Array ( [0] => {{short description|Specialized subunit within a cell}} [1] => {{pp-move}} [2] => {{Infobox microanatomy [3] => | Name = Organelle [4] => | Latin = organella [5] => | Image = [6] => | Caption = [7] => | Width = [8] => | Image2 = [9] => | Caption2 = [10] => | Precursor = [11] => | PartOf = [[Cell (biology)|Cell]] [12] => | Pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ɔr|ɡ|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|l}} [13] => }} [14] => In [[cell biology]], an '''organelle''' is a specialized subunit, usually within a [[cell (biology)|cell]], that has a specific function. The name ''organelle'' comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s are to the [[Human body|body]], hence ''organelle,'' the suffix ''-elle'' being a [[diminutive]]. Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own [[lipid bilayers]] (also called membrane-bounded organelles) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer (non-membrane bounded organelles). Although most organelles are functional units within cells, some function units that extend outside of cells are often termed organelles, such as [[cilia]], the [[flagellum]] and [[archaellum]], and the [[trichocyst]] (these could be referred to as membrane bound in the sense that they are attached to (or bound to) the membrane). [15] => [16] => Organelles are identified by [[microscopy]], and can also be purified by [[cell fractionation]]. There are many types of organelles, particularly in [[eukaryote|eukaryotic cells]]. They include structures that make up the [[endomembrane system]] (such as the [[nuclear envelope]], [[endoplasmic reticulum]], and [[Golgi apparatus]]), and other structures such as [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]] and [[plastid]]s. While [[prokaryote]]s do not possess eukaryotic organelles, some do contain [[protein]]-shelled [[bacterial microcompartment]]s, which are thought to act as primitive [[#Prokaryotic organelles|prokaryotic organelles]];{{cite journal | vauthors = Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, Nguyen CV, Phillips M, Beeby M, Yeates TO | title = Protein structures forming the shell of primitive organelles | journal = Science | volume = 309 | issue = 5736 | pages = 936–8 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16081736 | doi = 10.1126/science.1113397 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1026.896 | bibcode = 2005Sci...309..936K | s2cid = 24561197 }} and there is also evidence of other membrane-bounded structures. Also, the prokaryotic [[flagellum]] which protrudes outside the cell, and its motor, as well as the largely extracellular [[pilus]], are often spoken of as organelles. [17] => [18] => == History and terminology == [19] => {{Organelle diagram}} [20] => In biology, ''[[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s'' are defined as confined functional units within an [[organism]].{{cite web [21] => | first = Lynsey | last = Peterson | name-list-style = vanc | title = Mastering the Parts of a Cell | publisher = Lesson Planet | date = April 17, 2010 | url = http://www.lessonplanet.com/directory_articles/biology_lesson_plans/19_April_2010/363/mastering_the_parts_of_a_cell | access-date = 2010-04-19 }} The [[analogy]] of bodily organs to microscopic cellular substructures is obvious, as from even early works, authors of respective textbooks rarely elaborate on the distinction between the two. [22] => [23] => In the 1830s, [[Félix Dujardin]] refuted [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]] theory which said that microorganisms have the same organs of multicellular animals, only minor.{{cite book | vauthors = Di Gregorio MA | date = 2005 | title = ''From Here to Eternity'': Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith. | location = Gottingen | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | page = 218 }} [24] => [25] => Credited as the first{{cite book | vauthors = Bütschli O |author-link= Otto Bütschli |title=Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen u. Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band. Protozoa. Dritte Abtheilung: Infusoria und System der Radiolaria |year= 1888 |pages=1412 |quote = Die Vacuolen sind demnach in strengem Sinne keine beständigen Organe oder O r g a n u l a (wie Möbius die Organe der Einzelligen im Gegensatz zu denen der Vielzelligen zu nennen vorschlug).}}{{cite journal | veditors = Ryder JA | title = Embryology: The Structure of the Human Spermatozoon | journal = American Naturalist | volume = 23 | page = 184 | url = https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2451084/2451084_djvu.txt | quote = It may possibly be of advantage to use the word organula here instead of organ, following a suggestion by Möbius. Functionally differentiated multicellular aggregates in multicellular forms or metazoa are in this sense organs, while, for functionally differentiated portions of [[unicellular organism]]s or for such differentiated portions of the unicellular germ-elements of metazoa, the diminutive organula is appropriate. | date = February 1889 }}{{cite book| vauthors = Robin C, Pouchet G, Duval MM, Retterrer E, Tourneux F |title=Journal de l'anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'homme et des animaux|url=https://archive.org/details/journaldelanato40robigoog|year=1891|publisher=F. Alcan}} to use a [[diminutive]] of ''organ'' (i.e., little organ) for cellular structures was German zoologist [[Karl August Möbius]] (1884), who used the term ''organula'' (plural of ''organulum'', the diminutive of [[Latin]] ''organum''). [26] => {{cite journal | vauthors = Möbius K | author-link = Karl August Möbius |date=September 1884 | title = Das Sterben der einzelligen und der vielzelligen Tiere. Vergleichend betrachtet | journal = Biologisches Centralblatt | volume = 4 | issue = 13, 14 | pages = 389–392, 448 | quote = Während die Fortpflanzungszellen der vielzelligen Tiere unthätig fortleben bis sie sich loslösen, wandern und entwickeln, treten die einzelligen Tiere auch durch die an der Fortpflanzung beteiligten Leibesmasse in Verkehr mit der Außenwelt und viele bilden sich dafür auch besondere Organula". Footnote on p. 448: "Die Organe der Heteroplastiden bestehen aus vereinigten Zellen. Da die Organe der Monoplastiden nur verschieden ausgebildete Teile e i n e r Zelle sind schlage ich vor, sie „Organula“ zu nennen | url = http://www.dietzellab.de/goodies/history/}} [27] => In a footnote, which was published as a correction in the next issue of the journal, he justified his suggestion to call organs of unicellular organisms "organella" since they are only differently formed parts of one cell, in contrast to multicellular organs of multicellular organisms.{{Cite book|title=Nuclear import of histone fold motif containing heterodimers by importin 13|last=Walker|first=Patrick|publisher=Niedersächsische Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen|year=2009}} [28] => [29] => == Types == [30] => While most cell biologists consider the term ''organelle'' to be synonymous with [[cell compartment]], a space often bounded by one or two lipid bilayers, some cell biologists choose to limit the term to include only those cell compartments that contain [[DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA), having originated from formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via [[endosymbiosis]]. [31] => [32] => The first, broader conception of organelles is that they are membrane-bounded structures. However, even by using this definition, some parts of the cell that have been shown to be distinct functional units do not qualify as organelles. Therefore, the use of organelle to also refer to non-membrane bounded structures such as ribosomes is common and accepted.{{cite book | first1 = Neil A | last1 = Campbell | first2 = Jane B | last2 = Reece | first3 = Lawrence G | last3 = Mitchell | name-list-style = vanc | title = Biology | edition = 6th | publisher = Benjamin Cummings | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8053-6624-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp }}{{Verify source|date=September 2022}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Nott TJ, Petsalaki E, Farber P, Jervis D, Fussner E, Plochowietz A, Craggs TD, Bazett-Jones DP, Pawson T, Forman-Kay JD, Baldwin AJ | title = Phase transition of a disordered nuage protein generates environmentally responsive membraneless organelles | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = 936–947 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25747659 | pmc = 4352761 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.01.013 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Banani SF, Lee HO, Hyman AA, Rosen MK | title = Biomolecular condensates: organizers of cellular biochemistry | journal = Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 285–298 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28225081 | doi = 10.1038/nrm.2017.7 | pmc = 7434221 }} This has led many texts to delineate between '''membrane-bounded''' and '''non-membrane''' bounded organelles.{{cite book | vauthors = Cormack DH | title = Introduction to Histology | date = 1984 | publisher = Lippincott | isbn = 978-0-397-52114-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_d5o8 }} The non-membrane bounded organelles, also called large [[biomolecular complex]]es, are large assemblies of [[macromolecule]]s that carry out particular and specialized functions, but they lack membrane boundaries. Many of these are referred to as "proteinaceous organelles" as their main structure is made of proteins. Such cell structures include: [33] => * large RNA and protein complexes: [[ribosome]], [[spliceosome]], [[vault (organelle)|vault]] [34] => * large [[protein complex]]es: [[proteasome]], [[DNA polymerase III holoenzyme]], [[RNA polymerase II holoenzyme]], symmetric viral [[capsid]]s, complex of [[GroEL]] and [[GroES]]; membrane protein complexes: [[porosome]], [[photosystem I]], [[ATP synthase]] [35] => * large DNA and protein complexes: [[nucleosome]] [36] => * [[centriole]] and [[microtubule-organizing center]] (MTOC) [37] => * [[cytoskeleton]] [38] => * [[flagellum]] [39] => * [[nucleolus]] [40] => * [[stress granule]] [41] => * [[germ cell]] granule [42] => * neuronal transport granule [43] => [44] => The mechanisms by which such non-membrane bounded organelles form and retain their spatial integrity have been likened to liquid-liquid [[phase separation]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Brangwynne CP, Eckmann CR, Courson DS, Rybarska A, Hoege C, Gharakhani J, Jülicher F, Hyman AA | title = Germline P granules are liquid droplets that localize by controlled dissolution/condensation | journal = Science | volume = 324 | issue = 5935 | pages = 1729–32 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19460965 | doi = 10.1126/science.1172046 | bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1729B | s2cid = 42229928 | doi-access = free }} [45] => [46] => The second, more restrictive definition of organelle includes only those cell compartments that contain [[DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA), having originated from formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via [[endosymbiosis]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Keeling PJ, Archibald JM | title = Organelle evolution: what's in a name? | journal = Current Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = R345-7 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18430636 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.065 | s2cid = 11520942 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Imanian B, Carpenter KJ, Keeling PJ | title = Mitochondrial genome of a tertiary endosymbiont retains genes for electron transport proteins | journal = The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–53 | date = March–April 2007 | pmid = 17403155 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00245.x | s2cid = 20393495 }}{{cite book |last=Mullins |first=Christopher | name-list-style = vanc |author-link=Christopher Mullins |title=The Biogenesis of Cellular Organelles |chapter=Theory of Organelle Biogenesis: A Historical Perspective |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]], [[National Institutes of Health]] |isbn=978-0-306-47990-8}} [47] => [48] => Using this definition, there would only be two broad classes of organelles (i.e. those that contain their own DNA, and have originated from endosymbiotic [[bacterium|bacteria]]): [49] => * [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] (in almost all eukaryotes) [50] => * [[plastid]]s{{cite book | first1 = Bruce | last1 = Alberts | first2 = Alexander | last2 = Johnson | first3 = Julian | last3 = Lewis | first4 = Martin | last4 = Raff | first5 = Keith | last5 = Roberts | first6 = Peter | last6 = Walter | name-list-style = vanc | chapter = The Genetic Systems of Mitochondria and Plastids | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26924/ | title = Molecular Biology of the Cell | year = 2002 | edition = 4th | isbn = 978-0-8153-3218-3 }} (e.g. in plants, algae, and some protists). [51] => [52] => Other organelles are also suggested{{by whom|date=February 2023}} to have endosymbiotic origins, but do not contain their own DNA{{cn|date=February 2023}} (notably the flagellum – see [[evolution of flagella]]). [53] => [54] => == Eukaryotic organelles == [55] => [[Eukaryote|Eukaryotic]] cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost [[cell membrane]]. The larger organelles, such as the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] and [[vacuoles]], are easily visible with the [[light microscope]]. They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the [[microscope]]. [56] => [57] => Not all eukaryotic cells have each of the organelles listed below. Exceptional organisms have cells that do not include some organelles (such as mitochondria) that might otherwise be considered universal to eukaryotes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fahey RC, Newton GL, Arrick B, Overdank-Bogart T, Aley SB | title = Entamoeba histolytica: a eukaryote without glutathione metabolism | journal = Science | volume = 224 | issue = 4644 | pages = 70–2 | date = April 1984 | pmid = 6322306 | doi = 10.1126/science.6322306 | bibcode = 1984Sci...224...70F }} The several [[plastid]]s including [[chloroplast]]s are distributed among some but not all eukaryotes. [58] => [59] => There are also occasional exceptions to the number of membranes surrounding organelles, listed in the tables below (e.g., some that are listed as double-membrane are sometimes found with single or triple membranes). In addition, the number of individual organelles of each type found in a given cell varies depending upon the function of that cell. [60] => {| class="wikitable" align="center" [61] => |+'''''Major eukaryotic organelles''''' [62] => !Organelle [63] => !Main function [64] => !Structure [65] => !Organisms [66] => !Notes [67] => |- [68] => |[[cell membrane]]||separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space) which protects the cell from its environment.||double-layered, fluid sheet of [[phospholipids]] [69] => | all eukaryotes [70] => | [71] => |- [72] => |[[cell wall]]||The cell wall is a rigid structure composed of cellulose that provides shape to the cell, helps keep the organelles inside the cell, and does not let the cell burst from osmotic pressure.||various [73] => | plants, protists, rare kleptoplastic organisms [74] => | [75] => |- [76] => |[[chloroplast]] ([[plastid]])||[[photosynthesis]], traps energy from sunlight||double-membrane compartment||plants, algae, rare [[Kleptoplasty|kleptoplastic organisms]]||has own DNA; theorized to be engulfed by the ancestral [[archaeplastid]] cell (endosymbiosis) [77] => |- [78] => |[[endoplasmic reticulum]]||translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)||single-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes||rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes (which are bound to the ribosome membrane), has folds that are flat sacs; smooth endoplasmic reticulum has folds that are tubular [79] => |- [80] => |[[flagellum]]||locomotion, sensory||protein [81] => | some eukaryotes [82] => | [83] => |- [84] => |[[Golgi apparatus]]||sorting, packaging, processing and modification of proteins||single-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes||cis-face (convex) nearest to rough endoplasmic reticulum; trans-face (concave) farthest from rough endoplasmic reticulum [85] => |- [86] => |[[mitochondrion]]||energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances and the release of [[adenosine triphosphate]]||double-membrane compartment||most eukaryotes||constituting element of the [[chondriome]]; has own DNA; theorized to have been engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis){{cite book | first1 = Bruce | last1 = Alberts | first2 = Alexander | last2 = Johnson | first3 = Julian | last3 = Lewis | first4 = David | last4 = Morgan | first5 = Martin C | last5 = Raff | first6 = Keith | last6 = Roberts | first7 = Peter | last7 = Walter | first8 = John H | last8 = Wilson | first9 = Tim | last9 = Hunt | name-list-style = vanc |title=Molecular biology of the cell |publisher=Garland Science |isbn=978-0815345244 |page=679 |edition=Sixth |date=2014-11-18 }} [87] => |- [88] => |[[cell nucleus|nucleus]]||DNA maintenance, controls all activities of the cell, RNA [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]]||double-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes ||contains bulk of [[genome]] [89] => |- [90] => |[[vacuole]]||storage, transportation, helps maintain [[homeostasis]]||single-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes|| [91] => |- [92] => |} [93] => [94] => {| class="wikitable" align="center" [95] => |+'''''Minor eukaryotic organelles and cell components''''' [96] => !Organelle/Macromolecule [97] => !Main function [98] => !Structure [99] => !Organisms [100] => |- [101] => |[[acrosome]]||helps spermatozoa fuse with ovum||single-membrane compartment||most animals (including sponges) [102] => |- [103] => |[[autophagosome]]||vesicle that sequesters cytoplasmic material and organelles for degradation||double-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes [104] => |- [105] => |[[centriole]]||anchor for [[cytoskeleton]], organizes cell division by forming spindle fibers||[[Microtubule]] protein||animals [106] => |- [107] => |[[cilium]]||movement in or of external medium; "critical developmental signaling pathway".{{cite journal | vauthors = Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N | title = The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders | journal = Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics | volume = 7 | pages = 125–48 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16722803 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610 }} ||[[Microtubule]] protein||animals, protists, few plants [108] => |- [109] => |[[cnidocyte|cnidocyst]]||stinging||coiled hollow tubule||[[cnidaria]]ns [110] => |- [111] => |[[eyespot apparatus]]||detects light, allowing [[phototaxis]] to take place|| ||[[green algae]] and other unicellular [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] organisms such as [[euglenids]] [112] => |- [113] => |[[glycosome]]||carries out [[glycolysis]]||single-membrane compartment||Some [[protozoa]], such as ''[[Trypanosomatid|Trypanosome]]s''. [114] => |- [115] => |[[glyoxysome]]||conversion of fat into sugars||single-membrane compartment||plants [116] => |- [117] => |[[hydrogenosome]]||energy & hydrogen production||double-membrane compartment||a few unicellular eukaryotes [118] => |- [119] => |[[lysosome]]||breakdown of large molecules (e.g., proteins + polysaccharides)||single-membrane compartment||animals [120] => |- [121] => |[[melanosome]]||pigment storage||single-membrane compartment||animals [122] => |- [123] => |[[mitosome]]||probably plays a role in [[Iron–sulfur cluster]] (Fe–S) assembly||double-membrane compartment||a few unicellular eukaryotes that lack mitochondria [124] => |- [125] => |[[myofibril]]||[[myocyte]] contraction||bundled filaments||animals [126] => |- [127] => |[[nucleolus]]||pre-ribosome production||protein–DNA–RNA||most eukaryotes [128] => |- [129] => |[[ocelloid]]||detects light and possibly shapes, allowing [[phototaxis]] to take place||double-membrane compartment||members of the family [[Warnowiaceae]] [130] => |- [131] => |[[parenthesome]]||not characterized||not characterized||fungi [132] => |- [133] => |[[peroxisome]]||breakdown of metabolic hydrogen peroxide||single-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes [134] => |- [135] => |[[porosome]]||secretory portal||single-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes [136] => |- [137] => |[[proteasome]]||degradation of unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis||very large protein complex||all eukaryotes, all archaea, and some bacteria [138] => |- [139] => |[[ribosome]] (80S)||[[Translation (genetics)|translation]] of RNA into proteins||RNA-protein||all eukaryotes [140] => |- [141] => |[[stress granule]] [142] => |mRNA storage{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson P, Kedersha N | title = Stress granules: the Tao of RNA triage | journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 141–50 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18291657 | doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.12.003 }} [143] => |membraneless [144] => ([[mRNP]] complexes) [145] => |most eukaryotes [146] => |- [147] => |[[TIGER domain]] [148] => |mRNA encoding proteins [149] => |membraneless [150] => |most organisms [151] => |- [152] => |[[vesicle (biology)|vesicle]]||material transport||single-membrane compartment||all eukaryotes [153] => |} [154] => [155] => Other related structures: [156] => * [[cytosol]] [157] => * [[endomembrane system]] [158] => * [[nucleosome]] [159] => * [[microtubule]] [160] => [161] => == Prokaryotic organelles == [162] => [163] => [[File:Carboxysomes EM.jpg|right|thumb|350px|(A) Electron micrograph of ''[[Halothiobacillus|Halothiobacillus neapolitanus]]'' cells, arrows highlight [[carboxysome]]s. (B) Image of intact carboxysomes isolated from ''H. neapolitanus''. Scale bars are 100 nm.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsai Y, Sawaya MR, Cannon GC, Cai F, Williams EB, Heinhorst S, Kerfeld CA, Yeates TO | title = Structural analysis of CsoS1A and the protein shell of the Halothiobacillus neapolitanus carboxysome | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = e144 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17518518 | pmc = 1872035 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050144 | doi-access = free }}]] [164] => [[File:Brocadia anammoxidans.jpg|thumb|300px|Structure of [[Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans|''Candidatus'' Brocadia anammoxidans]], showing an [[anammoxosome]] and intracytoplasmic membrane]] [165] => [166] => [[Prokaryote]]s are not as structurally complex as eukaryotes, and were once thought to have little internal organization, and lack [[cellular compartment]]s and internal [[Biological membrane|membranes]]; but slowly, details are emerging about prokaryotic internal structures that overturn these assumptions. An early false turn was the idea developed in the 1970s that bacteria might contain [[cell membrane]] folds termed [[mesosome]]s, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for [[electron microscopy]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Ryter A | title = Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy | journal = Annales de l'Institut Pasteur. Microbiology | volume = 139 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–44 | date = January–February 1988 | pmid = 3289587 | doi = 10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6 }} [167] => [168] => However, there is increasing evidence of compartmentalization in at least some prokaryotes.{{Cite journal |last1=Murat |first1=Dorothee |last2=Byrne |first2=Meghan |last3=Komeili |first3=Arash |date=2010-10-01 |title=Cell Biology of Prokaryotic Organelles |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=a000422 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000422 |pmc=2944366 |pmid=20739411}} Recent research has revealed that at least some prokaryotes have [[Bacterial microcompartment|microcompartments]], such as [[carboxysome]]s. These subcellular compartments are 100–200 nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins. Even more striking is the description of membrane-bounded [[magnetosome]]s in bacteria, reported in 2006.{{cite journal | vauthors = Komeili A, Li Z, Newman DK, Jensen GJ | title = Magnetosomes are cell membrane invaginations organized by the actin-like protein MamK | journal = Science | volume = 311 | issue = 5758 | pages = 242–5 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16373532 | doi = 10.1126/science.1123231 | bibcode = 2006Sci...311..242K | s2cid = 36909813 | url = https://authors.library.caltech.edu/24658/2/KOMs06supp.pdf }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Scheffel A, Gruska M, Faivre D, Linaroudis A, Plitzko JM, Schüler D | title = An acidic protein aligns magnetosomes along a filamentous structure in magnetotactic bacteria | journal = Nature | volume = 440 | issue = 7080 | pages = 110–4 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16299495 | doi = 10.1038/nature04382 | bibcode = 2006Natur.440..110S | s2cid = 4372846 }} [169] => [170] => The bacterial phylum [[Planctomycetota]] has revealed a number of compartmentalization features. The Planctomycetota cell plan includes intracytoplasmic membranes that separates the cytoplasm into paryphoplasm (an outer ribosome-free space) and pirellulosome (or riboplasm, an inner ribosome-containing space).{{Cite journal [171] => | pmid = 11491082 [172] => | year = 2001 [173] => | last1 = Lindsay [174] => | first1 = M. R. [175] => | title = Cell compartmentalisation in planctomycetes: Novel types of structural organisation for the bacterial cell [176] => | journal = Archives of Microbiology [177] => | volume = 175 [178] => | issue = 6 [179] => | pages = 413–29 [180] => | last2 = Webb [181] => | first2 = R. I. [182] => | last3 = Strous [183] => | first3 = M [184] => | last4 = Jetten [185] => | first4 = M. S. [186] => | last5 = Butler [187] => | first5 = M. K. [188] => | last6 = Forde [189] => | first6 = R. J. [190] => | last7 = Fuerst [191] => | first7 = J. A. [192] => | doi=10.1007/s002030100280 [193] => | s2cid = 21970703 [194] => }} Membrane-bounded [[anammoxosome]]s have been discovered in five Planctomycetota "anammox" genera, which perform [[Anammox|anaerobic ammonium oxidation]].{{Cite journal |last1=Jetten |first1=Mike S. M. |last2=Niftrik |first2=Laura van |last3=Strous |first3=Marc |last4=Kartal |first4=Boran |last5=Keltjens |first5=Jan T. |last6=Op den Camp |first6=Huub J. M. |date=2009-06-01 |title=Biochemistry and molecular biology of anammox bacteria |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19247843/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=44 |issue=2–3 |pages=65–84 |doi=10.1080/10409230902722783 |pmid=19247843|s2cid=205694872 |hdl=2066/75127 |hdl-access=free }} In the Planctomycetota species ''[[Gemmata obscuriglobus]]'', a nucleus-like structure surrounded by lipid membranes has been reported.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuerst JA | title = Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes | journal = Annual Review of Microbiology | volume = 59 | pages = 299–328 | date = October 13, 2005 | pmid = 15910279 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121258 }} [195] => [196] => Compartmentalization is a feature of prokaryotic [[photosynthetic]] structures. [[Purple bacteria]] have [[Chromatophore (bacteria)|"chromatophores"]], which are reaction centers found in [[invagination]]s of the cell membrane. [[Green sulfur bacteria]] have [[chlorosome]]s, which are photosynthetic [[antenna complex]]es found bonded to cell membranes. [[Cyanobacteria]] have internal [[thylakoid]] membranes for [[light-dependent reactions|light-dependent photosynthesis]]; studies have revealed that the cell membrane and the thylakoid membranes are not continuous with each other. [197] => [198] => {{clear}} [199] => {| class="wikitable" align="center" [200] => |+'''''Prokaryotic organelles and cell components''''' [201] => !style="width: 15%" | Organelle/macromolecule [202] => !style="width: 30%" | Main function [203] => !style="width: 30%" | Structure [204] => !style="width: 25%" | Organisms [205] => |- [206] => |[[anammoxosome]]||[[anaerobic ammonium oxidation]]||[[ladderane]] lipid membrane||"''[[Candidatus]]''" bacteria within [[Planctomycetota]] [207] => |- [208] => |[[carboxysome]]||[[carbon fixation]]||protein-shell [[bacterial microcompartment]]||some bacteria [209] => |- [210] => |[[chlorosome]]||[[photosynthesis]]||light harvesting complex attached to cell membrane||[[green sulfur bacteria]] [211] => |- [212] => |[[flagellum]]||movement in external medium||protein filament||some prokaryotes [213] => |- [214] => |[[magnetosome]]||magnetic orientation||inorganic crystal, lipid membrane||[[magnetotactic bacteria]] [215] => |- [216] => |[[nucleoid]]||DNA maintenance, [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]] to RNA||DNA-protein||prokaryotes [217] => |- [218] => |[[pilus]]||Adhesion to other cells for conjugation or to a solid substrate to create motile forces.||a hair-like appendage sticking out (though partially embedded into) the plasma membrane||prokaryotic cells [219] => |- [220] => |[[plasmid]]||DNA exchange||circular DNA||some bacteria [221] => |- [222] => |[[ribosome]] (70S)||[[translation (genetics)|translation]] of RNA into proteins||RNA-protein||bacteria and archaea [223] => |- [224] => |[[thylakoid]] membranes||[[photosynthesis]]||photosystem proteins and pigments||mostly [[cyanobacteria]] [225] => |- [226] => |} [227] => [228] => == See also == [229] => * [[CoRR hypothesis]] [230] => * [[Ejectosome]] [231] => * [[Endosymbiotic theory]] [232] => * [[Organelle biogenesis]] [233] => * [[Membrane vesicle trafficking]] [234] => * [[Host–pathogen interaction]] [235] => * [[Vesiculo-vacuolar organelle]] [236] => [237] => == References == [238] => {{reflist|30em}} [239] => [240] => == External links == [241] => {{Library resources box [242] => |by=no [243] => |onlinebooks=no [244] => |others=no [245] => |about=yes [246] => |label=Organelle}} [247] => * {{Commons category-inline|Organelles}} [248] => * [http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3 Tree of Life project: Eukaryotes] [249] => * [https://www.science.co.il/biomedical/databases/Organelle-databases.php Organelle Databases] [250] => [251] => {{Cellular structures}} [252] => {{Biological organisation}} [253] => [254] => {{Authority control}} [255] => [256] => [[Category:Organelles| ]] [257] => [[Category:Cell anatomy]] [] => )
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Organelle

An organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function. These structures are found in eukaryotic cells, which include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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These structures are found in eukaryotic cells, which include plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Organelles are surrounded by a membrane and perform a variety of tasks to ensure the cell's proper functioning. Some of the important organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and chloroplasts. Each organelle has a unique structure and function, such as DNA storage and replication in the nucleus, energy production in mitochondria, protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, and waste disposal in lysosomes. These organelles work together to maintain the cell's structure, metabolism, and biochemical processes. In addition to their individual functions, organelles also interact with each other and communicate through various mechanisms to coordinate cellular activities. The study of organelles and their functions is crucial to understanding cell biology and many diseases related to their dysfunction.

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Chloroplast

A chloroplast is a specialized organelle found in plant cells and some algae.

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Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments found in the cells of all organisms.

DNA

DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

Eukaryote

Eukaryotes are complex organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Genome

The Wikipedia page for "Genome" provides a comprehensive overview of what a genome is, its structure, function, and significance.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon compound.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in their external surroundings.

Macromolecule

A macromolecule is a large molecule typically composed of smaller subunits called monomers.

Microscopy

Microscopy is a scientific technique that allows researchers to observe and study objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Microtubule

A microtubule is a microscopic tubular structure found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondrion

The Wikipedia page on "Mitochondrion" provides an in-depth overview of the organelle found in eukaryotic cells known as the mitochondrion.

Organism

An organism is a living entity that exhibits all the characteristics of life.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.

Prokaryote

A prokaryote is a type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Protein

Proteins are macromolecules found in all living organisms.

Ribosome

The Wikipedia page on Ribosome provides an in-depth description of this essential cellular component responsible for protein synthesis.