Array ( [0] => {{short description|Impairment of motor and sensory functions in the lower limbs}} [1] => {{Distinguish|Hemiplegia|Diplegia}} [2] => {{Infobox medical condition (new) [3] => | name = Paraplegia [4] => | synonyms = [5] => | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|p|l|iː|dʒ|ə}} [6] => | image = File:Diseases of the nervous system (1910) (14586639887).jpg [7] => | caption = A man with traumatic hematomyelia after the fracture of the 11th [[thoracic vertebra]]. A line drawn over his navel marks the area of anesthesia. [8] => | field = [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]] [9] => | symptoms = [10] => | complications = [11] => | onset = [12] => | duration = [13] => | types = [14] => | causes = [[Spinal cord injury]], [[congenital]] conditions affecting the [[spinal canal]] [15] => | risks = [16] => | diagnosis = [17] => | differential = [18] => | prevention = [19] => | treatment = [20] => | medication = [21] => | prognosis = [22] => | frequency = [23] => | deaths = [24] => }} [25] => [26] => '''Paraplegia''', or '''paraparesis''', is an impairment in [[Motor control|motor]] or [[Sensory nervous system|sensory function]] of the lower extremities. The word comes from [[Ionic Greek]] ({{lang|grc-x-ionic|παραπληγίη}}) [27] => "half-stricken".{{Citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=Isn't that "hemi-plegia"?}} It is usually caused by [[spinal cord injury]] or a [[congenital]] condition that affects the neural (brain) elements of the [[spinal canal]]. The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the [[Thoracic vertebrae|thoracic]], [[Lumbar vertebrae|lumbar]], or [[Sacrum|sacral]] regions. If four limbs are affected by paralysis, [[tetraplegia]] or quadriplegia is the correct term. If only one limb is affected, the correct term is [[monoplegia]]. [[Spastic paraplegia]] is a form of paraplegia defined by [[spasticity]] of the affected muscles, rather than [[flaccid paralysis]]. [28] => [29] => The [[American Spinal Injury Association]] classifies spinal cord injury severity in the following manner. ASIA A is the complete loss of sensory function and motor skills below the injury. ASIA B is having some sensory function below the injury, but no motor function. In ASIA C, there is some motor function below the level of injury, but half of the muscles cannot move against gravity. In ASIA D, more than half of the muscles below the level of injury can move against gravity. ASIA E is the restoration of all neurologic function.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110618124126/http://www.asia-spinalinjury.org/publications/59544_sc_Exam_Sheet_r4.pdf "Standard Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury"] (PDF). American Spinal Injury Association & ISCOS. Archived from the original on June 18, 2011 [30] => [31] => ==Treatment== [32] => Individuals with paraplegia can range in their level of [[disability]], requiring treatments to vary from case to case. Rehabilitation aims to help the patient regain as much functionality and independence as possible. Physiotherapy may help to improve strength, range of motion, stretching and transfer skills.{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor-Schroeder S, LaBarbera J, McDowell S, etal |title=The SCIRehab project: treatment time spent in SCI rehabilitation. Physical therapy treatment time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation |journal=J Spinal Cord Med |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=149–61 |year=2011 |pmid=21675354 |pmc=3066500 |doi=10.1179/107902611x12971826988057}} Most paraplegics will be reliant on a wheelchair as a mode of transportation.{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozelie R, Sipple C, Foy T, etal |title=SCIRehab Project series: the occupational therapy taxonomy |journal=J Spinal Cord Med |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=283–97 |year=2009 |pmid=19810630 |pmc=2718817 |doi=10.1080/10790268.2009.11760782}} [[Activities of daily living]] (ADLs) can be quite challenging at first for those with a [[spinal cord injury]] (SCI). With the aid of physiotherapists and occupational therapists, individuals with an SCI can learn new skills and adapt previous ones to maximize independence, often living independently within the community.{{cite journal |vauthors=Tzonichaki I, Kleftaras G |title=Paraplegia from spinal cord injury: self-esteem, loneliness, and life satisfaction |journal=OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=96–103 |year=2002 |doi=10.1177/153944920202200302|s2cid=145347578 }} [33] => [34] => ===Regeneration of the spinal cord=== [35] => {{See also|Spinal cord injury#Research directions}} [36] => [[Olfactory ensheathing cells]] (OEC) have been transplanted with success into the spinal cord of a Polish man named [[Darek Fidyka]], who was the survivor of a knife attack that left him paraplegic in 2010. [37] => [38] => In 2014, Fidyka underwent pioneering spinal surgery that used nerve grafts, from his ankle, to 'bridge the gap' in his severed spinal cord and OEC's to stimulate the spinal cord cells. The surgery was performed in Poland in collaboration with Prof. Geoff Raisman, chair of neural regeneration at University College London's Institute of Neurology, and his research team. The olfactory cells were taken from the patient's olfactory bulbs in his brain and then grown in the lab, these cells were then injected above and below the impaired spinal tissue. [39] => [40] => Fidyka regained sensory and motor function in his lower limbs, notably on the side of the transplanted OEC's. Fidyka first noticed the success three months after the procedure, when his left thigh started gaining muscle mass. MRIs suggest that the gap in his spinal cord has been closed up. He is believed to be the first person in the world to recover sensory function from a complete severing of the spinal nerves.{{cite web | vauthors = Walsh F | title = Paralysed man walks again after cell transplant| publisher = bbc.co.uk | date = 21 October 2014 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29645760| access-date = 26 October 2014 }}{{cite web | vauthors = Quinn B | title = Paralysed man Darek Fidyka walks again after pioneering surgery | quote = The 38-year-old, who is believed to be the first person in the world to recover from complete severing of the spinal nerves, can now walk with a frame and has been able to resume an independent life, even to the extent of driving a car, while sensation has returned to his lower limbs. | publisher = theguardian.com | date = 21 October 2014 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/21/paralysed-darek-fidyka-pioneering-surgery| access-date = 26 October 2014 }} [41] => [42] => ==See also== [43] => {{col div|colwidth=30em}} [44] => * [[Adapted automobile]] [45] => * [[Cauda equina syndrome]] [46] => * [[Hemiplegia]] [47] => * [[Quadriplegia]] [48] => * [[Hughes-Stovin syndrome]] [49] => * [[Regeneration in humans]] [50] => * ''[[The Body Silent]]'' [51] => * [[Sexuality after spinal cord injury]] [52] => * [[Spinal cord injury research]] [53] => {{colend}} [54] => [55] => ==References== [56] => {{Reflist}} [57] => [58] => == External links == [59] => * [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20377890 Spinal Cord Injury] at [[Mayo Clinic|The Mayo Clinic]] [60] => * [https://www.spinalcord.com/types-of-paralysis Types of Paralysis] at [https://www.spinalcord.com/ Spinalcord.com] [61] => [62] => {{Medical resources [63] => | ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|82|1|g|80}} [64] => | ICD9 = {{ICD9|334.1}}, {{ICD9|344.1}} [65] => | ICDO = [66] => | OMIM = [67] => | MedlinePlus = [68] => | eMedicineSubj = [69] => | eMedicineTopic = [70] => | MeshID = D010264 [71] => }} [72] => {{wiktionary}} {{Movement and gait symptoms and signs}} [73] => {{Authority control}} [74] => [75] => [[Category:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes]] [76] => [[Category:Neurotrauma]] [] => )
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Paraplegia

Paraplegia is a medical condition characterized by complete or partial paralysis of the lower limbs and potentially the trunk. It is typically caused by damage to the spinal cord, resulting in the loss of motor and sensory function below the level of the injury.

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It is typically caused by damage to the spinal cord, resulting in the loss of motor and sensory function below the level of the injury. Paraplegia can be caused by various factors such as spinal cord injuries, diseases, infections, or congenital conditions. The severity of paraplegia varies from person to person, with some individuals being able to retain certain degrees of motor function and sensation, while others may experience complete paralysis. This condition has a significant impact on a person's daily life, requiring adaptations, assistive devices, and rehabilitation to maximize independence and quality of life. Various treatment approaches, including medications, physical therapy, and assistive technology, can help mitigate the effects of paraplegia. Support from healthcare professionals, caregivers, and advocacy groups is crucial in providing necessary resources and support for individuals with paraplegia.

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