Array ( [0] => {{short description|Practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface}} [1] => {{pp-move}} [2] => {{hatgrp| [3] => {{about|artistic painting}} [4] => {{redirect|Painter}} [5] => }} [6] => {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} [7] => [8] => [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.]] [9] => [[File:Rhinos Chauvet Cave.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|An artistic depiction of a group of [[rhino]]s was painted in the [[Chauvet Cave]] 30,000 to 32,000 years ago.]] [10] => [11] => '''Painting''' is a [[Visual arts|visual art]], which is characterized by the practice of applying [[paint]], [[pigment]], [[color]] or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix"{{Cite web |title=What Is Printmaking? |url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}} or "[[Support (art)|support]]").{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }} The medium is commonly applied to the base with a [[brush]], but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and [[airbrush]]es, may be used. [12] => [13] => In [[art]], the term "painting" describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called "a painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, [[lacquer]], pottery, [[leaf]], copper and [[concrete]], and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, [[clay]], paper, [[plaster]], [[gold leaf]], and even whole objects. [14] => [15] => Painting is an important form of [[visual arts|visual art]], bringing in elements such as [[drawing]], [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]], [[gestural painting|gesture]], [[narrative art|narration]], and [[abstract art|abstraction]].{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=Lincoln|title=The Music of Painting|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 2014|volume=83|issue=3|page=85}} Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in [[still life]] and [[landscape art|landscape painting]]), [[Photorealism|photographic]], abstract, narrative, [[symbol]]istic (as in [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist art]]), [[emotion|emotive]] (as in [[Expressionism]]) or [[Politics|political]] in nature (as in [[Artivism]]). [16] => [17] => A portion of the [[history of painting]] in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by [[religious art]]. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting [[Mythology|mythological]] figures on [[pottery]], to [[Bible|Biblical]] scenes on the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]], to scenes from the life of [[Chinese painting|Buddha]] (or other images of [[Eastern art history|Eastern religious origin]]). [18] => [19] => ==History== [20] => {{Main|History of painting}} [21] => [22] => [[File:Lascaux 04.jpg|thumb|[[prehistoric art|Prehistoric]] cave painting of [[aurochs]] ({{lang-fr|Bos primigenius primigenius}}), [[Lascaux]], France]] [23] => [[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] cave in [[Indonesia]]. It was painted 40,000–52,000 years ago or earlier.]] [24] => [25] => The oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old, found in both the [[Franco-Cantabrian region]] in western Europe, and in the [[caves in the district of Maros]] ([[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]). In November 2018, however, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the [[Indonesian island]] of [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]).{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }} In December 2019, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the [[caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] in [[Sulawesi]] were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world".{{Cite journal|last=Aubert|first=M.|display-authors=et al.|date=11 December 2019|title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art.|journal=Nature|volume=576|issue=7787|pages=442–445|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y|pmid=31827284|bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A|s2cid=209311825}}{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans – The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |date=11 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=12 December 2019 }} More recently, in 2021, cave art of a pig found in an Indonesian island, and dated to over 45,500 years, has been reported.{{Cite journal|author1-link=Adam Brumm|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=1 January 2021|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B|doi-access=free}}{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say – The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old...|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |date=13 January 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621015500/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/science/cave-painting-indonesia.html |url-status=live }} However, the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in [[Arnhem Land]], in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites, there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a [[Gwion Gwion rock paintings|limestone rock-shelter]] in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of North-Western Australia, that is dated to 40,000 years old.{{cite web |url=http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/art/rockage.php |title=How Old is Australia's Rock Art? |publisher=Aboriginalartonline.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504175713/http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/art/rockage.php |url-status=dead }} There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]], [[China]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|India]], [[Australia]], [[Mexico]],{{Cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|title = Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México|work = BBC News Brasil|language = pt|date = 23 May 2013|access-date = 2 March 2015|archive-date = 12 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412001151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an|url-status = live}} etc. In Western cultures, [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, [[ink]] and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. [26] => [27] => The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first [[photograph]] was produced in 1829, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Dada]]ism—challenged the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of [[stylization]] and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} [28] => [29] => [[Modern art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic [[temperament]]s—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. [30] => [31] => [[Feminist art movement|The Feminist art movement]]{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact |url=https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement#:~:text=The%20Feminist%20Art%20movement%20emerged,gender%20stereotypes%20in%20the%20arts. |url-status=live |website=Rise Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170755/https://www.riseart.com/guide/2418/guide-to-the-feminist-art-movement|archive-date=Apr 26, 2023}} began in the 1960s during the second wave of feminism. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. [32] => [33] => ==Elements of painting== [34] => [[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), ''Leaf album painting'' ([[Ming dynasty]])]] [35] => [[File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|thumb|[[Georges Seurat]], ''[[Parade de cirque|Circus Sideshow]] ({{Lang-fr|Parade de cirque}})'' (1887–88)|alt=Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist.]] [36] => [37] => ===Color and tone=== [38] => [[Color]], made up of [[hue]], [[Saturation color|saturation]], and [[Value (color)|value]], dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[rhythm]] are the essence of [[music]]. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]],[https://archive.org/details/goethestheoryco01goetgoog Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours], John Murray, London 1840 [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]],Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, [http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf |date=10 February 2016 }}. and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf |date=20 October 2015 }} have written their own [[color theory]]. [39] => [40] => Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the [[visible spectrum]] of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[F (musical note)|F]] or [[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]]. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). [41] => [42] => Painters deal practically with [[pigments]],[http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ Pigments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/ |date=6 January 2016 }} at ColourLex so "[[blue]]" for a painter can be any of the blues: [[phthalocyanine blue]], [[Prussian blue]], [[indigo]], [[Cobalt blue]], [[ultramarine]], and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]], and "coloration" is to painting as the specific [[Tone color|timbre]] of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. [43] => [44] => ===Non-traditional elements=== [45] => Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, [[collage]], which began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[Leaf painting|leaves]] or [[wood]] for their texture. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] and [[Anselm Kiefer]]. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Corel Painter]], and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. [46] => [47] => ===Rhythm=== [48] => [[File:Jean Metzinger, 1906, La dance (Bacchante), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm DSC05359...jpg|thumb|[[Jean Metzinger]], ''[[La danse, Bacchante|La danse (Bacchante)]]'' ({{circa|1906}}), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]]] [49] => [[Jean Metzinger]]'s mosaic-like [[Divisionist]] technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between [[Symbolist]] writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: [50] => [51] =>
I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, {{Circa|1907}})Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907
[52] => [53] => [[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1921 - Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir.jpg|thumb|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir'' (1921), [[Gemeentemuseum Den Haag]]]] [54] => [[Rhythm]], for artists such as [[Piet Mondrian]],[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9402411984 Eiichi Tosaki, ''Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225073637/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:9402411984 |date=25 February 2022 }}, Vol. 23 of Sophia ''Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures'', Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, {{ISBN|9402411984}}Piet Mondrian, ''Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater'', 1922 is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "[[techne]]", directly contributes to the aesthetic value. [55] => [56] => Music was important to the birth of [[abstract art]] since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",{{Cite web|url=http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|title=Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes|website=www.wassilykandinsky.net|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php|url-status=live}} and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten ''Compositions''. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle [[C (musical note)|C]] on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello., François Le Targat, ''Kandinsky'', Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, {{ISBN|0847808106}}Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, ''Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation'', 1991 Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.{{Cite book|title=Bauhaus|last=Fiedler|first=Jeannine|publisher=h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH|year=2013|isbn=978-3848002757|location=Germany|pages=262}} [57] => [58] => Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. [[Jackson Pollock]] underscores that interest with his 1950 painting ''[[Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)]]''.{{Cite web |url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |title=Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/ |url-status=live }} [59] => [60] => ==Aesthetics and theory== [61] => {{Main|Theory of painting}} [62] => [63] => [[File:Pompeii Painter.jpg|thumb|left|Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of [[Dionysus]] or [[Priapus]] onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from [[Pompeii]], 1st century]] [64] => [65] => [[Aesthetics]] is the study of [[art]] and [[beauty]]; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]. Classical philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the [[truth]]—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a [[craft]], similar to shoemaking or iron casting.{{cite web|title=Plato's Aesthetics|url=http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|website=www.rowan.edu|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm|archive-date=1 October 2017|url-status=dead}} By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]], on the contrary, said that "{{Lang-it|La Pittura è cosa mentale}}" ("{{Lang-eng|painting is a thing of the mind}}").Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). ''Modern criticism''. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. {{ISBN|812690187X}} Kant distinguished between [[Beauty]] and the [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]], in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|J.M.W. Turner]] and [[Caspar David Friedrich]]. [66] => [67] => [[File:Formella 18, apelle o la pittura, nino pisano, 1334-1336 dettaglio 01.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nino Pisano]], ''Apelles or the Art of painting'' in detail (1334–1336); relief of the [[Giotto's Bell Tower]] in [[Florence]], Italy|alt=A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body.]] [68] => Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with [[Poetry]] and [[Music]], for its [[symbol]]ic, highly intellectual purpose.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|title=Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal|page=278|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415187091|year=1998|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276|url-status=live}}{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |volume= 13 |first=William|last=Wallace|author-link=William Wallace | pages = 200–207; see page 207 |quote=Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit}} Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] and [[Paul Klee]].Franciscono, Marcel, ''Paul Klee: His Work and Thought'', part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365Barasch, Moshe (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C |date=1 April 2016 }}'', part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33 In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches [[primary colors]] to essential feelings or concepts, something that [[Goethe]] and other writers had already tried to do. [69] => [70] => [[Iconography]] is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. [[Erwin Panofsky]] and other [[art historian]]s first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience|journal=Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies|date=October 2014|volume=37|issue=4|pages=541–252}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}} [71] => [72] => In 1890, the Parisian painter [[Maurice Denis]] famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html Encyclopedia Encarta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html |date=4 July 2008 }} Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as [[Cubism]], were reflections on the ''means'' of painting rather than on the external world—[[nature]]—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book ''What is Painting?'', Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |title=Review by art historian David Cohen |publisher=Artnet.com |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp |url-status=live }} In ''Mirror of The World,'' Bell writes: [73] =>
A ''work'' of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a ''history'' of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.{{cite book |title=Mirror of the World: A New History of Art |first=Julian |last=Bell |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=496 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0500238370}}
[74] => [75] => ==Painting media== [76] => Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as [[viscosity]], [[miscibility]], [[solubility]], drying time, etc. [77] => [78] => ===Hot wax or encaustic=== [79] => [[File:Petersinai.jpg|thumb|Encaustic icon from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]] (6th-century)]] [80] => [[Encaustic painting]], also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated [[beeswax]] to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though [[canvas]] and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of [[wax]]es, [[damar resin]], [[linseed oil]], or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or [[collage]]d into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. [81] => [82] => The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] tradition. [83] => [84] => === Watercolor === [85] => [[File:John Martin - Manfred on the Jungfrau (1837).jpg|thumb|left|[[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], ''[[Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)|Manfred on the Jungfrau]]'' (1837), watercolor]] [86] => [[Watercolor]] is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include [[papyrus]], bark papers, plastics, [[vellum]] or [[leather]], [[textile|fabric]], wood and [[canvas]]. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as [[brush painting]] or scroll painting. In [[Chinese painting|Chinese]], [[Korean painting|Korean]], and [[Japanese painting]] it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, [[Ethiopia]] and other countries also have long traditions. [[Finger-painting]] with watercolor paints originated in [[China]]. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and [[Pencil|watercolor pencils]]. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. [87] => [88] => ===Gouache=== [89] => [[File:Rudolf Reschreiter Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen 1921.jpg|thumb|left|Rudolf Reschreiter, ''Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen'', Gouache (1921)]] [90] => [91] => [[Gouache]] is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as [[chalk]] is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.Cohn, Marjorie B., ''Wash and Gouache'', Fogg Museum, 1977. [92] => Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,{{cite web |title=Gouache {{!}} Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en}} Painters such as Francois Boucher used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. [93] => [94] => Ceramic Glaze [95] => Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.Grey Fox Pottery. “The History of Ceramic Glaze.” Grey Fox Pottery, 4 Aug. 2023, greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze#:~:text=Glaze%20is%20very%20technically%20a,temperature%20of%20a%20kiln%20firing. “Ceramic glaze.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024. [96] => ===Ink=== [97] => [98] => [[File:Landscapes of the Four Seasons.jpg|thumb|[[Sesshū Tōyō]], ''Landscapes of the Four Seasons'' (1486), ink and light color on paper ]] [99] => Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or [[dye]]s and is used to color a surface to produce an image, [[writing|text]], or [[design]]. Ink is used for drawing with a [[pen]], [[brush]], or [[quill]]. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of [[solvent]]s, pigments, dyes, [[resin]]s, [[lubricant]]s, solubilizers, [[surfactant]]s, [[suspended solids|particulate matter]], [[fluorescent|fluorescers]], and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. [100] => [101] => ===Enamel=== [102] => [[File:Waddesdon bequest British Museum DSCF9814 05.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Jean de Court]] (attributed), painted [[Limoges enamel]] dish in detail (mid-16th century), [[Waddesdon Bequest]], [[British Museum]]]] [103] => [[Vitreous enamel|Enamels]] are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,Mayer, Ralph,''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375. but have also been used for other purposes. [[Limoges enamel]] was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as [[Salt cellar|salts]] or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for [[portrait miniature]]s.McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", ''Oxford Art Online'' In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.Mayer, Ralph, ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371. [104] => [105] => ===Tempera=== [106] => [[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sandro Botticelli]], ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'', Tempera (1485–1486)]] [107] => [108] => [[Tempera]], also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble [[Binder (material)|binder]] medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other [[Sizing|size]]). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of [[oil painting]]. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as [[poster paint]]. [109] => [110] => ===Fresco=== [111] => [[File:Meister von Mileseva 001.jpg|thumb|left|''[[White Angel]]'' (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia]] [112] => [[Fresco]] is any of several related [[mural]] painting types, done on [[plaster]] on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''affresco'' {{IPA|[afˈfresːko]}}, which derives from the Latin word for ''fresh''. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. [113] => ''[[Buon fresco]]'' technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime mortar]] or [[plaster]], for which the Italian word for plaster, [[intonaco]], is used. ''[[A secco]]'' painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (''secco'' is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as [[egg (food)|egg]] ([[tempera]]), glue or [[oil painting|oil]] to attach the pigment to the wall. [114] => [115] => ===Oil=== [116] => [[File:Honoré Daumier 008.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''The Painter'' (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes]] [117] => [[Oil painting]] is the process of painting with [[pigments]] that are bound with a medium of [[drying oil]], such as [[linseed oil]], which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even [[frankincense]]; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with [[Early Netherlandish painting]] in northern Europe, and by the height of the [[Renaissance]] oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced [[tempera]] paints in the majority of Europe. [118] => [119] => ===Pastel=== [120] => [[File:Louis15-1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], ''Portrait of Louis XV of France'' (1748), pastel]] [121] => [[Pastel]] is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.Mayer, Ralph (1970), ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'', 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including [[oil paint]]s; the binder is of a neutral hue and low [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]]. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.Mayer, Ralph (1971). ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques''. Viking Adult; 5th ed. {{ISBN|0670837016}} Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a [[fixative (drawing)|fixative]]. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. [122] => [123] => ===Acrylic=== [124] => [[File:Jungle Arc.jpg|thumb|[[Ray Burggraf]], ''Jungle Arc'' (1998), acrylic paint on wood]] [[Acrylic paint]] is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] polymer [[emulsion]]. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a [[watercolor painting|watercolor]] or an [[oil painting]], or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-08-22 |title=Watercolor vs. Acrylic - The Difference Between Watercolor and Acrylic |url=https://artincontext.org/watercolor-vs-acrylic/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}} Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.{{Cite web |title=Understanding drying times for acrylic paints |url=https://www.winsornewton.com/row/education/guides/understanding-the-drying-times-for-acrylic-paints/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Winsor & Newton - ROW |language=en-GB}} Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.Watercolor vs Acrylic [https://www.rayeoflightstudio.com/watercolor-vs-acrylic/] accessed August 21, 2020{{cite book |author=Appellof, M.E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2HeUJFqfzsC |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Watercolor |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-823-05649-1 |pages=399–}}Why WaterColor [https://www.theartistsroad.net/articles/whywatercolor] accessed August 21, 2020 [125] => [126] => Between 1946 and 1949, [[Leonard Bocour]] and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand [[Magna paint]]. These were [[Mineral spirits|mineral spirit]]-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as [[latex]] house paints.{{cite web |last=Sickler |first=Dean |date=Spring 2002 |title=Water-based Alchemy by Dean Sickler |url=http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829153753/http://dundean.com/tips_what_is_latex_paint.shtml |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |website=Dundean.com}} In 1963, George Rowney (part of [[Daler-Rowney]] since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".{{cite web |date=2012-02-15 |title=Art Materials |url=http://www.daler-rowney.com/ |access-date=2013-02-05 |publisher=Daler Rowney}} Acrylics are the most common paints used in [[grattage]], a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.Grattage [http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065444/http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Grattage|date=2010-09-04}} Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010 [127] => [128] => ===Spray paint=== [129] => [[Aerosol paint]] (also called spray paint){{cite book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aerosol-dispenser |title=Aerosol Dispenser |date=2018}} is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a [[valve]] button. A form of [[spray painting]], [[aerosol]] paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol [[Primer (paint)|primer]] can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. [130] => [131] => Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common [[graffiti]] medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A [[stencil]] protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut [[logo]]s or hand-cut by artists. [132] => [133] => ===Water miscible oil paint=== [134] => [[Water miscible oil paint]]s (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of [[oil paint]] engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,{{Cite web |title=RX Series Alkyd Emulsifiers |url=https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=Ethox |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426140405/https://ethox.com/rx-series-alkyd-emulsifiers/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite book |author=Sean Dye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPa8JyQkmgMC |title=Painting with Water-Soluble Oils |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=North Light Books |isbn=1-58180-033-9 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} rather than having to use chemicals such as [[turpentine]]. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an [[oil]] medium in which one end of the [[molecule]] has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]. [135] => [136] => ===Sand=== [137] => {{Main|Sandpainting}} [138] => Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. [139] => [140] => === Digital painting === [141] => {{Main|Digital painting}} [142] => Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as [[acrylic paint]], [[Oil paint|oils]], [[ink]], [[watercolor]], etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of [[software]] driving [[industrial robot]]ic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a [[computer graphics]] software program that uses a [[virtuality|virtual]] canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a [[digital art]]work a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.{{Cite news|url=http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting/|title=What is digital painting?|date=1 November 2008|work=Turning Point Arts|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040853/http://www.turningpointarts.com/what-is-digital-painting|url-status=live}} [143] => [144] => Other- Unruly Painting Methods. [145] => Painting is not confined to one method over another. Artists such as Andy Warhol Explored the limits of painting. Oxidization {{cite web | url=https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-oxidation-in-chemistry-605456 | title=Understand What Oxidation Means in Chemistry }} was utilized by Andy Warhol as he painted canvases sprawled on the ground. He then had his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wetWarhol, Andy. “Oxidation Paintings.” The Andy Warhol Museum, www.warhol.org/conservation/oxidation-paintings/. Accessed 18 Mar. 2024. Paint to witness the visible changes that would occur. [146] => [147] => Menstrual Painting [148] => Other interesting painting mediums have helped women and menstruating individuals gain freedom and liberty over their bodies. Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images across the world for centuries Green-Cole, Ruth. “Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art.” The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies [Internet]., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 July 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565646/. Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods. [149] => [150] => ==Painting styles== [151] => {{Main|Style (visual arts)}} [152] => ''Style'' is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an ''individual'' artist's work. It can also refer to the [[Art movement|movement]] or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: [153] => [154] => [155] => ===Western=== [156] => [157] => ====Modernism==== [158] => [[Modernism]] describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated [[cultural movement]]s, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to [[Western culture|Western society]] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of [[Realism (arts)|realism]].[[John Barth|Barth, John]] (1979) ''[[The Literature of Replenishment]]'', later republished in ''[[The Friday Book]]'' (1984).[[Gerald Graff|Graff, Gerald]] (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', [[TriQuarterly]], No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (San Diego: [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]], 1991). {{ISBN|0155037706}}. p. 953. [159] => [160] => ====Impressionism==== [161] => [[File:Monet - Impression, Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]]'s 1872 ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' inspired the name of [[Impressionism|the movement]]]] [162] => The first example of modernism in painting was [[impressionism]], a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (''[[en plein air]]''). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored [[Paris Salon]], the [[Impressionists]] organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the [[Salon des Refusés]], created by [[Napoleon III of France|Emperor Napoleon III]] to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. [163] => [164] => ====Abstract styles==== [165] => [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]] uses a [[visual language]] of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.[[Rudolph Arnheim|Arnheim, Rudolph]], 1969, ''Visual Thinking''{{cite journal|last1=Key|first1=Joan|title=Future Use: Abstract Painting|journal=Third Text|date=September 2009|volume=23|issue=5|pages=557–63|doi=10.1080/09528820903184666|s2cid=144061791}} [[Abstract expressionism]] was an American post-[[World War II]] [[art movement]] that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German [[expressionism|Expressionists]] with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]], [[Bauhaus]] and [[Cubism]], and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge [166] => [167] => [[Action painting]], sometimes called ''gestural abstraction'', is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.{{cite web [168] => | url = http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm [169] => | title = ''Art Glossary: Action Painting'' [170] => | access-date = 20 August 2006 [171] => | last = Boddy-Evans [172] => | first = Marion [173] => | publisher = About.com [174] => | archive-date = 12 March 2007 [175] => | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm [176] => | url-status = live [177] => }} The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with [[abstract expressionism]] (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). [178] => [179] => Other modernist styles include: [180] => * [[Color Field]] [181] => * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] [182] => * [[Hard-edge painting]] [183] => * [[Pop art]] [184] => [185] => ====Outsider art==== [186] => The term [[outsider art]] was coined by [[art critic]] Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut ({{IPA-fr|aʁ bʁyt|lang}}, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by [[France|French]] [[artist]] [[Jean Dubuffet]] to describe [[art]] created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by [[Psychiatric hospital|insane-asylum]] inmates.Cardinal, Roger, ''Outsider Art'', London, 1972 Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world," regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. [187] => [188] => ====Photorealism==== [189] => [[Photorealism]] is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a [[photograph]]. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States [[art movement]] that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from [[Pop Art]]Lindey, Christine ''Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,'' William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, ''The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.[[Nochlin, Linda]], The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, ''Art in America''. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98. and as a counter to [[Abstract Expressionism]]. [190] => [191] => [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution [[photograph]]. [[Hyperrealism (painting)|Hyperrealism]] is a fully-fledged school of [[art]] and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1 [192] => [193] => ====Surrealism==== [194] => [[Surrealism]] is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the [[Surrealist Movement]]. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and [[Non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]]; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader [[André Breton]] was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. [195] => [196] => Surrealism developed out of the [[Dada]] activities of [[World War I]] and the most important center of the movement was [[Paris]]. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the [[visual art]]s, [[literature]], [[film]] and [[music]] of many countries, as well as [[politics|political]] thought and practice, [[philosophy]] and [[social theory]]. [197] => [198] => {{See also|Outline of painting#Styles of painting}} [199] => [200] => ===East Asian=== [201] => * [[File:Immortal in Splashed Ink.jpg|thumb|[[Liang Kai]]'', Drunken Celestial'' (12th century), ink on [[Xuan paper]]]] [[File:MET DP153920.jpg|thumb|[[Yun Bing]], ''Album Leaf'' (17th century), ink and color on paper]]'''[[Chinese painting|Chinese]]''' [202] => ** [[Tang Dynasty painting|Tang Dynasty]] [203] => ** [[Ming Dynasty painting|Ming Dynasty]] [204] => ** [[Shan shui]] [205] => ** [[Ink and wash painting]] [206] => ** [[Bird-and-flower painting|Hua niao]] [207] => ** [[Southern School]] [208] => *** [[Zhe school (painting)|Zhe School]] [209] => *** [[Wu School]] [210] => ** [[History of Chinese art#Contemporary Art|Contemporary]] [211] => * '''[[Japanese painting|Japanese]]''' [212] => ** [[Yamato-e]] [213] => ** [[Rimpa school]] [214] => ** [[Emakimono]] [215] => ** [[Kanō school]] [216] => ** [[Shijō school]] [217] => ** [[Superflat]] [218] => * '''[[Korean painting|Korean]]''' [219] => [220] => ===Southeast Asia=== [221] => * '''[[Indonesian painting|Indonesian]]''' [222] => [223] => ===Islamic=== [224] => * [[Arabic miniature]] [225] => * [[Ottoman miniature]] [226] => * [[Persian miniature]] [227] => * [[Calligraphy]] [228] => [229] => ===Indian=== [230] => [231] => ==== Miniature painting ==== [232] => Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. [233] => [234] => '''[[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature]] painting''' is a particular style of [[South Asia]]n, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums ([[muraqqa]]). It emerged{{Cite web |title=Mughal Painting – Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102715/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}} from [[Persian miniature]] painting (itself partly of [[Chinese painting|Chinese origin]]) and developed in the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Mughal Painting |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102703/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2016/08/22/mughal-painting-2/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Self Study History |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110065723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website= BBC |date=2009 |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=Mughal painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}} [235] => [236] => '''[[Rajasthani painting]]''' evolved and flourished in the royal courts of [[Rajputana]]{{Cite web |title=Rājput painting {{!}} Indian art |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}} in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the [[Mughal miniature]] were dispersed from the [[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Krishna and Radha'', might be the work of [[Nihâl Chand]], master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting ]]imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or [[Hindu mythology]], as well as some [[Genre painting|genre scenes]] of landscapes, and humans.{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings in India {{!}} Different Rajput Schools of Art |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/rajput-painting-for-upsc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/rajput-painting-for-upsc/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=BYJUS |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/rajput.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net}}{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Rajput painting |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Jagran Josh}} [237] => [238] => '''Punjab Hills or [[Pahari painting]]''' of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], named after [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], a former [[princely state]], which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of [[Basohli Painting|Basohli school of painting]] in mid-18th century.{{Cite web |title=Kāngra painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}{{Cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |title=Footprint India |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=978-1904777007 |page=512 |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=live}} The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}} The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of [[Jayadeva]] and [[Keshavdas|Keshav Das]] who wrote ecstatically of the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] with [[Bhakti]] being the driving force.{{Cite web |title=Kangra Paintings {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://hpkangra.nic.in/gallery/kangra-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |date=1 November 2020 |title=How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting/533500/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}[[File:Khan Bahadur Khan with men of his clan (6125079998) cropped.jpg|left|thumb|Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style]]'''Company style''' is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.{{Cite web |title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org}} Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.{{Cite web |title=Company Paintings – Capturing an Era |url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Live History India |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=16 November 2012 |title=Indian company paintings |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en-GB}} [239] => [240] => The '''Sikh style''' and [[Deccan painting|'''Deccan style''']] are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. [241] => [242] => ==== Pichwai painting ==== [243] => [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting |url=https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}} These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the [[Shrinathji#Festivals and rituals at the temple|calendar of festivals celebrating the deity]].Blurton, 142-143 [244] => [245] => ==== Folk and tribal art ==== [246] => Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting, based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].{{Cite web|title=Parampara Project {{!}} Pata Chitra|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.paramparaproject.org|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040030/https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}} The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]] in Odisha.{{Cite web|title=Daricha Foundation|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|access-date=22 November 2021|website=www.daricha.org|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}} The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.{{Cite web|date=2 August 2015|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity|url=https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|date=15 June 2016|title=Orissa Pattachitra –|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|access-date=22 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=says|first=Conrad Comrie|date=26 April 2017|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Media India Group|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}} [247] => [248] => Madhubani Art is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.{{Cite web |title=Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}} [249] => [250] => [[Warli painting|Warli]] is another folk tribal art form from India. [251] => [252] => ==== Bengal School ==== [253] => The Bengal School{{Cite web|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp|url-status=live}} was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century.{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism |url=https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=en-US}} The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the [[Ink wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].{{Cite web|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artsy|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artsy.net/gene/bengal-school-of-art|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape|url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Bengal School of Art|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Jagran Josh|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1|url-status=live}} [254] => [255] => ==== Others ==== [256] => [[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess [[Saraswathi]] ]] [257] => [258] => * Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in and around the town of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]] encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]].{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings: Notes for UPSC Art and Culture|url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/mysore-paintings-for-upsc-exam/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=BYJUS|language=en-US|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/mysore-paintings-for-upsc-exam/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Mysore Paintings {{!}} Buy Mysore School Paintings {{!}} Shop Online at Artisera|url=https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Artisera|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings|url-status=live}} [259] => * [[Samikshavad]] [260] => * [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]] [261] => * [[Kerala mural painting]] [262] => [263] => ===African=== [264] => * [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] [265] => [266] => ===Contemporary art=== [267] => [268] => {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;" [269] => |- [270] => | style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"| [271] => [272] => ===1950s=== [273] => * [[Abstract Expressionism]] [274] => * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] [275] => * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] [276] => * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] [277] => * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] [278] => * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] [279] => | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| [280] => [281] => ===1960s=== [282] => * [[Abstract expressionism]] [283] => * [[American Figurative Expressionism]] [284] => * [[Abstract Imagists]] [285] => * [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]] [286] => * [[Color field]] [287] => * [[Computer art]] [288] => * [[Conceptual art]] [289] => * [[Fluxus]] [290] => * [[Happening]]s [291] => * [[Hard-edge painting]] [292] => * [[Lyrical Abstraction]] [293] => * [[Minimalism]] [294] => * [[Neo-figurative]] [295] => * [[Neo-Dada]] [296] => * [[New York School (art)|New York School]] [297] => * [[Nouveau Réalisme]] [298] => * [[Op Art]] [299] => * [[Performance art]] [300] => * [[Pop Art]] [301] => * [[Postminimalism]] [302] => * [[Washington Color School]] [303] => * [[Kinetic art]] [304] => | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| [305] => [306] => ===1970s=== [307] => * [[Arte Povera]] [308] => * [[Ascii Art]] [309] => * [[Bad Painting]] [310] => * [[Body art]] [311] => * [[Artist's book]] [312] => * [[Feminist art]] [313] => * [[Installation art]] [314] => * [[Land Art]] [315] => * [[Lowbrow (art movement)]] [316] => * [[Photorealism]] [317] => * [[Postminimalism]] [318] => * [[Process Art]] [319] => * [[Video art]] [320] => * [[Funk art]] [321] => * [[Pattern and Decoration]] [322] => | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| [323] => [324] => ===1980s=== [325] => * [[Appropriation art]] [326] => * [[Culture jamming]] [327] => * [[Demoscene]] [328] => * [[Electronic art]] [329] => * [[Figuration Libre]] [330] => * [[Graffiti Art]] [331] => * [[Live Art (art form)|Live art]] [332] => * [[Mail art]] [333] => * [[Postmodern art]] [334] => * [[Neo-conceptual art]] [335] => * [[Neo-expressionism]] [336] => * [[Neo-pop]] [337] => * [[Sound art]] [338] => * [[Transgressive art]] [339] => * [[Video installation]] [340] => * [[Institutional Critique]] [341] => * [[Neogeo (art)|NeoGeo]] [342] => | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| [343] => [344] => ===1990s=== [345] => * [[Bio art]] [346] => * [[Cyberarts]] [347] => * [[Cynical Realism]] [348] => * [[Digital Art]] [349] => * [[Information art]] [350] => * [[Internet art]] [351] => * [[Massurrealism]] [352] => * [[Maximalism]] [353] => * [[New media art]] [354] => * [[Software art]] [355] => * [[New European Painting]] [356] => * [[Young British Artists]] [357] => | style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"| [358] => [359] => ===2000s=== [360] => * [[Digital painting|Digital Painting]] [361] => * [[Hyperrealism (visual arts)|Hyperrealism]] [362] => * [[Classical Realism]] [363] => * [[Relational art]] [364] => * [[Street art]] [365] => * [[Stuckism]] [366] => * [[Superflat]] [367] => * [[Pseudorealism]] [368] => * [[Videogame art]] [369] => * [[Superstroke]] [370] => * [[VJ (video performance artist)|VJ art]] [371] => * [[Virtual art]] [372] => |} [373] => [374] => ==Types of painting== [375] => [[File:Bodegón de recipientes (Zurbarán).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]], ''Still Life with Pottery Jars'' ({{lang-es|Bodegón de recipientes}}) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84 cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]]] [376] => [377] => ===Allegory=== [378] => [[Allegory]] is a [[Figurative art|figurative]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]] of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of [[symbol]]ic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of [[rhetoric]], but an allegory does not have to be expressed in [[language]]: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the [[Death (personification)|grim reaper]]. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. [379] => [380] => ===Bodegón=== [381] => [[File:Reza Abbasi - Two Lovers (1630).jpg|thumb|[[Reza Abbasi]], ''Two Lovers'' (1630)]] [382] => In [[Spanish art]], a [[bodegón]] is a [[still life]] painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the [[Baroque]] period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary [[Low Countries]], today Belgium and [[Netherlands]] (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in [[southern Europe]]. [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lifes|Northern still lifes]] had many subgenres: the ''breakfast piece'' was augmented by the ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'', the ''flower bouquet'', and the ''[[vanitas]]''. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of ''breakfast piece'' did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. [383] => [384] => ===Figure painting=== [385] => A [[figure painting]] is a [[work of art]] in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or [[Nude (art)|nude]]. [386] => Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.{{cite journal|last1=Droste|first1=Flip|title=Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age|journal=Semiotica|date=October 2014|volume=2014|issue=202|pages=155–165|doi=10.1515/sem-2014-0035|s2cid=170631343}} Some artists well known for figure painting are [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[Edgar Degas]], and [[Édouard Manet]]. [387] => [388] => ===Illustration painting=== [389] => [[Illustration]] paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie [[posters]] and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and [[graphic designer]]s. But as the result of [[computer game]] and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in [[Korea]], Japan, [[Hong Kong]] and the United States. [390] => [391] => The illustrations of medieval [[codices]] were known as [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminations]], and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the [[printing press]] during the 15th century, [[books]] became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with [[woodcuts]].{{cite web |title=What Is an Illuminated Manuscript? |url=https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050635/https://www.nga.gov/conservation/paper/manuscript-project.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=National Gallery of Art}}{{cite web |date=27 July 2010 |title=Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Library of Congress}} In [[America]], this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.{{Cite web |title=The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration? |url=http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/ |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2015-04-08}} Among the best-known illustrators of that period were [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]] and [[Howard Pyle]] of the [[Brandywine School]], [[James Montgomery Flagg]], [[Elizabeth Shippen Green]], [[J. C. Leyendecker]], [[Violet Oakley]], [[Maxfield Parrish]], [[Jessie Willcox Smith]], and [[John Rea Neill]]. In [[France]], on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned [[Paul Jouve]] to illustrate [[Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book|Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.{{Cite web |title=Paul Jouve |url=https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2021-12-15}} [392] => [393] => ===Landscape painting=== [394] => {{main|Landscape art}} [395] => [396] => [[File:Andreas Achenbach - Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily - Walters 37116.jpg|left|thumb|[[Andreas Achenbach]], ''Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily'' (1847), [[The Walters Art Museum]]Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.{{cite web [397] => |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] [398] => |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 [399] => |title= Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily [400] => |access-date= 18 September 2012 [401] => |archive-date= 9 May 2013 [402] => |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760 [403] => |url-status= live [404] => }}]] [405] => [[Landscape art|Landscape painting]] is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and [[weather]] is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from [[Western painting]] and [[Chinese art]], going back well over a thousand years in both cases. [406] => [407] => ===Portrait painting=== [408] => [[File:Abraham Lincoln in the United States Congress by.jpg|thumb|291x291px|[[Ned Bittinger]], ''[[Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)|Portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] in Congress'' (2004), [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]]]] [409] => [[Portrait painting]]s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, [[Personality type|personality]], and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially [[Roman sculpture]], where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s painting titled ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', which is thought to be a portrait of [[Lisa del Giocondo|Lisa Gherardini]], the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |title=Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |publisher=Louvre Museum |date=1503–1519|access-date=13 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archive-date=30 July 2014 }} [410] => [411] => Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting ''[[Shot Marilyns|Orange Shot Marilyn]]'' of [[Marilyn Monroe]] is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and [[Prince (painting)|Orange Prince (1984)]] of the pop singer [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.{{Cite news |title=Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever |work=Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/ |archive-date=2018-03-27}}{{Cite web |title=Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}{{Cite web |title=The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography |url=http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html |archive-date=2010-07-24 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=warholfoundation.org}} [412] => [413] => ===Still life=== [414] => [[File:Otto Marseus van Schrieck - A Forest Floor Still-Life - WGA21061.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Marseus van Schrieck]], ''A Forest Floor Still-Life'' (1666)]] [415] => A [[still life]] is a work of [[art]] depicting mostly [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]] subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as [[Landscape art|landscape]] or [[portrait]]ure. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. [416] => [417] => ===Veduta=== [418] => A [[veduta]] is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a [[cityscape]] or some other vista. This [[genre]] of [[landscape art|landscape]] originated in [[Flanders]], where artists such as [[Paul Bril]] painted ''vedute'' as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the [[Grand Tour]] became somewhat standardized, ''vedute'' of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted [[panorama]]s. [419] => [420] => ==See also== [421] => {{Portal|Visual arts|Painting}} [422] => * [[20th-century Western painting]] [423] => * [[Cobweb painting]] [424] => * [[Drawing]] [425] => * [[Fine art]] [426] => * [[Graphic arts]] [427] => * [[Index of painting-related articles]] [428] => * [[List of most expensive paintings]] [429] => * [[Outline of painting]] [430] => * [[Performance art]] [431] => * [[Business process outsourcing in China#Painting|Painting outsourcing in China]] [432] => * [[Visual arts]] [433] => * [[Image]] [434] => [435] => ==Notes== [436] => {{Reflist}} [437] => [438] => ==Further reading== [439] => {{Commons category|Painting}} [440] => {{Wikiquote}} [441] => {{Wiktionary|painting}} [442] => {{Wikisource|Portal:Painting}} [443] => * Howard Daniel (1971). ''Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical''. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. [444] => * W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). ''The Science of Paintings''. Springer-Verlag. [445] => [446] => {{Branches of the visual arts}} [447] => {{Art world}} [448] => {{Humanities}} [449] => {{Aesthetics}} [450] => [451] => {{Authority control}} [452] => [453] => [[Category:Painting| ]] [454] => [[Category:Painting techniques| ]] [455] => [[Category:Works of art]] [456] => [[Category:The arts]] [] => )
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Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color, or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can also be used.

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The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can also be used. The final product is often a visual representation of an object, person, place, or abstract concept. Paintings have been an important form of artistic expression throughout history, with evidence of their existence dating back to prehistoric times. They have been used for various purposes, such as religious rituals, storytelling, political propaganda, and the depiction of everyday life. Different cultures and periods have developed their own unique styles and techniques, ranging from the realistic and detailed works of the Renaissance to the abstract and experimental works of the 20th century. The materials and techniques used in painting have evolved over time. Initially, artists used natural materials such as dyes, minerals, and plant extracts as pigments. With the invention of oil painting in the 15th century, artists gained more versatility and depth in their works. This was followed by the development of watercolor, acrylic, and other modern painting mediums. Painting has also been influenced by various art movements and schools of thought, such as Impressionism, Cubism, and Abstract Expressionism. These movements introduced new ideas about color, form, composition, and subject matter, challenging traditional notions of representation. Today, contemporary artists continue to push the boundaries of painting, experimenting with new materials, techniques, and concepts. The significance of painting extends beyond its artistic value. It plays a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and documenting history. Many famous paintings have become iconic symbols of their time and place, while others have sparked social and political discussions. Additionally, painting has a therapeutic and meditative effect, offering a means of self-expression and introspection. Overall, painting is a diverse and vibrant art form that continues to captivate viewers and inspire artists worldwide. It encompasses a wide range of styles, techniques, and subject matter, making it an essential component of human creativity and imagination.

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