Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Italian artist, architect and poet (1475–1564)}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{pp|small=yes}} [3] => {{pp-move}} [4] => {{Use British English|date=September 2016}} [5] => {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} [6] => {{Infobox artist [7] => | name = Michelangelo [8] => | image = Michelangelo Daniele da Volterra (dettaglio).jpg [9] => | caption = Portrait by [[Daniele da Volterra]], {{circa|1545}} [10] => | birth_name = Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni [11] => | birth_date = 6 March 1475 [12] => | birth_place = [[Caprese Michelangelo|Caprese]], [[Republic of Florence]] [13] => | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1564|2|18|1475|3|6}} [14] => | death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] [15] => | field = {{flatlist| [16] => *Sculpture [17] => *painting [18] => *architecture [19] => *poetry [20] => }} [21] => | movement = {{flatlist| [22] => *[[High Renaissance]] [23] => *[[Mannerism]] [24] => }} [25] => | works = {{unbulleted list|''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'' (1498–1499)|''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'' (1501–1504)|[[Sistine Chapel ceiling]] (1508–1512)|''[[Moses (Michelangelo)|Moses]]'' (1513–1515)|''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' (1536–1541)}} [26] => |module = {{Infobox person|child=yes [27] => | signature = Michelangelo Signature2.svg}} [28] => }} [29] => [30] => '''Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni''' ({{IPA-it|mikeˈlandʒelo di lodoˈviːko ˌbwɔnarˈrɔːti siˈmoːni|lang}}; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known [[mononym]]ously as '''Michelangelo''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|m|aɪ|k|əl|'|æ|n|dʒ|ə|l|oʊ|,_|ˌ|m|I|k|-}}{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|author-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the [[High Renaissance]]. Born in the [[Republic of Florence]], his work was inspired by models from [[classical antiquity]] and had a lasting influence on [[Western art]]. Michelangelo's creative abilities and mastery in a range of artistic arenas define him as an archetypal [[Renaissance man]], along with his rival and elder contemporary, [[Leonardo da Vinci]].{{Britannica|379957}} Given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches, and reminiscences, Michelangelo is one of the best-documented artists of the 16th century. He was lauded by contemporary biographers as the most accomplished artist of his era.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQd-AwAAQBAJ&q=Life+of+Michelangelo+Symonds|title=The Life of Michelangelo|first=John|last=Symonds|date=9 January 2019|publisher=BookRix|isbn=9783736804630|via=Google Books}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr0UDAAAQBAJ&q=vasari+lives+of+the+artists&pg=PR15|title=The Lives of the Artists|first=Giorgio|last=Vasari|date=14 August 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199537198|via=Google Books}} [31] => [32] => Michelangelo achieved fame early. Two of his best-known works, the ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'' and ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'', were sculpted before the age of 30. Although he did not consider himself a painter, Michelangelo created two of the most influential [[fresco]]es in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling|ceiling of the Sistine Chapel]] in Rome, and ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' on its altar wall. His design of the [[Laurentian Library]] pioneered [[Mannerism#Mannerist architecture|Mannerist architecture]].Hughes, A., & Elam, C. (2003). "Michelangelo". ''Oxford Art Online''. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from [http://www.oxfordartonline.com Oxford Art Online] At the age of 71, he succeeded [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]] as the architect of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. Michelangelo transformed the plan so that the Western end was finished to his design, as was the dome, with some modification, after his death. [33] => [34] => Michelangelo was the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive. Three biographies were published during his lifetime. One of them, by [[Giorgio Vasari]], proposed that Michelangelo's work transcended that of any artist living or dead, and was "supreme in not one art alone but in all three."Smithers, Tamara. 2016. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-fKcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 Michelangelo in the New Millennium: Conversations about Artistic Practice, Patronage and Christianity]''. Boston: Brill. p. vii. {{ISBN|978-90-04-31362-0}}. [35] => [36] => In his lifetime, Michelangelo was often called ''Il Divino'' ("the divine one").{{cite book|last=Emison|first=Patricia. A|title=Creating the "Divine Artist": from Dante to Michelangelo|publisher=Brill|year=2004|isbn=978-90-04-13709-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EofecqX_vsC&q=michelangelo+%22il+divino%22&pg=PA144}} His contemporaries admired his ''[[terribilità]]''—his ability to instill a sense of awe in viewers of his art. Attempts by subsequent artists to imitateArt and Illusion, E. H. Gombrich, {{ISBN|978-0-691-07000-1}} the expressive physicality of Michelangelo's style contributed to the rise of [[Mannerism]], a short-lived movement in Western art between the [[High Renaissance]] and the [[Baroque]]. [37] => [38] => ==Life== [39] => [40] => ===Early life, 1475–1488=== [41] => Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475{{ref label|a|a|none}} in [[Caprese Michelangelo|Caprese]], known today as Caprese Michelangelo, a small town situated in Valtiberina,[http://www.cm-valtiberina.toscana.it/ Unione Montana dei Comuni della Valtiberina Toscana], www.cm-valtiberina.toscana.it near [[Arezzo]], [[Tuscany]].J. de Tolnay, ''The Youth of Michelangelo'', p. 11 For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in [[Florence]]; but the bank failed, and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the town's [[Magistrate|judicial administrator]] and ''[[podestà]]'' or local administrator of [[Chiusi della Verna]]. Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena.C. Clément, ''Michelangelo'', p. 5 The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess [[Matilde of Canossa|Matilde di Canossa]]—a claim that remains unproven, but which Michelangelo believed.A. Condivi, ''The Life of Michelangelo'', p. 5 [42] => [43] => Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where he was raised. During his mother's later prolonged illness, and after her death in 1481 (when he was six years old), Michelangelo lived with a nanny and her husband, a stonecutter, in the town of [[Settignano]], where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm. There he gained his love for marble. As [[Giorgio Vasari]] quotes him: [44] => {{blockquote|If there is some good in me, it is because I was born in the subtle atmosphere of your country of Arezzo. Along with the milk of my nurse I received the knack of handling chisel and hammer, with which I make my figures.}} [45] => [46] => ===Apprenticeships, 1488–1492=== [47] => [[File:Buonarotti-scala.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Madonna of the Stairs]]'' (1490–1492), Michelangelo's earliest known work in marble]] [48] => As a young boy, Michelangelo was sent to [[Florence]] to study [[grammar]] under the [[Renaissance Humanism|Humanist]] Francesco da Urbino.A. Condivi, ''The Life of Michelangelo'', p. 9{{ref label|b|b|none}} He showed no interest in his schooling, preferring to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of other painters. [49] => [50] => The city of Florence was at that time Italy's greatest centre of the arts and learning.Coughlan, Robert; (1978), ''The World of Michelangelo'', Time-Life; pp. 14–15 Art was sponsored by the Signoria (the town council), the merchant guilds, and wealthy patrons such as the [[Medici]] and their banking associates.Coughlan, pp. 35–40 The [[Renaissance]], a renewal of [[Classical antiquity|Classical]] scholarship and the arts, had its first flowering in Florence. In the early 15th century, the architect [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], having studied the remains of Classical buildings in Rome, had created two churches, [[San Lorenzo, Florence|San Lorenzo's]] and [[Santo Spirito, Florence|Santo Spirito]], which embodied the Classical precepts.Giovanni Fanelli, (1980) ''Brunelleschi'', Becocci Firenze, pp. 3–10 The sculptor [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]] had laboured for fifty years to create the north and east bronze doors of the [[Florence Baptistery|Baptistry]], which Michelangelo was to describe as "The Gates of Paradise".H. Gardner, p. 408 The exterior niches of the Church of [[Orsanmichele]] contained a gallery of works by the most acclaimed sculptors of Florence: [[Donatello]], Ghiberti, [[Andrea del Verrocchio]], and [[Nanni di Banco]]. The interiors of the older churches were covered with frescos (mostly in Late Medieval, but also in the Early Renaissance style), begun by [[Giotto]] and continued by [[Masaccio]] in the [[Brancacci Chapel]], both of whose works Michelangelo studied and copied in drawings.Coughlan, pp. 28–32 [51] => [52] => During Michelangelo's childhood, a team of painters had been called from Florence to the Vatican to decorate the walls of the [[Sistine Chapel]]. Among them was [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]], a master in fresco painting, perspective, figure drawing and portraiture who had the largest workshop in Florence. In 1488, at age 13, Michelangelo was apprenticed to Ghirlandaio.R. Liebert, ''Michelangelo: A Psychoanalytic Study of his Life and Images'', p. 59 The next year, his father persuaded Ghirlandaio to pay Michelangelo as an artist, which was rare for someone of fourteen.C. Clément, ''Michelangelo'', p. 7 When in 1489, [[Lorenzo de' Medici]], de facto ruler of Florence, asked Ghirlandaio for his two best pupils, Ghirlandaio sent Michelangelo and [[Francesco Granacci]].C. Clément, ''Michelangelo'', p. 9 [53] => [54] => From 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo attended the [[Platonic Academy (Florence)|Platonic Academy]], a Humanist academy founded by the Medici. There, his work and outlook were influenced by many of the most prominent philosophers and writers of the day, including [[Marsilio Ficino]], [[Pico della Mirandola]] and [[Poliziano]].J. de Tolnay, ''The Youth of Michelangelo'', pp. 18–19 At this time, Michelangelo sculpted the reliefs ''[[Madonna of the Stairs]]'' (1490–1492) and ''[[Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)|Battle of the Centaurs]]'' (1491–1492), the latter based on a theme suggested by Poliziano and commissioned by Lorenzo de' Medici.A. Condivi, ''The Life of Michelangelo'', p. 15 Michelangelo worked for a time with the sculptor [[Bertoldo di Giovanni]]. When he was seventeen, another pupil, [[Pietro Torrigiano]], struck him on the nose, causing the disfigurement that is conspicuous in the portraits of Michelangelo.Coughlan, p. 42 [55] => [56] => ===Bologna, Florence, and Rome, 1492–1499=== [57] => [[File:Michelangelo's Pieta 5450 cropncleaned edit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'', St Peter's Basilica (1498–1499)]] [58] => Lorenzo de' Medici's death on 8 April 1492 brought a reversal of Michelangelo's circumstances.J. de Tolnay, ''The Youth of Michelangelo'', pp. 20–21 Michelangelo left the security of the Medici court and returned to his father's house. In the following months he carved a polychrome wooden ''[[Crucifix (Michelangelo)|Crucifix]]'' (1493), as a gift to the prior of the Florentine church of Santo Spirito, which had allowed him to do some [[anatomical]] studies of the corpses from the church's hospital.A. Condivi, ''The Life of Michelangelo'', p. 17 This was the first of several instances during his career that Michelangelo studied anatomy by dissecting cadavers.Laurenzo, Domenico (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=u_U59cV_UCsC&pg=PA15 Art and Anatomy in Renaissance Italy: Images from a Scientific Revolution]''. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 15. {{ISBN|1588394565}}.{{cite journal |first1=A. |last1=Zeybek |last2=Özkan |first2=M. |title=Michelangelo and Anatomy |journal=Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy |volume=13 |issue=Supplement 2 |date=August 2019 |page=S199 }} [59] => [60] => Between 1493 and 1494, he bought a block of marble, and carved a larger-than-life statue of [[Hercules]], which was sent to France and subsequently disappeared sometime in the 18th century.{{ref label|c|c|none}} On 20 January 1494, after heavy snowfalls, Lorenzo's heir, [[Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici|Piero de Medici]], commissioned a statue made of snow, and Michelangelo again entered the court of the Medici.{{cite book|last=Coughlan|first=Robert|title=The World of Michelangelo: 1475–1564|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofmichaelan0000unse|url-access=limited|others=et al|publisher=Time-Life Books|year=1966|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofmichaelan0000unse/page/67 67]}} [61] => [62] => In the same year, the Medici were expelled from Florence as the result of the rise of [[Savonarola]]. Michelangelo left the city before the end of the political upheaval, moving to [[Venice]] and then to [[Bologna]]. In Bologna, he was commissioned to carve several of the last small figures for the completion of the [[Arca di San Domenico|Shrine of St. Dominic]], in the church dedicated to that saint. At this time Michelangelo studied the robust reliefs carved by [[Jacopo della Quercia]] around the main portal of the [[San Petronio Basilica|Basilica of St Petronius]], including the panel of ''The Creation of Eve'', the composition of which was to reappear on the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]].Bartz and König, p. 54 Towards the end of 1495, the political situation in Florence was calmer; the city, previously under threat from the French, was no longer in danger as [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] had suffered defeats. Michelangelo returned to Florence but received no commissions from the new city government under Savonarola.Miles Unger, ''Michelangelo: a Life in Six Masterpieces'', ch. 1 He returned to the employment of the Medici.J. de Tolnay, ''The Youth of Michelangelo'', pp. 24–25 During the half-year he spent in Florence, he worked on two small statues, a child ''St. John the Baptist'' and a sleeping ''[[Cupid (Michelangelo)|Cupid]]''. According to Condivi, [[Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici]], for whom Michelangelo had sculpted ''St. John the Baptist'', asked that Michelangelo "fix it so that it looked as if it had been buried" so he could "send it to Rome ... pass [it off as] an ancient work and ... sell it much better." Both Lorenzo and Michelangelo were unwittingly cheated out of the real value of the piece by a middleman. Cardinal [[Raffaele Riario]], to whom Lorenzo had sold it, discovered that it was a fraud, but was so impressed by the quality of the sculpture that he invited the artist to Rome.A. Condivi, ''The Life of Michelangelo'', pp. 19–20 {{ref label|d|d|none}} This apparent success in selling his sculpture abroad as well as the conservative Florentine situation may have encouraged Michelangelo to accept the prelate's invitation. [63] => [64] => Michelangelo arrived in Rome on 25 June 1496J. de Tolnay, ''The Youth of Michelangelo'', pp. 26–28 at the age of 21. On 4 July of the same year, he began work on a commission for Cardinal Riario, an over-life-size statue of the Roman wine god ''[[Bacchus (Michelangelo)|Bacchus]]''. Upon completion, the work was rejected by the cardinal, and subsequently entered the collection of the banker Jacopo Galli, for his garden.Erin Sutherland Minter, "Discarded deity: The rejection of Michelangelo's Bacchus and the artist's response", Renaissance Studies 28, no. 3 (2013)Luba Freedman, "Michelangelo's Reflections on Bacchus", Artibus et Historiae 24, no. 47 (2003) [65] => [66] => In November 1497, the French ambassador to the Holy See, Cardinal [[Jean Bilhères de Lagraulas|Jean de Bilhères-Lagraulas]], commissioned him to carve a ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'', a sculpture showing the [[St Mary|Virgin Mary]] grieving over the body of Jesus. The subject, which is not part of the Biblical narrative of the Crucifixion, was common in religious sculpture of medieval northern Europe and would have been very familiar to the Cardinal. The contract was agreed upon in August of the following year. Michelangelo was 24 at the time of its completion.Hirst and Dunkerton pp. 47–55 It was soon to be regarded as one of the world's great masterpieces of sculpture, "a revelation of all the potentialities and force of the art of sculpture". Contemporary opinion was summarised by Vasari: "It is certainly a miracle that a formless block of stone could ever have been reduced to a perfection that nature is scarcely able to create in the flesh."Vasari, ''Lives of the painters: Michelangelo'' It is now located in [[St Peter's Basilica]]. [67] => [68] => ===Florence, 1499–1505=== [69] => {{Main|David (Michelangelo)}} [70] => [[File:'David' by Michelangelo Fir JBU005 denoised.jpg|thumb|left|''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'', completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance.]] [71] => Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1499. The [[Republic of Florence|Republic]] was changing after the fall of its leader, anti-Renaissance priest [[Girolamo Savonarola]], who was executed in 1498, and the rise of the ''gonfaloniere'' [[Piero Soderini]]. Michelangelo was asked by the consuls of the Guild of Wool to complete an unfinished project begun 40 years earlier by [[Agostino di Duccio]]: a colossal statue of [[Carrara marble]] portraying [[David]] as a symbol of Florentine freedom to be placed on the gable of [[Florence Cathedral]].Paoletti and Radke, pp. 387–89 Michelangelo responded by completing his most famous work, the statue of ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'', in 1504. The masterwork definitively established his prominence as a sculptor of extraordinary technical skill and strength of symbolic imagination. A team of consultants, including [[Botticelli]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Filippino Lippi]], [[Pietro Perugino]], [[Lorenzo di Credi]], [[Antonio da Sangallo the Elder|Antonio]] and [[Giuliano da Sangallo]], [[Andrea della Robbia]], [[Cosimo Rosselli]], [[Davide Ghirlandaio]], [[Piero di Cosimo]], [[Andrea Sansovino]] and Michelangelo's dear friend [[Francesco Granacci]], was called together to decide upon its placement, ultimately the Piazza della Signoria, in front of the [[Palazzo Vecchio]]. It now stands in the [[Galleria dell'Accademia|Academia]] while a replica occupies its place in the square.Goldscheider, p. 10 In the same period of placing the ''David'', Michelangelo may have been involved in creating the sculptural profile on Palazzo Vecchio's façade known as the [[Importuno di Michelangelo]]. The hypothesis{{Cite journal|last=Marinazzo|first=Adriano|date=2020|title=Una nuova possible attribuzione a Michelangelo. Il Volto Misterioso|url=https://www.academia.edu/44494234|journal=Art e Dossier|volume=379|pages=76–81}} of Michelangelo's possible involvement in the creation of the profile is based on the strong resemblance of the latter to a profile drawn by the artist, datable to the beginning of the 16th century, now preserved in the [[Louvre]].{{Cite web|title=Avant Banksy et Invader, Michel-Ange pionnier du street art dans les rues de Florence|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/avant-banksy-et-invader-michel-ange-pionnier-du-street-art-dans-les-rues-de-florence-20201122|access-date=11 April 2021|website=LEFIGARO|date=22 November 2020|language=fr}} [72] => [73] => With the completion of the ''David'' came another commission. In early 1504 Leonardo da Vinci had been commissioned to paint ''[[The Battle of Anghiari (painting)|The Battle of Anghiari]]'' in the council chamber of the Palazzo Vecchio, depicting the [[Battle of Anghiari|battle between Florence and Milan]] in 1440. Michelangelo was then commissioned to paint the ''[[Battle of Cascina (Michelangelo)|Battle of Cascina]]''. The two paintings are very different: Leonardo depicts soldiers fighting on horseback, while Michelangelo has soldiers being ambushed as they bathe in the river. Neither work was completed and both were lost forever when the chamber was refurbished. Both works were much admired, and copies remain of them, Leonardo's work having been copied by [[Rubens]] and Michelangelo's by [[Bastiano da Sangallo]].Paoletti and Radke, pp. 392–93 [74] => [75] => Also during this period, Michelangelo was commissioned by Angelo Doni to paint a "[[Holy Family]]" as a present for his wife, Maddalena Strozzi. It is known as the ''[[Doni Tondo]]'' and hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in its original magnificent frame, which Michelangelo may have designed.Goldscheider, p. 11Hirst and Dunkerton, p. 127 He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with [[John the Baptist]], known as the ''[[Manchester Madonna]]'' and now in the [[National Gallery]], London.Hirst and Dunkerton, pp. 83–105, 336–46 [76] => [77] => ===Tomb of Julius II, 1505–1545=== [78] => {{Main|Tomb of Pope Julius II}} [79] => [[File:Michelangelo Second design for wall tomb for Julius II.jpg|thumb|Michelangelo's second design for the monument of [[Pope Julius II]]]] [80] => In 1505 Michelangelo was invited back to Rome by the newly elected [[Pope Julius II]] and commissioned to build the [[Tomb of Pope Julius II|Pope's tomb]],{{Cite book |last=Marinazzo |first=Adriano |url=https://www.academia.edu/95119245 |title=Michelangelo: l'architettura |publisher=Giunti |year=2022 |isbn=978-8809954533 |pages=}} which was to include forty statues and be finished in five years.Goldscheider, pp. 14–16 Under the patronage of the pope, Michelangelo experienced constant interruptions to his work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks. [81] => [82] => The commission for the tomb forced the artist to leave [[Florence]] with his planned [[Battle of Cascina (Michelangelo)|''Battle of Cascina'']] painting unfinished.{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199532940.001.0001/acref-9780199532940|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-953294-0|editor-last=Chilvers|editor-first=Ian|edition=4th|location=Online|language=en|chapter=Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199532940.001.0001}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001/acref-9780198601753|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-860175-3|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=Gordon|edition=Online|language=en|chapter=Michelangelo Buonarroti or Michelagnolo Buonarroti|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001}}{{Cite book|last1=Osborne|first1=Harold|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001/acref-9780198662037|title=The Oxford Companion to Western Art|last2=Brigstocke|first2=Hugh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-866203-7|editor-last=Brigstocke|editor-first=Hugh|edition=Online|language=en|chapter=Michelangelo Buonarroti|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001}} By this time, Michelangelo was established as an artist;{{Cite book|last=Pater|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEVXiKyENo4C|title=The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry|publisher=Courier Corporation [2005, 2013 reprint]|year=1893|isbn=978-0-486-14648-5|edition=4th|pages=55|language=en}} both he and Julius II had hot tempers and soon argued. On 17 April 1506, Michelangelo left Rome in secret for Florence, remaining there until the Florentine government pressed him to return to the pope. [83] => [84] => Although Michelangelo worked on the tomb for 40 years, it was never finished to his satisfaction. It is located in the [[San Pietro in Vincoli|Church of San Pietro in Vincoli]] in Rome and is most famous for the central [[Moses (Michelangelo)|figure of Moses]], completed in 1516. Of the other statues intended for the tomb, two, known as the ''[[Rebellious Slave]]'' and the ''[[Dying Slave]]'', are now in the [[Louvre Museum|Louvre]]. [85] => [86] => ===Sistine Chapel ceiling, 1508 –1512=== [87] => {{Main|Sistine Chapel ceiling}} [88] => [[File:Italy-3214 (5387296511).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the [[Sistine Chapel]]; the work took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512).]] [89] => During the same period, Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel,{{Cite journal|last=Marinazzo|first=Adriano|date=2018|title=La Tomba di Giulio II e l'architettura dipinta della volta della Sistina|url=https://www.academia.edu/38502373|journal=Art e Dossier|volume=357|pages=46–51|issn=0394-0179|via=}} which took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512).Bartz and König, p. 134 According to Condivi's account, [[Bramante]], who was working on the building of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], resented Michelangelo's commission for the pope's tomb and convinced the pope to commission him in a medium with which he was unfamiliar, in order that he might fail at the task.Coughlan, p. 112 Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the [[Twelve Apostles]] on the triangular [[pendentive]]s that supported the ceiling, and to cover the central part of the ceiling with ornament.Goldscheider, pp. 12–14 Michelangelo persuaded Pope Julius II to give him a free hand and proposed a different and more complex scheme, representing the [[Genesis creation story|Creation]], the [[Fall of Man]], the Promise of Salvation through the prophets, and the [[genealogy of Christ]]. The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel that represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church. [90] => [91] => The composition stretches over 500 square metres of ceilingBartz and König, p. 43 and contains over 300 figures. At its centre are nine episodes from the [[Book of Genesis]], divided into three groups: God's creation of the earth; God's creation of humankind and their fall from God's grace; and lastly, the state of humanity as represented by [[Noah]] and his family. On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve men and women who prophesied the coming of Jesus, seven [[prophet]]s of Israel, and five [[Sibyl]]s, prophetic women of the Classical world. Among the most famous paintings on the ceiling are [[The Creation of Adam]],{{Cite journal |last=Marinazzo |first=Adriano |date=2022 |title=Michelangelo as the Creator. The self-portrait of the Buonarroti Archive, XIII, 111 r |url=https://www.academia.edu/102248857 |journal=Critica d'Arte |issue=13–14 |pages=99–107}} [[Adam and Eve]] in the [[Garden of Eden]], the [[Deluge myth|Deluge]], the Prophet [[Jeremiah]], and the [[Cumaean Sibyl]]. [92] => [93] => ===Florence under Medici popes, 1513 – early 1534=== [94] => In 1513, Pope Julius II died and was succeeded by [[Pope Leo X]], the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici. From 1513 to 1516, Pope Leo was on good terms with Pope Julius's surviving relatives, so encouraged Michelangelo to continue work on Julius's tomb, but the families became enemies again in 1516 when Pope Leo tried to seize the [[Duchy of Urbino]] from Julius's nephew [[Francesco Maria I della Rovere]].Miles Unger, ''Michelangelo: a Life in Six Masterpieces'', ch. 5 Pope Leo then had Michelangelo stop working on the tomb, and commissioned him to reconstruct the façade of the [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence|Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence]] and to adorn it with sculptures. He spent three years creating drawings and models for the façade, as well as attempting to open a new marble quarry at [[Pietrasanta]] specifically for the project. In 1520, the work was abruptly cancelled by his financially strapped patrons before any real progress had been made. The basilica lacks a façade to this day.Coughlan, pp. 135–36 [95] => [96] => In 1520, the Medici came back to Michelangelo with another grand proposal, this time for a family funerary chapel in the Basilica of San Lorenzo. For posterity, this project, occupying the artist for much of the 1520s and 1530s, was more fully realised. Michelangelo used his own discretion to create the composition of the [[Medici Chapel (Michelangelo)|Medici Chapel]], which houses the large tombs of two of the younger members of the Medici family, [[Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours|Giuliano, Duke of Nemours]], and Lorenzo, his nephew. It also serves to commemorate their more famous predecessors, [[Lorenzo the Magnificent]] and his brother Giuliano, who are buried nearby. The tombs display statues of the two Medici and allegorical figures representing ''[[Night (Michelangelo)|Night]]'' and ''[[Day (Michelangelo)|Day]]'', and ''[[Dusk (Michelangelo)|Dusk]]'' and ''[[Dawn (Michelangelo)|Dawn]]''. The chapel also contains Michelangelo's ''Medici Madonna''.Goldscheider, pp. 17–18 In 1976, a concealed corridor was discovered with drawings on the walls that related to the chapel itself.[http://www.florentine-society.ru/Medici_Chapel_Mysteries.htm Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, ''Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel'', SLOVO, Moscow, 2006]. {{ISBN|5-85050-825-2}}Peter Barenboim, "Michelangelo Drawings – Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation", Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006, {{ISBN|5-98856-016-4}} [97] => [98] => Pope Leo X died in 1521 and was succeeded briefly by the austere [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]], and then by his cousin Giulio Medici as [[Pope Clement VII]].Coughlan, pp. 151–52 In 1524, Michelangelo received an architectural commission from the Medici pope for the [[Laurentian Library]] at San Lorenzo's Church. He designed both the interior of the library itself and its vestibule, a building utilising architectural forms with such dynamic effect that it is seen as the forerunner of [[Baroque architecture]]. It was left to assistants to interpret his plans and carry out construction. The library was not opened until 1571, and the vestibule remained incomplete until 1904.Bartz and König, p. 87 [99] => [100] => In 1527, Florentine citizens, encouraged by the [[sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome]], threw out the Medici and restored the republic. A siege of the city ensued, and Michelangelo went to the aid of his beloved Florence by working on the city's fortifications from 1528 to 1529. The city fell in 1530, and the Medici were restored to power, with the young Alessandro Medici as the first Duke of Florence. Pope Clement, a Medici, sentenced Michelangelo to death. It is thought that Michelangelo hid for two months in a small chamber under the Medici chapels in the Basilica of San Lorenzo with light from just a tiny window, making many charcoal and chalk drawings which remained hidden until the room was rediscovered in 1975, and opened to small numbers of visitors in 2023. Michelangelo was eventually pardoned by the Medicis and the death sentence lifted, so that he could complete work on the Sistine Chapel and the Medici family tomb. He left Florence for Rome in 1534.{{cite news| last=Giuffrida | first=Angela | title=Michelangelo's secret sketches under church in Florence open to public |newspaper=The Guardian | date=31 October 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/oct/31/michelangelo-secret-sketches-under-church-in-florence-open-to-public}} Despite Michelangelo's support of the republic and resistance to the Medici rule, Pope Clement reinstated an allowance that he had previously granted the artist and made a new contract with him over the tomb of Pope Julius.Coughlan, pp. 159–61 [101] => [102] => ===Rome, 1534–1546=== [103] => [[File:Last Judgement by Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' (1534–1541)]] [104] => [105] => In Rome, Michelangelo lived near the church of [[Santa Maria di Loreto (Rome)|Santa Maria di Loreto]]. It was at this time that he met the poet [[Vittoria Colonna]], marchioness of [[Pescara]], who was to become one of his closest friends until her death in 1547.A. Condivi (ed. Hellmut Wohl), ''The Life of Michelangelo'', p. 103, Phaidon, 1976. [106] => [107] => Shortly before his death in 1534, Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint a fresco of ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. His successor, [[Pope Paul III]], was instrumental in seeing that Michelangelo began and completed the project, which he laboured on from 1534 to October 1541. The fresco depicts the Second Coming of Christ and his Judgement of the souls. Michelangelo ignored the usual artistic conventions in portraying Jesus, showing him as a massive, muscular figure, youthful, beardless and naked. He is surrounded by saints, among whom [[Saint Bartholomew]] holds a drooping flayed skin, bearing the likeness of Michelangelo. The dead rise from their graves, to be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell.Bartz and König, pp. 100–02 [108] => [109] => Once completed, the depiction of Christ and the Virgin Mary naked was considered sacrilegious, and [[Pope Paul IV|Cardinal Carafa]] and Monsignor Sernini ([[Mantua]]'s ambassador) campaigned to have the fresco removed or censored, but the Pope resisted. At the [[Council of Trent]], shortly before Michelangelo's death in 1564, it was decided to obscure the genitals and [[Daniele da Volterra]], an apprentice of Michelangelo, was commissioned to make the alterations.Bartz and König, pp. 102, 109 An uncensored copy of the original, by [[Marcello Venusti]], is in the [[Museo di Capodimonte|Capodimonte Museum]] of [[Naples]].Goldscheider, pp. 19–20 [110] => [111] => Michelangelo worked on a number of architectural projects at this time. They included a design for the [[Capitoline Hill]] with its trapezoid piazza displaying the ancient bronze statue of [[Marcus Aurelius]]. He designed the upper floor of the [[Palazzo Farnese]] and the interior of the Church of [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri|Santa Maria degli Angeli]], in which he transformed the vaulted interior of an Ancient Roman bathhouse. Other architectural works include [[San Giovanni dei Fiorentini]], the Sforza Chapel (Capella Sforza) in the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]] and the [[Porta Pia]].Goldscheider, pp. 8, 21, 22 [112] => [113] => ===St Peter's Basilica, 1546–1564=== [114] => {{Main|St Peter's Basilica#Architecture}} [115] => [[File:Basilique Saint-Pierre Vatican dome.jpg|left|thumb|The dome of [[St Peter's Basilica]]]] [116] => [117] => While still working on the ''Last Judgment'', Michelangelo received yet another commission for the Vatican. This was for the painting of two large frescos in the Cappella Paolina depicting significant events in the lives of the two most important saints of Rome, the ''[[The Conversion of Saul (Michelangelo)|Conversion of Saint Paul]]'' and the ''[[The Crucifixion of St. Peter (Michelangelo)|Crucifixion of Saint Peter]]''. Like the ''Last Judgment'', these two works are complex compositions containing a great number of figures.Bartz and Kŏnig, p. 16 They were completed in 1550. In the same year, Giorgio Vasari published his ''[[Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects|Vita]]'', including a biography of Michelangelo.Ilan Rachum, ''The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'', Octopus (1979) {{ISBN|0-7064-0857-8}} [118] => [119] => In 1546, Michelangelo was appointed architect of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], Rome. The process of replacing the Constantinian basilica of the 4th century had been underway for fifty years and in 1506 foundations had been laid to the plans of Bramante. Successive architects had worked on it, but little progress had been made. Michelangelo was persuaded to take over the project. He returned to the concepts of Bramante, and developed his ideas for a centrally planned church, strengthening the structure both physically and visually.Gardner, pp. 480–81 The dome, not completed until after his death, has been called by [[Banister Fletcher]], "the greatest creation of the Renaissance".Banister Fletcher, 17th ed. p. 719 [120] => [121] => As construction was progressing on St Peter's, there was concern that Michelangelo would pass away before the dome was finished. However, once building commenced on the lower part of the dome, the supporting ring, the completion of the design was inevitable. [122] => [123] => On 7 December 2007, a red chalk sketch for the dome of St Peter's Basilica, possibly the last made by Michelangelo before his death, was discovered in the Vatican archives. It is extremely rare, since he destroyed his designs later in life. The sketch is a partial plan for one of the radial columns of the cupola drum of St Peter's.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7133116.stm |title=Michelangelo 'last sketch' found |work=BBC News |date=7 December 2007|access-date=9 February 2009}} [124] => {{clear}} [125] => [126] => ==Personal life== [127] => [[File:Michelangelo, ignudo 01.jpg|thumb|''[[Sistine Chapel ceiling#Ignudi|Ignudo]]'' fresco from 1509 on the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]]]] [128] => [[File:Tommaso de‘ Cavalieri.jpg|thumb|Speculation exists that this may be a drawing by Michelangelo that might portray [[Tommaso dei Cavalieri]]{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=Stephanie |title=Michelangelo's Dream |date=2010 |publisher=Courtauld Gallery in association with Paul Holberton |others=Stephanie Buck, Tatiana Bissolati, Courtauld Institute Galleries |isbn=978-1-907372-05-6 |location=London |pages=81 |language=English |oclc=551673496}}{{Cite book |last=Joannides |first=Paul |title=Michel-Ange, élèves et copistes |date=2003 |publisher=Réunion des musées nationaux |others=Véronique Goarin, Catherine Scheck, Musée du Louvre. Département des arts graphiques, Musée d'Orsay |isbn=2-7118-4044-1 |location=Paris |pages=253 |language=french |oclc=53434968}}]] [129] => [130] => ===Faith=== [131] => Michelangelo was a devout Catholic whose faith deepened at the end of his life.{{cite web |title=Crucifixion by Michelangelo, a drawing in black chalk |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/europe/michelangelos_drawings/crucifixion_by_michelangelo,_a.aspx |work=[[The British Museum]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015050539/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/europe/michelangelos_drawings/crucifixion_by_michelangelo,_a.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=24 October 2018}} Along with Raphael, he was enrolled in the [[Secular Franciscan Order]].{{cite web | title=Are there any well-known or famous Secular Franciscans? | website=Secular Franciscan Order - USA | date=25 Apr 2023 | url=https://www.secularfranciscansusa.org/faq-items/are-there-any-well-known-or-famous-secular-franciscans/ | access-date=5 Mar 2024}}{{better source needed|date=March 2024}} [132] => [133] => His poetry includes the following closing lines from what is known as poem 285 (written in 1554): "Neither painting nor sculpture will be able any longer to calm my soul, now turned toward that divine love that opened his arms on the cross to take us in."{{cite web |url=https://arthum.college.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/PDFs/arthum_michel_reader.pdf |title=Michelangelo, Selected Poems |access-date=24 October 2018 |page=20 |work=[[Columbia University]]}}{{cite web |url=https://www.michelangelo-gallery.com/poems.aspx |title=Michelangelo's Poetry |translator-first=H.W. |translator-last=Longfellow |work=Michelangelo Gallery |publisher=Studio of the South |access-date=24 October 2018}} [134] => [135] => ===Personal habits=== [136] => Michelangelo was abstemious in his personal life, and once told his apprentice, [[Ascanio Condivi]]: "However rich I may have been, I have always lived like a poor man."Condivi, ''The Life of Michelangelo'', p. 106. Michelangelo's bank accounts and numerous deeds of purchase show that his net worth was about 50,000 gold [[ducat]]s, more than many princes and dukes of his time.{{Cite news|last=Shirbon|first=Estelle|title=Michelangelo more a prince than a pauper|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-dec-03-et-shirbon3-story.html|url-status=live|newspaper=LA Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614153737/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-dec-03-et-shirbon3-story.html|archive-date=Jun 14, 2023}} Condivi said he was indifferent to food and drink, eating "more out of necessity than of pleasure" and that he "often slept in his clothes and ... boots." His biographer [[Paolo Giovio]] says, "His nature was so rough and uncouth that his domestic habits were incredibly squalid, and deprived posterity of any pupils who might have followed him."[[Paola Barocchi]] (ed.) ''Scritti d'arte del cinquecento'', Milan, 1971; vol. I p. 10. This, however, may not have affected him, as he was by nature a solitary and melancholy person, {{lang|it|bizzarro e fantastico}}, a man who "withdrew himself from the company of men."Condivi, p. 102. [137] => [138] => ===Relationships and poetry=== [139] => {{poemquote|Love for a lady's different. Not much [140] => in that for a wise and virile lover's trouble. [141] => |translation of Michelangelo work by John Frederick Nim}} [142] => [143] => It is impossible to know whether Michelangelo had any physical relationships.Hughes, Anthony, "Michelangelo", p. 326. Phaidon, 1997. Understanding about his sexuality is rooted in his art, especially his poetry.Scigliano, Eric: [http://books.simonandschuster.ca/9780743254779 "Michelangelo's Mountain; The Quest for Perfection in the Marble Quarries of Carrara"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630155910/http://books.simonandschuster.ca/9780743254779 |date=30 June 2009 }}, Simon and Schuster, 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2007 He wrote more than three hundred sonnets and [[wikt:madrigal|madrigals]]. About sixty are addressed to men — "the first significant modern corpus of love poetry from one man to another". [144] => [145] => The longest sequence, displaying deep loving feeling, was written to the young Roman patrician [[Tommaso dei Cavalieri]] ({{circa|1509–1587}}), who was 23 years old when Michelangelo first met him in 1532, at the age of 57.{{Cite book|last1=Zöllner|first1=Frank| [146] => title=Michelangelo, 1475–1564: The Complete Paintings, Sculptures and Architecture|year=2019|edition=2nd|first2=Christof|last2= Thoenes|publisher=[[Taschen]]| isbn=978-3-8365-3716-2|location=[[Cologne]]|pages=381, 384, 387–390 |oclc=1112202167|translator=Karen Williams|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112202167 [147] => }}{{Cite book|last=Bredekamp|first=Horst|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1248717101|title=Michelangelo |year=2021|isbn=978-3-8031-3707-4|location=Berlin|pages=466–486| language=de|oclc=1248717101 |publisher=Verlag Klaus Wagenbach}} In his "[[Lives of the Artists]]", [[Giorgio Vasari]] observed: "But infinitely more than any of the others he loved M. Tommaso de' Cavalieri, a Roman gentleman, for whom, being a young man and much inclined to these arts, [Michelangelo] made, to the end that he might learn to draw, many most superb drawings of divinely beautiful heads, designed in black and red chalk; and then he drew for him a Ganymede rapt to Heaven by Jove's Eagle, a Tityus with the Vulture devouring his heart, the Chariot of the Sun falling with Phaëthon into the Po, and a Bacchanal of children, which are all in themselves most rare things, and drawings the like of which have never been seen."{{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32362/32362-h/32362-h.htm|volume=IX [148] => |title=Lives of the most eminent painters, sculptors, and architects|first=Giorgio|last=Vasari|author-link= Giorgio Vasari|year=1914|translator=Gaston du C. De Vere [149] => |publisher=Medici Society|location=London|pages=105–106}} Some scholars downplay the relationship between Michelangelo and Cavalieri as one of platonic friendship.According to {{harvtxt|Gayford|2013}}, "Whatever the strength of his feelings, Michelangelo's relationship with Tommaso de'Cavalieri is unlikely to have been a physical, sexual affair. For one thing, it was acted out through poems and images that were far from secret. Even if we do not choose to believe Michelangelo's protestations of the chastity of his behaviour, Tommaso's high social position and the relatively public nature of their relationship make it improbable that it was not platonic." [150] => The poems to Cavalieri make up the first large sequence of poems in any modern tongue addressed by one man to another; they predate by 50 years [[Shakespeare]]'s [[Shakespeare's sonnets|sonnets]] to the fair youth: [151] => [152] => {{poemquote|I feel as lit by fire a cold countenance [153] => That burns me from afar and keeps itself ice-chill; [154] => A strength I feel two shapely arms to fill [155] => Which without motion moves every balance. [156] => |translation of Michelangelo work by Michael Sullivan}} [157] => [158] => Cavalieri replied: "I swear to return your love. Never have I loved a man more than I love you, never have I wished for a friendship more than I wish for yours." Cavalieri remained devoted to Michelangelo until his death.Hughes, Anthony: "Michelangelo", p. 326. Phaidon, 1997. The author insists Michelangelo's homoerotic poems form, "an emotionless and elegant re-imagining of Platonic dialogue, whereby erotic poetry was seen as an expression of refined sensibilities". [159] => [160] => In 1542, Michelangelo met [[Cecchino dei Bracci]] who died only a year later, inspiring Michelangelo to write 48 funeral [[wikt:epigram|epigrams]]. Some of the objects of Michelangelo's affections, and subjects of his poetry, took advantage of him: the model [[Febo di Poggio]] asked for money in response to a love-poem, and a second model, [[Gherardo Perini]], shamelessly stole from him. [161] => [162] => The nature of the poetry has been a source of discomfort to later generations. Michelangelo's grandnephew, [[Michelangelo Buonarroti the Younger]], published the poems in 1623 with the gender of pronouns changed; he also removed words or in other instances insisted that Michelangelo's poems be read allegorically and philosophically,Rictor Norton, "The Myth of the Modern Homosexual", p. 143. Cassell, 1997. a judgment some modern scholars still repeat today. It was not until [[John Addington Symonds]] translated the poems into English in 1893 that the original genders were restored. Since then it has become more accepted that his poems should be understood at face value, that is, as indicating his personal feelings and a preference by him for young men over women.{{cite book|title=The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society|year=2005|isbn=978-0822334248|publisher=Duke University Press Books; Illustrated edition|author1=Walter G. Andrews|author2=Mehmet Kalpakli|page=56}} [163] => [164] => Late in life, Michelangelo nurtured a friendship with the poet and noble widow [[Vittoria Colonna]], whom he met in Rome in 1536 or 1538 and who was in her late forties at the time. They wrote sonnets for each other and were in regular contact until she died. These sonnets mostly deal with the spiritual issues that occupied them.Vittoria Colonna, Sonnets for Michelangelo. A Bilingual Edition edited and translated by Abigail Brundin, The University of Chicago Press 2005. {{ISBN|0-226-11392-2}}, p. 29. Condivi, who in his biography was preoccupied with downplaying Michelangelo's attraction to men,{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/articles/james-saslow-interview-michelangelo-poetry|title=James M. Saslow on Sensuality and Spirituality in Michelangelo's Poetry|author=Jeffrey Fraiman|website=[[Met museum]]|date=5 January 2018}} alleged Michelangelo said his sole regret in life was that he did not kiss the widow's face in the same manner that he had her hand. [165] => [166] => ===Feuds with other artists=== [167] => In a letter from late 1542, Michelangelo blamed the tensions between Julius II and him on the envy of Bramante and [[Raphael]], saying of the latter, "all he had in art, he got from me". According to [[Gian Paolo Lomazzo]], Michelangelo and Raphael met once: the former was alone, while the latter was accompanied by several others. Michelangelo commented that he thought he had encountered the chief of police with such an assemblage, and Raphael replied that he thought he had met an executioner, as they are wont to walk alone.{{cite book |last1=Salmi |first1=Mario |author1-link=Mario Salmi|last2=Becherucci |first2=Luisa |last3=Marabottini |first3=Alessandro |last4=Tempesti |first4=Anna Forlani |last5=Marchini |first5=Giuseppe |last6=Becatti |author6-link=Giovanni Becatti |first6=Giovanni |last7=Castagnoli |first7=Ferdinando |author7-link=Ferdinando Castagnoli |last8=Golzio |first8=Vincenzo |title=The Complete Work of Raphael |year=1969 |publisher=Reynal and Co., [[William Morrow and Company]] |location=New York |pages=587, 610}} [168] => [169] => ==Works== [170] => {{Main|List of works by Michelangelo|commons:Michelangelo Buonarroti catalogue raisonné, 2007|l2=Michelangelo Buonarroti catalogue raisonné}} [171] => [172] => ===Madonna and Child=== [173] => The ''[[Madonna of the Stairs]]'' is Michelangelo's earliest known work in marble. It is carved in shallow relief, a technique often employed by the master-sculptor of the early 15th century, Donatello, and others such as [[Desiderio da Settignano]].Bartz and König, p. 8 While the Madonna is in profile, the easiest aspect for a shallow relief, the child displays a twisting motion that was to become characteristic of Michelangelo's work. The ''[[Taddei Tondo]]'' of 1502 shows the Christ Child frightened by a [[Bullfinch]], a symbol of the Crucifixion. The lively form of the child was later adapted by Raphael in the ''[[Bridgewater Madonna]]''. The ''[[Madonna of Bruges]]'' was, at the time of its creation, unlike other such statues depicting the Virgin proudly presenting her son. Here, the Christ Child, restrained by his mother's clasping hand, is about to step off into the world.Bartz and König, p. 22 The ''[[Doni Tondo]]'', depicting the [[Holy Family]], has elements of all three previous works: the frieze of figures in the background has the appearance of a low-relief, while the circular shape and dynamic forms echo the Taddeo Tondo. The twisting motion present in the ''Madonna of Bruges'' is accentuated in the painting. The painting heralds the forms, movement and colour that Michelangelo was to employ on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. [174] => [175] => [176] => File:Michelangelo, madonna della scala, 1491 ca, 01.JPG|The ''[[Madonna of the Stairs]]'' (1490–1492) [177] => File:Taddei Tondo.JPG|The ''[[Taddei Tondo]]'' (1502) [178] => File:Madonna michelangelo1.jpg|''[[Madonna of Bruges]]'' (1504) [179] => File:Tondo Doni, por Miguel Ángel.jpg|The ''[[Doni Tondo]]'' (1504–1506) [180] => [181] => [182] => ===Male figure=== [183] => The kneeling ''[[Angel (Michelangelo)|Angel]]'' is an early work, one of several that Michelangelo created as part of a large decorative scheme for the [[Arca di San Domenico]] in the church dedicated to that saint in Bologna. Several other artists had worked on the scheme, beginning with [[Nicola Pisano]] in the 13th century. In the late 15th century, the project was managed by [[Niccolò dell'Arca]]. An angel holding a candlestick, by Niccolò, was already in place.Goldscheider, p. 9 Although the two angels form a pair, there is a great contrast between the two works, the one depicting a delicate child with flowing hair clothed in Gothic robes with deep folds, and Michelangelo's depicting a robust and muscular youth with eagle's wings, clad in a garment of Classical style. Everything about Michelangelo's ''Angel'' is dynamic.Hirst and Dunkerton, pp. 20–21 Michelangelo's ''[[Bacchus (Michelangelo)|Bacchus]]'' was a commission with a specified subject, the youthful [[Bacchus|God of Wine]]. The sculpture has all the traditional attributes, a vine wreath, a cup of wine and a fawn, but Michelangelo ingested an air of reality into the subject, depicting him with bleary eyes, a swollen bladder and a stance that suggests he is unsteady on his feet. While the work is plainly inspired by Classical sculpture, it is innovative for its rotating movement and strongly three-dimensional quality, which encourages the viewer to look at it from every angle.Bartz and König, pp. 26–27 [184] => [185] => In the so-called ''[[Dying Slave]]'', Michelangelo again utilised the figure with marked [[contraposto|contrapposto]] to suggest a particular human state, in this case waking from sleep. With the ''[[Rebellious Slave]]'', it is one of two such earlier figures for the [[Tomb of Pope Julius II]], now in the Louvre, that the sculptor brought to an almost finished state.Bartz and König, pp. 62–63 These two works were to have a profound influence on later sculpture, through [[Rodin]] who studied them at the [[Louvre]].Yvon Taillandier, ''Rodin'', New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks, (1977) {{ISBN|0-517-88378-3}} The ''[[Atlas Slave]]'' is one of the later figures for Pope Julius' tomb. The works, known collectively as ''The Captives'', each show the figure struggling to free itself, as if from the bonds of the rock in which it is lodged. The works give a unique insight into the sculptural methods that Michelangelo employed and his way of revealing what he perceived within the rock.Coughlan, pp. 166–67 [186] => [187] => [188] => File:Autori vari, arca di san domenico, angelo reggicandelabro di michelangelo, 1494, 02.jpg|''[[Angel (Michelangelo)|Angel]]'' by Michelangelo, early work (1494–95) [189] => File:Michelangelo Bacchus.jpg|''[[Bacchus (Michelangelo)|Bacchus]]'' by Michelangelo, early work (1496–1497) [190] => File:'Dying Slave' Michelangelo JBU001.jpg|''[[Dying Slave]]'', [[Louvre]] (1513) [191] => File:Michelangelo - Atlas.jpg|''[[Atlas Slave]]'' (1530–1534) [192] => [193] => [194] => ===Sistine Chapel ceiling=== [195] => {{main|Sistine Chapel ceiling}} [196] => [197] => The Sistine Chapel ceiling was painted between 1508 and 1512. The ceiling is a flattened [[barrel vault]] supported on twelve triangular [[pendentive]]s that rise from between the windows of the chapel. The commission, as envisaged by [[Pope Julius II]], was to adorn the pendentives with figures of the twelve apostles.Goldscieder p. 12 Michelangelo, who was reluctant to take the job, persuaded the Pope to give him a free hand in the composition. The resultant scheme of decoration awed his contemporaries and has inspired other artists ever since.Vasari, et al. The scheme is of nine panels illustrating episodes from the [[Book of Genesis]], set in an architectonic frame. On the pendentives, Michelangelo replaced the proposed Apostles with Prophets and Sibyls who heralded the coming of the [[Messiah]].Paoletti and Radke, pp. 402–03 [198] => [[File:CAPPELLA SISTINA Ceiling.jpg|thumb|upright=4.5|left|''The Sistine Chapel Ceiling'' (1508–1512)]] [199] => {{clear}} [200] => Michelangelo began painting with the later episodes in the narrative, the pictures including locational details and groups of figures, the ''Drunkenness of Noah'' being the first of this group. In the later compositions, painted after the initial scaffolding had been removed, Michelangelo made the figures larger. One of the central images, ''[[The Creation of Adam]]'' is one of the best known and most reproduced works in the history of art. The final panel, showing the ''[[Separation of Light from Darkness]]'' is the broadest in style and was painted in a single day. As the model for the Creator, Michelangelo has depicted himself in the action of painting the ceiling. [201] => [202] => File:Ivresse de noe.jpg|''The Drunkenness of Noah'' [203] => File:Michelangelo, Deluge 02.jpg|''The Deluge'' (detail) [204] => File:The Creation of Adam.jpg|''[[The Creation of Adam]]'' (1510) [205] => File:First Day of Creation.jpg|''The First Day of Creation'' [206] => [207] => [208] => As supporters to the smaller scenes, Michelangelo painted twenty youths who have variously been interpreted as angels, as muses, or simply as decoration. Michelangelo referred to them as "ignudi".Bartz and König The figure reproduced may be seen in context in the above image of the ''Separation of Light from Darkness''. [209] => In the process of painting the ceiling, Michelangelo made studies for different figures, of which some, such as that for ''The Libyan Sibyl'' have survived, demonstrating the care taken by Michelangelo in details such as the hands and feet.Coughlan The Prophet [[Jeremiah]], contemplating the downfall of Jerusalem, is a self-portrait. [210] => [211] => File:Michelangelo libyan.jpg|Studies for ''The Libyan Sibyl'' [212] => File:Michelangelo the libyan.jpg|''The Libyan Sibyl'' (1511) [213] => File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 027.jpg|''The Prophet Jeremiah'' (1511) [214] => File:'Ignudo' by Michelangelo JBU33.jpg|''Ignudo'' [215] => [216] => [217] => ===Figure compositions=== [218] => Michelangelo's relief of the ''[[Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)|Battle of the Centaurs]]'', created while he was still a youth associated with the Medici Academy,J. de Tolnay, ''The Youth of Michelangelo'', p. 18 is an unusually complex relief in that it shows a great number of figures involved in a vigorous struggle. Such a complex disarray of figures was rare in Florentine art, where it would usually only be found in images showing either the [[Massacre of the Innocents]] or the Torments of Hell. The relief treatment, in which some of the figures are boldly projecting, may indicate Michelangelo's familiarity with Roman [[sarcophagus]] reliefs from the collection of Lorenzo Medici, and similar marble panels created by [[Nicola Pisano|Nicola]] and [[Giovanni Pisano]], and with the figurative compositions on [[Ghiberti]]'s [[Florence Baptistery#Lorenzo Ghiberti|Baptistry Doors]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} [219] => [220] => The composition of the ''Battle of Cascina'' is known in its entirety only from copies,Goldscheider, p. 8 as the original cartoon, according to Vasari, was so admired that it deteriorated and was eventually in pieces. It reflects the earlier relief in the energy and diversity of the figures,J. de Tolnay, ''The Youth of Michelangelo'', p. 135 with many different postures, and many being viewed from the back, as they turn towards the approaching enemy and prepare for battle.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} [221] => [222] => In ''The Last Judgment'' it is said that Michelangelo drew [[Artistic inspiration|inspiration]] from a fresco by [[Melozzo da Forlì]] in Rome's [[Santi Apostoli, Rome|Santi Apostoli]]. Melozzo had depicted figures from different angles, as if they were floating in the Heaven and seen from below. Melozzo's majestic figure of Christ, with windblown cloak, demonstrates a degree of foreshortening of the figure that had also been employed by [[Andrea Mantegna]], but was not usual in the frescos of Florentine painters. In ''The Last Judgment'' Michelangelo had the opportunity to depict, on an unprecedented scale, figures in the action of either rising heavenward or falling and being dragged down.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} [223] => [224] => In the two frescos of the Pauline Chapel, ''The Crucifixion of St. Peter'' and ''The Conversion of Saul'', Michelangelo has used the various groups of figures to convey a complex narrative. In the ''Crucifixion of Peter'' soldiers busy themselves about their assigned duty of digging a post hole and raising the cross while various people look on and discuss the events. A group of horrified women cluster in the foreground, while another group of Christians is led by a tall man to witness the events. In the right foreground, Michelangelo walks out of the painting with an expression of disillusionment.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} [225] => [226] => [227] => File:Michelangelo, centauromachia, 1492 ca. 01 crop.JPG|''[[Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)|Battle of the Centaurs]]'' (1492) [228] => File:La batalla de Cascina - Sangallo.jpg|Copy of the lost ''[[Battle of Cascina]]'' by [[Bastiano da Sangallo]] [229] => File:Michelangelo, giudizio universale, dettagli 33.jpg|''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', detail of the Redeemed (see whole image above) [230] => File:Michelangelo, paolina, martirio di san pietro 01.jpg|''[[The Crucifixion of St. Peter (Michelangelo)|The Crucifixion of St. Peter]]'' [231] => [232] => [233] => ===Architecture=== [234] => Michelangelo's architectural commissions included a number that were not realised, notably the façade for Brunelleschi's Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, for which Michelangelo had a wooden model constructed, but which remains to this day unfinished rough brick. At the same church, Giulio de' Medici (later Pope Clement VII) commissioned him to design the Medici Chapel and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici.Goldscheider Pope Clement also commissioned the Laurentian Library, for which Michelangelo also designed the extraordinary vestibule with columns recessed into niches, and a staircase that appears to spill out of the library like a flow of lava, according to [[Nikolaus Pevsner]], "... revealing [[Mannerism]] in its most sublime [[architectural form]]."Nikolaus Pevsner, ''An Outline of European Architecture'', Pelican, 1964 [235] => [236] => In 1546 Michelangelo produced the highly complex ovoid design for the pavement of the [[Campidoglio]] and began designing an upper storey for the [[Farnese Palace]]. In 1547 he took on the job of completing St Peter's Basilica, begun to a design by Bramante, and with several intermediate designs by several architects. Michelangelo returned to Bramante's design, retaining the basic form and concepts by simplifying and strengthening the design to create a more dynamic and unified whole.Gardner Although the late 16th-century engraving depicts the dome as having a hemispherical profile, the dome of Michelangelo's model is somewhat ovoid and the final product, as completed by [[Giacomo della Porta]], is more so. [237] => [238] => [239] => File:Laurentian Library vestibule.jpg|The vestibule of the [[Laurentian Library]] has [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] features which challenge the Classical order of Brunelleschi's adjacent church. [240] => File:View of the Campidoglio as re-designed by Michelangelo from the 'Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae' MET DP844272.jpg|Michelangelo's redesign of the ancient [[Capitoline Hill]] included a complex spiralling pavement with a star at its centre. [241] => File:L’Architecture de la Renaissance - Fig. 13.PNG|Michelangelo's design for St Peter's is both massive and contained, with the corners between the [[apse|apsidal]] arms of the Greek Cross filled by square projections. [242] => File:Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae- Elevation Showing the Exterior of Saint Peter's Basilica from the South as Conceived by Michelagelo (Published in 1569) MET DT203424.jpg|The exterior is surrounded by a [[giant order]] of pilasters supporting a continuous cornice. Four small cupolas cluster around the dome. [243] => [244] => [245] => ===Final years=== [246] => In his old age, Michelangelo created a number of ''Pietàs'' in which he apparently reflects upon mortality. They are heralded by the ''[[The Genius of Victory|Victory]]'', perhaps created for the tomb of Pope Julius II but left unfinished. In this group, the youthful victor overcomes an older hooded figure, with the features of Michelangelo. [247] => [248] => The ''Pietà of Vittoria Colonna'' is a chalk drawing of a type described as "presentation drawings", as they might be given as a gift by an artist, and were not necessarily studies towards a painted work. In this image, Mary's upraised arms and hands are indicative of her prophetic role. The frontal aspect is reminiscent of [[Masaccio]]'s fresco of the [[Holy Trinity]] in the [[Basilica of Santa Maria Novella]], Florence. [249] => [250] => In the ''Florentine Pietà'', Michelangelo again depicts himself, this time as the aged [[Nicodemus]] lowering the body of Jesus from the cross into the arms of Mary his mother and Mary Magdalene. Michelangelo smashed the left arm and leg of the figure of Jesus. His pupil [[Tiberio Calcagni]] repaired the arm and drilled a hole in which to fix a replacement leg which was not subsequently attached. He also worked on the figure of Mary Magdalene.Maiorino, Giancarlo, 1990. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Raf5I8SLQhQC&pg=PA28 The Cornucopian Mind and the Baroque Unity of the Arts]''. Penn State Press. p. 28. {{ISBN|0-271-00679-X}}.Di Cagno, Gabriella. 2008. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jDCKhi-QHSoC&pg=PA58 Michelangelo]''. Oliver Press. p. 58. {{ISBN|1-934545-01-5}}. [251] => [252] => The last sculpture that Michelangelo worked on (six days before his death), the ''[[Rondanini Pietà]],'' could never be completed because Michelangelo carved it away until there was insufficient stone. The legs and a detached arm remain from a previous stage of the work. As it remains, the sculpture has an abstract quality, in keeping with 20th-century concepts of sculpture.Tolnay, Charles de. 1960. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xy8qxGlF4jcC&pg=PA117 Michelangelo.: V, The Final Period: Last Judgment. Frescoes of the Pauline Chapel. Last Pietas]'' Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. p. 154. {{OCLC|491820830}}.Crispina, Enrica. 2001. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xy8qxGlF4jcC&q=Rondanini+Piet%C3%A0+arm Michelangelo]''. Firenze: Giunti. p. 117. {{ISBN|88-09-02274-2}}. [253] => [254] => Michelangelo died in Rome on 18 February 1564,{{cite web | title=Michelangelo | website=Oxford Reference | date=22 February 1999 | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100155121 | access-date=17 February 2023}} at the age of 88. His body was taken from Rome for interment at the [[Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence|Basilica of Santa Croce]], fulfilling the maestro's last request to be buried in his beloved [[Florence]].Coughlan, p. 179 [255] => [256] => Michelangelo's heir Lionardo Buonarroti commissioned [[Giorgio Vasari]] to design and build the ''Tomb of Michelangelo'', a monumental project that cost 770 [[scudi]], and took over 14 years to complete.{{Cite news|date=12 October 2017|title=Michelangelo's tomb: five fun facts you probably didn't know|url=https://www.theflorentine.net/2017/10/12/michelangelo-tomb-facts/|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The Florentine|language=en-US|last1=Grossoni |first1=Donata }} Marble for the tomb was supplied by [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo I de' Medici]], Duke of Tuscany, who had also organized a state funeral to honour Michelangelo in Florence. [257] => [258] => [259] => File:Pieta Bandini Opera Duomo Florence n01.jpg|Self-portrait of the artist as [[Nicodemus]] [260] => File:Firenze.Palvecchio.500.Michelangelo2.JPG|''Statue of Victory'' (1534), Palazzo Vecchio, Florence [261] => File:Pietà per Vittoria Colonna.jpg|The ''Pietà of Vittoria Colonna'' (c. 1540) [262] => File:Michelangelo pietà rondanini.jpg|The ''[[Rondanini Pietà]]'' (1552–1564) [263] => [264] => [265] => ==Legacy== [266] => [[File:Basílica de la Santa Cruz, Florencia, Italia, 2022-09-18, DD 110.jpg|thumb|upright|Tomb of Michelangelo (1578) by [[Giorgio Vasari]] in [[Santa Croce, Florence|Santa Croce]], Florence]] [267] => Michelangelo, with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, is one of the three giants of the Florentine [[High Renaissance]]. Although their names are often cited together, Michelangelo was younger than Leonardo by 23 years, and older than Raphael by eight. Because of his reclusive nature, he had little to do with either artist and outlived both of them by more than forty years.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Michelangelo took few sculpture students. He employed [[Francesco Granacci]], who was his fellow pupil at the Medici Academy, and became one of several assistants on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Michelangelo appears to have used assistants mainly for the more manual tasks of preparing surfaces and grinding colours. Despite this, his works were to have a great influence on painters, sculptors and architects for many generations to come. [268] => [269] => While Michelangelo's ''David'' is the most famous male nude of all time, and copies of it now grace cities around the world, some of his other works have had perhaps even greater impact on the course of art. The twisting forms and tensions of the ''Victory'', the ''Bruges Madonna'' and the ''Medici Madonna'' make them the heralds of the [[Mannerism|Mannerist art]]. The unfinished giants for the tomb of Pope Julius II had profound effect on late-19th- and 20th-century sculptors such as [[Rodin]] and [[Henry Moore]]. [270] => [271] => Michelangelo's vestibule of the Laurentian Library was one of the earliest buildings to use classical forms in a plastic and expressive manner. This dynamic quality was later to find its major expression in his centrally planned St. Peter's, with its [[giant order]], its rippling cornice and its upward-launching pointed dome. The dome of St. Peter's was to influence the building of churches for many centuries, including [[Sant'Andrea della Valle]] in Rome and [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London, as well as the civic domes of many public buildings and the state capitals across America. [272] => [273] => Artists who were directly influenced by Michelangelo include Raphael, whose monumental treatment of the figure in the ''[[School of Athens]]'' and ''[[The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple]]'' owes much to Michelangelo, and whose fresco of ''[[The Prophet Isaiah (Raphael)|Isaiah]]'' in Sant'Agostino closely imitates the older master's prophets.Ettlinger, Leopold David, and Helen S. Ettlinger. 1987. ''Raphael''. Oxford: Phaidon. pp. 91, 102, 122. {{ISBN|0-7148-2303-1}}. Other artists, such as [[Pontormo]], drew on the writhing forms of the ''Last Judgment'' and the frescoes of the Cappella Paolina.Acidini Luchinat, Cristina. 2002. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WFuhUtCOmhsC&pg=PA96 The Medici, Michelangelo, and the Art of Late Renaissance Florence]''. New Haven: Yale University Press in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts. p. 96. {{ISBN|0-300-09495-7}}. [274] => [275] => The Sistine Chapel ceiling was a work of unprecedented grandeur, both for its architectonic forms, to be imitated by many [[Baroque]] ceiling painters, and also for the wealth of its inventiveness in the study of figures. Vasari wrote: [276] => {{blockquote|The work has proved a veritable beacon to our art, of inestimable benefit to all painters, restoring light to a world that for centuries had been plunged into darkness. Indeed, painters no longer need to seek for new inventions, novel attitudes, clothed figures, fresh ways of expression, different arrangements, or sublime subjects, for this work contains every perfection possible under those headings.[[Giorgio Vasari]], ''Lives of the Artists: Michelangelo''}} [277] => [278] => ==In popular culture== [279] => *''[[:it:Vita di Michelangelo|Vita di Michelangelo]]'' (1964) [280] => *''[[The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)|The Agony and the Ecstasy]]'' (1965), directed by [[Carol Reed]] and starring [[Charlton Heston]] as Michelangelo{{cite book|title = The Agony and the Ecstasy: A Biographical Novel of Michelangelo|isbn = 0451171357|last1 = Stone|first1 = Irving|year = 1961| publisher=Doubleday |url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/agonyecstasybiog00ston}} [281] => *''[[A Season of Giants]]'' (1990){{cite news |last= Ken Tucker |title= A Season of Giants (1991) |url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20200437,00.html |access-date= 11 July 2014 |newspaper= [[Entertainment Weekly]] |date= 15 March 1991 |archive-date= 14 July 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141837/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20200437,00.html |url-status= dead }}{{cite news|last=Hal Erickson |title= A Season of Giants (1991) |url= https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/128760/A-Season-of-Giants/overview |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140716165341/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/128760/A-Season-of-Giants/overview |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 July 2014 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}{{cite book|last1=VV.AA.|title=Variety Television Reviews, 1991–1992|publisher=Taylor & Francis, 1994|isbn=0824037960|title-link=Variety (magazine)|date=March 1994}} [282] => *''[[:it:Michelangelo - Infinito|Michelangelo - Endless]]'' (2018), starring [[Enrico Lo Verso]] as Michelangelo{{cite web|url=https://www.filmitalia.org/p.aspx?t=film&l=en&did=114674|title=Michelangelo – Endless|publisher=filmitalia.org|access-date=29 November 2019}} [283] => *''[[Sin (2019 film)|Sin]]'' (2019), directed by [[Andrei Konchalovsky]]{{cite web|url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/1034860/cast/|title=Il Peccato, 2019|publisher=kinopoisk.ru|language=ru|access-date=29 November 2019}} [284] => [285] => ==See also== [286] => {{Portal|Italy|Biography|Visual arts}} [287] => * [[Michelangelo and the Medici]] [288] => * [[Italian Renaissance sculpture]] [289] => * [[Italian Renaissance painting]] [290] => * [[Michelangelo phenomenon]] [291] => * [[Nicodemite]] [292] => * [[Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes]] [293] => [294] => ==Footnotes== [295] => {{refbegin|30em}} [296] => :a. {{note label|a|a|none}}Michelangelo's father marks the date as 6 March 1474 in the Florentine manner ''ab Incarnatione''. However, in the Roman manner, ''ab Nativitate'', it is 1475. [297] => :b. {{note label|b|b|none}}Sources disagree as to how old Michelangelo was when he departed for school. De Tolnay writes that it was at ten years old while Sedgwick notes in her translation of Condivi that Michelangelo was seven. [298] => :c. {{note label|c|c|none}}The [[Strozzi family]] acquired the sculpture ''Hercules''. [[Filippo Strozzi the Younger|Filippo Strozzi]] sold it to [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] in 1529. In 1594, [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] installed it in the Jardin d'Estang at [[Fontainebleau]] where it disappeared in 1713 when the Jardin d'Estange was destroyed. [299] => :d. {{note label|d|d|none}}Vasari makes no mention of this episode and [[Paolo Giovio]]'s ''Life of Michelangelo'' indicates that Michelangelo tried to pass the statue off as an antique himself. [300] => {{refend}} [301] => [302] => ==References== [303] => {{Reflist}} [304] => [305] => ==Sources== [306] => {{refbegin|30em}} [307] => * {{Cite book|last=Bartz |first=Gabriele |title=Michelangelo |publisher=Könemann |author2=Eberhard König |year=1998 |isbn=978-3-8290-0253-0}} [308] => * {{Cite book|last=Clément|first=Charles|year=1892|title=''Michelangelo''|publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, Ltd.: London|location=Harvard University | url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelo02clgoog|quote=michelangelo.}} [309] => * {{Cite book |last=Condivi |first=Ascanio |author-link=Ascanio Condivi |title=The Life of Michelangelo |year=1553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWNZ7njz2MkC|author2=Alice Sedgewick |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-01853-9}} [310] => * {{Cite book|last=Goldscheider|first=Ludwig|title=Michelangelo: Paintings, Sculptures, Architecture|publisher=Phaidon|year=1953}} [311] => * {{Cite book|last=Goldscheider|first=Ludwig|title=Michelangelo: Drawings|publisher=Phaidon|year=1953}} [312] => * [[Helen Gardner (art historian)|Gardner, Helen]]; Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya, ''Gardner's Art through the Ages''. Thomson Wadsworth, (2004) {{ISBN|0-15-505090-7}}. [313] => * Hirst, Michael and Jill Dunkerton. (1994) ''The Young Michelangelo: The Artist in Rome 1496–1501''. London: National Gallery Publications, {{ISBN|1-85709-066-7}} [314] => * {{Cite book|last=Liebert |first=Robert |title=Michelangelo: A Psychoanalytic Study of his Life and Images |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-300-02793-8}} [315] => * Paoletti, John T. and Radke, Gary M., (2005) ''Art in Renaissance Italy'', Laurence King, {{ISBN|1-85669-439-9}} [316] => * {{Cite book |title=The Youth of Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelo0000unse_c5u7 |url-access=registration |last=Tolnay |first=Charles |year=1947 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ}}{{refend}} [317] => [318] => ==Further reading== [319] => {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} [320] => * {{Cite book |last=Ackerman |first=James |title=The Architecture of Michelangelo |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-226-00240-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofmi00acke_0 }} [321] => * {{Cite book|last=Baldini |first=Umberto |title=The Sculpture of Michelangelo |publisher=Rizzoli |author2=Liberto Perugi |year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCEWAQAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-8478-0447-4}} [322] => * Barenboim, Peter (with Shiyan, Sergey). ''Michelangelo in the Medici Chapel: Genius in Details'' (in English & Russian), LOOM, Moscow, 2011. {{ISBN|978-5-9903067-1-4}} [323] => * [http://www.florentine-society.ru/pdf/Peter_Barenboim_-_The_British_Museum_Madonna.pdf Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur). ''Michelangelo's Moment: The British Museum Madonna''], LOOM, Moscow, 2018. [324] => * [http://www.florentine-society.ru/pdf/Michelangelo_and_500_years_of_the_New_Sacristy.pdf Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur). ''500 years of the New Sacristy: Michelangelo in the Medici Chapel''], LOOM, Moscow, 2019. {{ISBN|978-5-906072-42-9}} [325] => * Carden, Robert W. (1913). ''Michelangelo: A Record of His Life as Told in His Own Letters and Papers''. Constable and Company Ltd., London; reprinted by Legare Street Press, 2021. [326] => * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Michelangelo | volume= 18 |last1= Colvin |first1= Sidney |author1-link= Sidney Colvin | pages = 362–369 |short=1}} [327] => * Einem, Herbert von (1973). ''Michelangelo''. Trans. Ronald Taylor. London: Methuen. [328] => * {{Cite book|first=Martin|last=Gayford|title=Michelangelo: His Epic Life|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-141-93225-5|location=London}} [329] => * Gilbert, Creighton (1994). ''Michelangelo: On and Off the Sistine Ceiling''. New York: George Braziller. [330] => * Hartt, Frederick (1987). ''David by the Hand of Michelangelo—the Original Model Discovered'', Abbeville, {{ISBN|0-89659-761-X}} [331] => * Hibbard, Howard (1974). ''Michelangelo''. New York: Harper & Row. [332] => * {{Cite book|last=Néret|first=Gilles|title=Michelangelo|publisher=Taschen|year=2000|isbn=978-3-8228-5976-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelo14750000nere}} [333] => * Pietrangeli, Carlo, et al. (1994). ''The Sistine Chapel: A Glorious Restoration''. New York: Harry N. Abrams [334] => * {{Cite book|last=Rolland |first=Romain |author-link=Romain Rolland|title=Michelangelo|publisher=BiblioLife |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-110-00353-2}} [335] => * {{Cite book|last=Ryan|first= Chris|title= The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Introduction|publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |year= 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PThUqvh209sC|isbn=9780567012012|chapter=Poems for Tommaso Cavalieri, Poems for Vittoria Colonna|pages=94–154}} [336] => * {{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Charles |title=Michelangelo: Sculptor, Painter, Architect |publisher=Editions Pierre Terrail |year=1996 |isbn=978-2-87939-069-7}} [337] => * {{Cite book|last=Saslow|first= James M.|year=1991|title=The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation|location= New Haven and London|publisher= [[Yale University Press]]}} [338] => * Seymour, Charles, Jr. (1972). ''Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling''. New York: W.W. Norton. [339] => * {{Cite book|last=Stone |first=Irving |author-link=Irving Stone |title=The Agony and the Ecstasy |publisher=Signet |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-451-17135-1|title-link=The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel) }} Fictional biography. [340] => * Summers, David (1981). ''Michelangelo and the Language of Art''. Princeton University Press. [341] => * Symonds, John Addington (1893). ''The Life of Michelangelo Buonarroti'', John C. Nimmo; reprinted by The [[Modern Library]], Random House, 1927. [342] => * Tolnay, Charles de. (1964). ''The Art and Thought of Michelangelo''. 5 vols. New York: Pantheon Books. [343] => * {{Cite book|last=Wallace |first=William E. |url=http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Michelangelo-the-artist-the-man-and-his-times-by-William-Wallace.php|title=Michelangelo: The Artist, the Man and his Times|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-107-67369-4}} [344] => * Wallace, William E. (2019). ''Michelangelo, God's Architect: The Story of His Final Years and Greatest Masterpiece''. Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-19549-0}} [345] => * Wilde, Johannes (1978). ''Michelangelo: Six Lectures''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [346] => {{refend}} [347] => [348] => ==External links== [349] => {{sister project links|d=y|c=Category:Michelangelo Buonarroti|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|s=Author:Michelangelo|species=no|m=no|mw=no}} [350] => * [http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/mich/ The Digital Michelangelo Project] [351] => * {{Gutenberg author |id=3463}} [352] => * {{Internet Archive author}} [353] => * {{Librivox author |id=2073}} [354] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151011155932/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/europe/michelangelos_drawings/michelangelos_drawings.aspx The BP Special Exhibition Michelangelo Drawings – closer to the master] [355] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060411203848/http://www.zipser.nl/michelangelo1.html Michelangelo's Drawings: Real or Fake?] How to decide if a drawing is by Michelangelo. [356] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034334/http://michelangelo.syr.edu/ "Michelangelo: The Man and the Myth"] [357] => [358] => {{Michelangelo|state=expanded}} [359] => {{High Renaissance}} [360] => {{Sistine Chapel}} [361] => {{Portal bar|Painting|Visual arts}} [362] => {{Authority control (arts)}} [363] => [364] => [[Category:Michelangelo| ]] [365] => [[Category:1475 births]] [366] => [[Category:1564 deaths]] [367] => [[Category:15th-century people from the Republic of Florence]] [368] => [[Category:16th-century people from the Republic of Florence]] [369] => [[Category:16th-century Italian architects]] [370] => [[Category:15th-century Italian painters]] [371] => [[Category:Italian male painters]] [372] => [[Category:16th-century Italian painters]] [373] => [[Category:15th-century Italian sculptors]] [374] => [[Category:16th-century Italian sculptors]] [375] => [[Category:16th-century Italian LGBT people]] [376] => [[Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches]] [377] => [[Category:Artist authors]] [378] => [[Category:Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence]] [379] => [[Category:Catholic painters]] [380] => [[Category:Catholic sculptors]] [381] => [[Category:Italian male sculptors]] [382] => [[Category:Italian Renaissance architects]] [383] => [[Category:Italian Renaissance painters]] [384] => [[Category:Italian Renaissance sculptors]] [385] => [[Category:Italian ecclesiastical architects]] [386] => [[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]] [387] => [[Category:Italian LGBT painters]] [388] => [[Category:Italian LGBT sculptors]] [389] => [[Category:Painters from Tuscany]] [390] => [[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]] [391] => [[Category:People from the Province of Arezzo]] [392] => [[Category:Renaissance artists]] [393] => [[Category:Sculptors from Tuscany]] [394] => [[Category:Sonneteers]] [] => )
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Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet considered one of the greatest artists of all time. Born in 1475 in Caprese, Italy, Michelangelo received early training as a painter, but later focused more on sculpture and architecture, leaving a lasting impact on both disciplines.

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Born in 1475 in Caprese, Italy, Michelangelo received early training as a painter, but later focused more on sculpture and architecture, leaving a lasting impact on both disciplines. Michelangelo's most renowned works include his marble sculptures, such as the Pieta and David, which showcase his mastery of anatomy and his ability to convey intense emotion. He also played a crucial role in the painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, where he depicted scenes from the Book of Genesis, including the iconic creation of Adam. The artist's architectural achievements range from the design of the Laurentian Library to the construction of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, a project he took over at the age of 71. Michelangelo's architectural style was characterized by a harmonious blend of classical and innovative elements, leaving a significant mark on the Renaissance period. Throughout his life, Michelangelo worked with various influential patrons and had a complex relationship with the Catholic Church. Despite facing numerous personal and professional challenges, he managed to leave behind a vast body of work that continues to inspire and captivate audiences worldwide. Michelangelo's artistic genius, discipline, and dedication to his craft have made him a cultural icon, and his works remain highly treasured today. His impact on Western art and his contributions to the Renaissance movement cannot be overstated, solidifying his status as one of the most celebrated artists in history.

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