Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Place of worship for Muslims}} [1] => {{Redirect-multi|2|Masjed|Musjid|the Iranian villages|Masjed, Iran (disambiguation)|the 19th-century British racehorse|Musjid (horse)}} [2] => {{Islam|culture}} [3] => [4] => A '''mosque''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɒ|s|k}} {{respell|MOSK}}), also called a '''masjid''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|s|dʒ|ɪ|d|,_|ˈ|m|ʌ|s|-}} {{respell|MASS|jid|,_|MUSS|-}}),{{Efn|{{lang-ar|مَسْجِد}} {{IPA-ar|ˈmasdʒid| }} ({{Literal translation|place of [[Sujud|ritual prostration]]}})|group=note}} is a [[place of worship]] for [[Muslims]].{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Mosque|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1552|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225191130/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1552|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 25, 2017}} The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where [[Salah|Islamic prayers]] are performed, such as an outdoor courtyard.Longhurst, Christopher E; Theology of a Mosque: The Sacred Inspiring Form, Function and Design in Islamic Architecture, Lonaard Journal. Mar 2012, Vol. 2 Issue 8, p3-13. 11p. "Since submission to God is the essence of divine worship, the place of worship is intrinsic to Islam's self-identity. This 'place' is not a building per se but what is evidenced by the etymology of the word 'mosque' which derives from the Arabic 'masjid' meaning 'a place of sujud (prostration).'Colledge, R. (1999). The mosque. In: Mastering World Religions. Macmillan Master Series. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14329-0_16 "A mosque is a building where Muslims bow before Allah to show their submission to His will. It is not necessary to have a building to do this. Muhammad said that 'Wherever the hour of prayer overtakes you, you shall perform the prayer. That place is the mosque'. In his early days in Makkah there was no mosque, so he and his friends would pray anywhere." [5] => [6] => Originally, mosques were simple places of prayer for the [[early Muslims]], and may have been open spaces rather than elaborate buildings.{{sfn|Grabar|1969|p=34|ps=: "The main characteristic, then, of this first stage was the creation of a space which served exclusively Muslim purposes and which, in cities that were entirely Muslim, existed on two separate levels of exclusivity. The word masjid is always associated with these spaces, but it does not yet possess any formal structure nor does it have any precise function other than that of excluding non-Muslims."}} In the first stage of [[Islamic architecture]] (650–750 CE), early mosques comprised open and closed covered spaces enclosed by walls, often with [[Minaret|minarets]], from which the [[Adhan|Islamic call to prayer]] was issued on a daily basis.{{sfn|Grabar|1969|p=34-35|ps=: "A second stage occurred between 650 and 750. To my knowledge, twenty-seven masjids from this period are archaeologically definable… All mosques had a certain relationship between open and closed covered spaces. The problems posed by this relationship pertain primarily to the history of art, except on one point, which is the apparent tendency to consider the covered parts as the bayt al-salat, i.e. place of prayer, and the rest of the building as an overflow area for prayer. All these buildings were enclosed by walls and did not have an exterior façade. Their orderly form appeared only from the inside where the balance between open and covered spaces served, among other things, to indicate the direction of qibla. Their only outward symbol was the minaret, a feature which appeared early in mosques built in old cities with predominantly non-Muslim populations and only later in primarily Muslim ones."}} It is typical of mosque buildings to have a special ornamental niche (a ''[[mihrab]]'') set into the wall in the direction of the city of [[Mecca]] (the ''[[qibla]]''), which Muslims must face during prayer, as well as a facility for ritual cleansing (''[[wudu]]'').{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |editor=Juan Eduardo Campo |author=Nuha N. N. Khoury}} The pulpit (''[[minbar]]''), from which public sermons ([[Khutbah|''khutbah'']]) are delivered on the event of [[Friday prayer]], was, in earlier times, characteristic of the central city mosque, but has since become common in smaller mosques. To varying degrees, mosque buildings are designed so that there are [[Islam and gender segregation|segregated spaces for men and women]]. This basic pattern of organization has assumed different forms depending on the region, period, and [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic denomination]]. [7] => [8] => In addition to being places of worship in [[Islam]], mosques also serve as locations for [[Islamic funeral|funeral services]] and [[Funeral prayer (Islam)|funeral prayers]], marriages ([[Marriage in Islam|nikah]]), vigils during [[Ramadan]], business agreements, collection and distribution of [[Alms in Islam|alms]], and homeless shelters.{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Patrick D. Gaffney|title=Masjid|editor=Richard C. Martin|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|publisher=MacMillan Reference|year=2004}} To this end, mosques have historically been multi-purpose buildings functioning as community centres, courts of law, and [[Madrasa|religious schools]]. In modern times, they have also preserved their role as places of religious instruction and debate. Special importance is accorded to, in descending order of importance: [[Masjid al-Haram|al-Masjid al-Haram]] in the city of Mecca, where [[Hajj]] and [[Umrah]] are performed; the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in the city of [[Medina]], where [[Muhammad]] is buried; and [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] in the city of [[Jerusalem]], where Muslims believe that [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Muhammad ascended to heaven to meet God]] around 621 CE. There's a growing realization among scholars that the present-day perception of mosques doesn't fully align with their original concept. Early Islamic texts and practices highlight mosques as vibrant centers integral to Muslim communities, supporting religious, social, economic, and political affairs.{{Cite journal |last=Utaberta |first=Nangkula |last2=Asif |first2=Nayeem |last3=Rasdi |first3=Mohd Tajuddin Mohd |last4=Yunos |first4=Mohd Yazid Mohd |last5=Ismail |first5=Nor Atiah |last6=Ismail |first6=Sumarni |date=2015-04-01 |title=The Concept of Mosque Based on Islamic Philosophy: A Review Based on Early Islamic Texts and Practices of the Early Generation of the Muslims. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=19950756&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA606942034&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Advances in Environmental Biology |language=English |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=371–375}} [9] => [10] => During and after the [[early Muslim conquests]], mosques were established outside of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] in the hundreds; many [[Synagogue|synagogues]], [[Church (building)|churches]], and [[Temple|temples]] were [[Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques|converted into mosques]] and thus influenced Islamic architectural styles over the centuries. While most pre-modern mosques were funded by charitable endowments ([[Waqf|''waqf'']]), the modern-day trend of government regulation of large mosques has been countered by the rise of privately funded mosques, many of which serve as bases for different streams of [[Islamic revival|Islamic revivalism]] and social activism. [11] => [12] => ==Etymology== [13] => The word 'mosque' entered the [[English language]] from the [[French language|French]] word ''mosquée'', probably derived from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''moschea'' (a variant of Italian ''moscheta''), from either [[Middle Armenian language|Middle Armenian]] [[wikt:մզկիթ|մզկիթ]] (''mzkit‘''), [[Medieval Greek|Medieval]] {{lang-el|μασγίδιον}} (''masgídion''), or Spanish ''mezquita'', from {{lang|ar|مسجد|masjid}} (meaning "site of prostration (in prayer)" and hence a place of worship), either from [[Nabataean Aramaic|Nabataean]] ''masgĕdhā́'' or from Arabic {{lang-ar|سَجَدَ|[[Sujud|sajada]]}} (meaning "to [[:wikt:prostrate|prostrate]]"), probably ultimately from [[Nabataean Arabic]] ''masgĕdhā́'' or [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] ''sĕghēdh''.For the word's origin from French and probable origin from Italian ''moscheta'', see "mosque, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/122562]. For the derivation of ''moscheta'' from Arabic ''sajada'' see "mesquita, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/117089]. For the probable origin of "sajada" from Aramaic, and the meanings of ''sajada'' and ''masjid'' in Arabic, see "masjid, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/114605]. For the inclusion of Spanish ''mesquita'', possible derivation from Nabataean ''masgĕdhā́'', and the Aramaic ''sĕghēdh'', see Klein, E., ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language'' (Elsevier Publishing, 1966), p. 1007. [14] => [15] => ==History== [16] => ===Origins=== [17] => {{See also|List of the oldest mosques}} [18] => [19] => Islam was established in Arabia during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] in the 7th century CE.{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 5]}} The [[List of the oldest mosques|first mosque]] in history could be either the sanctuary built around the ''[[Kaaba|Ka'bah]]'' ('Cube') in [[Mecca]], known today as ''[[Al-Masjid al-Haram]]'' ('The Sacred Mosque'), or the [[Quba Mosque]] in [[Medina]], the first structure built by Muhammad upon his [[Hijra (Islam)|emigration from Mecca]] in 622 [[Common Era|CE]],{{harvnb|Tajuddin|1998|p=135}} both located in the Hejaz region in present-day Saudi Arabia.{{Cite book |author=Palmer |first=Allison Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ&pg=236 |title=Historical Dictionary of Architecture |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4422-6309-3 |edition=2nd |pages=236 |language=en |quote=The first mosque is considered to be either the one built around the Kaaba, or "House of God", in Mecca, now called Al-Masjid Al-Haram, or the Quba Mosque in Medina, Saudia Arabia, built when Muhammad arrived there from Mecca in 622.}} [20] => [21] => Other scholars reference Islamic tradition{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |pages=9, 12}}Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9 }} and passages of the Quran,{{qref|2|7-286|b=y}}{{qref|3|96|b=y}}{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}} according to which Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad, and includes previous prophets such as Abraham.{{Cite book |last=Alli |first=Irfan |title=25 Prophets of Islam |publisher=eBookIt.com |isbn=978-1-4566-1307-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nRJK9sLjLsC |date=2013-02-26}} In Islamic tradition, [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] is credited with having built the ''Ka'bah'' in Mecca, and consequently its sanctuary, ''Al-Masjid al-Haram'', which is seen by Muslims as the first mosque that existed.{{harvnb|Kuban|1974|p=1}}{{Cite book |author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies |editor1=Goss, V. P. |editor2=Bornstein, C. V. |title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades |publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University |volume=21 |page=208 |isbn=978-0-9187-2058-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ |year=1986}}{{Cite news |author=Mustafa Abu Sway |title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source |publisher=[[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}{{Cite book |author=Dyrness, W. A. |title=Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]] Publishers |volume=7 |page=25 |isbn=978-1620321362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inJNAwAAQBAJ |date=2013-05-29}} A [[hadith]] in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] states that the sanctuary of the ''Ka'bah'' was the first mosque on Earth, with the second mosque being [[Al-Aqsa]] in [[Jerusalem]],{{Cite web|url=https://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=0&number=585#585|title=55. Prophets - Sahih Al-Bukhari - 585|website=www.searchtruth.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-05}} which is also associated with Abraham. Since as early as 638 CE, the Sacred Mosque of Mecca has been expanded on several occasions to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims who either live in the area or make the annual pilgrimage known as ''[[Hajj]]'' to the city.{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=241}} [22] => [23] => Either way, after the Quba Mosque, [[Muhammad in Medina|Muhammad went on to establish another mosque in Medina]], which is now known as ''[[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]]'' ('The Prophet's Mosque'). Built on the site of his home, Muhammad participated in the construction of the mosque himself and helped pioneer the concept of the mosque as the focal point of the Islamic city.{{harvnb|Chiu|2010|pp=67–8}} The Prophet's Mosque is considered by some scholars of [[Islamic architecture]] to be the first mosque.{{harvnb|Petersen|1996|pp=195–196}}: "The first mosque was the house of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina. This was a simple rectangular (53 by 56 m) enclosure containing rooms for the Prophet and his wives and a shaded area on the south side of the courtyard which could be used for prayer in the direction of Mecca. This building became the model for subsequent mosques which had the same basic courtyard layout with a prayer area against the qibla wall."{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=549|loc=''Mosque''}}: "The first mosque, a building that Muhammad erected at Medina in 622, is usually described as the Prophet's house but was probably intended from the outset as a community center as well. Initially, it was a rectangular enclosure of unbaked brick, a little over 50 m square, but a portico of palm trunks supporting a roof of palm-frond thatch was quickly erected on the north side of the court, facing Jerusalem, the first qibla, or direction in which Muslims sent their prayers [...]. In 624 when the qibla was changed to Mecca, another such arcade was built on the south side, facing that city. Muhammad and his family lived in rooms built on to one side of the enclosure, and Muhammad was buried in one of these rooms in 632. During the 7th and early 8th centuries, Muhammad's mosque was repeatedly enlarged and rebuilt, becoming a flat-roofed hypostyle structure with a central court and a prayer-hall deeper than the three other porticos. [...] The form of the mosque of the Prophet was closely imitated in the early congregational mosques built in the Iraqi cities of Wasit, Kufa and Basra, and in the mosque built at Daybul in Sind (now Banbhore, Pakistan)." The mosque had a roof supported by columns made of palm tree trunks{{Cite book |last=Tabbaa |first=Yasser |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Architecture |quote=If Mecca provided the first Muslim shrine, the city of Medina, to which Muḥammad migrated in 622 C.E., may have provided the germ of the idea for the Muslim place of prayer, the masjid, in the form of the house of the Prophet himself. Descriptions of the house allow us to reconstruct it as a mud-brick rectangular enclosure consisting of an open courtyard, a three-aisled roofed space to the south, a one-bay space inside the northern wall, and eight separate rooms annexed to the eastern wall. The eight rooms housed Muḥammad’s wives; the northern vestibule was a waiting area; the southern space served various residential, official, and ritual functions. The roof was supported by palm trunks and its southern wall, after 6/628, contained a three-stepped platform (minbar), from which Muḥammad spoke and adjudicated. Despite its rudimentary form and construction, Muḥammad’s house would provide the basic model for the first mosques. |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}} and it included a large courtyard, a motif common among mosques built since then. Rebuilt and expanded over time,{{sfn|Petersen|1996|pp=182–184}} it soon became a larger [[hypostyle]] structure. It probably served as a model for the construction of early mosques elsewhere. It introduced some of the features still common in today's mosques, including the niche at the front of the prayer space known as the ''[[mihrab]]'' (first added in the [[Umayyad period]]){{sfn|Petersen|1996|pp=182–184}} and the tiered pulpit called the ''[[minbar]]''.{{harvnb|Cosman|Jones|2008|p=610}} [24] => [25] => [26] => File:After their time in Mina has passed, pilgrims head back to Mecca. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Aerial view of the [[Great Mosque of Mecca|Sacred Mosque (''Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām'')]] of [[Mecca]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], the largest mosque and [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest site in Islam]], with the [[Kaaba]] in the center (2010 photo) [27] => File:Madinah, Al haram at night (2512058060).jpg|The [[Prophet's Mosque|Prophet's Mosque (''al-Masjid an-Nabawi'')]] in [[Medina]], Islam's second holiest site [28] => File:Main entrance of Masjid al-Qiblatayn.jpg|''[[Masjid al-Qiblatayn]]'' (Mosque of the two [[Qiblah]]s) in Medina [29] => File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple Mount-Al-Aqsa Mosque (NE exposure).jpg|The [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]], Islam's third holiest site [30] => [31] => [32] => ===Diffusion and evolution=== [33] => [[File:Umayyad Mosque (2020-01-07).jpg|thumb|The [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]], built during the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]]] [34] => The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] was particularly instrumental in spreading Islam and establishing mosques within the [[Levant]], as the Umayyads constructed among the most revered mosques in the region — [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] and [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]], and the [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]].{{harvnb|Kuban|1985|p=27}} The designs of the Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque were influenced by [[Byzantine architecture]], a trend that continued much later with the rise of the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{harvnb|Flood|2001|pp=101–3}} [35] => [36] => The [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] in present-day [[Tunisia]] was the first mosque built in the [[Maghreb]] (northwest Africa), with its present form (dating from the ninth century) serving as a model for other Islamic places of worship in the Maghreb. It was the first in the region to incorporate a square [[minaret]], which was characteristic of later Maghrebi mosques, and includes [[nave]]s akin to a [[basilica]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1287&lang=en |publisher=The Qantara Project |title=Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan |year=2008 |access-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511205253/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1287&lang=en |archive-date=11 May 2013 }}{{harvnb|Elleh|2002|pp=114–5}} Those features can also be found in [[Al-Andalus|Andalusi]] mosques, including the [[Great Mosque of Cordoba]], as they tended to reflect the architecture of the [[Moors]] instead of their [[Visigoths|Visigoth]] predecessors. Still, some elements of [[Visigothic architecture]], like [[horseshoe arch]]es, were infused into the mosque architecture of Spain and the Maghreb.{{harvnb|Ruggles|2002|p=38}} [37] => [38] => [[File:Faisal mosque2.jpg|thumb|[[Faisal Mosque]] in [[Islamabad]] is the largest mosque in Pakistan and in South Asia with a capacity of 300,000]] [39] => [40] => Muslim empires were instrumental in the evolution and spread of mosques. Although mosques were first established in India during the seventh century, they were not commonplace across [[Indian subcontinent|the subcontinent]] until the arrival of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the 16th and 17th centuries. Reflecting their [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] origins, [[Mughal architecture|Mughal-style]] mosques included [[onion dome]]s, [[ogee|pointed arches]], and elaborate circular minarets, features common in the [[Persian architecture|Persian]] and [[Architecture of Central Asia|Central Asian styles]].{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=182}} The [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in [[Delhi]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]] in [[Lahore]], built in a similar manner in the mid-17th century,{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=187}} remain two of the largest mosques on the Indian subcontinent.{{harvnb|Asher|1992|p=202}} [41] => [42] => The first mosque in [[East Asia]] was established in the eighth century in [[Xi'an]]. The [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]], whose current building dates from the 18th century, does not replicate the features often associated with mosques elsewhere.{{harvnb|Cowen|1985|pp=30–5}} Minarets were initially prohibited by the state.{{harvnb|Ahmed|2002|p=109}} Following traditional [[Chinese architecture]], the Great Mosque of Xi'an, like many other mosques in eastern China, resembles a [[pagoda]], with a green roof instead of the yellow roof common on imperial structures in China. Mosques in western China were more likely to incorporate elements, like domes and minarets, traditionally seen in mosques elsewhere.[[File:Kampung Hulu Mosque.JPG|thumb|[[Kampung Hulu Mosque]], the oldest mosque in [[Malaysia]]]]A similar integration of foreign and local influences could be seen on the [[Indonesia]]n islands of [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]], where mosques, including the [[Demak Great Mosque]], were first established in the 15th century.{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=439}} Early Javanese mosques took design cues from [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu]], [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]], and Chinese architectural influences, with tall timber, multi-level roofs similar to the pagodas of [[Balinese temple|Balinese Hindu temples]]; the ubiquitous Islamic dome did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century.{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=281}} In turn, the Javanese style influenced the styles of mosques in Indonesia's [[Austronesia]]n neighbors—[[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], and the Philippines. [43] => [44] => Several of the early mosques in the Ottoman Empire were originally churches or cathedrals from the [[Byzantine Empire]], with the [[Hagia Sophia]] (one of those converted cathedrals) informing the architecture of mosques from after the [[fall of Constantinople|Ottoman conquest of Constantinople]].{{harvnb|Essa|Ali|2010|pp=230–1}} The Ottomans developed [[Ottoman architecture|their own architectural style]] characterized by large central domes (sometimes surrounded by multiple smaller domes), pencil-shaped minarets, and open façades.{{harvnb|Essa|Ali|2010|pp=231–2}} [45] => [46] => [[File:Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg|thumb|[[Namazgah Mosque]] in 2018. It was the largest mosque in the [[Balkans]] at the time of completion.]] [47] => [48] => Mosques from the Ottoman period are still scattered across [[Eastern Europe]], but the most rapid growth in the number of mosques in Europe has occurred within the past century as more Muslims have migrated to the continent. Many major European cities are home to mosques, like the [[Grand Mosque of Paris]], that incorporate domes, minarets, and other features often found with mosques in Muslim-majority countries.{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=193}} The first mosque in North America was founded by [[Albanian American]]s in 1915, but the continent's oldest surviving mosque, the [[Mother Mosque of America]], was built in 1934.{{harvnb|Nimer|2002|pp=39–40}} As in Europe, the number of American mosques has rapidly increased in recent decades as Muslim immigrants, particularly from [[South Asia]], have come in the United States. Greater than forty percent of mosques in the United States were constructed after 2000.{{Cite news |last=Grossman |first=Cathy Lynn |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-29/islamic-worship-growth-us/53298792/1 |newspaper=USA Today |title=Number of U.S. mosques up 74% since 2000 |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917220154/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-29/islamic-worship-growth-us/53298792/1 |url-status=dead }} [49] => [50] => ===Inter-religious conversion=== [51] => {{see also|Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques|List of former mosques in Spain|List of former mosques in Portugal}} [52] => [[File:Turkey-3019 - Hagia Sophia (2216460729).jpg|thumb|The [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey, was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453]] [53] => [54] => According to early [[List of Muslim historians|Muslim historians]], towns that surrendered without resistance and made treaties with the Muslims were allowed to retain their churches and the towns captured by Muslims had many of their churches converted to mosques.{{Cite book |last=Houtsma |first=M. Th. |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA321 |access-date=21 February 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |page=320}} One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in [[Damascus]], Syria, where in 705 [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[caliph]] [[Al-Walid I]] bought the church of [[John the Baptist|St. John]] from the [[Christians]] and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus. Overall, [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] (Al-Waleed's father) is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques.Houtsma p. 21 [55] => [56] => The process of turning churches into mosques were especially intensive in the villages where most of the inhabitants [[Religious conversion|converted]] to Islam.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] turned many churches into mosques. [[Ottoman Turks]] converted nearly all churches, monasteries, and chapels in [[Constantinople]], including the famous [[Hagia Sophia]], into mosques immediately after [[fall of Constantinople|capturing the city in 1453]]. In some instances mosques have been established on the places of [[Judaism|Jewish]] or Christian sanctuaries associated with [[Bible|Biblical]] personalities who were also recognized by Islam.{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hillenbrand |first=R |editor=P. J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=[[Wolfhart Heinrichs|W. P. Heinrichs]] |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online |title=Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}} [57] => [58] => Mosques have also been converted for use by other religions, notably in southern Spain, following the conquest of the Moors in 1492.{{Cite book |title=How Islam Plans to Change the World |last=Wagner |first=William |publisher=Kregel Publications |page=[https://archive.org/details/howislamplanstoc0000wagn/page/99 99] |quote=When the Moors were driven out of Spain in 1492, most of the mosques were converted into churches |isbn=978-0-8254-3965-0 |year=2004 |orig-year=2004-05-27 |url=https://archive.org/details/howislamplanstoc0000wagn/page/99 }} The most prominent of them is the [[Cathedral–Mosque of Córdoba|Great Mosque of Cordoba]], itself constructed on the site of a church demolished during the period of Muslim rule. Outside of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], such instances also occurred in southeastern Europe once regions were no longer under Muslim rule. [59] => [60] => ==Religious functions== [61] => {{See also|Congregational mosque}} [62] => [63] => ===Prayers=== [64] => There are two holidays (''[[Muslim holidays|Eid]]s'') in the [[Islamic calendar]]: ''[[Eid al-Fitr|ʿĪd al-Fiṭr]]'' and ''[[Eid al-Adha|ʿĪd al-Aḍḥā]]'', during which there are special prayers held at mosques in the morning. These [[Salat al Eid|Eid prayers]] are supposed to be offered in large groups, and so, in the absence of an outdoor ''[[Eidgah]]'', a large mosque will normally host them for their congregants as well as the congregants of smaller local mosques. Some mosques will even rent [[convention center]]s or other large public buildings to hold the large number of Muslims who attend. Mosques, especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority, will also host Eid prayers outside in courtyards, [[town square]]s or on the outskirts of town in an ''Eidgah''.{{Cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/prayer/Eid-Prayers_1.html |access-date=April 8, 2006 |title='Id Prayers (Salatul 'Idain) |publisher=University of Southern California |website=Compendium of Muslim Texts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223214532/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/prayer/Eid-Prayers_1.html |archive-date=December 23, 2005 }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/eidgah.htm|title=Performance of Eid Salah in Eidgah (Open Field)|website=www.central-mosque.com}} [65] => [66] => ===Ramadan=== [67] => [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Fast Break.JPG|thumb|left|[[Iftar]] at [[Taipei Grand Mosque]], [[Taiwan]] during [[Ramadan]]]] [68] => Islam's holiest month, ''[[Ramadan|Ramaḍān]]'', is observed through many events. As Muslims must [[sawm|fast]] during the day during Ramadan, mosques will host ''[[Iftar|Ifṭār]]'' dinners after sunset and the fourth required prayer of the day, that is ''[[Maghrib]]''. Food is provided, at least in part, by members of the community, thereby creating daily [[potluck]] dinners. Because of the community contribution necessary to serve ''iftar'' dinners, mosques with smaller congregations may not be able to host the ''iftar'' dinners daily. Some mosques will also hold ''[[Suhoor|Suḥūr]]'' meals before [[dawn]] to congregants attending the first required prayer of the day, ''[[Fajr]]''. As with iftar dinners, congregants usually provide the food for suhoor, although able mosques may provide food instead. Mosques will often invite poorer members of the Muslim community to share in beginning and breaking the fasts, as providing [[Alms|charity]] during Ramadan is regarded in Islam as especially honorable.{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_51.html |access-date=April 17, 2006 |title=Charity |publisher=University of Southern California |website=Compendium of Muslim Texts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060205112728/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_51.html |archive-date=February 5, 2006 }} [69] => [70] => Following the last obligatory daily prayer (''[[Isha'|ʿIshāʾ]]'') special, optional ''[[Tarawih|Tarāwīḥ]]'' prayers are offered in larger mosques. During each night of prayers, which can last for up to two hours each night, usually one member of the community who has memorized the entire Quran (a [[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]]) will recite a segment of the book.{{Cite book |title=Teach Yourself Islam |last=Maqsood |first=Ruqaiyyah Waris |isbn=978-0-07-141963-5 |date=April 22, 2003 |edition=2nd |publisher=McGraw-Hill |pages=57–8, 72–5, 112–120 |location=Chicago}} Sometimes, several such people (not necessarily of the local community) take turns to do this. During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques will host all-night programs to observe ''[[Laylat al-Qadr]]'', the night Muslims believe that Muhammad first received Quranic revelations. On that night, between [[sunset]] and [[sunrise]], mosques employ speakers to educate congregants in attendance about Islam. Mosques or the community usually provide meals periodically throughout the night [71] => [72] => [[File:Nasr ol Molk mosque vault ceiling.jpg|thumb|Vault ceiling of the [[Nasir al-Mulk Mosque]] in [[Shiraz]], Iran]] [73] => During the last ten days of [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]], larger mosques within the Muslim community will host ''[[Iʿtikāf]]'', a practice in which at least one Muslim man from the community must participate. Muslims performing itikaf are required to stay within the mosque for ten consecutive days, often in worship or learning about Islam. As a result, the rest of the Muslim community is responsible for providing the participants with food, drinks, and whatever else they need during their stay. [74] => [75] => ===Charity=== [76] => [[File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 08.jpg|thumb|[[Adina Mosque]], once the largest mosque in South Asia, in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], the first capital of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].]] [77] => The third of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] states that Muslims are required to give approximately one-fortieth of their wealth to charity as ''[[Zakat]]''.{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=Matthew |title=Development and Religion: Theology and Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIvHQc0-rwgC&pg=PA156 |access-date=21 February 2013 |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-0-85793-073-6 |page=156}} Since mosques form the center of Muslim communities, they are where Muslims go to both give ''zakat'' and, if necessary, collect it. Before the holiday of ''Eid ul-Fitr'', mosques also collect a special ''zakat'' that is supposed to assist in helping poor Muslims attend the prayers and celebrations associated with the holiday. [78] => [79] => ===Frequency of attendance=== [80] => [81] => The frequency by which Muslims attend mosque services vary greatly around the world. In some countries, weekly attendance at religious services is common among Muslims while in others, attendance is rare. A study of American Muslims did not find differences in mosque attendance by gender or age.{{Cite news|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2017/|title=American Muslim Poll 2017 {{!}} ISPU|date=2017-03-21|work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en-US}} [82] => {{Bar box [83] => | title=Percentage of Muslims who attend mosque at least once a week, 2009–2012{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-2-religious-commitment/|title=Chapter 2: Religious Commitment|date=August 9, 2012}} [84] => | titlebar=#ddd [85] => | left1=Countries [86] => | right1=Percentage [87] => | width=500px [88] => | bars= [89] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]|limegreen|99}} [90] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia]]|limegreen|94}} [91] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]]|limegreen|93}} [92] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda]]|limegreen|93}} [93] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissau]]|limegreen|92}} [94] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Mozambique]]|limegreen|92}} [95] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya]]|limegreen|91}} [96] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Niger}} [[Niger]]|limegreen|88}} [97] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]]|limegreen|87}} [98] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]|limegreen|85}} [99] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Cameroon]]|limegreen|84}} [100] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti]]|limegreen|84}} [101] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzania]]|limegreen|82}} [102] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Chad}} [[Chad]]|limegreen|81}} [103] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Mali}} [[Mali]]|limegreen|79}} [104] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]|limegreen|72}} [105] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]]|limegreen|65}} [106] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegal]]|limegreen|65}} [107] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistan]]|limegreen|61}} [108] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]|limegreen|61}} [109] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]|limegreen|59}} [110] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]|limegreen|57}} [111] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]{{refn|group=note|name=United Kingdom|Survey was conducted in 2016, not 2009–2012.}}{{cite web |url=https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Policy-Exchange-ICM-Muslims-Survey-web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104600/https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Policy-Exchange-ICM-Muslims-Survey-web.pdf |url-status=live |title='What Muslims Want': A survey of British Muslims by ICM on behalf of Policy Exchange |archive-date=2017-02-06}}|limegreen|56}} [112] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]|limegreen|55}} [113] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]]|limegreen|54}} [114] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]{{Cite web|url=http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1201485/Valores%2C%20actitudes+y+opiniones+de+los+inmigrantes+de+religi%C3%B3n+musulmana+%28NIPO+126-11-022-1%29.pdf/0bf98a9b-bd97-490f-8e53-0e6885a34e0a|title=Valores, Actitudes y Opiniones de los Inmigrantes de Religión Musulmana|access-date=2017-02-02|archive-date=2020-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003080926/http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1201485/Valores,%20actitudes+y+opiniones+de+los+inmigrantes+de+religi%C3%B3n+musulmana+(NIPO+126-11-022-1).pdf/0bf98a9b-bd97-490f-8e53-0e6885a34e0a|url-status=dead}}|limegreen|54}} [115] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]|limegreen|53}} [116] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]]{{refn|group=note|name=Thailand|Survey was only conducted in the southern five provinces.}}|limegreen|52}} [117] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]]{{refn|group=note|name=Yemen|Survey was conducted in 2013, not 2009–2012. Sample was taken from entire population of Yemen, which is approximately 99% Muslim.}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp|title=WVS Database|website=www.worldvaluessurvey.org}}|limegreen|51}} [118] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]]{{refn|group=note|name=Israel|Survey was conducted in 2015, not 2009–2012.}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/|title=Israel's Religiously Divided Society|date=March 8, 2016}}|limegreen|49}} [119] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]|limegreen|49}} [120] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]{{refn|group=note|name=Canada|Survey was conducted in 2016, not 2009–2012.}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.environicsinstitute.org/uploads/institute-projects/survey%20of%20muslims%20in%20canada%202016%20-%20final%20report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155148/http://www.environicsinstitute.org/uploads/institute-projects/survey%20of%20muslims%20in%20canada%202016%20-%20final%20report.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Survey of Muslims in Canada 2016|archive-date=2016-05-01}}|limegreen|48}} [121] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]]{{refn|group=note|name=Algeria|Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr08-641.pdf |title=Religious Regimes and Prospects for Liberal Politics: Futures of Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia |access-date=2017-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513202651/http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr08-641.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-13 |url-status=dead }}|limegreen|47}} [122] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisia]]|limegreen|47}} [123] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|United States of America}} [[United States|United States of America]]{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|title=Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices|date=August 30, 2011}}|limegreen|47}} [124] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]|limegreen|44}} [125] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]{{refn|group=note|name=Australia|Survey was conducted in 2015, not 2009–2012.}}{{cite web |url=https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/988793/12441_text_challenging_racism_WEB.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329043851/https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/988793/12441_text_challenging_racism_WEB.pdf |url-status=live |title=The resilience and ordinariness of Australian Muslims: Attitudes and experiences of Muslims Report |archive-date=2016-03-29}}|limegreen|40}} [126] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Morocco]]|limegreen|40}} [127] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]{{refn|group=note|name=Germany|Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.}}{{cite web |url=http://www.npdata.be/Data/Godsdienst/Duitsland/fb6-muslimisches-leben-englisch.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611060146/http://www.npdata.be/Data/Godsdienst/Duitsland/fb6-muslimisches-leben-englisch.pdf |url-status=live |title=Muslim Life in Germany: A study conducted on behalf of the German Conference on Islam |archive-date=2014-06-11}}|limegreen|35}} [128] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]]|limegreen|35}} [129] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]]{{refn|group=note|name=Libya|Survey was conducted in 2013, not 2009–2012. Sample was taken from entire population of Libya, which is approximately 97% Muslim.}}|limegreen|35}} [130] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|limegreen|30}} [131] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|France}} [[France]]{{refn|group=note|name=France|Survey was conducted in 2016, not 2009–2012.}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |access-date=2017-03-29 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |url-status=dead }}|limegreen|30}} [132] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]]|limegreen|30}} [133] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Belgium|state}} [[Belgium]]{{Cite web|url=http://www.yabiladi.com/img/content/docs/sondage_bva_ccme_07-2010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130195612/http://www.yabiladi.com/img/content/docs/sondage_bva_ccme_07-2010.pdf|url-status=live|title=Sondage auprès des jeunes Marocains résidant en Europe|archive-date=2012-01-30}}|limegreen|28}} [134] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]{{refn|group=note|name=Iran|Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.}}|limegreen|27}} [135] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]{{refn|group=note|name=Saudi Arabia|Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.}}|limegreen|27}} [136] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srQ0F6mAiVoC|title=Islamic Education in Europe|last=Aslan|first=Ednan|publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien|page=82|isbn=9783205783107|year=2009}}|limegreen|25}} [137] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/publicatie/2009/31/religie-aan-het-begin-van-de-21ste-eeuw|title=Religie aan het begin van de 21ste eeuw|first=Centraal Bureau voor de|last=Statistiek|website=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek|date=29 July 2009 }}|limegreen|24}} [138] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Kyrgyzstan]]|limegreen|23}} [139] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Kosovo]] |limegreen|22}} [140] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]]{{refn|group=note|name=Bulgaria|Survey was conducted in 2017, not 2009–2012.}}{{Cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Topline|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524170634/https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2017|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=22 October 2017|page=118|date=10 May 2017}}|limegreen|21}} [141] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia|Russian Federation]]|limegreen|19}} [142] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]{{refn|group=note|name=Georgia|Survey was conducted in 2017, not 2009–2012.}}|limegreen|14}} [143] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]]|limegreen|10}} [144] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]]|limegreen|9}} [145] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]|limegreen|5}} [146] => {{Bar percent|{{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]|limegreen|1}} [147] => }} [148] => [149] => ==Architecture== [150] => {{Further|Islamic architecture}} [151] => ===Styles=== [152] => [[File:Mosque of Islamic Preacher Sayyid Ali Hamadani.jpg|thumb|A 14th century mosque of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.]] [153] => [154] => ''Arab-plan'' or [[hypostyle]] mosques are the earliest type of mosques, pioneered under the Umayyad Dynasty. These mosques have square or rectangular plans with an enclosed courtyard (''[[sahn]]'') and covered prayer hall. Historically, in the warm Middle Eastern and [[Mediterranean climate]]s, the courtyard served to accommodate the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat roofs on prayer halls, which required the use of numerous [[column]]s and [[Support (structure)|supports]]. One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, the building being supported by over 850 columns. Frequently, hypostyle mosques have outer [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]] ([[Riwaq (arcade)|''riwaq'']]) so that visitors can enjoy the shade. Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The simplicity of the Arab plan limited the opportunities for further development, the mosques consequently losing popularity. [155] => [156] => [[File:Tuzla, hornicka mesita (drevena, 18. stol).jpg|thumb|left|Huseina Čauša džamija (a.k.a. Džindijska), 17th century traditional wooden mosque in [[Tuzla]], Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [157] => [158] => The first departure within mosque design started in Persia (Iran). The [[Persian people|Persians]] had inherited a rich [[Iranian architecture|architectural legacy]] from the earlier Persian dynasties, and they began incorporating elements from earlier [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] designs into their mosques, influenced by buildings such as the [[Palace of Ardashir]] and the [[Sarvestan Palace]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/2_meisaku/55_shah/sha_eng.htm |title=THE ROYAL MOSQUE (MASJED-e-EMAM) in Isfahan, Iran |publisher=Ne.jp |access-date=2011-11-03}} Thus, [[Islamic architecture]] witnessed the introduction of such structures as domes and large, arched entrances, referred to as ''[[iwan]]s''. During [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq rule]], as [[Sufism|Islamic mysticism]] was on the rise, the [[Shah Mosque (Isfahan)#Design – the four-iwan style|four-iwan]] arrangement took form. The four-iwan format, finalized by the Seljuqs, and later inherited by the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]]s, firmly established the courtyard façade of such mosques, with the towering gateways at every side, as more important than the actual buildings themselves. They typically took the form of a square-shaped central courtyard with large entrances at each side, giving the impression of gateways to the spiritual world.{{Cite book |last=Blake |first=Stephen P. |title=Half the world: the social architecture of Safavid Isfahan, 1590-1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVAqAQAAMAAJ|access-date=21 February 2013|year=1999|publisher=Mazda Pub.|isbn=978-1-56859-087-5|pages=143–144}} The Persians also introduced [[Persian gardens]] into mosque designs. Soon, a distinctly [[Iranian architecture|Persian style]] of mosques started appearing that would significantly influence the designs of later [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]], and also [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]], mosque designs. [159] => [160] => [[File:西安清真大寺大殿.jpg|thumb|[[Great Mosque of Xi'an]] in China built in 742]] [161] => [162] => The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in the 15th century. These mosques have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having a large central dome, a common feature is smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, where prayer is not performed.{{Cite web|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Architecture/4-614Religious-Architecture-and-Islamic-CulturesFall2002/LectureNotes/detail/vocab-islam.htm#islam6 |access-date=April 9, 2006 |title=Vocabulary of Islamic Architecture |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060918221451/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Architecture/4-614Religious-Architecture-and-Islamic-CulturesFall2002/LectureNotes/detail/vocab-islam.htm#islam6 |archive-date = September 18, 2006|url-status=dead}} This style was heavily influenced by Byzantine architecture with its use of large central domes. [163] => [164] => Islam forbids [[figurative art]], on the grounds that the artist must not imitate God's creation. Mosques are, therefore, decorated with [[Abstract art|abstract patterns]] and beautiful inscriptions. Decoration is often concentrated around doorways and the ''[[Mihrab|miḥrāb]]''. Tiles are used widely in mosques. They lend themselves to pattern-making, can be made with beautiful subtle colors, and can create a cool atmosphere, an advantage in the hot Arab countries. Quotations from the [[Quran]] often adorn mosque interiors. These texts are meant to inspire people by their beauty, while also reminding them of the words of Allah.{{Cite book|last=Encyclopedia|first=Illustrated Family|title=Mosques|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]]|year=2005|isbn=0143063022|edition=|location=London|pages=572}} [165] => [166] => ===Prayer hall=== [167] => The prayer hall, also known as the ''muṣallá'' ({{lang-ar|مُصَلَّى}}), rarely has furniture; chairs and pews are generally absent from the prayer hall so as to allow as many worshipers as possible to line the room.{{Cite web|url=http://www.utulsa.edu/iss/Mosque/MosqueFAQ.html |access-date=April 9, 2006 |publisher=The University of Tulsa |title=Mosque FAQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330202640/http://www.utulsa.edu/iss/Mosque/MosqueFAQ.html |archive-date=March 30, 2007 |url-status=dead}} Some mosques have [[Islamic calligraphy]] and Quranic verses on the walls to create a more religious atmosphere for worshippers. [168] => [169] => Often, a limited part of the prayer hall is sanctified formally as a ''masjid'' in the ''[[Sharia|sharīʿah]]'' sense (although the term ''masjid'' is also used for the larger mosque complex as well). Once designated, there are onerous limitations on the use of this formally designated ''masjid'', and it may not be used for any purpose other than worship; restrictions that do not necessarily apply to the rest of the prayer area, and to the rest of the mosque complex (although such uses may be restricted by the conditions of the ''[[waqf]]'' that owns the mosque).{{Cite web|url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4 |title=Fiqh of Masjid & Musalla |publisher=Qa.sunnipath.com |date=2005-07-03 |access-date=2011-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019002051/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4|archive-date=2011-10-19|url-status=dead}} [170] => [171] => In many mosques, especially the early congregational mosques, the prayer hall is built in the [[hypostyle]] form (the roof held up by a multitude of columns).{{Cite book |last=Kleiner |first=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC&pg=PA265 |access-date=21 February 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-57355-5 |page=265}} One of the finest examples of the hypostyle-plan mosques is the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] in [[Tunisia]].{{Cite book |last=Kleiner |first=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC&pg=PA267 |access-date=21 February 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-57355-5 |page=267}} [172] => [173] => Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the ''[[qibla]]'' wall (the direction of [[Mecca]], and thus the direction towards which [[Muslims]] should face for prayer), the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. The ''qibla'' wall should, in a properly oriented mosque, be set perpendicular to a line leading to [[Mecca]], where the [[Kaaba]] is located.{{Cite book|title=Writing Signs: Fatimid Public Text |date=December 16, 1998 |last=Bierman |first=Irene A. |publisher=University of California Press |page=150 |isbn=978-0-520-20802-5}} Congregants pray in rows parallel to the qiblah wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the ''qibla'' wall, usually at its center, is the ''[[Mihrab|miḥrāb]]'', a niche or depression indicating the direction of Mecca. Usually the ''mihrab'' is not occupied by furniture either. A raised ''[[minbar]]'' (pulpit) is located to the right side of the ''mihrab'' for a ''[[Khatib|khaṭīb]]'' (preacher), or some other speaker, to offer a ''[[Khutbah|khuṭbah]]'' (sermon) during the ritual Friday prayers. [174] => [175] => The ''mihrab'' serves as the location where the [[imam]] or [[mullah]] leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/keyword1_e.htm |access-date=April 9, 2006 |title=Terms 1: Mosque |publisher=University of Tokyo Institute of Oriental Culture}} Left to the ''mihrab'', in the front left corner of the mosque, sometimes there is a ''kursu'' (Turkish: {{lang|tr|[[:wikt:tr:kürsü#Türkçe|kürsü]]}}, Bosnian: ''{{lang|bs|ćurs/ћурс}}''), a small elevated plateau (rarely with a chair or other type of seat) used for less formal preaching and speeches. [176] => [177] => [178] => File:Great Mosque of Kairouan, prayer hall.jpg|Main prayer hall with hypostyle in the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]] [179] => File:İstanbul 5736.jpg|[[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman-style]] prayer hall of the [[Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] [180] => File:Järvenpään islamilainen rukoushuone - Keskitalontie 3 - Kinnari - Järvenpää.jpg|Wooden prayer hall of the [[Järvenpää Mosque]], a historic mosque used by the [[Finnish Tatars|Finnish Tatar]] community, in [[Järvenpää]], [[Finland]] [181] => File:Зеница 20191024 192120.jpg|''Kursu'' of the {{Ill|Čaršija mosque (Zenica)|sh|Sultan-Ahmedova džamija (Zenica)|lt=Sultan Ahmed III Mosque}} in [[Zenica]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [182] => File:Ulu mosque, Utrecht 26.jpg|[[Postmodern architecture|Postmodern]] prayer hall of the [[Ulu Mosque (Utrecht)|Ulu Mosque]] in [[Utrecht]], [[Netherlands]] [183] => File:艾提尕尔清真寺内部.jpg|[[Chinese Islamic architecture|Chinese Islamic-style]] prayer hall of the Etigar Mosque in [[Hami City]], [[Xinjiang]] [184] => File:Mihrab of the Istiqlal Mosque Jakarta.jpg|[[New Formalism (architecture)|New Formalism-style]] prayer hall of the [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]] in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] [185] => [186] => [187] => ====Women's prayer hall==== [188] => {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Зеница 20190509 164252.jpg|caption1=Stairs toward the ''maqfil''|image2=Зеница 20190509 164523.jpg|caption2=View of the ''maqfil''}} [189] => [190] => [[Islam and gender segregation|Women who pray in mosques are separated from men]]. Their part for prayer is called ''[[Women's prayer in Islam|maqfil]]''{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanrights.ge/admin/editor/uploads/pdf/angarishebi/hridc/religiur%20umciresobata%20kulturuli%20memkvidreoba-eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404231318/http://www.humanrights.ge/admin/editor/uploads/pdf/angarishebi/hridc/religiur%20umciresobata%20kulturuli%20memkvidreoba-eng.pdf|url-status=live|title=State of cultural heritage of religious minorities in Georgia|archive-date=2016-04-04|work=humanrights.ge|year=2016|access-date=2019-10-29}} (Bosnian: ''{{lang|bs|makfil/макфил}}''). It is located above the main prayer hall, elevated in the background as stairs-separated gallery or plateau (surface-shortened to the back relative to the bottom main part). It usually has a perforated fence at the front, through which the [[imam]] or [[mullah]] and the other male worshippers in the main hall can be partially seen. [191] => [192] => ===Mihrab=== [193] => [[File:Mihrab Medina.JPG|thumb|upright|Mihrab in [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]], [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia]] [194] => [195] => A ''[[mihrab|miḥrāb]]'', also spelled as ''mehrab'' is a semicircular [[Niche (architecture)|niche]] in the wall of a mosque that faces the ''[[qibla]]h'' (i.e. the "front" of the mosque); the imam stands in this niche and leads prayer. Given that the imam typically stands alone in the frontmost row, this niche's practical effect is to save unused space.{{sfn|Kuban|1974|p=4}} The ''[[minbar]]'' is a [[pulpit]] from which the Friday sermon is delivered. While the ''minbar'' of Muhammad was a simple chair, later it became larger and attracted artistic attention. Some remained made of wood, albeit exquisitely carved, while others were made of marble and featured [[frieze]]s.{{sfn|Kuban|1974|p=5-6}} [196] => [197] => ===Minarets=== [198] => {{Main|Minaret}} [199] => [[File:Tower of the Great Mosque of Kairouan.JPG|thumb|left|upright|One of the oldest standing minarets in the world at the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia]] [200] => A common feature in mosques is the minaret, the tall, slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. [[File:ASC Leiden - van Achterberg Collection - 5 - 022 - Deux minarets de boue de la Grande Mosquée - Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, 19-26 août 2001.tif|thumb|Two minarets made of clay with twenty layers of horizontal protruding wooden sticks from the [[Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso|Great Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso]] in [[Burkina Faso]]]]The origin of the minaret and its initial functions are not clearly known and have long been a topic of scholarly discussion.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=129-137}}{{sfn|Bloom|2013|p=|loc=Chapter 1: The History of Scholarship and the Nature of the Problem}} The earliest mosques lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller structures or elevated platforms.{{sfn|Bloom|2013|p=29-46}}{{cite journal |last1=Creswell |first1=K. A. C. |author-link1=K. A. C. Creswell |date=March 1926 |title=The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt-I |journal=[[The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs]] |volume=48 |issue=276 |pages=134–140 |jstor=862832}}{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=|pp=136–137}} The early Muslim community of Medina gave the call to prayer from the doorway or the roof of the house of [[Muhammad]], which doubled as a place for prayer.{{sfn|Bloom|2013|p=23-30, 46}} The first confirmed minarets in the form of towers date from the early 9th century under Abbasid rule and they did not become a standard feature of mosques until the 11th century.{{sfn|Bloom|2013|p=xvii, 64, 72}}{{Sfn|Petersen|1996|p=187-188}} These first minaret towers were placed in the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall.{{sfn|Bloom|2013|p=73-82}} Among them, the minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, dating from 836, is well-preserved and is one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world today.{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|loc=''Minaret''}}{{Sfn|Petersen|1996|p=187-188}}{{sfn|Bloom|2013|p=73-75}} [201] => [202] => Before the five required daily prayers, a ''[[Mu'adhin|Mu’adhdhin]]'' ({{lang-ar|مُـؤَذِّن|links=no}}) calls the worshippers to prayer from the minaret. In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority, mosques are prohibited from loudly broadcasting the ''[[Adhan|Adhān]]'' ({{lang-ar|أَذَان|links=no}}, Call to Prayer), although it is supposed to be said loudly to the surrounding community. The ''adhan'' is required before every prayer. Nearly every mosque assigns a ''muezzin'' for each prayer to say the ''adhan'' as it is a recommended practice or ''[[Sunnah]]'' ({{lang-ar|سُـنَّـة}}) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. At mosques that do not have minarets, the ''adhan'' is called instead from inside the mosque or somewhere else on the ground. The ''[[Iqama|Iqâmah]]'' ({{lang-ar|إِقَـامَـة|links=no}}), which is similar to the ''adhan'' and proclaimed right before the commencement of prayers, is usually not proclaimed from the minaret even if a mosque has one. [203] => [204] => ===Domes=== [205] => [[File:201 Dome Mosque 06.jpg|thumb|The [[201 Dome Mosque]] in [[Tangail District]], [[Bangladesh]].]] [206] => [207] => The domes, often placed directly above the main prayer hall, may signify the vaults of the [[jannah|heaven]] and sky.{{Cite book |title=Symmetries of Nature: A Handbook for Philosophy of Nature and Science |last=Mainzer |first=Klaus |date=June 1, 1996 |isbn=978-3-11-012990-8 |page=124 |chapter=Art and Architecture |quote=the dome arching over the believers like the spherical dome of the sky |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin}} As time progressed, domes grew, from occupying a small part of the roof near the mihrab to encompassing the whole roof above the prayer hall. Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the Mughals in India popularized [[Onion dome|onion-shaped domes]] in South Asia which has gone on to become characteristic of the Arabic architectural style of dome.{{harvnb|Asher|1992|p=256}} Some mosques have multiple, often smaller, domes in addition to the main large dome that resides at the center. The domes of Turkish-style mosques are influenced by Byzantine architecture, particularly from the 15th century onwards as the Balkans and Constantinople became part of the Ottoman Empire. [208] => [209] => ===Ablution facilities=== [210] => [[File:Ablution area inside Eastern wall of Badshahi mosque.JPG|thumb|The ''[[wudu]]'' ("ablution") area, where Muslims wash their hands, forearm, face and feet before they pray. Example from the [[Badshahi Mosque, Lahore]], Pakistan]] [211] => [212] => As [[Ritual purification#Islam|ritual purification]] precedes all prayers, mosques often have [[Wudu|ablution]] fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. Worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a freestanding building in the center of a courtyard.{{Cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/handout02.html |access-date=April 9, 2006 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |title=Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures}} This desire for cleanliness extends to the prayer halls where shoes are disallowed to be worn anywhere other than the cloakroom. Thus, foyers with shelves to put shoes and racks to hold coats are commonplace among mosques. [213] => [214] => ===Contemporary features=== [215] => Modern mosques have a variety of amenities available to their congregants. As mosques are supposed to appeal to the community, they may also have additional facilities, from [[clinic|health clinics]] and [[health club|clubs]] (gyms) to [[library|libraries]] to [[gym]]nasiums, to serve the community.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} [216] => [217] => ===Symbols=== [218] => Certain symbols are represented in a mosque's architecture to allude to different aspects of the Islamic religion. One of these feature symbols is the spiral. The "cosmic spiral" found in designs and on minarets is a references to heaven as it has "no beginning and no end".{{citation |last=Erzen |first=Jale Nejdet |title=Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam |journal=[[The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism]] |volume=69 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=126–129 |jstor=42635843 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x |doi-access=free }} Mosques also often have floral patterns or images of fruit and vegetables. These are allusions to the paradise after death. [219] => [220] => ==Rules and etiquette== [221] => [222] => ===Prayer leading=== [223] => Appointment of a prayer leader is considered desirable, but not always obligatory.{{Cite book |last=Abu al-Hasankok Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib |first=Al-Mawardi |author-link=Al-Mawardi |title=The Ordinances of Government (''Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya'') |publisher=Garnet Publishing |location=Lebanon |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85964-140-8 |page=184}} The permanent prayer leader ([[imam]]) must be a free honest individual and is authoritative in religious matters. In mosques constructed and maintained by the government, the prayer leader is appointed by the ruler; in private mosques, appointment is made by members of the congregation through [[majority rule|majority voting]]. According to the [[Hanafi]] [[Madh'hab|school]] of Islamic jurisprudence, the individual who built the mosque has a stronger claim to the title of imam, but this view is not shared by the other schools. [224] => [225] => Leadership at prayer falls into three categories, depending on the type of prayer: five daily prayers, Friday prayer, or optional prayers. According to the Hanafi and [[Maliki]] school of Islamic jurisprudence, appointment of a prayer leader for Friday service is mandatory because otherwise the prayer is invalid. The [[Shafi'i]] and [[Hanbali]] schools argue that the appointment is not necessary and the prayer is valid as long as it is performed in a congregation. A slave may lead a Friday prayer, but Muslim authorities disagree over whether the job can be done by a minor. An imam appointed to lead Friday prayers may also lead at the five daily prayers; [[List of Islamic studies scholars|Muslim scholars]] agree to the leader appointed for five daily services may lead the Friday service as well. [226] => [227] => All Muslim authorities hold the consensus opinion that only men may lead prayer for men. Nevertheless, women prayer leaders are allowed to lead prayer in front of all-female congregations.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9WF1fRGOsQC&q=false&pg=PA63 |title=Karin van Nieuwkerk, 'Women Embracing Islam'|page=63 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0292773769 |year=2006}} [228] => [229] => ===Cleanliness=== [230] => {{See also|Ritual purity in Islam}} [231] => [[File:Zoetermeer Meerzicht Moskee Qibla (04).JPG|upright|thumb|Storage for shoes]] [232] => [233] => All mosques have rules regarding cleanliness, as it is an essential part of the worshippers' experience. Muslims before prayer are required to cleanse themselves in an ablution process known as ''wudu''. Shoes must not be worn inside the carpeted prayer hall. Some mosques will also extend that rule to include other parts of the facility even if those other locations are not devoted to prayer. Congregants and visitors to mosques are supposed to be clean themselves. It is also undesirable to come to the mosque after eating something that smells, such as garlic.{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/PrintMedia/Hadith/H0002P0016.aspx |publisher=SunniPath |website=SunniPath Library |access-date=July 12, 2006 |title=Chapter 16. The Description of the Prayer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128133738/http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/PrintMedia/Hadith/H0002P0016.aspx |archive-date=November 28, 2006 |url-status=dead}} [234] => [235] => ===Dress=== [236] => Islam requires that its adherents wear [[Islam and clothing|clothes]] that portray [[modesty]]. Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not reveal the shape of the body. Likewise, it is recommended that women at a mosque wear loose clothing that covers to the wrists and ankles, and cover their heads with a ''[[Hijab|Ḥijāb]]'' ({{lang-ar|حِجاب}}), or other covering. Many Muslims, regardless of their ethnic background, wear Middle Eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques. [237] => [238] => ===Concentration=== [239] => As mosques are places of worship, those within the mosque are required to remain respectful to those in prayer. Loud talking within the mosque, as well as discussion of topics deemed disrespectful, is forbidden in areas where people are praying. In addition, it is disrespectful to walk in front of or otherwise disturb Muslims in prayer.{{Cite journal |author=Connecting Cultures, Inc. |title=Building Cultural Competency: Understanding Islam, Muslims, and Arab Culture |publisher=Connecting Cultures, Inc. |url=http://www.maec.org/2004conferencepapers/ismail.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724145207/http://www.maec.org/2004conferencepapers/ismail.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 24, 2006 |page=15 |format=Doc |access-date=July 12, 2006 }} The walls within the mosque have few items, except for possibly Islamic calligraphy, so Muslims in prayer are not distracted.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ondWbP0sB-MC&q=false&pg=PA47|title=Seven Doors to Islam: Spirituality and the Religious Life of Muslims|last=Renard|first=John|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520917477|language=en}} Muslims are also discouraged from wearing clothing with distracting [[image]]s and [[symbol]]s so as not to divert the attention of those standing behind them during prayer. In many mosques, even the carpeted prayer area has no designs, its plainness helping worshippers to focus. [240] => [241] => ===Gender separation=== [242] => {{See also|Gender segregation and Islam|Women's mosques|Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque}} [243] => [[File:Sultan Abdul Majid mosque in Byblos, Lebanon (for women only).JPG|thumb|A women-only mosque in [[Byblos]], [[Lebanon]]]] [244] => [245] => There is nothing written in the Qur'an about the issue of space in mosques and gender separation. Traditional rules have segregated women and men. By traditional rules, women are most often told to occupy the rows behind the men. In part, this was a practical matter as the traditional posture for prayer{{spaced ndash}}kneeling on the floor, head to the ground{{spaced ndash}}made mixed-gender prayer uncomfortably revealing for many women and distracting for some men. Traditionalists try to argue that Muhammad preferred women to pray at home rather than at a mosque, and they cite a ''[[hadith|ḥadīth]]'' in which Muhammad supposedly said: "The best mosques for women are the inner parts of their houses," although women were active participants in the mosque started by Muhammad. Muhammad told Muslims not to forbid women from entering mosques. They are allowed to go in.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} The second Sunni caliph '[[Umar]] at one time prohibited women from attending mosques especially at night because he feared they might be sexually harassed or assaulted by men, so he required them to pray at home.{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/womeninsociety.html#mosque |access-date=April 15, 2006 |title=Women in Society |publisher=University of Southern California |website=Compendium of Muslim Texts |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman I. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409200739/http://usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/womeninsociety.html |archive-date=April 9, 2006 }} Sometimes a special part of the mosque was railed off for women; for example, the governor of Mecca in 870 had ropes tied between the columns to make a separate place for women. [246] => [247] => Many mosques today will put the women behind a barrier or partition or in another room. Mosques in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] put men and women in separate rooms, as the divisions were built into them centuries ago. In nearly two-thirds of American mosques, women pray behind partitions or in separate areas, not in the main prayer hall; some mosques do not admit women at all due to the lack of space and the fact that some prayers, such as the Friday Jumuʻah, are mandatory for men but optional for women.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Although there are sections exclusively for women and children, the Grand Mosque in Mecca is desegregated.{{Cite news |url=http://www.columbiajournalist.org/rw1_dinges/2005/article.asp?subj=national&course=rw1_dinges&id=624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527161519/http://www.columbiajournalist.org/rw1_dinges/2005/article.asp?subj=national&course=rw1_dinges&id=624 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 27, 2006 |access-date=April 9, 2006 |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Muslim Women Seek More Equitable Role in Mosques |last=Rezk |first=Rawya |publisher=The Columbia Journalist }} [248] => [249] => ===Non-Muslim inclusion=== [250] => [[File:Bush Islamic Center Washington.jpg|thumb|left|President [[George W. Bush]] inside the [[Islamic Center of Washington|Islamic Center]] of [[Washington D.C.]], US]] [251] => [252] => Under most interpretations of ''sharia'', non-Muslims are permitted to enter mosques provided that they respect the place and the people inside it.{{additional citation|date=June 2017}} A dissenting opinion and minority view is presented by followers of the [[Maliki]] school of Islamic jurisprudence, who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under any circumstances. [253] => [254] => The Quran addresses the subject of non-Muslims, and particularly [[polytheism|polytheists]], in mosques in two verses in its ninth chapter, [[At-Tawba|Sura At-Tawba]]. The seventeenth verse of the chapter prohibits those who ''join gods with Allah''—polytheists—from maintaining mosques: [255] => {{Blockquote|It is not for the polytheists to maintain the mosques of Allah while they openly profess disbelief. Their deeds are void, and they will be in the Fire forever.|{{qref|9|17|c=y}}}} [256] => [257] => The twenty-eighth verse of the same chapter is more specific as it only considers polytheists in the [[Masjid al-Haram]] in Mecca: [258] => {{Blockquote|O believers! Indeed, the polytheists are ˹spiritually˺ impure, so they should not approach the Sacred Mosque after this year. If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you out of His bounty, if He wills. Surely, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.|{{qref|9|28|c=y}}}} [259] => [260] => According to [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], these verses were followed to the letter at the times of Muhammad, when [[Jews]] and Christians, considered [[monotheism|monotheists]], were still allowed to ''Al-Masjid Al-Haram''. The Umayyad caliph [[Umar II]] later forbade non-Muslims from entering mosques, and his ruling remains in practice in present-day Saudi Arabia. Today, the decision on whether non-Muslims should be allowed to enter mosques varies. With few exceptions, mosques in the Arabian Peninsula as well as Morocco do not allow entry to non-Muslims. For example, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims.{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/25/morocco.travel.ap/index.html |title=Morocco travel |publisher=CNN |access-date=September 22, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004112/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/25/morocco.travel.ap/index.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=dead}} [261] => [262] => There are many other mosques in the West and Islamic world which non-Muslims are welcome to enter. Most mosques in the United States, for example, report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month. Many mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community as well as to encourage conversions to Islam.{{Cite journal|last=Takim |first=Liyakatali |date=July 2004 |title=From Conversion to Conversation: Interfaith Dialogue in Post 9–11 America |journal=The Muslim World |volume=94 |pages=343–355 |url=http://www.macdonald.hartsem.edu/articles/mw943f.pdf |access-date=June 16, 2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2004.00058.x |issue=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618192654/http://macdonald.hartsem.edu/articles/mw943f.pdf |archive-date=June 18, 2006 }} [http://www.ltakim.com/ Liyakatali Takim] is a professor at [[McMaster University]]{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4511780.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=June 16, 2006 |title=Laptop link-up: A day at the mosque |date=December 5, 2005}} [263] => [264] => In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Grand Mosque and all of Mecca are open only to Muslims. Likewise, Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi and the city of [[Medina]] that surrounds it are also off-limits to those who do not practice Islam.{{Cite book |title=Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions |last=Goring |first=Rosemary |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-85326-354-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio0000unse }} For mosques in other areas, it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims, and if they have a legitimate reason. All entrants regardless of [[List of religions and spiritual traditions|religious affiliation]] are expected to respect the rules and [[decorum]] for mosques. [265] => [266] => In modern Turkey, non-Muslim tourists are allowed to enter any mosque, but there are some strict rules. Visiting a mosque is allowed only between prayers; visitors are required to wear long trousers and not to wear shoes, women must cover their heads; visitors are not allowed to interrupt praying Muslims, especially by taking photos of them; no loud talk is allowed; and no references to other religions are allowed (no crosses on necklaces, no cross gestures, etc.) Similar rules apply to mosques in Malaysia, where larger mosques that are also tourist attractions (such as the [[National Mosque of Malaysia|Masjid Negara]]) provide robes and headscarves for visitors who are deemed inappropriately attired.{{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Peter |title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei |year=1996 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Hawthorn, Vic. |isbn=978-0-86442-393-1 |edition=6 |first2=Chris |last2=Taylor |first3=Hugh |last3=Finlay}} [267] => [268] => In certain times and places, non-Muslims were expected to behave a certain way in the vicinity of a mosque: in some Moroccan cities, Jews were required to remove their shoes when passing by a mosque;{{Cite book |first=Norman |last=Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8276-0116-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil/page/83 83] |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil/page/83 }} in 18th-century Egypt, Jews and Christians had to dismount before several mosques in veneration of their sanctity.{{Cite book |author=Bat Ye'or |author-link=Bat Ye'or |title=Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses |location=Madison/Teaneck, NJ |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8386-3943-6 |page=98}}{{bsn|date=December 2022}} [269] => [270] => The association of the mosque with education remained one of its main characteristics throughout history,{{Cite web |last=Nizamoglu |first=Cem |date=2001-08-12 |title=Education in Islam - The Role of the Mosque |url=https://muslimheritage.com/education-in-islam-the-role-of-the-mosque/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Muslim Heritage}} and the school became an indispensable appendage to the mosque. From the earliest days of Islam, the mosque was the center of the Muslim community, a place for prayer, meditation, religious instruction, political discussion, and a school. Anywhere Islam took hold, mosques were established, and basic religious and educational instruction began.Qureshi, M. 1990. ''The Role of the Mosque in Islam''. New Delhi: International Islamic Publishers. [271] => [272] => ==Role in contemporary society== [273] => {{See also|Political aspects of Islam}} [274] => [[File:Aerial view of East London Mosque complex - Feb 2014.jpg|thumb|The [[East London Mosque]] was one of the first in Britain to be allowed to use [[Loudspeakers in mosques|loudspeakers]] to broadcast the [[adhan]]{{Cite book|last1=Eade|first1=John|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly|title=Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520204041|chapter-url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress|access-date=19 April 2015|chapter=Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London|quote=As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/makingmuslimspac0000unse}}]] [275] => [276] => ===Political mobilization=== [277] => [278] => The late 20th century saw an increase in the number of mosques used for political purposes. While some governments in the Muslim world have attempted to limit the content of Friday sermons to strictly religious topics, there are also independent preachers who deliver ''khutbas'' that address social and political issues, often in emotionally charged terms. Common themes include social inequalities, necessity of [[jihad]] in the face of injustice, and the universal struggle between good and evil. In Islamic countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, political subjects are preached by imams at Friday congregations on a regular basis.{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,411903,00.html |title=What Muslims Hear at Friday Prayers |access-date=October 31, 2010 |magazine=Der Spiegel |date=April 19, 2006}} Mosques often serve as meeting points for political opposition in times of crisis. [279] => [280] => Countries with a minority Muslim population are more likely than Muslim-majority countries of the [[Greater Middle East]] to use mosques as a way to promote civic participation.{{Cite web |url=http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |publisher=Teachers' College – Columbia University |title=The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American |last=Jamal |first=Amany |access-date=April 22, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143701/http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }} Studies of US Muslims have consistently shown a positive correlation between mosque attendance and political involvement. Some of the research connects civic engagement specifically with mosque attendance for social and religious activities other than prayer.{{Cite web|url=https://pomeps.org/2018/12/18/mosques-and-political-engagement-in-europe-and-north-america/|year=2018|title=Mosques and political engagement in Europe and North America|author=Aubrey Westfall|website=Project on Middle East Political Science}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} American mosques host [[voter registration]] and civic participation drives that promote involving Muslims, who are often first- or second-generation immigrants, in the political process. As a result of these efforts as well as attempts at mosques to keep Muslims informed about the issues facing the [[Ummah|Muslim community]], regular mosque attendants are more likely to participate in [[protest]]s, sign [[petition]]s, and otherwise be involved in politics. Research on Muslim civic engagement in other Western countries "is less conclusive but seems to indicate similar trends". [281] => [282] => ===Role in violent conflicts=== [283] => {{See also|Islamophobia|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}} [284] => [[File:Cast Lead Mosque.jpg|thumb|Mosque in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], destroyed during the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]] in 2009|299x299px]] [285] => As they are considered important to the Muslim community, mosques, like other places of worship, can be at the heart of social conflicts. The [[Babri Mosque]] in India was the subject of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. Before a mutual solution could be devised, the mosque was destroyed on December 6, 1992, as the mosque was built by [[Babur]] allegedly on the site of a previous [[Hindu temple]] marking the birthplace of [[Rama]].{{Cite news|title=Flashpoint Ayodhya |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0407/abstracts/ayodhya.html |date=July–August 2004 |publisher=Archaeology |last=Romey |first=Kristen M.}} The controversy surrounded the mosque was directly linked to [[Bombay riots|rioting in Bombay]] (present-day [[Mumbai]]) as well as [[1993 Bombay bombings|bombings in 1993]] that killed 257 people.{{Cite book |last=Rollins |first=John |title=International Terrorism and Transnational Crime: Security Threats, U. S. Policy, and Considerations for Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HApgi3eCLxoC&pg=PA15 |access-date=21 February 2013 |date=November 2010 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-2756-6 |page=15}} [286] => [287] => Bombings in February 2006 and [[2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing|June 2007]] seriously damaged Iraq's [[al-Askari Mosque]] and exacerbated existing tensions. Other mosque bombings in Iraq, both before and after the February 2006 bombing, have been part of the conflict between the country's groups of Muslims. In June 2005, a [[suicide bombing]] killed at least 19 people at an Afghan [[Shia Islam|Shia]] mosque near Jade Maivand.{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/01/AR2005060100263.html |date=June 2, 2006 |access-date=April 23, 2006 |title=Suicide Bomber Kills 20 in Afghan Mosque |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A16 |last=Aizenman |first=N.C.}} In April 2006, [[2006 Jama Masjid explosions|two explosions]] occurred at India's Jama Masjid.{{Cite book |last=Darpan |first=Pratiyogita |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trBMVnMmk6oC&pg=PT175 |access-date=21 February 2013 |date=February 2009 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |page=1509}} Following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in Iraq, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]] as vehicles to call for calm and peace in the midst of widespread violence.{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4747886.stm |date=February 24, 2006 |access-date=April 23, 2006 |title=Friday prayer plea for Iraq calm |publisher=BBC}} [288] => [289] => A study 2005 indicated that while support for suicide bombings is not correlated with personal devotion to Islam among Palestinian Muslims, it is correlated with mosque attendance because "participating in communal religious rituals of any kind likely encourages support for self-sacrificing behaviors that are done for the collective good."{{Cite web |title=Study: Islam devotion not linked to terror |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Jun13_05/03.shtml |publisher=The University Record Online |last=Swanbrow |first=Diane |date=June 23, 2005 |access-date=February 24, 2007 |archive-date=December 30, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230212711/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Jun13_05/03.shtml |url-status=dead }} [290] => [291] => Following the [[September 11 attacks]], several American mosques were targeted in attacks ranging from simple [[vandalism]] to [[arson]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.indypressny.org/article.php3?ArticleID=3113 |title=IPA NY Voices That Must Be Heard |publisher=Indypressny.org |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160524004722/http://www.indypressny.org/article.php3?ArticleID=3113 |archive-date=May 24, 2016 |url-status=dead }} Furthermore, the [[Jewish Defense League]] was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in [[Culver City, California]].{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,40693,00.html |title=JDL Chairman, Follower Accused of Plotting to Bomb Mosque, Congressman |publisher=Associated Press via FOX News |date=December 13, 2001 |access-date=April 23, 2006}} Similar attacks occurred throughout the United Kingdom following the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]]. Outside the Western world, in June 2001, the [[Hassan Bek Mosque]] was the target of vandalism and attacks by hundreds of Israelis after a suicide bomber killed 19 people in a night club in Tel Aviv.{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1366719.stm |title=Arafat orders immediate ceasefire |date=June 3, 2001 |access-date=April 23, 2006 |publisher=BBC}}{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=John |title=Paranoia, poverty and wild rumours – a journey through BNP country |url=http://politics.guardian.co.uk/farright/story/0,,1758974,00.html |date=April 22, 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 28, 2006 |location=London}}{{Cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12927212 |title=Italians fear mosque plans |last=Carlile |first=Jennifer |date=May 25, 2006 |access-date=May 28, 2006 |work=NBC News}} Although mosquegoing is highly encouraged for men, it is permitted to stay at home when one feels at risk from Islamophobic persecution.{{Cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Fazlur|title=Major Themes of the Qur'an: Second Edition|date=2009|page=147}} [292] => [293] => ===Saudi influence=== [294] => Although the Saudi involvement in Sunni mosques around the world can be traced back to the 1960s, it was not until later in the 20th century that the government of Saudi Arabia became a large influence in foreign Sunni mosques.{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A13266-2004Aug18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714144918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A13266-2004Aug18/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |title=U.S. Eyes Money Trails of Saudi-Backed Charities |date=August 19, 2004 |access-date=February 24, 2007 |last=Ottoway |first=David B. |page=A1 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} Beginning in the 1980s, the Saudi Arabian government began to finance the construction of Sunni mosques in countries around the world. An estimated [[United States dollar|US$]]45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Sunni Islamic schools in foreign countries. ''[[Ain al-Yaqeen]]'', a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have contributed to building as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers.{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031215/15terror.htm |title=The Saudi Connection |date=December 15, 2003 |access-date=April 17, 2006 |last=Kaplan |first=David E. |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616161452/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031215/15terror.htm |archive-date=June 16, 2006 }} [295] => [296] => Saudi citizens have also contributed significantly to mosques in the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]], especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1992, mosques in war-torn Afghanistan saw many contributions from Saudi citizens. The King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California and the Islamic Cultural Center of Italy in [[Rome]] represent two of Saudi Arabia's largest investments in foreign mosques as former Saudi king [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud]] contributed US$8 million and US$50 million{{Cite web |url=http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/m4506.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020108064304/http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/m4506.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 8, 2002 |access-date=April 17, 2006 |publisher=King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz |title=Islamic Center in Rome, Italy }} to the two mosques, respectively. [297] => [298] => === Political controversy === [299] => [[File:Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg|thumb|Historic wooden [[Kruszyniany Mosque]], used by the [[Lipka Tatars|Polish Tatar]] community, and targeted by an Islamophobic attack in 2014]] [300] => In the western world, and in the United States in particular, anti-Muslim sentiment and targeted domestic policy has created challenges for mosques and those looking to build them. There has been government and police surveillance of mosques in the US{{Cite news|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program|title=Factsheet: The NYPD Muslim Surveillance Program|work=American Civil Liberties Union|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en}} and local attempts to ban mosques and block constructions,{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/08/us/08mosque.html|title=Battles Around Nation Over Proposed Mosques|last=Goodstein|first=Laurie|work=The New York Times |date=7 August 2010 |access-date=2018-06-28|language=en}} despite data showing that in fact, most Americans oppose banning the building of mosques (79%) and the surveillance of U.S. mosques (63%) as shown in a 2018 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding.{{Cite news|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-full-report/|title=American Muslim Poll 2018: Full Report {{!}} ISPU|date=2018-04-30|work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en-US}}{{Clarify|reason=The sentence does not make sense|date=April 2022}} [301] => [302] => Since 2017, [[Government of China|Chinese authorities]] have destroyed or damaged two-thirds of the [[List of mosques in China|mosques]] in China's [[Xinjiang]] province.{{cite news |title=Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/25/thousands-of-xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-report-finds |work=The Guardian |date=25 September 2020}} [[Ningxia]] officials were notified on 3 August 2018 that the [[Proposed demolition of Weizhou Grand Mosque|Weizhou Grand Mosque]] would be forcibly demolished because it had not received the proper permits before construction.{{Cite news |title=China mosque demolition sparks standoff in Ningxia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45140551 |access-date=8 April 2019 |agency=BBC News |publisher=bbc.com |date=10 August 2018}}{{Cite news |last1=Osborne |first1=Samuel |title=Thousands of Muslims protest China's plans to demolish mosque in rare demonstration against government |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-mosque-demolition-muslim-protests-government-weizhou-grand-mosque-ningxia-hui-a8485871.html |access-date=8 April 2019 |agency=Independent |newspaper=independent.co.uk |date=10 August 2018}}{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Rachel |title=Bulldozing mosques: the latest tactic in China's war against Uighur culture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/apr/07/bulldozing-mosques-china-war-uighur-culture-xinjiang |access-date=8 April 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=7 April 2019}} Officials in the town said that the mosque had not been given proper building permits, because it is built in a [[Middle Eastern]] style and includes numerous [[domes]] and [[minarets]]. The residents of Weizhou alarmed each other through [[social media]] and finally stopped the mosque destruction by public demonstrations. [303] => [304] => ==See also== [305] => * [[Dambana]] [306] => * [[Holiest sites in Islam]] [307] => * [[Jama'at Khana]] [308] => * [[Lists of mosques]] [309] => [310] => ==Notes== [311] => {{reflist|group=note}} [312] => [313] => ==References== [314] => [315] => === Citations === [316] => {{reflist|27em}} [317] => [318] => === Sources === [319] => {{Refbegin|27em}} [320] => *{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar S. |year=2002 |title=Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society |publisher=Psychology Press |location=Abingdon, Eng. |isbn=9780415285254}} [321] => *{{Cite book |title=Architecture of Mughal India |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |date=September 24, 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |chapter=Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style}} [322] => *{{Cite book |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}} [323] => *{{Cite book |editor-last=Bellows |editor-first=Keith |year=2008 |title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations |publisher=National Geographic Books |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=9781426203367}} [324] => *{{Cite book |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |editor2-last=Blair |editor2-first=Sheila |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, Eng. |isbn=9780195309911}} [325] => * {{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |title=The minaret |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0748637256 |location=Edinburgh |oclc=856037134}} [326] => *{{Cite book |last=Budge |first=E. 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C. |title=An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Part 1900 |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. |location=Delft, the Netherlands |isbn=9789059724372 |year=2010}} [328] => *{{Cite book |last1=Cosman |first1=Madeleine Pelner |last2=Jones |first2=Linda Gale |title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |location=New York |isbn=9781438109077}} [329] => *{{Cite journal |last=Cowen |first=Jill S. |date=July–August 1985 |title=Muslims in China |journal=Saudi Aramco World |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm |volume=36 |number=4 |access-date=2006-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322154300/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm |archive-date=2006-03-22 |url-status=dead}} [330] => *{{Cite book |editor-last=Dumper |editor-first=Michael |editor2-last=Stanley |editor2-first=Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}} [331] => *{{Cite book |last=Elleh |first=Nnamdi |year=2002 |title=Architecture and Power in Africa |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Ct. |isbn=9780275976798}} [332] => *{{Cite book |last1=Essa |first1=Ahmed |last2=Ali |first2=Othman |year=2010 |title=Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance |publisher=The International Institute of Islamic Thought |location=Herndon, Va. |isbn=9781565643505}} [333] => *{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Finbarr Barry |year=2001 |title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture |series=Islamic History and Civilization |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |isbn=9789004116382}} [334] => *{{Cite book |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=Arthur Jr. |last2=Davidson |first2=Lawrence |year=2005 |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |publisher=Westview Press |edition=8th |isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0008gold}} [335] => *{{Cite book |title=Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning |last=Hillenbrand |first=Robert |date=1994 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231101325 |edition=Casebound |location=New York |oclc=30319450 |url-access=registration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWfAAAAMAAJ}} [336] => *{{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Doğan |year=1974 |title=The Mosque and Its Early Development |series=Iconography of Religions: Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |isbn=9789004038134}} [337] => *{{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Doğan |year=1985 |title=Muslim Religious Architecture: Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods |series=Iconography of Religions: Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |isbn=9789004070844}} [338] => *{{Cite book |last=Netton |first=Ian Richard |year=1996 |title=Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam |edition=annotated |publisher=Psychology Press |location=Abingdon, Eng. |isbn=9780700703401}} [339] => *{{Cite book |editor-last=Nielsen |editor-first=Jørgen Schøler |editor2-last=Akgönül |editor2-first=Samim |editor3-last=Alibašić |editor3-first=Ahmet |editor4-last=Goddard |editor4-first=Hugh |editor5-last=Maréchal |editor5-first=Brigitte |year=2011 |title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe |volume=3 |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |isbn=9789004205161}} [340] => *{{Cite book |last=Nimer |first=Mohamed |year=2002 |title=The North American Muslim Resource Guide: Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=New York |isbn=9780415937283}} [341] => * {{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcebK67IRhkC&pg=PA1 |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-20387-3}} [342] => *{{Cite book |last=Ruggles |first=D. Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |year=2002 |title=Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain |publisher=Penn State Press |location=University Park, Penn. |isbn=9780271042725}} [343] => *{{Cite book |last=Tajuddin |first=Mohamed |title=The Mosque as a Community Development Centre: Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies |publisher=Penerbit UTM |location=Kuala Lumpur |year=1998 |isbn=9789835201318}} [344] => {{Refend}} [345] => [346] => ==Further reading== [347] => {{Refbegin}} [348] => *{{Cite journal |author1=Yahya Abdullahi |author2=Mohamed Rashid Bin Embi |title=Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns |journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=243–251 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002 |doi-access=free}} [349] => *{{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A. J. |author-link=A. J. Arberry |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |edition=1st |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar}} [350] => * Campanini, Massimo, Mosque, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. {{ISBN|1610691776}} [351] => * {{cite book |editor-last=Lapidus |editor-first=Ira M. |editor-link=Ira M. Lapidus |title=Middle Eastern Cities |publisher=University of California Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EHupkVYFs8C&pg=PA26 |chapter=The Architecture of the Middle Eastern City from Past to Present: The Case of the Mosque |last=Grabar |first=Oleg |authorlink=Oleg Grabar |pages=26–46 |doi=10.1525/9780520323803-005 |date=1969 |isbn=9780520323803}} [352] => *{{Cite book |last=Hawting |first=Gerald R. |author-link=Gerald R. Hawting |title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750 |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-24072-7}} [353] => *{{Cite book |last=Kahera |first=Akel |title=Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender and Aesthetics |year=2008 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin TX |isbn=978-0-292-74344-1}} [354] => *{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Muhsin |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan |author2=Al-Hilali Khan |author3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |title=Noble Quran |year=1999 |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |edition=1st |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}} [355] => *{{Cite book |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8}} [356] => *{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Lewis |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8126-9217-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistoryid00lewi}} [357] => *{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0}} [358] => *{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi}} [359] => *{{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0 |title-link=The Sealed Nectar}} [360] => *{{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} [361] => *{{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |edition=New |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}} [362] => *{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Fazlur |author-link=Fazlur Rahman Malik |title=Islam |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1979 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-226-70281-0}} [363] => *{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author) |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}} [364] => *{{Cite book |last=Stachowski |first=Marek |title=Slawische Bezeichnungen für Moschee unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Polnischen, Schlesischen, Tschechischen und Slowakischen |editor=Janyšková I. |editor2=Karlíková H. |editor3=Boček V. |postscript=: Etymological research into Czech (=Studia Etymologica Brunensia 22), Brno. |year=2017 |pages=361–369 |url=https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MarekStachowski/Papers}} [365] => {{Refend}} [366] => [367] => ==External links== [368] => {{Sister project links |wikt=mosque |commons=Mosques |commonscat=yes |n= |q= |s=Category:Mosques |b= |v=}} [369] => * [http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/45936/browse?value=Mosques&type=subject Images of mosques from throughout the world], from the Aga Khan Documentation Center at [[MIT]] [370] => * [https://www.devostock.com/index.php?search=mosque Devostock Public domain images], Images of mosques from around the world [371] => [372] => {{Characters and names in the Quran}} [373] => {{Islam topics |state=collapsed}} [374] => {{Islamic architecture}} [375] => {{Sufism terminology}} [376] => {{Place of worship}} [377] => {{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology|Art|Architecture}} [378] => {{Authority control}} [379] => [380] => [[Category:Mosques| ]] [381] => [[Category:Islamic holy places]] [382] => [[Category:Building types]] [383] => [[Category:Islamic architecture]] [384] => [[Category:Mosque architecture]] [] => )
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Mosque

A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam where they gather for prayer, study, and community. The word derives from the Arabic term "masjid," which means "place of prostration.

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The word derives from the Arabic term "masjid," which means "place of prostration. " Mosques serve as not only places of prayer but also centers of education, social events, and charity. They play a significant role in Islamic culture as places where Muslims can come together to engage in acts of worship, seek spiritual guidance, and foster a sense of community. Mosques vary in architectural styles, reflecting diverse traditions and cultures within the Islamic world. This Wikipedia page provides an overview of mosques, detailing their historical development, architectural features, religious practices, and cultural significance. It also explores the role of mosques in the broader context of Islam, including their roles in promoting education, interfaith dialogue, and social welfare.

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