/sustainable-resources-industrial-value-chains |url-status=live }} [132] => [133] => File:Hanfstengel.jpg|Hemp stem showing fibers [134] => File:Hemp-600x600.jpg|100% hemp fabric [135] => File:Bai woman hemp, shell-ornamented clothes - Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC04339.JPG|Hemp dress [136] => File:Lisu woman hemp, shell-ornamented dress detail - Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC04310.JPG|Hemp dress [137] => File:OutDoor 2018, Friedrichshafen (1X7A0347).jpg|Hemp shorts [138] => File:Hemp-sack, Asabukuro, Japan.jpg|Hemp sack [139] => File:800 Hemp olive 2010.jpg|Hemp shoes [140] => [141] => [142] => ===Building material=== [143] => Hemp as a building construction material provides solutions to a variety of issues facing current building standards. Its light-weightiness, mold resistance, breathability, etc. makes hemp products versatile in a multitude of uses.{{Cite journal|last=Novakiva|first=Petra|date=2017|title=Use of technical hemp in the construction industry|url=https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2018/05/matecconf_bd2018_03011.pdf|journal=MATEC Web of Conferences|volume=146|pages=1–8|via=The Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328151237/https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2018/05/matecconf_bd2018_03011.pdf|url-status=live}} Following the co-heating tests of NNFCC Renewable House at the Building Research Establishment (BRE), hemp is reported to be a more [[Sustainability|sustainable]] material of construction in comparison to most building methods used today.{{Cite web|title=Renewable Hempcrete House: Energy Efficiency Monitoring Programme|url=https://www.nnfcc.co.uk/report-renewable-hempcrete-house-co-heating-tests|access-date=25 February 2021|website=www.nnfcc.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510121740/https://www.nnfcc.co.uk/report-renewable-hempcrete-house-co-heating-tests|url-status=live}} In addition, its practical use in building construction could result in the reduction of both energy consumption costs and the creation of secondary pollutants. [144] => [145] => The hemp market was at its largest during the 17th century. In the 19th century and onward, the market saw a decline during its rapid [[Timeline of cannabis law|illegalization in many countries]].{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA437|title=David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"|date=3 April 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20980-0|language=en}} Hemp has resurfaced in [[green building]] construction, primarily in Europe. The modern-day disputes regarding the legality of hemp lead to its main disadvantages; importing and regulating costs. Final Report on the Construction of the Hemp Houses at [[Haverhill, Suffolk|Haverhill]], UK conducts that hemp construction exceeds the cost of traditional building materials by £48per square meter.{{Cite web|title=The Prospects of Hemp Building Materials {{!}} Environmental Professionals Network|date=8 October 2014|url=https://environmentalprofessionalsnetwork.com/the-prospects-of-hemp-building-materials/|access-date=25 February 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510062815/https://environmentalprofessionalsnetwork.com/the-prospects-of-hemp-building-materials/|url-status=live}} [146] => [147] => Currently, the [[University of Bath]] researches the use of hemp-lime panel systems for construction. Funded by the [[European Union]], the research tests panel design within their use in high-quality construction, on site assembly, humidity and moisture penetration, temperature change, daily performance and energy saving documentations.{{Cite web|date=30 June 2014|title=Hemp-lime construction panels on test at University's new Building Research Park|url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/hemp-lime-construction-panels-on-test-at-universitys-new-building-research-park/|website=University of Bath|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134747/https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/hemp-lime-construction-panels-on-test-at-universitys-new-building-research-park/|url-status=live}} The program, focusing on Britain, France, and Spain markets aims to perfect protocols of use and application, manufacturing, data gathering, certification for market use, as well as warranty and insurance. [148] => [149] => The most common use of hemp-lime in building is by casting the hemp-hurd and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering and tamping the mix to form a firm mass. After the removal of the temporary shuttering, the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with lime plaster.{{Cite web|title=oldbuilders|url=https://www.oldbuilders.com/why%20build%20with%20hemp/01_whybuildwithhemp_01.htm|access-date=11 March 2021|website=www.oldbuilders.com|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312062620/https://www.oldbuilders.com/why%20build%20with%20hemp/01_whybuildwithhemp_01.htm|url-status=live}} [150] => [151] => ==== Sustainability ==== [152] => Hemp is classified under the green category of building design, primarily due to its positive effects on the environment.{{Cite book|last1=Stanwix|first1=William|title=The Hempcrete Book: Designing and Building with Hemp-Lime|last2=Sparrow|first2=Alex|publisher=Green Books|year=2014|location=Cambridge|pages=}} A few of its benefits include but are not limited to the suppression of weed growth, anti-erosion, reclamation properties, and the ability to remove poisonous substances and heavy metals from soil. [153] => [154] => The use of hemp is beginning to gain popularity alongside other natural materials. This is because [[cannabis]] processing is done mechanically with minimal harmful effects on the environment. A part of what makes hemp [[Sustainability|sustainable]] is its minimal water usage and non-reliance on pesticides for proper growth. It is recyclable, non-[[Toxicity|toxic]], and [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]], making hemp a popular choice in [[green building]] construction. [155] => [156] => Hemp fiber is known to have high strength and durability, and has been known to be a good protector against vermin. The fiber has the capability to reinforce structures by embossing threads and cannabis shavers. Hemp has been involved more recently in the building industry, producing building construction materials including [[Thermal insulation|insulation]], [[hempcrete]], and varnishes.{{Cite book|last=Allin|first=Steve|title=Building with hemp|publisher=Seed Press|year=2012|pages=}}{{Cite thesis |last=Ceyte |first=Isabelle |date=2008 |title=État, acteurs privés et innovation dans le domaine des matériaux de construction écologiques: Le développement du béton de chanvre depuis 1986 |type=Master's thesis |publisher=Institut d'Études Politiques de Lyon |url=http://doc.sciencespo-lyon.fr/Ressources/Documents/Etudiants/Memoires/Cyberdocs/Masters/PPGC/ceyte_i/memoire.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118153312/http://doc.sciencespo-lyon.fr/Ressources/Documents/Etudiants/Memoires/Cyberdocs/Masters/PPGC/ceyte_i/memoire.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}{{Cite web|title=Konopný beton a izolace, hliněné omítky - Konopný beton|url=https://www.konopny-beton.cz/|access-date=11 February 2021|website=www.konopny-beton.cz|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125051049/https://www.konopny-beton.cz/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=KONOPNÉ STAVBY|url=http://konopnestavby.cz/|access-date=11 February 2021|website=KONOPNÉ STAVBY|language=cs|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218010531/http://konopnestavby.cz/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=22 March 2016|title=Využití konopí ve stavebnictví|url=https://www.asb-portal.cz/stavebnictvi/zatepleni/vyuziti-konopi-ve-stavebnictvi|access-date=11 February 2021|website=ASB Portal|language=cs|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510095059/https://www.asb-portal.cz/stavebnictvi/zatepleni/vyuziti-konopi-ve-stavebnictvi|url-status=live}} [157] => [158] => Hemp made materials have low embodied energy. The plant has the ability to absorb large amounts of [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]], providing air quality, thermal balance, creating a positive environmental impact. [159] => [160] => Hemp's properties allow mold resistance, and its porous materiality makes the building materials made of it breathable. In addition hemp possesses the ability to absorb and release moisture without deteriorating. Hemp can be non-flammable if mixed with [[Limestone|lime]] and could be applied on numerous aspects of the building (wall, roofs, etc.) due to its lightweight properties. [161] => [162] => ==== Insulation ==== [163] => Hemp is commonly used as an [[Thermal insulation|insulation]] material. Its flexibility and toughness during compression allows for easier implementation within structural framing systems. The insulation material could also be easily adjusted to different sizes and shapes by being cut during the installation process. The ability to not settle and therefore avoiding cavity developments lowers its need for maintenance. [164] => [165] => Hemp insulation is naturally lightweight and non-[[Toxicity|toxic]], allowing for an exposed installation in a variety of spaces, including flooring, walling, and roofing. Compared to mineral insulation, hemp absorbs roughly double the amount of heat and could be compared to wood, in some cases even overpassing some of its types. [166] => [167] => Hemp insulation's porous materiality allows for air and moisture penetration, with a bulk density going up to 20% without losing any thermal properties. In contrast, the commonly used mineral insulation starts to fail after 2%. The insulation evenly distributes vapor and allows for air circulation, constantly carrying out used air and replacing with fresh. Its use on the exterior of the structure, overlaid with breathable water-resistive barriers, eases the withdrawal of moisture from within the wall structure. [168] => [169] => In addition, the insulation doubles as a sound barrier, weakening airborne sound waves passing through it. [170] => [171] => ==== Concrete ==== [172] => {{Main|Hempcrete}} [173] => In addition to the absorbed [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] during its growth period, hemp repeats during the creation of the concrete. The mixture hardens when the silica contained in hemp shives mixes with [[Limestone|lime]], resulting in the mineralization process.{{dubious|Please discuss dubious claims of CO2 sequestration when hempcrete sets|reason=quicklime is produced by driving off CO2 from limestone—the setting of hempcrete can take up no more CO2 than was released in the production of the quicklime; once the likely CO2 production added by the heat generation to expel the CO2 from limestone, so a net production o COz—other forms of lime set by hydration|date=September 2021}}. [174] => [175] => Hemp is most commonly used as concrete in building construction due to its lightness (roughly seven times lighter than common concrete). The building material is made of hemp herds (shives), [[hydraulic lime]], and water mixture varying in ratios. The mix depends on the use of concrete within the structure and could differ in physical properties. Surfaces such as flooring interact with a multitude of loads and would have to be more resistible, while walls and roofs are required to be more lightweight. The application of this material in construction requires minimal skill. [176] => [177] => The most common variation of this building style is [[hempcrete]]; made of concrete-like blocks. Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements and must be supported by brick, wood, or steel framing. In the end of the twentieth century, during his renovation of Maison de la Turquie in [[Nogent-sur-Seine|Nogent-sur-Seine, France]], Charles Rasetti first invented and applied the use of hempcrete in construction. Shortly after, in the 2000s, Modece Architects used hemp-lime for test designs in [[Haverhill, Suffolk|Haverhill]].{{Cite web|title=HempCrete – Beacon Pro360|url=https://beaconpro360.com/hempcrete/|access-date=25 March 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422004350/https://beaconpro360.com/hempcrete/|url-status=dead}} The dwellings were studied and monitored for comparison with other building performances by BRE. Completed nine years later, the buildings were found to be one of the most technologically advanced structures made of hemp-based material. Following the discovery, it pioneered hemp's use in UK construction. A year later the first home made of hemp-based materials was completed in Asheville, North Carolina, US.{{Cite web|last=Koch|first=Wendy|date=13 September 2010|title=Hemp homes are cutting edge of green building|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2010/09/hemp-houses-built-asheville/1|access-date=24 February 2021|website=usatoday|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223015333/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2010/09/hemp-houses-built-asheville/1|url-status=live}} [178] => [179] => ====Oils and varnishes==== [180] => {{Main|Hemp oil}} [181] => [[Cannabis]] seeds have high-fat content and contain 30-35% of fatty acids. The extracted oil is suited for a variety of construction applications. The biodegradable hemp oil acts as a wood varnish, protecting flooring from mold, pests, and wear. Its use prevents the water from penetrating the wood while still allowing air and vapor to pass through. Its most common use can be seen in wood framing construction, one of the most common construction methods in the world. Because of its low UV-resistant rating, the finish is most often used indoors, on surfaces such as flooring and wood paneling. [182] => [183] => ==== Plaster ==== [184] => Hemp-based [[Thermal insulation|insulating]] [[plaster]] is created by combining hemp fibers with calcium [[Limestone|lime]] and [[sand]]. This material, when applied on internal walls, ceilings, and flooring, can be layered up to ten centimeters in thickness. Its porous materiality allows the created plaster to regulate air humidity and evenly distribute it. The gradual absorption and release of water prevent the material from cracking and breaking apart.{{Cite web|title=6 Advantages of Building With Hempcrete|date=29 June 2017|url=https://greenbuildingcanada.ca/2017/advantages-building-hempcrete/|access-date=11 February 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216182535/https://greenbuildingcanada.ca/2017/advantages-building-hempcrete/|url-status=live}} Similar to high-density fiber cement, hemp plaster can naturally vary in color and be manually pigmented.{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://www.kolfacade.com/about-1|access-date=25 February 2021|website=KØL :: High Density Fibre Cement|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510075354/https://www.kolfacade.com/about-1|url-status=dead}} [185] => [186] => ==== Ropes and strands ==== [187] => Hemp ropes can be woven in various diameters, possessing high amounts of strength making them suitable for a variety of uses for building construction purposes. Some of these uses include installation of frames in building openings and connection of joints. The ropes also used in bridge construction, tunnels, traditional homes, etc. One of the earliest examples of hemp rope and other textile use can be traced back to 1500 BC [[Egypt]].{{Cite web|date=11 July 2017|title=Hemp Concrete: A High Performance Material for Green-Building and Retrofitting. {{!}} urbanNext|url=https://urbannext.net/hemp-concrete/|access-date=25 February 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119234131/https://urbannext.net/hemp-concrete/|url-status=live}} [188] => [189] => ==== Plastics ==== [190] => [[Cannabis]] [[geotextile]]s could be put in both wet and dry conditions. Hemp-based [[bioplastic]] is a [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]] alternative to regular plastic and can potentially replace [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC), a material used for plumbing pipes. [191] => [192] => ====Wood==== [193] => [194] => Hemp growth lasts roughly 100 days, a much faster time period than an average tree used for construction purposes. While dry, the fibers could be pressed into tight wood alternatives to wood-frame construction, wall/ceiling paneling, and flooring. As an addition, hemp is flexible and versatile allowing it to be used in a greater number of ways than wood. Similarly, hemp wood could also be made of recycled hemp-based paper.{{Cite web|title=NewspaperWood|url=https://www.miekemeijer.com/newspaperwood|access-date=25 February 2021|website=Studio Mieke Meijer|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510113209/https://www.miekemeijer.com/newspaperwood|url-status=live}} [195] => [196] => [197] => File:Spanplatte.jpg|Hemp fiber board [198] => File:Daemmung Hanf 2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg|Hemp thermal insulation [199] => File:Bloc de chanvre isol int.gif|Hemp interior thermal insulation blocks [200] => File:Faux plafond isolation acoustique.jpg|Hemp acoustic ceiling insulation [201] => File:Bloc de chanvre ep 15cm.gif|[[Concrete block]] made with hemp in France [202] => File:Highland Hemp House finished hempcrete.jpg|Highland Hemp House finished hempcrete [203] => File:Brique d'isolation acoustique en chanvre .jpg|Hemp sound insulation brick [204] => File:Hemp-rope.jpg|Hemp rope used in construction [205] => File:WISE, Sustainable construction in practice - geograph.org.uk - 1064131.jpg|Sustainable construction in practice [206] => File:House, The "Triangle".jpg|House that used hemp as one of its building materials [207] => File:Hempcrete wall.jpg|Hemp wall [208] => [209] => [210] => ===Composite materials=== [211] => {{expand section|what are the comparative economics of using hemp vs. alternative materials in some of these applications?|date=March 2024}}{{main|Bioplastic}} [212] => [213] => A mixture of [[fiberglass]], hemp fiber, [[kenaf]], and [[flax]] has been used since 2002 to make composite panels for automobiles. [214] => {{cite journal | [215] => url=http://www.flexformtech.com/pdf/2006/Composites%20World%20%20%27%20Thermoformable%20Composite%20Panels%27.pdf | [216] => journal=Composites World | [217] => title=Thermoformable Composite Panels | [218] => year=2006 | [219] => access-date=3 July 2009 | [220] => archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511205935/http://www.flexformtech.com/pdf/2006/Composites%20World%20%20%27%20Thermoformable%20Composite%20Panels%27.pdf | [221] => archive-date=11 May 2008 | [222] => url-status=dead | [223] => df=dmy-all }} [224] => The choice of which [[bast fiber]] to use is primarily based on cost and availability. [225] => Various car makers are beginning to use hemp in their cars, including [[Audi]], [[BMW]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[General Motors|GM]], [[Chrysler]], [[Honda]], [[Iveco]], [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]], [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Porsche]], [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]], [[Volkswagen]]{{cite web |url=http://www.hemp.com/hemp-university/uses-of-hemp/hemp-plastics/Hemp |title=Plastics |publisher=hemp.com |date=14 May 2013 |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517031935/http://www.hemp.com/hemp-university/uses-of-hemp/hemp-plastics/Hemp |url-status=live }} and Volvo. For example, the Lotus Eco Elise{{cite web |url=http://www.transport20.com/uncategorized/lotus-announces-hemp-based-eco-elise-a-new-type-of-green-car/ |title=Lotus announces hemp-based Eco Elise: a new type of 'green' car |publisher=transport20.com |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062552/http://www.transport20.com/uncategorized/lotus-announces-hemp-based-eco-elise-a-new-type-of-green-car/ |archive-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead }} [226] => and the Mercedes C-Class both contain hemp (up to 20 kg in each car in the case of the latter).{{cite web |url=http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/benz/green#module-8 |title=Green Cars, Fuel Efficiency and the Environment | Mercedes-Benz |publisher=Mbusa.com |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-date=16 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116012206/http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/benz/green#module-8 |url-status=live }} [227] => [228] => [229] => Türinnenverkleidung Hanf-PP nova.jpg|Hemp plastic interior of a car door [230] => File:Handschuhfach PP-NF CG.jpg|Hemp plastic automobile glove box [231] => File:B-Säule PP-NF CG.jpg|Hemp plastic column, automobile [232] => File:Natural fibre polymer nabasco.jpg|Hemp composite sink basin [233] => [234] => [235] => ===Paper=== [236] => {{Main|Hemp paper}} [237] => Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] obtained from [[Hemp Fiber|fibers]] of [[industrial hemp]]. The products are mainly specialty papers such as [[cigarette paper]],{{cite web |url=http://www.eiha.org/attach/10/05-02_EU-EIHA_e.pdf |title=Michael Karus:European hemp industry 2001 till 2004: Cultivation, raw materials, products and trends, 2005 |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020510/http://www.eiha.org/attach/10/05-02_EU-EIHA_e.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} [[banknotes]] and technical [[filter paper]]s.{{cite book |last1=Paulapuro |first1=Hannu |title=Paper and Board grades |series= Papermaking Science and Technology |volume= 18 |year= 2000|publisher= Fapet Oy|location= Finland|isbn= 978-952-5216-18-9 |page= 114 |chapter= 5}} Compared to wood pulp, hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fiber, a significantly lower [[lignin]] fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and [[tensile strength]]. However, production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood,{{cite journal | [238] => title=Hemp Pulp and Paper Production | [239] => author1=Van Roekel | [240] => author2=Gerjan J. | [241] => journal=Journal of the International Hemp Association | [242] => year=1994 | [243] => url=http://www.druglibrary.org/olsen/hemp/IHA/iha01105.html | [244] => access-date=30 July 2009 | [245] => archive-date=21 October 2011 | [246] => archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021210825/http://druglibrary.org/olsen/hemp/IHA/iha01105.html | [247] => url-status=live }} since the infrastructure for using hemp is underdeveloped. If the paper industry were to switch from wood to hemp for sourcing its cellulose fibers, the following benefits could be utilized: [248] => * Hemp yields three to four times more usable fiber per hectare per annum than forests, and hemp does not need pesticides or herbicides.{{cite journal |last1=Van Roekel |first1=Gertjan Jr. |title=Hemp Pulp and Paper Production |journal=Journal of the International Hemp Association |date=1994 |volume=1 |pages=12–14 |url=http://www.druglibrary.org/olsen/hemp/IHA/iha01105.html |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021210825/http://druglibrary.org/olsen/hemp/IHA/iha01105.html |url-status=live }} [249] => * Hemp has a much faster crop yield. It takes about 3–4 months for hemp stalks to reach maturity,{{cite web |title=Hemp Harvest Management |url=http://www.hemptrade.ca/eguide/harvest-management/crop-condition-for-harvest |website=Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609024157/http://www.hemptrade.ca/eguide/harvest-management/crop-condition-for-harvest |url-status=live }} while trees can take between 20 and 80 years. Not only does hemp grow at a faster rate, but it also contains a high level of cellulose.{{cite web |title=Hemp Fibre Production |url=http://www.hemptrade.ca/eguide/fiber-production/types-of-hemp-fiber |website=Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719235218/http://www.hemptrade.ca/eguide/fiber-production/types-of-hemp-fiber |url-status=live }} This quick return means that paper can be produced at a faster rate if hemp were used in place of wood. [250] => * Hemp paper does not require the use of toxic bleaching or as many chemicals as wood pulp because it can be whitened with hydrogen peroxide. This means using hemp instead of wood for paper would end the practice of poisoning Earth's waterways with chlorine or dioxins from wood paper manufacturing.{{cite journal |author1=MALACHOWSKA EDYTA |author2=PRZYBYSZ PIOTR |author3=DUBOWIK MARCIN |author4=KUCNER MARTA |author5=BUZALA KAMILA |title=Comparison of papermaking potential of wood and hemp cellulose pulps |journal=Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences; SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology |date=2015 |issue=91 |pages=134–137 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-c9eb2861-1d46-4802-9aad-f24e907d5666?q=515fef3c-b7d0-4619-8eb6-7c59760815c3$1&qt=IN_PAGE |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510124341/http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-c9eb2861-1d46-4802-9aad-f24e907d5666?q=515fef3c-b7d0-4619-8eb6-7c59760815c3%241&qt=IN_PAGE |url-status=live }} [251] => * Hemp paper can be recycled up to 8 times, compared to just 3 times for paper made from wood pulp. [252] => * Compared to its wood pulp counterpart, paper from hemp fibers resists decomposition and does not yellow or brown with age. It is also one of the strongest natural fibers in the world{{cite book |last1=Small |first1=E. |last2=Marcus |first2=D. |chapter=Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America |editor1=J. Janick |editor2=A. Whipkey |title=Trends in New Crops and New Uses |publisher=ASHS Press |date=2002 |pages=284–326 |chapter-url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-284.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521034653/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-284.html |url-status=live }} - one of the reasons for its longevity and durability. [253] => * Several factors favor the increased use of wood substitutes for paper, especially agricultural fibers such as hemp. Deforestation, particularly the destruction of old growth forests, and the world's decreasing supply of wild timber resources are today major ecological concerns. Hemp's use as a wood substitute will contribute to preserving biodiversity. [254] => [255] => However, hemp has had a hard time competing with paper from trees or recycled newsprint. Only the outer part of the stem consists mainly of fibers which are suitable for the production of paper. Numerous attempts have been made to develop machines that efficiently and inexpensively separate useful fibers from less useful fibers, but none have been completely successful. This has meant that paper from hemp is still expensive compared to paper from trees. [256] => [257] => ===Jewelry=== [258] => {{main|Hemp jewelry}}[[File:Hemp and Bead Jewelry, Oakland Chinatown Street Fair.jpg|thumb|Hemp and bead jewelry]] [259] => [260] => [[Hemp jewelry]] is the product of knotting hemp [[twine]] through the practice of [[macramé]]. Hemp jewelry includes bracelets, necklaces, anklets, rings, watches, and other adornments. Some jewelry features beads made from crystals, glass, [[stone]], wood and [[bone]]s. The hemp twine varies in thickness and comes in a variety of colors. There are many different [[stitch (textile arts)|stitches]] used to create hemp jewelry, however, the half knot and full knot stitches are most common. [261] => [262] => ===Cordage=== [263] => [[File:Cordage en chanvre.jpg|thumb|left|Hemp rope]] [264] => [265] => Hemp rope was used in the [[Age of Sail|age of sailing ships]], though the rope had to be protected by [[Tarring (rope)|tarring]], since hemp rope has a propensity for breaking from [[Decomposition|rot]], as the capillary effect of the rope-woven fibers tended to hold liquid at the interior, while seeming dry from the outside.{{cite web | [266] => url=http://www.uiaa.ch/article.aspx?c=231&a=147 | [267] => archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193022/http://www.uiaa.ch/article.aspx?c=231&a=147 | [268] => archive-date=27 September 2007 | [269] => title=Our ropes are much stronger than we believe | [270] => author=Schubert, Pit | [271] => publisher=Union Internationale Des Associations D'Alpinisme }} Tarring was a labor-intensive process, and earned sailors the nickname "[[Jack Tar]]". Hemp rope was phased out when [[manila rope]], which does not require tarring, became widely available. Manila is sometimes referred to as [[Manila hemp]], but is not related to hemp; it is [[abacá]], a species of banana. [272] => [273] => ===Animal bedding=== [274] => [[File:Hemp Straw.JPG|thumb|upright|Hemp straw animal bedding]] [275] => [276] => Hemp shives are the core of the stem, hemp hurds are broken parts of the core. In the EU, they are used for animal bedding (horses, for instance), or for horticultural mulch.NNFCC. In the US, pet manufacturers use hemp in dog and cat bedding. [http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl?id=7199;isa=DBRow;op=show;dbview_id=2457 "Crop Factsheet: Hemp"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326043913/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/metadot/index.pl?id=7199;isa=DBRow;op=show;dbview_id=2457 |date=26 March 2009 }}, ''[[National Non-Food Crops Centre]]'', 9 June 2008. Retrieved on 6 May 2009 Industrial hemp is much more profitable if both fibers and shives (or even seeds) can be used. [277] => [278] => ===Water and soil purification=== [279] => Hemp can be used as a "mop crop" to clear impurities out of wastewater, such as sewage effluent, excessive phosphorus from chicken litter, or other unwanted substances or chemicals. Additionally, hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear disaster]] site, by way of a process which is known as [[phytoremediation]] – the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil, water, and air.{{cite web |url=http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_10.html |title=Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Clean Soil |publisher=Mhhe.com |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607191138/http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_10.html |url-status=live }} [280] => [281] => ===Weed control=== [282] => {{Main|Weed control#Organic methods}} [283] => Hemp crops are tall, have thick foliage, and can be planted densely, and thus can be grown as a [[smother crop]] to kill tough weeds.{{cite web [284] => |url=http://www.gametec.com/hemp/WEED.CTRL.htm [285] => |title=Hemp As Weed Control [286] => |publisher=gametec.com [287] => |access-date=9 July 2008 [288] => |archive-date=23 May 2008 [289] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523144036/http://www.gametec.com/hemp/WEED.CTRL.htm [290] => |url-status=dead [291] => }} Using hemp this way can help farmers avoid the use of herbicides, gain [[organic certification]], and gain the benefits of [[crop rotation]]. However, due to the plant's rapid and dense growth characteristics, some jurisdictions consider hemp a prohibited and noxious weed, much like [[Cytisus scoparius|Scotch Broom]].{{Cite journal|last1=Reisinger|first1=Péter|last2=Lehoczky|first2=Éva|last3=Komives|first3=Tamas|s2cid=96007971|date=1 March 2005|title=Competitiveness and Precision Management of the Noxious Weed Cannabis sativa L. in Winter Wheat|journal=Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis|volume=36|issue=4–6|pages=629–634|doi=10.1081/CSS-200043303|bibcode=2005CSSPA..36..629R |issn=0010-3624}} [292] => [293] => [294] => File:Hanflabyrinth Berlin 2009 - 40.jpg|The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even [[thistle]]. [295] => [296] => [297] => ===Biofuels=== [298] => [[File:Biodiesel.JPG|thumb|upright|Biodiesel sample]] [299] => [300] => [[Biodiesel]] can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks; this product is sometimes called "hempoline".{{cite web | url=http://planetgreen.discovery.com/tv/cool-fuel/episode-sugarcane-hempoline.html | title=COOLFUEL Episode: Sugarcane and Hempoline | access-date=16 October 2009 | archive-date=15 October 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015224334/http://planetgreen.discovery.com/tv/cool-fuel/episode-sugarcane-hempoline.html | url-status=live }} [[Alcohol fuel]] (ethanol or, less commonly, methanol) can be made by fermenting the whole plant. [301] => [302] => Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power [[diesel engine]]s. In 1892, [[Rudolf Diesel]] invented the diesel engine, which he intended to power "by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils, which earlier were used for [[oil lamp]]s, i.e. the [[Argand lamp]]".{{cite web |url=http://www.hemp4fuel.com/ |title=Clean Energy Solutions |publisher=Hemp 4 Fuel |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=2 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202061433/http://hemp4fuel.com/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.hempcar.org/petvshemp.shtml |title=Pollution: Petrol vs. Hemp |publisher=Hempcar.org |access-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720175048/http://www.hempcar.org/petvshemp.shtml |archive-date=20 July 2006 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.hempcar.org/biofacts.shtml |title=Biofuels Facts |publisher=Hempcar.org |access-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520231032/http://hempcar.org/biofacts.shtml |archive-date=20 May 2011 }} [303] => [304] => Production of vehicle fuel from hemp is very small. Commercial [[biodiesel]] and [[biogas]] is typically produced from cereals, coconuts, palm seeds, and cheaper raw materials like garbage, wastewater, dead plant and animal material, animal [[feces]] and kitchen waste.{{cite web|url=http://biogasmax.co.uk/media/d2_15_biogasmax_svab_v2_20100518final__078478600_0944_26012011.pdf|title=Increased biogas production at the Henriksdals Waste Water plant, Cajsa Hellstedt et al., June 2010|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213723/http://biogasmax.co.uk/media/d2_15_biogasmax_svab_v2_20100518final__078478600_0944_26012011.pdf|url-status=dead}} [305] => [306] => ==Processing== [307] => Separation of hurd and bast fiber is known as [[Decorticator|decortication]]. Traditionally, hemp stalks would be water-[[Retting|retted]] first before the fibers were beaten off the inner [[Hemp hurds|hurd]] by hand, a process known as [[scutching]]. As mechanical technology evolved, separating the fiber from the core was accomplished by crushing rollers and brush rollers, or by hammer-milling, wherein a mechanical hammer mechanism beats the hemp against a screen until hurd, smaller bast fibers, and dust fall through the screen. After the [[Marihuana Tax Act of 1937|Marijuana Tax Act]] was implemented in 1938, the technology for separating the fibers from the core remained "frozen in time". Recently, new high-speed kinematic decortication has come about, capable of separating hemp into three streams; bast fiber, hurd, and green microfiber. [308] => [309] => Only in 1997, did Ireland, parts of the Commonwealth and other countries begin to legally grow [[industrial hemp]] again. Iterations of the 1930s [[decorticator]] have been met with limited success, along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as [[Thermo mechanical pulp|thermomechanical pulping]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} [310] => [311] => ==Cultivation== [312] => {{more citations needed|section|date=April 2018}} [313] => [[File:Cannab2 new.png|thumb|alt=black and white drawing: C. sativa tall, C. indica middle, C. ruderalis small|The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only ''C. sativa'' (left) is suited for industrial hemp, but it also has medicinal varieties.]] [314] => [315] => Hemp is usually planted between March and May in the northern hemisphere, between September and November in the southern hemisphere.[https://www.agriculture.com/news/crops/what-farmers-need-to-know-about-growing-hemp What Farmers Need to Know About Growing Hemp(https://www.agriculture.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404170950/https://www.agriculture.com/news/crops/what-farmers-need-to-know-about-growing-hemp |date=4 April 2023 }} 22 July 2019. It matures in about three to four months, depending on various conditions. [316] => [317] => Millennia of [[selective breeding]] have resulted in [[cultivar|varieties]] that display a wide range of traits; e.g. suited for a particular environments/latitudes, producing different ratios and compositions of terpenoids and cannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBG, CBC, CBN...etc.), fiber quality, oil/seed yield, etc. Hemp grown for fiber is planted closely, resulting in tall, slender plants with long fibers.{{cite web |url=https://bigskybotanicals.com/blog/hemp-vs-marijuana/ |title=Hemp vs Marijuana: The Important Differences Explained |last=Arnone |first=Vince |date=24 July 2018 |publisher=Big Sky Botanicals |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924164841/https://bigskybotanicals.com/blog/hemp-vs-marijuana/ |url-status=live }} [318] => [319] => The use of industrial hemp plant and its cultivation was commonplace until the 1900s when it was associated with its genetic sibling a.k.a. Drug-Type Cannabis species (which contain higher levels of psychoactive THC). [[Legal history of cannabis in the United States|Influential groups misconstrued hemp]] as a dangerous "drug",{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Cydney |date=17 November 2016 |title=The man behind the marijuana ban for all the wrong reasons |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harry-anslinger-the-man-behind-the-marijuana-ban/ |work=CBS News |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224055711/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harry-anslinger-the-man-behind-the-marijuana-ban/ |url-status=live }} even though hemp is not a recreational drug and has the potential to be a sustainable and profitable crop for many farmers due to hemp's medical, structural and dietary uses. [320] => [321] => In the United States, the public's perception of hemp as marijuana has blocked hemp from becoming a useful crop and product,"This paper begins with a history of hemp use and then describes how hemp was constructed as a dangerous crop in the U.S. The paper then discusses the potential of hemp as an alternative crop. {{cite book |author=Luginbuhl, April M. |chapter=Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L): The geography of a controversial plant |title=The California Geographer |volume=41 |pages=1–14 |year=2001 |publisher=California Geographical Society |quote= Hemp contains less than 1% THC, or tetrahydrocannabinols, the psychoactive property in marijuana. In other words, smoking hemp cannot create a 'high.' ... The dense growth of hemp eliminates other weeds.... The best growing technique for hemp, planting 300 to 500 plants per square meter, also helps authorities easily tell the hemp from marijuana, which is a plant that is less densely cultivated. (Roulac 1997; 149).|hdl=10211.2/2738 }} in spite of its vital importance prior to World War II.{{cite book |last=Deitch |first=Robert |year=2003 |title=Hemp: American History Revisited: The Plant with a Divided History |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064 |url-access=registration |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-226-2 |access-date=16 November 2013 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064/page/4 4]–26 |quote=Cannabis is ... a plant that played an important role in colonial America's prosperous economy and remained a valuable commercial commodity up until the Second World War.}} Ideally, according to Britain's [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]], the herb should be desiccated and harvested toward the end of flowering. This early cropping reduces the seed yield but improves the fiber yield and quality.{{cite web |url=http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/growing/crops/industrial/pdf/flaxhemp-report.pdf |title=UK Flax and Hemp production: The impact of changes in support measures on the competitiveness and future potential of UK fibre production and industrial use |author=ADAS |publisher=Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs |access-date=14 June 2013 |date=July 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104220611/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/growing/crops/industrial/pdf/flaxhemp-report.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2013 }} In these strains of industrial hemp* the [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) content would have been very low. [322] => [323] => The seeds are sown with grain drills or other conventional seeding equipment to a depth of {{convert|13|to|25|mm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}. Greater seeding depths result in increased weed competition. Nitrogen should not be placed with the seed, but phosphate may be tolerated. The soil should have available 89 to 135 kg/ha of nitrogen, 46 kg/ha phosphorus, 67 kg/ha potassium, and 17 kg/ha sulfur. Organic fertilizers such as manure are one of the best methods of weed control.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/production/hemp-production.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213123305/https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/production/hemp-production.html|archive-date=13 December 2019|title=Industrial Hemp Production and Management |publisher=Manitoba Agriculture |location=Province of Manitoba |access-date=8 January 2019}} [324] => [325] => ===Cultivars=== [326] => {{Further|List of hemp varieties}} [327] => In contrast to cannabis for medical use, varieties grown for fiber and seed have less than 0.3% THC and are unsuitable for producing hashish and marijuana.{{cite journal|pmc=4550350|year=2015|last1=Sawler|first1=J|title=The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=8|pages=e0133292|last2=Stout|first2=J. M|last3=Gardner|first3=K. M|last4=Hudson|first4=D|last5=Vidmar|first5=J|last6=Butler|first6=L|last7=Page|first7=J. E|last8=Myles|first8=S|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0133292|pmid=26308334|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1033292S|doi-access=free}} Present in industrial hemp, [[cannabidiol]] is a major constituent among some 560 compounds found in hemp.{{Cite book|pmid=28120229|year=2017|last1=Elsohly|first1=M. A|title=Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L|volume=103|pages=1–36|last2=Radwan|first2=M. M|last3=Gul|first3=W|last4=Chandra|first4=S|last5=Galal|first5=A|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1|series=Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products|isbn=978-3-319-45539-6}} [328] => [329] => ''Cannabis sativa'' L. subsp. ''sativa'' var. ''sativa'' is the variety grown for industrial use, while ''C. sativa'' subsp. ''indica'' generally has poor fiber quality and female buds from this variety are primarily used for recreational and medicinal purposes. The major differences between the two types of plants are the appearance, and the amount of Δ9-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermal]] hairs called glandular [[trichomes]], although they can also be distinguished genetically.{{cite journal | last1 = Datwyler | first1 = SL | last2 = Weiblen | first2 = GD | s2cid = 3145952 | year = 2006 | title = Genetic Variation in Hemp and marijuana (''Cannabis sativa L.'') ''sativa'' plants are taller and less dense. ''Indica'' plants are shorter but a lot more dense than ''sativas''. According to Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 51 | issue = 2| pages = 371–375 | doi = 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00061.x | pmid = 16566773 }} Oilseed and fiber varieties of ''Cannabis'' approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cultivars of ''Cannabis'' grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2% to over 20%.[http://www.naihc.org/hemp_information/content/hemp.mj.html Hemp and Marijuana: Myths & Realities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120132152/http://www.naihc.org/hemp_information/content/hemp.mj.html |date=20 November 2016 }} written by David P. West, Ph.D. for the North American Industrial Hemp Council [330] => [331] => [332] => File:Cannabis Sativa Querschnitt.JPG|alt=longitudinal section photo|''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' stem [333] => File:USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx hemp strains 010.jpg|alt=low-angle photo-shot|Hemp strains USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx [334] => [335] => [336] => ===Harvesting=== [337] => Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry. Mechanical harvesting is now common, using specially adapted cutter-binders or simpler cutters. [338] => [339] => The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days. This was traditionally followed by ''[[retting]]'', either water retting (the bundled hemp floats in water) or dew retting (the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew and by molds and [[bacterial]] action). [340] => [341] => [342] => File:Recoltechv.jpg|Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France [343] => File:USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx hemp strains 007.jpg [344] => File:Récolte chanvre1.jpg [345] => File:Nutzhanf - getrennte Ernte.webm|Harvesting industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) – This is a separate harvest for a different form of processing: The upper part of the plant with the leaves will be collected for cold pressing, while the lower part remains for producing fiber and initially it is left on the field. [346] => File:Saint-Flavy (Aube) culture du Chanvre.JPG [347] => USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx hemp strains 019.jpg [348] => File:Hempharvesting2.jpg|Hemp being harvested [349] => [350] => [351] => === Pests === [352] => Several [[arthropod]]s can cause damage or injury to hemp plants, but the most serious species are associated with the [[Insect]]a class. The most problematic for outdoor crops are the voracious stem-boring caterpillars, which include the [[European corn borer]], ''Ostrinia nubilalis,'' and the Eurasian hemp borer, ''Grapholita delineana.''{{Cite web|title=Cannabis pests|url=http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/iha03201.html|access-date=22 July 2020|website=www.internationalhempassociation.org|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715104344/http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/iha03201.html|url-status=live}} ''A''s the names imply, they target the stems reducing the structural integrity of the plant. Another lepidopteran, the corn earworm, ''[[Helicoverpa zea]],'' is known to damage flowering parts and can be challenging to control.{{Cite journal|last1=Cranshaw|first1=Whitney|last2=Schreiner|first2=Melissa|last3=Britt|first3=Kadie|last4=Kuhar|first4=Thomas P.|last5=McPartland|first5=John|last6=Grant|first6=Jerome|date=1 January 2019|title=Developing Insect Pest Management Systems for Hemp in the United States: A Work in Progress|url=https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/10/1/26/5555744|journal=Journal of Integrated Pest Management|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|doi=10.1093/jipm/pmz023|doi-access=free|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171241/https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/10/1/26/5555744|url-status=live}} Other foliar pests, found in both indoor and outdoor crops, include the hemp russet mite, ''Aculops cannibicola,'' and cannabis aphid, ''Phorodon cannabis.'' They cause injury by reducing plant vigor because they feed on the phloem of the plant. Root feeders can be difficult to detect and control because of their below surface habitat. A number of beetle grubs and chafers are known to cause damage to hemp roots, including the [[flea beetle]] and [[Japanese beetle]], ''Popillia Japonica''. The [[Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale|rice root aphid]], Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, has also been reported but primarily affects indoor growing facilities. [[Integrated pest management]] strategies should be employed to manage these pests with prevention and early detection being the foundation of a resilient program. Cultural and physical controls should be employed in conjunction with [[biological pest control]]s, chemical applications should only be used as a last resort. [353] => [354] => ===Diseases=== [355] => {{Main|List of hemp diseases}} [356] => [357] => Hemp plants can be vulnerable to various [[pathogen]]s, including bacteria, fungi, [[nematodes]], [[viruses]] and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such diseases often lead to reduced fiber quality, stunted growth, and death of the plant. These diseases rarely affect the yield of a hemp field, so hemp production is not traditionally dependent on the use of pesticides. [358] => [359] => ===Environmental impact=== [360] => Hemp is considered by a 1998 study in ''[[Environmental Economics]]'' to be [[environmentally friendly]] due to a decrease of [[land use]] and other environmental impacts, indicating a possible decrease of [[ecological footprint]] in a US context compared to typical benchmarks.{{Cite journal|title=Industrial hemp's double dividend: a study for the USA |date=30 June 1998 |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00040-2 |volume=25 |issue=3 |journal=Ecological Economics |pages=291–301 |last1=Common |first1=Michael |last2=Stagl |first2=Sigrid |last3=Gay |first3=Philip W. |bibcode=1998EcoEc..25..291A |citeseerx=10.1.1.603.9935 }} A 2010 study, however, that compared the production of paper specifically from hemp and [[eucalyptus]] concluded that "industrial hemp presents higher environmental impacts than eucalyptus paper"; however, the article also highlights that "there is scope for improving industrial hemp paper production".{{cite journal|title=Industrial hemp or eucalyptus paper? | doi=10.1007/s11367-010-0152-y |volume=15 | issue=4 |journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment |pages=368–375|year = 2010|last1 = Da Silva Vieira|first1 = Ricardo| last2=Canaveira | first2=Paulo | last3=Da Simões | first3=Ana | last4=Domingos | first4=Tiago | bibcode=2010IJLCA..15..368D | s2cid=108608835 }} Hemp is also claimed to require few [[pesticide]]s and no herbicides, and it has been called a [[carbon negative]] raw material. [361] => {{cite web [362] => |url=http://www.thehia.org/facts.html [363] => |work=Resources: Education [364] => |title=FAQs & Facts: Facts [365] => |publisher=The HIA [366] => |access-date=5 July 2008 [367] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710062435/http://thehia.org/facts.html [368] => |archive-date=10 July 2008 [369] => |url-status=dead [370] => [371] => }} [372] => [373] => {{cite web [374] => |url=http://www.thehia.org/faq7.html [375] => |title=HIA: Resources: Education: FAQs & Facts: FAQs: Answers [376] => |publisher=thehia.org [377] => |access-date=5 July 2008 [378] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004148/http://www.thehia.org/faq7.html [379] => |archive-date=10 October 2013 [380] => |url-status=dead [381] => [382] => }} [383] => [384] => Results indicate that high yield of hemp may require high total nutrient levels (field plus fertilizer nutrients) similar to a high yielding wheat crop.{{cite web |url=http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=e60e706d-c852-4206-9959-e4b134782175 |title=D. Risula, and others, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, October 2009 |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826032036/http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=e60e706d-c852-4206-9959-e4b134782175 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |url-status=dead }} [385] => A United Nations report endorses the versatility and sustainability of hemp and its productive potential in developing countries. Hemp uses a quarter of the water required by cotton, and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other crops and most trees.{{cite web|access-date=16 October 2023|date=13 December 2022|language=es|title=La versatilidad y sostenibilidad del cáñamo ofrecen enormes oportunidades a los países en desarrollo {{!}} UNCTAD|url=https://unctad.org/es/news/la-versatilidad-y-sostenibilidad-del-canamo-ofrecen-enormes-oportunidades-los-paises-en|website=unctad.org|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012420/https://unctad.org/es/news/la-versatilidad-y-sostenibilidad-del-canamo-ofrecen-enormes-oportunidades-los-paises-en|url-status=live}} [386] => [387] => ==Producers== [388] => [389] => The world-leading producer of hemp is China, which produces more than 70% of the world output. France ranks second with about a quarter of the world production. Smaller production occurs in the rest of Europe, Chile, and [[North Korea]]. Over 30 countries produce industrial hemp, including Australia, [[Austria]], Canada, Chile, China, [[Denmark]], [[Egypt]], [[Finland]], Germany, [[Greece]],{{cite web |url=http://www.tekmon.eu/lawmakers-legalize-industrial-hemp-farming-in-greece-prospects-opportunities/ |title=Lawmakers legalize industrial hemp farming in Greece: Prospects & Opportunities. |publisher=Tekmon Geomatics |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104027/http://www.tekmon.eu/lawmakers-legalize-industrial-hemp-farming-in-greece-prospects-opportunities/ |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=dead }} [[Hungary]], India, Italy, Japan, [[Korea]], [[Netherlands]], New Zealand, [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], Russia, [[Slovenia]], Spain, Sweden, [[Switzerland]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkey]], the United Kingdom and [[Ukraine]].{{cite web|url=http://azhemp.org/Archive/Package/Legal/legal.html|title=Hemp vs. Marijuana|publisher=azhemp.org|access-date=18 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030509103208/http://www.azhemp.org/Archive/Package/Legal/legal.html|archive-date=9 May 2003|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.thehia.org/facts.html |title=Hemp Facts |publisher=thehia.org |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927042024/http://www.thehia.org/facts.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead }} [390] => [391] => The United Kingdom and Germany resumed commercial production in the 1990s. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses; other uses are under development. Companies in Canada, the UK, the United States, and Germany, among many others, process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics; many traditional growing countries continue to produce textile-grade fiber. [392] => [393] => [[File:Hemp bunch-dried out PNr°0062.jpg|thumb|Dried hemp stalks displayed at the International Hemp Fair in [[Vienna]]]] [394] => Air-dried stem yields in Ontario have from 1998 and onward ranged from 2.6 to 14.0 tons of dry, retted stalks per hectare (1–5.5 t/ac) at 12% moisture. Yields in Kent County, have averaged 8.75 t/ha (3.5 t/ac). Northern Ontario crops averaged 6.1 t/ha (2.5 t/ac) in 1998. Statistic for the European Union for 2008 to 2010 say that the average yield of hemp straw has varied between 6.3 and 7.3 ton per ha.{{cite web|url=http://eiha.org/media/2014/10/13-06-European-Hemp-Industry.pdf|title=The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibers, shivs and seeds|last=Carus|first=Michael|date=June 2013|website=European Industrial Hemp Association|access-date=30 August 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021010302/http://eiha.org/media/2014/10/13-06-European-Hemp-Industry.pdf|url-status=live}} Only a part of that is bast fiber. Around one ton of bast fiber and 2–3 tons of core material can be decorticated from 3–4 tons of good-quality, dry-retted straw. For an annual yield of this level is it in Ontario recommended to add nitrogen (N):70–110 kg/ha, [[phosphate]] (P2O5): up to 80 kg/ha and [[potash]] (K2O): 40–90 kg/ha.{{cite web | url= http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-067.htm#fertility | title= Growing Industrial Hemp in Ontario, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Canada, 2008 | publisher= Omafra | location= ON, CA | access-date= 20 April 2011 | archive-date= 16 August 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110816135830/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-067.htm#fertility | url-status= live }} [395] => The average yield of dry hemp stalks in Europe was 6 ton/ha (2.4 ton/ac) in 2001 and 2002. [396] => [397] => [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|FAO]] argue that an optimum yield of hemp fiber is more than 2 tons per ha, while average yields are around 650 kg/ha.{{cite web |author=Graeme Thomas |url=http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/hemp.html |title=Natural Fibers: Hemp Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009 |publisher=Naturalfibres2009.org |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=17 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317021025/http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/hemp.html |url-status=live }} [398] => [399] => ===Australia=== [400] => In the Australian states of [[Tasmania]], Victoria, [[Queensland]], [[Western Australia]], [[New South Wales]], and most recently, [[South Australia]], the state governments have issued licenses to grow hemp for industrial use. The first to initiate modern research into the potential of cannabis was the state of Tasmania, which pioneered the licensing of hemp during the early 1990s. The state of Victoria was an early adopter in 1998, and has reissued the regulation in 2008. [401] => {{cite web [402] => |url=http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/b12e276826f7c27fca256de50022686b/69FF479D20FC0F06CA2574EC0012EDDF/$FILE/08-98sr001.pdf [403] => |title=Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances (Industrial Hemp) Regulations 2008 [404] => |publisher=dms.dpc.vic.gov.au [405] => |access-date=24 November 2008 [406] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217093631/http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/b12e276826f7c27fca256de50022686b/69FF479D20FC0F06CA2574EC0012EDDF/$FILE/08-98sr001.pdf [407] => |archive-date=17 December 2008 [408] => |url-status=dead [409] => [410] => }} [411] => [412] => [413] => Queensland has allowed industrial production under license since 2002,{{cite web|url=http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/hemp/16239.html |title=Guidelines for engaging in the commercial production of industrial hemp in Queensland |publisher=dpi.qld.gov.au |access-date=24 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220093754/http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/hemp/16239.html |archive-date=20 December 2008 }} [414] => where the issuance is controlled under the Drugs Misuse Act 1986.{{cite web [415] => |url=http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/D/DrugsMisuseA86.pdf [416] => |title=Drugs Misuse Act 1986 [417] => |publisher=legislation.qld.gov.au [418] => |access-date=24 November 2008 [419] => |archive-date=17 December 2008 [420] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217093633/http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/D/DrugsMisuseA86.pdf [421] => |url-status=live [422] => }} [423] => Western Australia enabled the cultivation, harvest and processing of hemp under its Industrial Hemp Act 2004,{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_449_homepage.html|title=Western Australian Legislation - Industrial Hemp Act 2004|website=www.legislation.wa.gov.au|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117223022/https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_449_homepage.html|url-status=live}} New South Wales now issues licenses [424] => {{cite web [425] => |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/field/field-crops/fibers/hemp/commercial-production [426] => |title=Opportunities to engage in commercial low THC hemp fiber and seed production in NSW [427] => |publisher=dpi.nsw.gov.au [428] => |access-date=24 November 2008 [429] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224061109/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/field/field-crops/fibers/hemp/commercial-production [430] => |archive-date=24 December 2008 [431] => |url-status=dead [432] => [433] => }} [434] => under a law, the Hemp Industry Regulations Act 2008 (No 58), that came into effect as of 6 November 2008.{{cite web [435] => |url=http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/viewtop/inforce/subordleg+475+2008+FIRST+0+N/ [436] => |title=Hemp Industry Regulation 2008 [437] => |publisher=legislation.nsw.gov.a [438] => |access-date=24 November 2008 [439] => |archive-date=8 December 2008 [440] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208124945/http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/viewtop/inforce/subordleg+475+2008+FIRST+0+N/ [441] => |url-status=live [442] => }} [443] => Most recently, South Australia legalized industrial hemp under South Australia's Industrial Hemp Act 2017, which commenced on 12 November 2017.{{Cite web |url=https://industryandskills.sa.gov.au/industry/office-of-industrial-hemp-and-medicinal-cannabis |title=Office of Industrial Hemp and Medicinal Cannabis |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134848/https://industryandskills.sa.gov.au/industry/office-of-industrial-hemp-and-medicinal-cannabis |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead }} [444] => [445] => ===Canada=== [446] => Commercial production (including cultivation) of industrial hemp has been permitted in Canada since 1998 under licenses and authorization issued by Health Canada.{{cite web |url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/econ9631 |title=Government of Alberta: Industrial Hemp Production in Canada, February 2, 2010 |publisher=.agric.gov.ab.ca |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104053513/http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/econ9631 |url-status=live }} [447] => [448] => In the early 1990s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the [[University of Manitoba Hemp Awareness Committee|Hemp Awareness Committee]] at the [[University of Manitoba]]. The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance and was able to obtain test plot permits from the [[Canadian government]]. Their efforts led to the legalization of [[industrial hemp]] (hemp with only minute amounts of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]]) in Canada and the first harvest in 1998.{{cite news |url=http://hempline.com/hemp/hemp_articles/58/ |title=Where the heck is hemp?, The Alberta Express, April 18th, 2007 |publisher=www.hempline.com |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111211514/http://hempline.com/hemp/hemp_articles/58/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url= http://ecolibris.blogspot.ca/2007/10/manitoba-harvest-2007-peoples-choice.html |title= Manitoba Harvest 2007 Peoples Choice, Eco Libris, Oct 8th, 2007 |publisher= ecolibris.blogspot.ca/ |access-date= 11 November 2014 |archive-date= 11 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141111202411/http://ecolibris.blogspot.ca/2007/10/manitoba-harvest-2007-peoples-choice.html |url-status= live }} [449] => [450] => In 2017, the cultivated area for hemp in the [[Prairie provinces]] include [[Saskatchewan]] with more than {{convert|56000|acre|ha}}, [[Alberta]] with {{convert|45000|acre|ha}}, and [[Manitoba]] with {{convert|30000|acre|ha}}.{{cite web|author1=Mark Halsall|title=Hemp area may stall in 2018|url=https://www.country-guide.ca/2018/03/02/are-canadas-hemp-acres-poised-for-a-downward-slide-in-2018/52710/|publisher=CountryGuide, Glacier FarmMedia Limited Partnership|access-date=18 May 2018|date=2 March 2018|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120937/https://www.country-guide.ca/2018/03/02/are-canadas-hemp-acres-poised-for-a-downward-slide-in-2018/52710/|url-status=live}} Canadian hemp is cultivated mostly for its food value as hulled hemp seeds, hemp oils, and hemp protein powders, with only a small fraction devoted to production of hemp fiber used for construction and insulation. [451] => [452] => ===France=== [453] => {{main|Hemp in France}} [454] => France is Europe's biggest producer (and the world's second largest producer) with {{convert|8000|ha}} cultivated.{{cite web|url=http://www.oniflhor.fr/le-chanvre-une-plante-aux-interets-encore-meconnus/|title=Hemp: a plant still unknown (in French)|publisher=Jardinage|date=4 October 2014|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132447/http://www.oniflhor.fr/le-chanvre-une-plante-aux-interets-encore-meconnus/|url-status=live}} 70–80% of the hemp fiber produced in 2003 was used for specialty pulp for cigarette papers and technical applications. About 15% was used in the automotive sector, and 5–6% was used for insulation mats. About 95% of hurds were used as animal bedding, while almost 5% was used in the building sector. In 2010–2011, a total of {{convert|11000|ha|acre}} was cultivated with hemp in the EU, a decline compared with previous year.{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/statistics/agricultural/2011/pdf/full-report_en.pdf |title=Agriculture in the European Union, Statistical and Economic Information 2011, European Union Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development, page 283 |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512143609/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/statistics/agricultural/2011/pdf/full-report_en.pdf |url-status=live }}[http://www.sjv.se/amnesomraden/handel/politikochframtid/eusjordbrukspolitik/spannmal/nyhetsbrevomeukommittemotenspannmalmm/2011protokoll/20110310.5.4bdd0ace12e454f491d80002616.html Jordbruksverket: 2.1–2.3, 2.5 Marknadssituationen för spannmål, oljeväxter, proteingrödor, ris,2011-03-10, (Swedish Board of Agriculture, Report from an expert group in the European Union about the market situation for a number of agricultural products. Published only in Swedish)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118070111/http://www.sjv.se/amnesomraden/handel/politikochframtid/eusjordbrukspolitik/spannmal/nyhetsbrevomeukommittemotenspannmalmm/2011protokoll/20110310.5.4bdd0ace12e454f491d80002616.html |date=18 January 2012 }} [455] => [456] => [457] => File:Industrialhemp.jpg|Industrial hemp production in France [458] => File:La Roche Jagu chanvre 2.JPG|A hemp maze in France [459] => [460] => [461] => ===Russia and Ukraine=== [462] => [[File:Cannabis harvesting (USSR, 1956).png|thumb|Harvesting hemp in the USSR, 1956]] [463] => [464] => From the 1950s to the 1980s, the [[Soviet Union]] was the world's largest producer of hemp ({{convert|3000|km2}} in 1970). The main production areas were in [[Ukraine]],{{cite web |url=http://www.aginukraine.com/bast/bast01.htm |title=Hemp research and growing in Ukraine |publisher=Aginukraine.com |date=6 January 2002 |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707093612/http://www.aginukraine.com/bast/bast01.htm |url-status=live }} the [[Kursk]] and [[Oryol|Orel]] regions of Russia, and near the Polish border. Since its inception in 1931, the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of [[Bast fiber|Bast]] Crops in [[Hlukhiv]] (Glukhov), Ukraine, has been one of the world's largest centers for developing new hemp varieties, focusing on improving fiber quality, per-hectare yields, and low THC content.[http://news2000.org.ua/print?a=%2Fpaper%2F5463 Hemp will help Ukraine to grow wealthy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013204859/http://news2000.org.ua/print?a=%2Fpaper%2F5463 |date=13 October 2008 }} {{in lang|ru}} [465] => [466] => After the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], the commercial cultivation of hemp declined sharply. However, at least an estimated 2.5 million acres of hemp grow wild in the Russian Far East and the Black Sea regions.{{cite news|title=(Website/ Products)|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/09/28/Russia-mulls-resumption-of-hemp-growing/UPI-84461317226391/|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929074033/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/09/28/Russia-mulls-resumption-of-hemp-growing/UPI-84461317226391/|url-status=live}} [467] => [468] => ===United Kingdom=== [469] => In the United Kingdom, cultivation licenses are issued by the [[Home Office]] under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]]. When grown for nondrug purposes, hemp is referred to as industrial hemp, and a common product is fiber for use in a wide variety of products, as well as the seed for nutritional aspects and the oil. [[Feral hemp]] or ditch weed is usually a naturalized fiber or oilseed strain of ''Cannabis'' that has escaped from cultivation and is self-seeding.{{cite book|author1=Jon Merrills|author2=Jonathan Fisher|title=Pharmacy Law and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4a6gA0a4V8MC&pg=PA227|year=2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-394618-8|page=227}} [470] => [471] => ===United States=== [472] => {{main|Hemp in the United States}} [473] => In October 2019, hemp became legal to grow in 46 U.S. states under federal law. As of 2019, 47 states have enacted legislation to make hemp legal to grow at the state level, with [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|several states]] implementing medical provisions regarding the growing of plants specifically for non-psychoactive CBD.{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx|title=State Industrial Hemp Statutes|website=ncsl.org|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220165001/https://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx|url-status=dead}} [474] => [475] => The [[2018 United States farm bill|2018 Farm Bill]], which incorporated the [[Hemp Farming Act of 2018]], removed hemp as a [[Controlled Substances Act|Schedule I drug]] and instead made it an agricultural commodity. This legalized hemp at the federal level, which made it easier for hemp farmers to get production licenses, acquire loans, and receive federal crop insurance.{{Cite journal|last=Dyer|first=Owen|date=31 May 2018|title=Trump signs bill to give patients right to try drugs|journal=BMJ|volume=361|pages=k2429|doi=10.1136/bmj.k2429|issn=0959-8138|pmid=29853541|s2cid=46918623}} [476] => * NH 2014 N.H. Laws, Chap. 18, SD: HB 1008 (2020) [477] => * S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §38-35-1 et seq. [478] => ** Authorizes the growth, production and transportation of hemp with a license, and directs the Department of Agriculture to submit a state plan to USDA. [479] => ** Requires a minimum of five contiguous outdoor acres for grower license applications, and requires any license applicants to submit to a state and federal criminal background investigation. [480] => ** Requires a transportation permit for any transporter traveling within or through the state and creates two types of industrial hemp transportation permits (grower licensee and general) provided by the Department of Public Safety. [481] => ** Creates the Hemp Regulatory Program Fund.{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=Codified|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350981669|journal=Codified|doi=10.5040/9781350981669|url-access=subscription|access-date=3 April 2021|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151349/https://www.humankineticslibrary.com/audio?docid=HKL_6131971605001&tocid=HKL_file_6131971605001|url-status=live }} [482] => [483] => The process to legalize hemp cultivation began in 2009, when Oregon began approving licenses for industrial hemp.{{cite web|url=http://library.state.or.us/repository/2009/200908310830431/index.pdf|title=Industrial Hemp in Oregon|last=Oregon Department of Agriculture|date=6 August 2009|website=library.state.or.us|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163018/http://library.state.or.us/repository/2009/200908310830431/index.pdf|url-status=live}} Then, in 2013, after the legalization of marijuana, several farmers in Colorado planted and harvested several acres of hemp, bringing in the first hemp crop in the United States in over half a century.{{Cite journal|last=Stoller|first=Joyce|date=7 March 1996|title=Hemp, Hemp, Hooray!|journal=Monthly Review|volume=47|issue=10|page=58|doi=10.14452/mr-047-10-1996-03_7|issn=0027-0520}} After that, the federal government created a Hemp Farming Pilot Program as a part of the Agricultural Act of 2014.{{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-113hr2642enr/pdf/BILLS-113hr2642enr.pdf|title=Agricultural Act of 2014|last=Congress of the United States of America|date=3 January 2014|website=govinfo.org|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163017/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-113hr2642enr/pdf/BILLS-113hr2642enr.pdf|url-status=live}} This program allowed institutions of higher education and state agricultural departments to begin growing hemp without the consent of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA). [[Hemp in Kentucky|Hemp production in Kentucky]], formerly the United States' leading producer, resumed in 2014.{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Student Pugwash USA announces science and politics multimedia contest winners|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/pt.4.1568|issn=1945-0699}} [[Hemp in North Carolina|Hemp production in North Carolina]] resumed in 2017,{{Cite book |last=Windham |first=Lane |date=18 January 2018 |chapter=Signing Up in the Shipyard |title=Knocking on Labor's Door: Union Organizing in the 1970s and the Roots of a New Economic Divide |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |volume=1 |doi=10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632070.003.0005 |isbn=978-1-4696-3207-0 |pages=85–106}} and in Washington State the same year.{{Cite report |date=1961 |title=Geology of the Moses Lake North quadrangle, Washington |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |location=Washington, D.C. |doi=10.3133/i330 |doi-access=free}} By the end of 2017, at least 34 U.S. states had industrial hemp programs. In 2018, New York began taking strides in industrial hemp production, along with hemp research pilot programs at [[Cornell University]], [[Binghamton University]] and [[SUNY Morrisville]].{{Citation|last=Schafer|first=Roy|chapter=You can get here from there|date=26 March 2018|pages=155–167|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-48415-5|doi=10.4324/9780429484155-10|title=Tragic Knots in Psychoanalysis}} [484] => [485] => As of 2017, the hemp industry estimated that annual sales of hemp products were around $820 million annually; hemp-derived CBD have been the major force driving this growth.{{cite web |url=https://www.hempbizjournal.com/size-of-us-hemp-industry-2017/ |title=The U.S. Hemp Industry grows to $820mm in sales in 2017 |date=13 June 2018 |website=hempbizjournal.com |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212201141/https://www.hempbizjournal.com/size-of-us-hemp-industry-2017/ |archive-date=12 December 2019}} [486] => [487] => Despite this progress, hemp businesses in the US have had difficulties expanding as they have faced challenges in traditional marketing and sales approaches. According to a case study done by ''Forbes'', hemp businesses and startups have had difficulty marketing and selling non-psychoactive hemp products, as majority of online advertising platforms and financial institutions do not distinguish between hemp and marijuana.{{Cite journal|last=Chhabra|first=Esha|s2cid=29362743|date=10 July 2015|title=Downside of becoming a richer country|journal=BMJ|volume=351|pages=h3759|doi=10.1136/bmj.h3759|pmid=26162376|issn=1756-1833}} [488] => [489] => ==History== [490] => {{multiple image [491] => | align = right [492] => | direction =vertical [493] => | header = [494] => | header_align = center [495] => | header_background = [496] => | footer = [497] => | footer_align = center [498] => | footer_background = [499] => | width = 200 [500] => | image1 = YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg| [501] => | width1 = 200 [502] => | alt1 = [503] => | caption1 = [[Yangshao culture]] (ca. 4800 BC) [[amphora]] with impressed hemp cord design [504] => | image2 = 麻-order.gif [505] => | width2 = 150 [506] => | alt2 = [507] => | caption2 = [[Radical 200]] ([[wikt:麻|麻 or ''má'']]), the [[Chinese characters|Chinese character]] for hemp, depicts two plants under a shelter. The use of hemp in Taiwan dates back at least 10,000 years.{{cite book |author=Stafford, Peter |title=Psychedelics Encyclopedia |publisher=Ronin Publishing |location=Berkeley, CA, USA |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-914171-51-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC }} [508] => }} [509] => [510] => Gathered hemp fiber was used to make cloth long before agriculture, nine to fifty thousand years ago. It may also be one of the earliest plants to have been cultivated. [511] => {{cite web [512] => |url=http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/hemp/16241.html [513] => |title=Information paper on industrial hemp (industrial cannabis) [514] => |publisher=Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Government [515] => |access-date=5 July 2008 [516] => |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723143556/http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/hemp/16241.html |archive-date = 23 July 2008}} [517] => {{cite journal|author1=Ethan Russo|s2cid=42480090|title=History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet|journal=[[Chemistry & Biodiversity]]|volume=4|issue=8|pages=1614–1648|date=August 2007|doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790144|pmid=17712811|author1-link=Ethan Russo|doi-access=free}} An archeological site in the [[Oki Islands]] of Japan contained cannabis [[achene]]s from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant.{{cite journal|author1=Tengwen Long|s2cid=133420222|display-authors=etal|title=Cannabis in Eurasia: origin of human use and Bronze Age trans-continental connections|journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany|volume=26|issue=2|pages=245–258|date=March 2017|doi=10.1007/s00334-016-0579-6|bibcode=2017VegHA..26..245L |author1-link=Tengwen Long}} Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the [[Neolithic Age]] in China, with hemp fiber imprints found on [[Yangshao culture]] pottery dating from the [[5th millennium BC]].Barber, E. J. W. (1992). ''Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean''. Princeton University Press. p. 17. The Chinese later used hemp to make clothes, shoes, ropes, and an early form of paper. The classical Greek historian [[Herodotus]] (ca. 480 BC) reported that the inhabitants of [[Scythia]] would often inhale the vapors of hemp-seed smoke, both as ritual and for their own pleasurable recreation.{{cite book |author= Herodotus |title= Histories |volume= IV | at= 73–75 |title-link= Histories (Herodotus) |author-link= Herodotus }} [518] => [519] => Textile expert [[Elizabeth Wayland Barber]] summarizes the historical evidence that ''Cannabis sativa'', "grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes, from Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Ukraine) to East Asia (Tibet and China)," but, "textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age."Barber, E. J. W. (1992). ''Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean''. Princeton University Press. p. 18. [520] => "I strongly suspect, however, that what catapulted hemp to sudden fame and fortune as a cultigen and caused it to spread rapidly westwards in the first millennium B.C. was the spread of the habit of pot-smoking from somewhere in south-central Asia, where the drug-bearing variety of the plant originally occurred. The linguistic evidence strongly supports this theory, both as to time and direction of spread and as to cause."Barber (1992). p. 19. [521] => [522] => Jews living in [[Palestine (region)#Classical antiquity|Palestine]] in the 2nd century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp, as witnessed by a reference to it in the [[Mishna]] (''[[kil'ayim (Talmud)|Kil'ayim]]'' 2:5) as a variety of plant, along with [[arum]], that sometimes takes as many as three years to grow from a seedling. In [[Late Middle Ages|late medieval]] [[Holy Roman Empire]] (Germany) and [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]], hemp was employed in cooked dishes, as filling in [[pie]]s and [[torte]]s, or boiled in a soup.''Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays'' (2002), edited by Melitta Weiss Adamson, {{ISBN|0-415-92994-6}}, pg. 98, 166 Hemp in later Europe was mainly cultivated for its fibers and was used for ropes on many ships, including those of [[Christopher Columbus]]. The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside, with higher quality textiles being available in the towns. [523] => [[File:Cannabissativadior.jpg|thumb|''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' from ''[[Vienna Dioscurides]]'', 512 AD]] [524] => The Spaniards brought hemp to the Americas and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545.{{cite web [525] => |url=https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sb681 [526] => |title=Feasibility of Industrial Hemp Production in the United States Pacific Northwest, SB681 [527] => |author=Daryl T. Ehrensing [528] => |publisher=[[Oregon State University]] [529] => |access-date=15 May 2016 [530] => |date=May 1998 [531] => |archive-date=15 November 2017 [532] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115184642/https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sb681 [533] => |url-status=live [534] => }} Similar attempts were made in Peru, Colombia, and Mexico, but only in Chile did the crop find success.{{cite book|author=Gabriel G. Nahas|title=Cannabis Physiopathology Epidemiology Detection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6doGy7klT88C&pg=PA210|date=31 December 1992|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-8310-6|pages=210–}} In July 1605, [[Samuel Champlain]] reported the use of grass and hemp clothing by the (Wampanoag) people of Cape Cod and the (Nauset) people of Plymouth Bay told him they harvested hemp in their region where it grew wild to a height of 4 to 5 ft. [535] => Champlain, Samuel, Henry P. Biggar. 1929. The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol 1. Toronto: Champlain Society. pp. 341–56. In May 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main [[Powhatan]] village, where [[Richmond, Virginia]], is now situated;Gabriel Archer, ''A Relatyon of the Discoverie of Our River...'', printed in ''Archaeologia Americana'' 1860, p. 44. [[William Strachey]] (1612) records a native ([[Powhatan]]) name for hemp (''weihkippeis''). and in 1613, [[Samuell Argall]] reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper [[Potomac River|Potomac]]. As early as 1619, the first Virginia [[House of Burgesses]] passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow "both English and Indian" hemp on their plantations.[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1036 Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly, 1619] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030304234352/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1036 |date=4 March 2003 }}, cf. the 1633 Act: [http://vagenweb.org/hening/vol01-09.htm ''Hening's Statutes at Large'', p. 218] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214094025/http://vagenweb.org/hening/vol01-09.htm |date=14 December 2017 }} The [[Puritans]] are first known to have cultivated hemp in [[New England]] in 1645. [536] => [537] => ===United States=== [538] => [[File:Hemp Oregon State.jpg|thumb|Hemp being grown in Oregon in 2020]] [539] => [[George Washington]] pushed for the growth of hemp as it was a [[cash crop]] commonly used to make rope and fabric. In May 1765 he noted in his diary about the sowing of seeds each day until mid-April. Then he recounts the harvest in October which he grew 27 bushels that year. [540] => [541] => It is sometimes supposed that an excerpt from Washington's diary, which reads "Began to {{sic|sep|erate}} the Male from the Female hemp at Do.&—rather too late" is evidence that he was trying to grow female plants for the [[THC]] found in the flowers. However, the editorial remark accompanying the diary states that "This may arise from their [the male] being coarser, and the stalks larger"{{cite web|title=Diary of George Washington, entry 7 August 1765|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0006-0004|website=founders.archives.gov|access-date=3 June 2014|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223740/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0006-0004|url-status=live}} In subsequent days, he describes soaking the hemp{{cite web|title=Diary of George Washington, entry 22 August 1765|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0006-0010|website=founders.archives.gov|access-date=3 June 2014|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234316/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0006-0010|url-status=live}} (to make the fibers usable) and harvesting the seeds,{{cite web|title=Diary of George Washington, entry September 1765|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0007|website=founders.archives.gov|access-date=3 June 2014|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606235508/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0007|url-status=live}} suggesting that he was growing hemp for industrial purposes, not recreational. [542] => [543] => George Washington also imported the Indian hemp plant from Asia, which was used for fiber and, by some growers, for intoxicating resin production. In a 1796 letter to William Pearce who managed the plants for him, Washington says, "What was done with the Indian Hemp plant from last summer? It ought, all of it, to be sown again; that not only a stock of seed sufficient for my own purposes might have been raised, but to have disseminated seed to others; as it is more valuable than common hemp."{{cite web |title=From George Washington to William Pearce, 29 May 1796 |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-00559 |website=Founders Online |publisher=National Archive |access-date=15 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123020659/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-00559 |url-status=dead }}{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Rowan |title=The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant |date=1996 |publisher=Park Street Press |location=Rochester, Vermont |isbn=978-0-89281-541-8 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&pg=PA131 |access-date=15 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151417/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} [544] => [545] => Other presidents known to have farmed hemp for alternative purposes include [[Thomas Jefferson]],Bear, James A. Jr., and Lucia C. Stanton, eds. Jefferson's Memorandum Books: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767–1826. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997, 1:383. [[James Madison]], [[James Monroe]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Zachary Taylor]], and [[Franklin Pierce]].Robinson, Rowan. The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant. Rochester, VT. Park Street Press, 2010. Chapter 5:129-135. Print [546] => [547] => Historically, hemp production had made up a significant portion of [[History of the United States (1789–1849)|antebellum]] Kentucky's economy. Before the [[American Civil War]], many slaves worked on [[plantation economy|plantations]] producing hemp.[http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/history/slavery.htm James F. Hopkins, "Slavery in the Hemp Industry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607220544/http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/history/slavery.htm |date=7 June 2007 }}, Drug Library [548] => [549] => In 1937, the [[Marihuana Tax Act of 1937]] was passed in the United States, levying a tax on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. The passing of the Act to destroy the U.S. hemp industry has been reputed to involve businessmen [[Andrew Mellon]], [[Randolph Hearst]] and the [[Du Pont family]].{{Cite book |last1= French |first1= Laurence |first2= Magdaleno |last2= Manzanárez |title= NAFTA & neocolonialism: comparative criminal, human & social justice |publisher= University Press of America |year= 2004 |page= 129 |isbn= 978-0-7618-2890-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4ozF1Yg-c4MC&pg=PA129 |access-date= 1 June 2020 |archive-date= 20 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192140/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ozF1Yg-c4MC&pg=PA129 |url-status= live }}Earlywine, 2005: [https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA24 p. 24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192121/https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA24 |date=20 April 2023 }}Peet, 2004: [https://books.google.com/books?id=uC0_YznYjScC&pg=PA55 p. 55] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192122/https://books.google.com/books?id=uC0_YznYjScC&pg=PA55 |date=20 April 2023 }} [550] => [551] => One claim is that Hearst believed{{Dubious|date=March 2015}} that his extensive timber holdings were threatened by the invention of the [[decorticator]] that he feared would allow hemp to become a cheap substitute for the [[paper pulp]] used for newspaper.{{Cite book| title= Bound in twine: the history and ecology of the henequen-wheat complex for Mexico and the American and Canadian Plains, 1880–1950| author= Sterling Evans| publisher= Texas A&M University Press| year= 2007| isbn= 978-1-58544-596-7| page= 27| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_wFkZgyuGFAC&pg=PA27| access-date= 26 November 2015| archive-date= 1 April 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151420/https://books.google.com/books?id=_wFkZgyuGFAC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status= live}} Historical research indicates this fear was unfounded because improvements of the [[decorticator]]s in the 1930s – machines that separated the fibers from the hemp stem – could not make hemp fiber a cheaper substitute for fibers from other sources. Further, decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/fiberproductioni518dewe#page/66/mode/2up|author=Dewey LH|title=Fiber production in the western hemisphere|date=1943|page=67|publisher=United States Printing Office, Washington|access-date=25 February 2015}} [552] => [553] => Another claim is that Mellon, [[Secretary of the Treasury]] and the wealthiest man in America at that time, had invested heavily in [[DuPont]]'s new synthetic fiber, nylon, and believed{{Dubious|date=March 2015}} that the replacement of the traditional resource, hemp, was integral to the new product's success.{{cite book | editor = Evans, Sterling | title = The borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests: essays on regional history of the forty-ninth parallel | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | year = 2006| isbn = 978-0-8032-1826-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/borderlandsofame00ster/page/199 199]| url = https://archive.org/details/borderlandsofame00ster| url-access = registration }}{{cite book| author = Gerber, Rudolph Joseph| title= Legalizing marijuana: drug policy reform and prohibition politics| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 2004|isbn= 978-0-275-97448-0 | page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMOdI9pC-gEC&pg=PA7}}{{cite book| author= Earleywine, Mitchell| title= Understanding marijuana: a new look at the scientific evidence| publisher= Oxford University Press| year= 2005| isbn= 978-0-19-518295-8| page= 231| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA231| access-date= 26 November 2015| archive-date= 1 April 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151849/https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA231| url-status= live}}{{cite book |author=Robinson, Matthew B |author2=Scherlen, Renee G |title=Lies, damned lies, and drug war statistics: a critical analysis of claims made by the office of National Drug Control Policy |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7914-6975-0 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwGpsNjv_1kC&pg=PA12 |author-link=Matthew Barnett Robinson |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151843/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwGpsNjv_1kC&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}{{cite book | author = Rowe, Thomas C | title = Federal narcotics laws and the war on drugs: money down a rat hole | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-7890-2808-2 | page = 26 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v1tz6nP6fdwC&pg=PA26 | access-date = 26 November 2015 | archive-date = 1 April 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151843/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1tz6nP6fdwC&pg=PA26 | url-status = live }}{{cite book|editor= Sullivan, Larry E|title= Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: Federal|publisher= SAGE|year= 2005|isbn= 978-0-7619-2649-8|page= 747|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FtgYAAAAIAAJ&q=hearst+hemp|display-editors= etal|access-date= 26 November 2015|archive-date= 1 April 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151844/https://books.google.com/books?id=FtgYAAAAIAAJ&q=hearst+hemp|url-status= live}}{{cite book| author= Lusane, Clarence|author-link=Clarence Lusane|title= Pipe dream blues: racism and the war on drugs|publisher= South End Press| year= 1991| isbn = 978-0-89608-410-0| pages = [https://archive.org/details/pipedreambluesra00lusa/page/37 37]–8| url= https://archive.org/details/pipedreambluesra00lusa| url-access= registration}} DuPont and many industrial historians dispute a link between nylon and hemp, nylon became immediately a scarce commodity.{{Clarify|date=May 2016}} Nylon had characteristics that could be used for [[toothbrushes]] (sold from 1938) and very thin nylon fiber could compete with silk and [[rayon]] in various textiles normally not produced from hemp fiber, such as very thin stockings for women.{{cite web|url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32|title=the history of nylon|work=caimateriali.org|access-date=11 March 2015|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044410/http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|year=2008|title=Nylon: A Revolution in Textiles|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/nylon-a-revolution-in-textiles|journal=Chemical Heritage Magazine|volume=26|issue=3|last1=Wolfe|first1=Audra J.|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030084604/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/nylon-a-revolution-in-textiles|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspolymers/first-nylon-plant-historical-resource.pdf|title=American Chemical Society: THE FIRST NYLON PLANT. 1995|website=acs.org|access-date=11 March 2015|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190309/https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspolymers/first-nylon-plant-historical-resource.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html|title=Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress)|work=loc.gov|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202556/http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html|url-status=live}} [554] => [555] => While the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 had just been signed into law, the United States Department of Agriculture lifted the tax on hemp cultivation during WW II.{{cite book|last=Klonoff|first=Harry|chapter=The Logistics of Marijuana Research: Methodological, Legal, and Societal|date=1974|pages=1–24|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-497050-2|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-497050-2.50006-1|title=Marijuana: Effects on Human Behavior}} Before WW II, the U.S. Navy used Jute and Manila Hemp from the Philippines and Indonesia for the cordage on their ships. During the war, Japan cut off those supply lines.{{cite video |title=Hemp for Victory |author=USDA |date=1942 |time=1:40 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIxFhYVv_Gk |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604023802/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIxFhYVv_Gk |url-status=live }} America was forced to turn inward and revitalize the cultivation of Hemp on U.S. soils. [556] => [557] => Hemp was used extensively by the United States during World War II to make uniforms, canvas, and rope.{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 5. The Wartime Transformation of Student Visitors into Refugee Citizens, 1943–1955|date=31 January 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6637-3|doi=10.1515/9781400866373-009|title=The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority|pages=104–129}} Much of the hemp used was cultivated in [[Kentucky]] and the [[Midwest]]. During World War II, the U.S. produced a short 1942 film, ''[[Hemp for Victory]]'', promoting hemp as a necessary crop to win the war. By the 1980s the film was largely forgotten, and the U.S. government even denied its existence.{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Rowan|author-link=Rowan Robinson|title=The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant|publisher=[[Park Street Press]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&q=%22hemp+for+victory%22+%22ever+been+made%22&pg=PA161|isbn=978-0-89281-541-8|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151845/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&q=%22hemp+for+victory%22+%22ever+been+made%22&pg=PA161#v=snippet&q=%22hemp%20for%20victory%22%20%22ever%20been%20made%22&f=false|url-status=live}} The film, and the important historical role of hemp in U.S. agriculture and commerce was brought to light by hemp activist Jack Herer in the book ''[[The Emperor Wears No Clothes]]''. [558] => [559] => U.S. farmers participated in the campaign to increase U.S. hemp production to 36,000 acres in 1942.{{cite video |title=Hemp for Victory |date=1942 |author=USDA |time=2:05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIxFhYVv_Gk |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604023802/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIxFhYVv_Gk |url-status=live }} This increase amounted to more than 20 times the production in 1941 before the war effort. [560] => [561] => In the United States, Executive Order 12919 (1994) identified hemp as a strategic national product that should be stockpiled.{{Cite web|title=EXECUTIVE ORDER 12919 -- NATIONAL DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES PREPAREDNESS|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/laworder/12919.htm|access-date=2 December 2020|website=www.disastercenter.com|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125235831/http://www.disastercenter.com/laworder/12919.htm|url-status=live}} [562] => [563] => [564] => File:Hemp for Victory 1942.webm|''[[Hemp for Victory]]'', a short documentary produced by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] during [[World War II]] [565] => File:KY War Board Letter to Joe Burton, hemp farmer.jpg|1942 [[United States Department of Agriculture]] War Board Letter of appreciation to Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a Kentucky hemp farmer for his support of the [[World War II]] ''Hemp for Victory'' campaignLetter to Daddy Burt from USDA War Board {{!}} Burton Family Archive: Sallyann Burton Gullett [566] => File:Joe Burton Kentucky hemp farmer with hemp.jpg|Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a recognized top Kentucky hemp farmer with harvested hemp, 1942. Photo by USDA War Board - Lexington, Kentucky.Picture of Daddy Burt with harvested hemp {{!}} Burton Family Archive: Jimmy Wallace Bruner [567] => File:Producer of marihuana.jpg|United States "Marihuana" production permit. During [[World War II]] farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace [[Manila hemp]] previously obtained from Japanese-controlled areas. The U.S. government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp, called ''[[Hemp for Victory]]''. [568] => [569] => [[File:THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF ILLEGAL DRUGS (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343).pdf|thumb|Hemp was classified as a drug and heavily debated and prohibited through the 20th century through 2018.]] [570] => [571] => === Historical cultivation === [572] => Hemp has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East for its fiber. Commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century, but was grown in the sixteenth century in eastern England.{{Cite journal |jstor=2434380|title=New Fossil Evidence for the Past Cultivation and Processing of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Eastern England |journal=The New Phytologist|volume=89|issue=3|pages=503–510|last1=Bradshaw|first1=R. H. W.|last2=Coxon|first2=P.|last3=Greig|first3=J. R. A.|last4=Hall|first4=A. R.|year=1981 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1981.tb02331.x|doi-access=free}} Because of colonial and naval expansion of the era, economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and [[oakum]]. In the early 1940s, world production of hemp fiber ranged from 250,000 to 350,000 metric tons, Russia was the biggest producer. [573] => [574] => In Western Europe, the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the 1930s, but the commercial cultivation stopped by then, due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers.{{cite web|url=http://www.hempfood.com/iha/iha01214.html |title=Dr. Ivan BÛcsa, GATE Agricultural Research Institute, Kompolt - Hungary, Book Review Re-discovery of the Crop Plant Cannabis Marihuana Hemp (Die Wiederentdeckung der Nutzplanze Cannabis Marihuana Hanf) |publisher=Hempfood.com |access-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221071148/http://www.hempfood.com/iha/iha01214.html |archive-date=21 December 2012}} Speculation about the potential for commercial cultivation of hemp in large quantities has been criticized due to successful competition from other fibers for many products. The world production of hemp fiber fell from over 300,000 metric tons 1961 to about 75,000 metric tons in the early 1990s and has after that been stable at that level.{{cite web|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/cmspubsclass/files/EconomicConsiderationsforGrowingIndustrialHemp.pdf|author=Lynn Robins|title=Economic Considerations for Growing Industrial Hemp:Implications for Kentucky's Farmers and Agricultural Economy|publisher=Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky|date=July 2013|display-authors=etal|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404044008/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/cmspubsclass/files/EconomicConsiderationsforGrowingIndustrialHemp.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2015|url-status=dead}} [575] => [576] => ====Japan==== [577] => [[File:Kamidana.jpg|thumb|Japanese [[Shinto shrine]] with rope made of hemp]] [578] => [579] => In Japan, hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop. There is archaeological evidence cannabis was used for clothing and the seeds were eaten in Japan back to the [[Jōmon period]] (10,000 to 300 BC). Many [[Kimono]] designs portray hemp, or ''asa'' ({{lang-ja|麻}}), as a beautiful plant. In 1948, marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug. The ban on marijuana imposed by the United States authorities was alien to Japanese culture, as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before. Though these laws against marijuana are some of the world's strictest, allowing five years imprisonment for possession of the drug, they exempt hemp growers, whose crop is used to make robes for [[Buddhist monk]]s and [[mawashi|loincloths]] for [[Sumo wrestler]]s. Because marijuana use in Japan has doubled in the past decade, these exemptions have recently been called into question.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123612257155123461|title=In Drug-Leery Japan, Arrests for Marijuana Are on the Rise|author=Yuka Hayashi|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=4 March 2009|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000427/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123612257155123461|url-status=live}} [580] => [581] => ====Portugal==== [582] => The cultivation of hemp in Portuguese lands began around the fourteenth century.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} The raw material was used for the preparation of rope and plugs for the Portuguese ships. Portugal also utilized its colonies to support its hemp supply, including in certain parts of Brazil.{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45471/45471-h/45471-h.htm|title=The History of the Revolutions of Portugal|last1=Verto|first1=Abbé|last2=de Boisgelin|first2=Louis|via=Project Gutenberg|year=1809|location=London|page=363|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319172943/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45471/45471-h/45471-h.htm|url-status=live}} [583] => [584] => In order to recover the ailing Portuguese naval fleet after the Restoration of Independence in 1640, King John IV put a renewed emphasis on the growing of hemp. He ordered the creation of the Royal Linen and Hemp Factory in the town of Torre de Moncorvo to increase production and support the effort.{{cite web|url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/NR/exeres/7AF4DC01-0336-45B4-840F-3BFF3303CD52|title=Torre de Moncorvo|date=2013|website=Visit Portugal|publisher=Turismo de Portugal|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163024/https://www.visitportugal.com/en/NR/exeres/7AF4DC01-0336-45B4-840F-3BFF3303CD52|url-status=live}} [585] => [586] => In 1971, the cultivation of hemp became illegal, and the production was substantially reduced. Because of EU regulations 1308–70, 619/71 and 1164–89, this law was revoked (for some certified seed varieties).{{cite book|chapter=Regulation 182/2011 Laying Down the Rules and General Principles Concerning Mechanisms for Control by Member States of the Commissions Exercise of Implementing Powers (Comitology Regulation)|date=2018|pages=272–280|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-62437-4|doi=10.1017/9781108624374.008|title=EU Treaties and Legislation|author=Schütze, Robert|s2cid=240347435}} [587] => [588] => ==See also== [589] => {{Portal|Cannabis|Agriculture}} [590] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [591] => * [[Cannabis flower essential oil]] [592] => * [[Fiber crop]] [593] => * [[Fiber rope]] [594] => * [[Flax seed]] [595] => * [[Hemp Industries Association]] [596] => * [[Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009]] [597] => * [[International Year of Natural Fibres]] [598] => * [[Natural fiber]] [599] => [600] => * ''[[The Emperor Wears No Clothes]]'' (book) [601] => {{div col end}} [602] => [603] => ==References== [604] => {{Reflist|30em}} [605] => [606] => {{Wikiquote|Cannabis}} [607] => {{Commons category|Hemp}} [608] => {{Wiktionary|hemp}} [609] => [610] => {{Cannabis|state=collapsed}} [611] => {{Fibers}} [612] => {{Bioenergy}} [613] => {{Herbs & spices}} [614] => [615] => {{Authority control}} [616] => [617] => {{DEFAULTSORT:Hemp}} [618] => [[Category:Hemp| ]] [619] => [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [620] => [[Category:Biofuels]] [621] => [[Category:Fiber plants]] [622] => [[Category:Herbs]] [623] => [[Category:Non-food crops]] [] => )
good wiki

Hemp

Hemp is a variety of the Cannabis plant species that is grown specifically for industrial purposes. It is one of the fastest-growing plants and can be used to produce a wide range of products.

More about us

About

It is one of the fastest-growing plants and can be used to produce a wide range of products. Hemp has been cultivated for thousands of years for its fiber, seeds, and oil, and has numerous industrial applications. The fiber from the stalks of hemp plants is strong and versatile, making it suitable for making textiles, paper, and building materials. Hemp fiber is also used in the production of biofuels and can be used as a substitute for plastics. The seeds of the hemp plant are rich in healthy fats, protein, and minerals, and can be consumed as food or used for making oil, animal feed, and beauty products. In addition to its industrial applications, hemp has gained popularity in recent years for its potential health benefits. Hemp oil, derived from the seeds, is believed to have various medicinal properties, including reducing inflammation and promoting heart health. CBD (cannabidiol) oil, derived from the flowers and leaves of hemp plants, has gained significant attention for its purported therapeutic effects, including pain relief, anxiety reduction, and sleep improvement. Hemp has faced legal restrictions in many countries due to its association with marijuana, another variety of the Cannabis plant species. However, the distinction between hemp and marijuana lies in the concentration of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the psychoactive compound responsible for the "high" associated with marijuana. Hemp is defined as having less than 0. 3% THC content, making it non-intoxicating and safe for various uses. As awareness of the versatile and sustainable nature of hemp grows, many countries are revising their regulations to allow for the cultivation and utilization of this valuable plant. Research into the various uses and potential benefits of hemp continues to expand, fueling its growing global demand.

Expert Team

Vivamus eget neque lacus. Pellentesque egauris ex.

Award winning agency

Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur elitorceat .

10 Year Exp.

Pellen tesque eget, mauris lorem iupsum neque lacus.

You might be interested in

Bamboo

Bamboo is a type of grass plant that belongs to the subfamily Bambusoideae.

Biodegradation

Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15.

Phytochemistry

Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants.

Protein

Proteins are macromolecules found in all living organisms.

Slovenia

Slovenia is a country located in southern Central Europe.

Sustainability

Sustainability is a concept that focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.