Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Main printed circuit board (PCB) used for a computing device}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}} [3] => {{more citations needed|date=December 2023}} [4] => [5] => A '''motherboard''' (also called '''mainboard''', '''main''' '''circuit board''', '''MB''', '''mboard''', '''backplane board''', '''base board''', '''system board''', '''mobo''', or, in [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] computers, '''logic board''') is the main [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) in general-purpose [[computer]]s and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the [[central processing unit]] (CPU) and [[computer memory|memory]], and provides connectors for other [[peripheral]]s. Unlike a [[backplane]], a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the [[chipset]]'s [[input/output]] and memory controllers, [[interface (computing)|interface]] connectors, and other components integrated for general use. [6] => [7] => ''Motherboard'' means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the ''mother'' of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and [[expansion card#Daughterboard|daughterboard]]s: [[sound card]]s, [[video card]]s, [[network card]]s, [[host bus adapter]]s, [[TV tuner card]]s, [[IEEE 1394]] cards, and a variety of other custom components. [8] => [9] => [[File:Computer-motherboard.jpg|thumb|Dell Precision T3600 System Motherboard, used in professional CAD Workstations. Manufactured in 2012]] [10] => Similarly, the term ''mainboard'' describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other [[embedded system]]s with limited expansion abilities. [11] => [12] => [[File:Vlb.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Motherboard for a personal desktop computer; showing the typical components and interfaces which are found on a motherboard. This model follows the Baby [[AT (form factor)]], used in many desktop PCs.]] [13] => [14] => ==History== [15] => [[File:NeXTcube motherboard.jpg|thumb|Mainboard of a [[NeXTcube]] computer (1990) with microprocessor [[Motorola 68040]] operated at 25 [[MHz]] and a [[digital signal processor]] [[Motorola 56001]] at 25 MHz, which was directly accessible via a connector on the back of the casing]] [16] => [17] => Prior to the invention of the [[microprocessor]], the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a [[backplane]] containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The [[central processing unit]] (CPU), memory, and [[peripheral]]s were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplane. [18] => [19] => In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous [[S-100 bus]] of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system. [20] => [21] => The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the [[Apple II series|Apple II]] and [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid [[reverse engineering]] and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment. [22] => [23] => During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called [[Super I/O]] chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: [[PS/2 port|PS/2]] [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]] and [[Computer mouse|mouse]], [[floppy disk drive]], [[serial port]]s, and [[parallel port]]s. By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any [[expansion card]]s at all; higher-end systems for [[3D computer graphics|3D]] gaming and [[computer graphics]] typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components. [24] => [25] => Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after the turn of the century (like the [[tablet computer]] and the [[netbook]]). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems. [26] => [27] => ==Design== [28] => [[File:386DX40 MB Jaguar V.jpg|thumb|The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993.{{cite web |url=http://redhill.net.au/b/b-93.html |title=Golden Oldies: 1993 mainboards |access-date=2007-06-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513024500/http://www.redhill.net.au/b/b-93.html |archive-date=2007-05-13}} This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for [[ISA bus|ISA]] cards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors. Note the large [[AT keyboard]] connector at the back right is its only peripheral interface.]] [29] => [[File:Samsung galaxy s2 internal2.JPG|thumb|The motherboard of a [[Samsung Galaxy SII]]; almost all functions of the device are integrated into a very small board.]] [30] => [31] => A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. [32] => [33] => A typical [[desktop computer]] has its [[microprocessor]], [[primary storage|main memory]], and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as [[external storage]], controllers for [[video card|video]] display and [[sound card|sound]], and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself. [34] => [35] => An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting [[chipset]], which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various [[bus (computing)|buses]] and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard. [36] => [37] => Modern motherboards include: [38] => * [[CPU socket]]s (or CPU slots) in which one or more [[microprocessor]]s may be installed. In the case of CPUs in [[ball grid array]] packages, such as the [[VIA Nano]] and the [[Goldmont Plus]], the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.{{cite web |url=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cpu-socket-types-explained-from-socket-5-to-bga-makeuseof-explains/ |title=CPU Socket Types Explained: From Socket 5 To BGA [MakeUseOf Explains] |access-date=2015-04-12 |date=2013-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407165233/http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cpu-socket-types-explained-from-socket-5-to-bga-makeuseof-explains/ |archive-date=2015-04-07}} [39] => * Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form of [[DIMM]] modules containing [[dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]] chips. Can be [[DDR3]], [[DDR4]], [[DDR5]], or onboard [[LPDDR|LPDDRx]]. [40] => * The [[chipset]] which forms an interface between the [[Central processing unit|CPU]], [[main memory]], and peripheral buses [41] => * [[Non-volatile memory]] chips (usually [[flash memory]] in modern motherboards) containing the system's [[firmware]] or [[BIOS]] [42] => * The [[clock generator]] which produces the system [[clock signal]] to synchronize the various components [43] => * Slots for [[expansion card]]s (the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset) [44] => * Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer [[power supply]] and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. {{As of|2007}}, some [[graphics card]]s (e.g. [[GeForce 8 series|GeForce 8]] and [[Radeon HD 2000 series|Radeon R600]]) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.{{cite web |url=http://www.techpowerup.com/articles/overclocking/psu/116 |author=W1zzard |title=Pinout of the PCI-Express Power Connector |publisher=techPowerUp |date=2005-04-06 |access-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215221/http://www.techpowerup.com/articles/overclocking/psu/116 |archive-date=2013-10-04}} [45] => * Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives, typically [[SATA]] and [[NVMe]] now{{When|date=December 2021}} [46] => [47] => Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as [[USB]] for [[computer mouse|mouse devices]] and [[computer keyboard|keyboards]]. Early [[personal computer]]s such as the [[Apple II series|Apple II]] or [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the [[IBM PCjr]]. Additional peripherals such as [[disk controller]]s and [[serial port]]s were provided as expansion cards. [48] => [49] => Given the high [[thermal design power]] of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include [[heat sink]]s and mounting points for [[computer fan|fan]]s to dissipate excess heat. [50] => [51] => ===Form factor=== [52] => {{main|Motherboard form factor}} [53] => Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called [[motherboard form factor|form factors]], some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various [[computer case|case]] sizes. {{As of|2005}}, most [[desktop computer]] motherboards use the [[ATX]] standard form factor — even those found in [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]] and [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and [[Power supply unit (computer)|power supply unit]] (PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a [[microATX]] motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard. [54] => [55] => ===CPU sockets=== [56] => A [[CPU socket]] (central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and [[server computer]]s (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the [[Intel x86]] architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed. [57] => [58] => ===Integrated peripherals=== [59] => [[File:Motherboard diagram.svg|thumb|Block diagram of an early 2000s motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots]] [60] => [61] => With the steadily declining costs and size of [[integrated circuit]]s, it is now possible to include support for many [[peripheral]]s on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one [[printed circuit board|PCB]], the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in [[small form factor (desktop and motherboard)|small form factor]] and budget computers. [62] => * [[Disk controller]]s for [[serial ATA|SATA]] drives, and historical [[parallel ATA|PATA]] drives [63] => * Historical [[floppy-disk controller]] [64] => * [[Graphics processing unit#Integrated graphics|Integrated graphics controller]] supporting [[2D computer graphics|2D]] and [[3D computer graphics|3D]] graphics, with [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]], [[Digital Visual Interface|DVI]], [[HDMI]], [[DisplayPort]], and [[TV-out|TV]] output [65] => * [[Sound card#Integrated sound hardware on PC motherboards|integrated sound card]] supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and [[S/PDIF]] output [66] => * [[Ethernet]] [[Network interface controller|network controller]] for connection to a [[Local area network|LAN]] and to receive [[Internet]] [67] => * [[USB]] controller [68] => * [[Wireless network interface controller]] [69] => * [[Bluetooth]] controller [70] => * Temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow [[software]] to monitor the health of computer components. [71] => [72] => ===Peripheral card slots=== [73] => A typical motherboard will have a different number of connections depending on its standard and [[computer form factor|form factor]]. [74] => [75] => A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three [[PCI-Express]] x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded [[conventional PCI|PCI]]). A standard [[EATX]] motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models). [76] => [77] => Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called [[Scalable Link Interface|SLI]] (for [[Nvidia]]) and [[ATI CrossFire|Crossfire]] (for [[AMD]]). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc. [78] => [79] => In newer motherboards, the [[M.2]] slots are for [[SSD]] and/or [[wireless network interface controller]]. [80] => [81] => ===Temperature and reliability=== [82] => [[File:EBMotherboard.JPG|thumb|A motherboard of a Vaio E series laptop (right)]] [83] => [[File:MicroATX Motherboard with AMD Athlon Processor 2 Digon3.jpg|thumb|A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors]] [84] => {{Main|Computer cooling}} [85] => [86] => Motherboards are generally [[air cooling|air cool]]ed with [[heat sink]]s often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards.{{cite web |last1=Karbo |first1=Michael |title=The CPU and the motherboard |url=http://www.karbosguide.com/books/pcarchitecture/chapter26.htm |publisher=Karbos Guide |access-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427024227/http://www.karbosguide.com/books/pcarchitecture/chapter26.htm |archive-date=27 April 2015}} Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to [[crash (computing)|crash]]. [[Passive cooling]], or a single fan mounted on the [[power supply unit (computer)|power supply]], was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until the late 1990s; since then, most have required [[CPU fan]]s mounted on [[heat sink]]s, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional [[computer fan]]s and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the [[BIOS]] or [[operating system]] can use to regulate fan speed.{{cite web |title=Temperatures |url=https://sites.google.com/site/visualbios/advanced/cooling/temperatures |website=Intel® Visual BIOS Wiki |access-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621093332/https://sites.google.com/site/visualbios/advanced/cooling/temperatures |archive-date=21 June 2015}} Alternatively computers can use a [[water-cooling#Computer usage|water cooling]] system instead of many fans. [87] => [88] => Some [[small form factor (desktop and motherboard)|small form factor]] computers and [[home theater PC]]s designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other [[electronic component|component]]s to allow for heat sink placement. [89] => [90] => A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to [[I/O]] read/write errors, can be attributed not to [[software]] or peripheral [[Computer hardware|hardware]] but to aging [[capacitor]]s on PC motherboards.''[[c't|c't Magazine]]'', vol. 21, pp. 216-221. 2003. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation,{{cite web |url=http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/resource/feb03/ncap.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219071949/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/resource/feb03/ncap.html |archive-date=2003-02-19 |first1=Yu-Tzu |last1=Chiu |first2=Samuel K. |last2=Moore |title=Faults & Failures: Leaking Capacitors Muck up Motherboards |publisher=IEEE Spectrum |date=2003-01-31 |access-date=2013-10-02}} an issue termed [[capacitor plague]]. [91] => [92] => Modern motherboards use [[electrolytic capacitor]]s to filter the [[direct current|DC]] power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based [[electrolyte]]s slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to [[voltage]] instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at {{convert|105|C|abbr=on}},{{cite web |url=http://www.low-esr.com/endurance.asp |title=Capacitor lifetime formula |publisher=Low-esr.com |access-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915011312/http://low-esr.com/endurance.asp |archive-date=2013-09-15}} their expected design life roughly doubles for every {{convert|10|C-change|abbr=on}} below this. At {{convert|65|C|abbr=on}} a lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors,Carey Holzman ''The healthy PC: preventive care and home remedies for your computer'' McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003 {{ISBN|0-07-222923-3}} page 174 which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under {{convert|95|C|abbr=on}}, effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime. [93] => [94] => Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on the other hand, use [[Capacitor types#Comparison of types|solid capacitors]] exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at {{convert|65|C|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.gigabyte.com/webpage/8/article_02_all_solid.htm |title=-- GIGABYTE, --Geeks Column of the Week - All Solid Capacitor |website=www.gigabyte.com |access-date=2017-05-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327102017/http://www.gigabyte.com/webpage/8/article_02_all_solid.htm |archive-date=2017-03-27}} These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at {{convert|105|C|abbr=on}}, extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors. [95] => [96] => In desktop PCs and notebook computers, the motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a [[super I/O]] chip or an [[embedded controller]]. [97] => [98] => ==Bootstrapping== [99] => Motherboards contain a [[read-only memory|ROM]] (and later [[EPROM]], [[EEPROM]], [[NOR flash]]) that stores [[firmware]] that initializes hardware devices and [[booting|boots]] an [[operating system]] from a [[peripheral device]]. The terms ''bootstrapping'' and ''boot'' come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps".{{Cite web |title=Bootloading Basics |url=https://learn.adafruit.com/bootloader-basics/a-brief-history-of-bootloading |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Adafruit Learning System |language=en-US}} [100] => [101] => Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the [[central processor unit]] would load its [[program counter]] with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed [[random-access memory|RAM]] checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from a peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had [[Cassette BASIC]] (ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk. [102] => [103] => The boot firmware in modern [[IBM PC compatible]] motherboard designs contains either a [[BIOS]], as did the boot ROM on the original IBM PC, or [[UEFI]]. UEFI is a successor to BIOS that became popular after Microsoft began requiring it for a system to be certified to run [[Windows 8]].{{cite web |publisher=Microsoft |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/jj128256.aspx |title=Windows Hardware Certification Requirements for Client and Server Systems |date=January 2013 |quote=System.Fundamentals.Firmware.CS.UEFISecureBoot.ConnectedStandby ... Platforms shall be UEFI Class Three (see UEFI Industry Group, Evaluating UEFI using Commercially Available Platforms and Solutions, version 0.3, for a definition) with no Compatibility Support Module installed or installable. BIOS emulation and legacy PC/AT boot must be disabled. |access-date=July 3, 2020 |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105003933/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/hardware/cert-program/windows-hardware-certification-requirements-for-client-and-server-systems?redirectedfrom=MSDN |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Microsoft: All You Need to Know About Windows 8 on ARM |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2400059,00.asp |work=PC Magazine |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=December 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227153402/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2400059,00.asp |url-status=live }} [104] => [105] => When the computer is powered on, the boot firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This [[Power-On Self Test]] (POST) may include testing some of the following things: [106] => * [[Video card]] [107] => * [[Expansion card]]s inserted into slots, such as [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|conventional PCI]] and [[PCI Express]] [108] => * Historical [[floppy drive]] [109] => * [[Temperature]]s, [[voltage]]s, and fan speeds for [[hardware monitoring]] [110] => * [[CMOS memory]] used to store [[BIOS]] configuration [111] => * [[Computer keyboard|Keyboard]] and [[computer mouse|mouse]] [112] => * [[Sound card]] [113] => * [[Network adapter]] [114] => * Optical drives: [[CD-ROM]] or [[DVD-ROM]] [115] => * [[Hard disk drive]] and [[solid-state drive]] [116] => * Security devices, such as a [[fingerprint reader]] [117] => * [[USB]] devices, such as a USB mass storage device [118] => [119] => ==See also== [120] => {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} [121] => * [[Accelerated Graphics Port]] (AGP) [122] => * [[Basic Input/Output System]] (BIOS) [123] => * [[Chip creep]] [124] => * [[CMOS battery]] [125] => * [[Computer case screws]] [126] => * [[Expansion card]] [127] => * [[List of computer hardware manufacturers]] [128] => * [[M.2]] [129] => * [[Overclocking]] [130] => * [[Peripheral Component Interconnect]] (PCI) [131] => ** [[PCI-X]] [132] => ** [[PCI Express]] (PCIe) [133] => * [[Single-board computer]] [134] => * [[Switched-mode power supply#Applications]] [135] => * [[Symmetric multiprocessing]] [136] => * [[System on a chip]] [137] => * [[U.2]] [138] => * [[UEFI]] (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) [139] => {{Div col end}} [140] => [141] => ==References== [142] => {{Reflist}} [143] => [144] => ==External links== [145] => {{Commons category|Computer motherboards}} [146] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070226125947/http://www.hardcoreware.net/reviews/review-335-1.htm The Making of a Motherboard: ECS Factory Tour] [147] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090218000208/http://hardcoreware.net/reviews/review-217-1.htm The Making of a Motherboard: Gigabyte Factory Tour] [148] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144045/http://www.formfactors.org/developer/specs/A2928604-005.pdf Front Panel I/O Connectivity Design Guide] - v1.3 (pdf file) [149] => [150] => [151] => {{Basic computer components}} [152] => [153] => {{Authority control}} [154] => [[Category:Motherboard]] [155] => [[Category:IBM PC compatibles]] [] => )
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Motherboard

A motherboard is a main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer that houses the computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and other essential components. It serves as a foundation for connecting various hardware components and peripherals to create a functioning computer system.

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It serves as a foundation for connecting various hardware components and peripherals to create a functioning computer system. Motherboards come in different form factors and sizes, depending on the type of computer they are designed for. They typically feature slots for inserting various expansion cards, such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards, as well as ports for connecting devices like USB, audio, and Ethernet. The motherboard also includes connectors for power supply, storage devices, and display outputs. The design and capabilities of a motherboard determine the overall performance and upgradability of a computer system. Key factors to consider when choosing a motherboard include CPU socket compatibility, memory support, expansion slots, connectivity options, and overall build quality. Historically, motherboards have evolved significantly since the earliest home computers. They have incorporated newer technologies, such as integrated circuits, multiple bus architectures, and advanced power delivery systems. This Wikipedia page further explores the history, architecture, components, and features of motherboards, as well as the various form factors and manufacturers. It also covers related topics, such as BIOS (basic input/output system), firmware, and troubleshooting.

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