Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Branch of medicine dealing with, or specializing in, cancer}} [1] => {{Distinguish|Ontology}} [2] => {{For|the journal|Oncology (journal){{!}}''Oncology'' (journal)}} [3] => {{Redirect|Clinical oncology|the journal|Clinical Oncology{{!}}''Clinical Oncology''}} [4] => {{Refimprove|date=July 2022}} [5] => {{Infobox medical specialty [6] => | title = Oncology [7] => | subdivisions = Medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology [8] => | image = [[File:Tumor Mesothelioma2 legend.jpg|240px]] [9] => | caption = A coronal [[CT scan]] showing a malignant [[mesothelioma]], indicated by the asterisk and the arrows [10] => | focus = [[Cancerous tumor]] [11] => | tests = [[Tumor marker]]s, [[TNM staging system|TNM staging]], [[X-ray computed tomography|CT scans]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] [12] => | specialist = [13] => }} [14] => [15] => {{Infobox Occupation [16] => | name = Oncologist [17] => | image = [18] => | caption = [19] => | official_names = [20] => | type = [[Specialty (medicine)|Specialty]] [21] => | activity_sector = [[Medicine]] [22] => | competencies = [23] => | formation = [24] => * [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D.) [25] => *[[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) [26] => * [[Doctor of Osteopathic medicine]] (D.O.) [27] => * [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (M.B.B.S.) [28] => * [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBChB) [29] => | employment_field = [[Hospital]]s, [[Clinic]]s, [[Clinical research center]]s [30] => | related_occupation = [31] => }} [32] => '''Oncology''' is a branch of [[medicine]] that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of [[cancer]]. A medical professional who practices oncology is an ''oncologist''.Maureen McCutcheon. ''Where Have My Eyebrows Gone?''. Cengage Learning, 2001. ISBN 0766839346. Page 5. The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος (''ónkos''), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass".[http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/cancer-basics/cancer-care-team/types-oncologists Types of Oncologists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726093123/http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/cancer-basics/cancer-care-team/types-oncologists |date=2017-07-26 }}, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Oncology is concerned with: [33] => * The [[diagnosis]] of any cancer in a person (pathology) [34] => * Therapy (e.g. [[surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]] and other modalities) [35] => * Follow-up of [[cancer patient]]s after successful treatment [36] => * [[Palliative care]] of patients with terminal malignancies [37] => * [[Ethics|Ethical]] questions surrounding cancer care [38] => * [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] efforts: [39] => ** of populations, or [40] => ** of the relatives of patients (in types of cancer that are thought to have a hereditary basis, such as [[breast cancer]]) [41] => [42] => == Diagnosis == [43] => Medical histories remain an important screening tool: the character of the complaints and nonspecific symptoms (such as [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[weight loss]],Alfred E. Chang & authors. ''Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach''. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. ISBN 0387310568. Page 1488. unexplained [[anemia]],Alice Villalobos, Laurie Kaplan. ''Canine and Feline Geriatric Oncology: Honoring the Human-Animal Bond''. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. ISBN 0470344075. Page 77. [[fever of unknown origin]], [[paraneoplastic phenomena]] and other signs) may warrant further investigation for malignancy. Occasionally, a physical examination may find the location of a [[malignancy]]. [44] => [45] => Diagnostic methods include: [46] => * [[Biopsy]] or [[Segmental resection|resection]]; these are methods by which suspicious neoplastic growths can be removed in part or in whole, and evaluated by a pathologist to determine malignancy. This is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of cancer and is crucial in guiding the next step in management (active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these){{Cite web |title=How biopsy procedures are used to diagnose cancer |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/biopsy/art-20043922 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613042429/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/biopsy/art-20043922 |url-status=live }} [47] => * [[Endoscopy]], either upper or lower gastrointestinal, cystoscopy, bronchoscopy, or nasendoscopy; to localise areas suspicious for malignancy and biopsy when necessary.{{cite encyclopedia |year=1990 |title=Endoscopy |encyclopedia=British Medical Association Complete Family Health Encyclopedia |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited}} [48] => * [https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/screening.htm#:~:text=if%20you%20qualify.-,Mammogram,of%20dying%20from%20breast%20cancer. Mammograms], [[X-rays]], [[Computed axial tomography|CT scanning]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scanning]], [[ultrasound]] and other radiological techniques to localise and guide biopsy. [49] => * [[Scintigraphy]], [[Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography|single photon emission computed tomography]] (SPECT), [[positron emission tomography]] (PET) and other methods of [[nuclear medicine]] to identify areas suspicious of malignancy. [50] => * [[Blood test]]s, including [[tumor marker]]s, which can increase the suspicion of certain types of cancers. [51] => [52] => Apart from diagnoses, these modalities (especially imaging by [[Computed axial tomography|CT scanning]]) are often used to determine [[surgery|operability]], i.e. whether it is [[surgery|surgically]] possible to remove a tumor in its entirety. [53] => [54] => Currently, a tissue diagnosis (from a [[biopsy]]) by a pathologist is essential for the proper classification of [[cancer]] and to guide the next step of treatment. On extremely rare instances when this is not possible, "empirical therapy" (without an exact diagnosis) may be considered, based on the available evidence (e.g. history, x-rays and scans.) [55] => [56] => On very rare occasions, a metastatic lump or pathological lymph node is found (typically in the neck) for which a primary tumor cannot be found. However, immunohistochemical markers often give a strong indication of the primary malignancy. This situation is referred to as "[[Cancer of unknown primary origin|malignancy of unknown primary]]", and again, treatment is empirically based on past experience of the most likely origin.{{NICE|104|Metastatic malignant disease of unknown primary origin: Diagnosis and management of metastatic malignant disease of unknown primary origin|2010}} [57] => [58] => ==Therapy== [59] => Depending upon the cancer identified, follow-up and palliative care will be administered at that time. Certain disorders (such as [[acute lymphocytic leukemia|ALL]] or [[acute myelogenous leukemia|AML]]) will require immediate admission and [[chemotherapy]], while others will be followed up with regular physical examination and [[blood test]]s. [60] => [61] => Often, [[surgery]] is attempted to remove a [[tumor]] entirely. This is only feasible when there is some degree of certainty that the tumor can in fact be removed. When it is certain that parts will remain, curative surgery is often impossible, e.g. when there are [[metastasis|metastases]], Occasionally, when the tumor has invaded a structure that cannot be operated upon without risking the patient's life. Occasionally surgery can improve survival even if not all tumour tissue has been removed; the procedure is referred to as "debulking" (i.e. reducing the overall amount of tumour tissue). Surgery is also used for the [[palliative]] treatment of some cancers, e.g. to relieve biliary obstruction, or to relieve the problems associated with some cerebral tumors. The risks of surgery must be weighed against the benefits. [62] => [63] => [[Chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] are used as a first-line radical therapy in several malignancies. They are also used for [[adjuvant]] therapy, i.e. when the macroscopic tumor has already been completely removed surgically but there is a reasonable statistical risk that it will recur. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used for palliation, where disease is clearly incurable: in this situation the aim is to improve the quality of life and to prolong it. [64] => [65] => [[Hormone]] manipulation is well established, particularly in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer. [66] => [67] => There is currently a rapid expansion in the use of [[monoclonal antibody]] treatments, notably for [[lymphoma]] ([[Rituximab]]) and [[breast cancer]] ([[Trastuzumab]]). [68] => [69] => [[Vaccine|Vaccines]] and other [[immunotherapy|immunotherapies]] are the subject of intensive research. [70] => [71] => == Palliative care== [72] => Approximately 50% of all cancer cases in the Western world can be treated to [[remission (medicine)|remission]] with radical treatment. For pediatric patients, that number is much higher. A large number of cancer patients will die from the disease, and a significant proportion of patients with incurable cancer will die of other causes. There may be ongoing issues with symptom control associated with progressive cancer, and also with the treatment of the disease. These problems may include [[pain]], [[nausea]], [[anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], immobility, and [[clinical depression|depression]]. Not all issues are strictly physical: personal dignity may be affected. Moral and spiritual issues are also important. [73] => [74] => While many of these problems fall within the remit of the oncologist, [[palliative care]] has matured into a separate, closely allied specialty to address the problems associated with advanced disease. Palliative care is an essential part of the multidisciplinary cancer care team. Palliative care services may be less hospital-based than oncology, with nurses and doctors who are able to visit the patient at home. [75] => [76] => == Ethical issues== [77] => There are a number of recurring [[medical ethics|ethical]] questions and dilemmas in oncological practice. These include: [78] => * What information to give the patient regarding disease extent/progression/[[prognosis]]. [79] => * Entry into [[clinical trials]], especially in the face of [[terminal illness]]. [80] => * Withdrawal of active treatment. [81] => * "[[Do Not Resuscitate]]" orders and other end-of-life issues. [82] => [83] => These issues are closely related to the patient's personality, religion, culture, and family life. Though these issues are complex and emotional, the answers are often achieved by the patient seeking counsel from trusted personal friends and advisors. It requires a degree of sensitivity and very good communication on the part of the oncology team to address these problems properly. [84] => [85] => ==Progress and research== [86] => There is a tremendous amount of research being conducted on all frontiers of oncology, ranging from cancer cell biology, and radiation therapy to [[chemotherapy]] treatment regimens and optimal [[palliative care]] and [[analgesia|pain relief]]. [[Next-generation sequencing]] and [[whole-genome sequencing]] have completely changed the understanding of cancers. Identification of novel genetic/molecular markers will change the methods of diagnosis and treatment, paving the way for personalized medicine. [87] => [88] => Therapeutic trials often involve patients from many different hospitals in a particular region. In the UK, patients are often enrolled in large studies coordinated by [[Cancer Research UK]] (CRUK),{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/home|title=Cancer Research UK|website=Cancer Research UK|date=10 May 2021 |access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230024308/https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/home|url-status=live}} [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC),{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrc.ac.uk/ |title=Home - Medical Research Council |access-date=2004-03-29 |archive-date=2017-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912150433/https://www.mrc.ac.uk/ |url-status=live }} the [[European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer]] (EORTC){{Cite web|url=https://www.eortc.org/|title=European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer|date=January 17, 2017|website=EORTC|access-date=March 2, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028085102/https://www.eortc.org/|url-status=live}} or the [[National Cancer Research Network]] (NCRN). [89] => [90] => The most valued companies worldwide whose leading products are in Oncology include [[Pfizer]] (United States), [[Roche]] (Switzerland), [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] (United States), [[AstraZeneca]] (United Kingdom), [[Novartis]] (Switzerland) and [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] (United States) who are active in the treatment areas Kinase inhibitors, [[Antibody|Antibodies]], [[Cancer immunotherapy|Immuno-oncology]] and [[Radiopharmaceuticals]].{{cite web |url=https://torreya.com/publications/pharma-1000-report-update-torreya-2021-11-18.pdf |title=Top Global Pharmaceutical Company Report |work=The Pharma 1000 |date=November 2021 |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315051910/https://torreya.com/publications/pharma-1000-report-update-torreya-2021-11-18.pdf |url-status=live }} [91] => [92] => == Specialties == [93] => * The four main divisions: [94] => ** Medical oncology: focuses on the treatment of cancer with [[chemotherapy]], [[targeted therapy]], [[immunotherapy]], and [[hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormonal therapy]].{{cite journal |title=Medical oncology as a discipline |journal=Oncology |date=1997-12-01 |issn=0030-2414 |pmid=9394841 |pages=459–462 |volume=54 |issue=6 |first=B. J. |last=Kennedy|doi=10.1159/000227603 }} [95] => ** [[Surgical oncology]]: focuses on treatment of cancer with surgery.{{cite web|title=Types of Oncologists|url=http://www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/newly-diagnosed/find-oncologist/types-oncologists|publisher=Cancer.Net : American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)|access-date=25 May 2013|date=2011-05-09|archive-date=2013-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601155338/http://www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/newly-diagnosed/find-oncologist/types-oncologists|url-status=live}} [96] => ** [[Radiation oncology]]: focuses on treatment of cancer with radiation. [97] => ** Clinical oncology: focuses on treatment of cancer with both systemic therapies and radiation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcr.ac.uk/discover-explore/discover-oncology/what-clinical-oncology|title=What is clinical oncology? | the Royal College of Radiologists|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811081632/https://www.rcr.ac.uk/discover-explore/discover-oncology/what-clinical-oncology|url-status=live}} [98] => * Sub-specialties in Oncology: [99] => ** [[Neuro-oncology]]: focuses on cancers of brain. [100] => ** [[Ocular oncology]]: focuses on cancers of eye.{{cite journal |title=Ocular oncology – A multidisciplinary specialty |journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology |date=2015-02-01 |issn=0301-4738 |pmc=4399140 |pmid=25827536 |page=91 |volume=63 |issue=2 |doi=10.4103/0301-4738.154364 |first=Sundaram |last=Natarajan |doi-access=free }} [101] => ** [[Head and neck cancer|Head & Neck oncology]]: focuses on cancers of oral cavity, nasal cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx.{{cite journal |title=Sub-specialty training in head and neck surgical oncology in the European Union |journal=European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology |date=2009-07-01 |issn=1434-4726 |pmid=19015865 |pages=1005–1010 |volume=266 |issue=7 |doi=10.1007/s00405-008-0832-4 |first1=Argyris |last1=Manganaris |first2=Myles |last2=Black |first3=Alistair |last3=Balfour |first4=Christopher |last4=Hartley |first5=Jean-Pierre |last5=Jeannon |first6=Ricard |last6=Simo|s2cid=20700214 }} [102] => ** [[Thorax|Thoracic]] oncology: focuses on cancers of lung, mediastinum, oesophagus and pleura.{{cite journal |title=Multidisciplinary teams in thoracic oncology-from tragic to strategic |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |date=2015-05-01 |issn=2305-5839 |pmc=4430737 |pmid=26015931 |volume=3 |issue=7 |page=89 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.01.31 |first1=Krishnamachar |last1=Harish |first2=Agrahara Sreenivasa |last2=Kirthi Koushik}} [103] => ** [[Breast cancer|Breast oncology]]: focuses on cancers of breast. [104] => ** [[Gastrointestinal cancer|Gastrointestinal oncology]]: focuses on cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, anal canal, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.{{cite journal |title=Digestive oncologist in the gastroenterology training curriculum |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |date=2011-03-07 |issn=1007-9327 |pmc=3063902 |pmid=21556128 |pages=1109–1115 |volume=17 |issue=9 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v17.i9.1109 |first1=Chris Jacob Johan |last1=Mulder |first2=Marc |last2=Peeters |first3=Annemieke |last3=Cats |first4=Anna |last4=Dahele |first5=Jochim Terhaar sive |last5=Droste |doi-access=free }} [105] => ** [[Bone cancer|Bone]] & Musculoskeletal oncology: focuses on cancers of bones and soft tissue.{{cite journal |title=What's new in musculoskeletal oncology |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |date=2003-04-01 |issn=0021-9355 |pmid=12672857 |pages=761–767 |volume=85-A |issue=4 |first1=Kristy L. |last1=Weber |first2=Mark C. |last2=Gebhardt|doi=10.2106/00004623-200304000-00029 }} [106] => ** [[Skin cancer|Dermatological oncology]]: focuses on the medical and surgical treatment of skin, hair, sweat gland, and nail cancers [107] => ** Genitourinary oncology: focuses on cancers of genital and urinary system.{{cite journal |title=Genitourinary Oncology: Current Status and Future Challenges |journal=Frontiers in Oncology |date=2011-10-10 |issn=2234-943X |pmc=3355990 |pmid=22649760 |volume=1 |page=32 |doi=10.3389/fonc.2011.00032 |first=Ronald M. |last=Bukowski|doi-access=free }} [108] => ** [[Gynecologic oncology]]: focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system.{{cite journal |title=Gynecologic oncology specialty |journal=European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology |date=2004-01-01 |issn=0392-2936 |pmid=15053057 |pages=25–26 |volume=25 |issue=1 |first1=P. |last1=Benedetti-Panici |first2=R. |last2=Angioli}} [109] => ** [[Pediatric oncology]]: concerned with the treatment of cancer in children.{{cite journal |title=History of pediatric oncology |journal=Pediatric Hematology and Oncology |date=1991-06-01 |issn=0888-0018 |pmid=1863546 |pages=89–91 |volume=8 |issue=2 |first=J. A. |last=Wolff|doi=10.3109/08880019109033436 }} [110] => ** [[Adolescent and young adult oncology|Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology]].{{Cite journal|last1=Shaw|first1=Peter H.|last2=Reed|first2=Damon R.|last3=Yeager|first3=Nicholas|last4=Zebrack|first4=Bradley|last5=Castellino|first5=Sharon M.|last6=Bleyer|first6=Archie|s2cid=27695404|date=April 2015|title=Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Oncology in the United States: A Specialty in Its Late Adolescence|journal=Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology|volume=37|issue=3|pages=161–169|doi=10.1097/MPH.0000000000000318|issn=1536-3678|pmid=25757020}} [111] => ** [[Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues|Hemato oncology]]: focuses on cancers of blood and stem cell transplantation. [112] => ** [[Cancer prevention|Preventive oncology]]: focuses on epidemiology & prevention of cancer.{{cite journal |title=On a new strategy of preventive oncology |journal=Neurochemical Research |date=2010-06-01 |issn=1573-6903 |pmid=20119639 |pages=868–874 |volume=35 |issue=6 |doi=10.1007/s11064-009-0110-x |first=L. N. |last=Mkrtchyan|s2cid=582313 }} [113] => ** [[Geriatric oncology]]: focuses on cancers in elderly population.{{cite journal |title=Geriatric oncology: The need for a separate subspecialty |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |date=2012-01-01 |issn=0971-5851 |pmc=3439792 |pmid=22988358 |pages=134–136 |volume=33 |issue=2 |first1=D. K. |last1=Vijaykumar |first2=R. |last2=Anupama |first3=Tejal Kishor |last3=Gorasia |first4=T. R. Haleema |last4=Beegum |first5=P. |last5=Gangadharan|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.99755 |doi-access=free }} [114] => ** Pain & Palliative oncology: focuses on treatment of end stage cancer to help alleviate pain and suffering.{{cite journal |title=Palliative oncology: identity, progress, and the path ahead |journal=Annals of Oncology |date=2012-04-01 |issn=1569-8041 |pmc=3493143 |pmid=22628415 |pages=43–48 |volume=23 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mds087 |first1=A. S. |last1=Epstein |first2=R. S. |last2=Morrison|issue=Suppl 3 }} [115] => ** [[Molecular oncology]]: focuses on molecular diagnostic methods in oncology.{{cite journal |title=Principles of Molecular Oncology. |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=2001-04-01 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1275628 |page=1068 |volume=68 |issue=4 |first=Robert |last=Jenkins |doi=10.1086/319526}} [116] => ** Nuclear medicine oncology: focuses on diagnosis and treatment of cancer with radiopharmaceuticals. [117] => ** [[Psycho-oncology]]: focuses on psychosocial issues on diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. [118] => ** [[Veterinary oncology]]: focuses on treatment of cancer in animals.{{cite journal |title=Update on genomics in veterinary oncology |journal=Topics in Companion Animal Medicine |date=2009-08-01 |issn=1938-9736 |pmc=2754151 |pmid=19732729 |pages=113–121|volume=24 |issue=3 |doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2009.03.002 |first=Matthew |last=Breen}} [119] => * Emerging specialties: [120] => ** [[Cardiooncology]] is a branch of cardiology that addresses the cardiovascular impact of cancer and its treatments.{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=AK |last2=Walker |first2=JM |title=Cardio-oncology. |journal=British Journal of Hospital Medicine |date=2 January 2017 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=C11–C13 |doi=10.12968/hmed.2017.78.1.C11 |pmid=28067553}} [121] => [122] => == See also == [123] => [124] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [125] => * [[Cancer research]] [126] => * [[Comparative oncology]] [127] => * [[Oncology nursing]] [128] => * [[Oncometabolism]] [129] => * [[Tumour heterogeneity]] [130] => * [[Warburg effect (oncology)]] [131] => {{div col end}} [132] => [133] => ;Organizations [134] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [135] => * [[American Cancer Society]] [136] => * [[American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network]] [137] => * [[American Cancer Society Center]] [138] => * [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] [139] => * [[Canadian Cancer Society]] [140] => * [[Cancer Research UK]] [141] => * [[National Cancer Institute]] [142] => * [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] [143] => * [[Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy]] [144] => {{div col end}} [145] => [146] => [147] => == References == [148] => {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} [149] => [150] => == Further reading == [151] => * {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Ian R. |last2=Takahashi |first2=Koichi |last3=Futreal |first3=P. Andrew |last4=Chin |first4=Lynda |year=2013 |title=Emerging patterns of somatic mutations in cancer |journal=Nat Rev Genet |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1038/nrg3539 |pmc=4014352 |pmid=24022702 }} [152] => * {{cite journal |last1=Meyerson |first1=Matthew |last2=Gabriel |first2=Stacey |last3=Getz |first3=Gad |s2cid=2544266 |year=2010 |title=Advances in understanding cancer genomes through second-generation sequencing |journal=Nat Rev Genet |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=685–696 |doi=10.1038/nrg2841 |pmid=20847746 }} [153] => * {{cite journal |last1=Katsanis |first1=Sara Huston |last2=Katsanis |first2=Nicholas |year=2013 |title=Molecular genetic testing and the future of clinical genomics |journal=Nat Rev Genet |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=415–426 |doi=10.1038/nrg3493 |pmc=4461364 |pmid=23681062 }} [154] => * {{cite journal |last1=Mardis |first1=Elaine R. |s2cid=9981262 |year=2012 |title=Applying next-generation sequencing to pancreatic cancer treatment |journal=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=477–486 |doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2012.126 |pmid=22751458 }} [155] => * {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Siddhartha |author-link=Siddhartha Mukherjee |year=2011 |title = The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer |title-link=The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer |publisher=Fourth Estate |isbn=978-0-00-725092-9}} [156] => * {{cite journal |last=Vickers |first=Andrew |date=1 March 2004 |title=Alternative Cancer Cures: "Unproven" or "Disproven"? |journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=110–118 |doi=10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110 |pmid=15061600 |citeseerx=10.1.1.521.2180 |s2cid=35124492 }} [157] => [158] => == External links == [159] => {{Commons category}} [160] => * {{cite web |title = Comprehensive Cancer Information |url = http://www.cancer.gov/ |website = National Cancer Institute |access-date = 2016-01-16 |date = January 1980 }} [161] => * {{cite web |title = NCCN - Evidence-Based Cancer Guidelines, Oncology Drug Compendium, Oncology Continuing Medical Education |url = http://www.nccn.org/ |publisher = National Comprehensive Cancer Network |access-date = 2016-01-16 }} [162] => * {{cite web |title = European Society for Medical Oncology {{!}} ESMO |url = http://www.esmo.org/ |website = www.esmo.org |access-date = 2016-01-16 }} [163] => [164] => {{-}} [165] => {{Tumors}} [166] => {{Medicine}} [167] => {{Portal bar|Biology|Medicine}} [168] => [169] => {{Authority control}} [170] => [171] => [[Category:Oncology| ]] [] => )
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Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medicine specializing in the study and treatment of cancer. It deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer in patients.

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It deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer in patients. The term oncology comes from the Greek word "onkos," meaning mass or tumor, and "logos," meaning study. This field involves a multidisciplinary approach, involving various medical professionals such as medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and researchers. Oncology focuses on understanding the causes of cancer, its development, and its impact on the body. It also includes the study of cancer genetics, molecular biology, epidemiology, and the effects of cancer on individuals and society. The prevention aspect of oncology involves promoting a healthy lifestyle, identifying risk factors, and developing strategies to reduce the incidence of cancer. Diagnosing cancer involves various techniques such as biopsies, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Oncologists work to determine the type, stage, and extent of cancer in order to devise an appropriate treatment plan. These treatment options commonly include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Oncology also includes palliative care, which focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life for cancer patients. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms, offers psychological and emotional support, and addresses concerns related to end-of-life care. Advancements in oncology have led to significant improvements in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Research in this field has enabled the development of new drugs, therapies, and targeted approaches specifically tailored to different types of cancer. Collaborations between oncologists and scientists have also resulted in breakthroughs in understanding cancer biology, leading to more effective treatments and personalized medicine. Overall, oncology plays a crucial role in the management of cancer, emphasizing the importance of early detection, personalized treatment, and supportive care for patients.

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Analgesia

Antibody

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue or cells is taken from a person's body for examination under a microscope.

Cancer

Cancer is a broad term used to describe a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment method in the field of oncology, aimed at treating cancer by administering drugs that kill rapidly dividing cells.

Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to visualize and examine the inside of a patient's body using an instrument called an endoscope.

Ethics

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies moral principles and the application of these principles to guide human behavior.

Hormone

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by various glands and tissues in the human body.

Hospital

A hospital is a healthcare institution that provides medical and surgical treatment to patients.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a form of medical treatment that boosts the body's immune system to fight diseases such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders.

Medicine

The Wikipedia page on medicine provides an overview of the field of medicine, covering various aspects such as its history, branches, education, research, practice, and ethics.

Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that involves using operative techniques to address injuries, diseases, or deformities through invasive procedures.

Trastuzumab

Trastuzumab, also known as Herceptin, is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of certain types of breast and gastric cancers that overexpress the protein HER2/neu.

Tumor

A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells that can occur in any part of the body.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body.

Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.

X-rays