Array ( [0] => {{short description|Book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines}} [1] => {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} [2] => [[File:Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.jpg|thumb|The 1699 ''[[Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia]]'']] [3] => [4] => A '''pharmacopoeia''', '''pharmacopeia''', or '''pharmacopoea''' (from the obsolete typography ''pharmacopœia'', meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound [[medicine]]s, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or [[pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceutical]] society.{{EB1911|wstitle=Pharmacopoeia |volume=21 |pages=353–355 |first=Edward Morell |last=Holmes |inline=1}} [5] => [6] => Descriptions of preparations are called [[monograph]]s. In a broader sense it is a [[reference work]] for [[Specification#Food and drug specifications|pharmaceutical drug specifications]]. [7] => [8] => ==Etymology== [9] => The term derives from {{lang-grc|φαρμακοποιία|pharmakopoiia}} "making of (healing) medicine, drug-making", a compound of "medicine, drug, poison" ({{lang-grc|φάρμακον|pharmakon}}), with the verb "to make" ({{lang-grc|ποιεῖν|poiein}}), and the abstract noun suffix [[wikt:-ία|-ία]] ''-ia''.{{OEtymD|pharmacopeia}}{{LSJ|fa/rmakon|φάρμακον}}, {{LSJ|poie/w|ποιεῖν|ref}}. [10] => In early modern editions of [[Latin]] texts, the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] [[diphthong]] οι (''oi'') is [[Romanization of Greek|latinized]] to its Latin equivalent ''oe'' which is in turn written with the [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] ''œ'', giving the spelling ''pharmacopœia''; in modern [[British English|UK English]], ''œ'' is written as ''oe'', giving the spelling ''pharmacopoeia'', while in American English ''oe'' becomes ''e'', giving us ''pharmacopeia''. [11] => [12] => ==History== [13] => [14] => Although older writings exist which deal with [[herbal medicine]], the major initial work in the field is considered to be the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] in [[Egypt]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]'s pharmacopoeia.{{cite journal |author=van Tellingen C |title=Pliny's pharmacopoeia or the Roman treat |journal=Netherlands Heart Journal |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=118–20 |date=March 2007 |pmid=18604277 |pmc=2442893 |doi= 10.1007/BF03085966}} [15] => [16] => A number of early pharmacopoeia books were written by [[Islamic medicine|Persian and Arab physicians]].[[Philip Khuri Hitti|Philip K. Hitti]] (cf. Kasem Ajram (1992), ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B, Knowledge House Publishers. {{ISBN|0-911119-43-4}}). These included ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' of [[Avicenna]] in 1025 AD, and works by [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) in the 12th century (and printed in 1491),{{cite journal | last1 = Krek | first1 = M. | year = 1979 | title = The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type | url =http://www.ghazali.org/articles/jnes-38-3-mk.pdf | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 3| pages = 203–212 | doi=10.1086/372742| s2cid = 162374182 }} and [[Ibn al-Baitar|Ibn Baytar]] in the 14th century.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} The [[Shennong Ben Cao Jing|Shen-nung pen ts'ao ching]] (Divine Husbandman's Materia Medica) is the earliest known Chinese pharmacopoeia. The text describes 365 medicines derived from plants, animals, and minerals; according to legend it was written by the Chinese god [[Shennong]].{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/chinesemedicine/emperors.html|title=Classics of Traditional Medicine}} [17] => [18] => Pharmacopeial synopsis were recorded in the [[Timbuktu manuscripts]] of [[Mali Empire|Mali]].Djian, Jean-Michel (24 May 2007). [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=37896&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa's written history unveiled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111190441/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D37896%26URL_DO%3DDO_PRINTPAGE%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=11 November 2009 }}. Unesco, ID 37896. [19] => [20] => ===China=== [21] => The earliest extant Chinese pharmacopoeia, the ''[[Shennong Ben Cao Jing]]'' was compiled between 200-250 AD.{{sfn|Lu|2015|p=63}} It contains descriptions of 365 medications.{{sfn|Lu|2015|p=110}} [22] => [23] => The earliest known officially sponsored pharmacopoeia was compiled in 659 AD by a team of 23 pharmaceutical scientists led by Su jing during the [[Tang dynasty]] (618-907 AD) and was called the ''[[Xinxiu bencao]]'' (Newly Revised Canon of Material Medical). The work consists of 20 volumes with one dedicated to the table of contents, and 25 volumes of pictures with one volume dedicated to the table of contents. A third part consisting of seven volumes contained illustrated descriptions. The text contains descriptions of 850 medicines with 114 new ones. The work was used throughout [[China]] for the next 400 years.{{Cite web|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/created/2005-08/01/content_71488.htm|title=The first pharmacopoeia -- Xinxiu Bencao}} [24] => [25] => ===City pharmacopoeia origins=== [26] => A dated work appeared in [[Nuremberg]] in 1542; a passing student [[Valerius Cordus]] showed a collection of medical prescriptions, which he had selected from the writings of the most eminent medical authorities, to the physicians of the town, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the [[apothecaries]], and obtained the sanction of the [[senatus]] for his work. A work known as the ''Antidotarium Florentinum'', was published under the authority of the college of medicine of [[Florence]] in the 16th century. In 1511, the ''Concordie Apothecariorum Barchinone'' was published by the Society of Apothecaries of [[Barcelona]] and kept in the School of [[Pharmacy]] of the [[University of Barcelona]].{{cite web|url=http://www.ub.edu/museuvirtual/exposiciovirtual.php?id=7&ap=1&idGal=5#1|title=Museu Virtual - Universitat de Barcelona|website=www.ub.edu}} [27] => [28] => [[File:Engraved frontispiece, Pharmacopoeia Bateana. Wellcome L0006228.jpg|thumb|Engraved frontispiece of the 1703 ''Pharmacopoeia Bateana'']] [29] => The term ''Pharmacopoeia'' first appears as a distinct title in a work{{cite book|last1=Foes|first1=A|title=Pharmacopœia medicamentorum omnium, quæ hodie ... officinis extant, etc.|date=1561|location=Basel}} published at [[Basel]], Switzerland, in 1561 by A. Foes, but does not appear to have come into general use until the beginning of the 17th century. [30] => [31] => Before 1542, the works principally used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples (basic medicinal ingredients) by [[Avicenna]] and [[Serapion the Younger|Serapion]]; the ''De synonymis'' and ''Quid pro quo'' of [[Simon Januensis]]; the ''Liber servitoris'' of [[Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim]], which described preparations made from plants, animals, and minerals, and was the type of the chemical portion of modern pharmacopoeias; and the ''Antidotarium'' of [[Nicolaus de Salerno]], containing [[Galenic formulation]]s arranged alphabetically. Of this last work, there were two editions in use — Nicolaus magnus and Nicolaus parvus: in the latter, several of the compounds described in the large edition were omitted and the formulae given on a smaller scale. [32] => [33] => Also [[Vesalius]] claimed he had written some "''dispensariums''" and "''manuals''" on the works of [[Galenus]]. Apparently he burnt them. According to recent research communicated at the congresses of the [[International Society for the History of Medicine]] by the scholar Francisco Javier González Echeverría,[http://michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/works.html Michael Servetus Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113223851/http://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/works.html |date=13 November 2012 }} Website with graphical study on the pharmacopoeia Dispensarium by Servetus1998 "The 'Dispensarium' or 'Enquiridion' the complementary work of the Dioscorides, both by Servetus" and "The book of work of Michael Servetus for his Dioscorides and his 'Dispensarium'". González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. Program of the congress and abstracts of the communications, XI National Congress on History of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela, pp. 83-84.1998 "The book of work of Michael Servetus for his Dioscorides and his Dispensarium"(Le livre de travail de Michel Servet pour ses Dioscorides et Dispensarium) and "The Dispensarium or Enquiridion, complementary of the Dioscorides of Michael Servetus" ( The Enquiridion, L’oeuvre Le Dispensarium ou Enquiridion complémentaire sur le Dioscorides de Michel Servet) González Echeverría, in: Book of summaries, 36th International Congress on the History of Medicine, Tunis (Livre des Résumés, 36ème Congrès International d’Histoire de la médicine, Tunis), 6–11 September 1998, (two comunicacions), pp. 199, 210. Michel De Villeneuve ([[Michael Servetus]]) also published a pharmacopoeia. De Villeneuve, fellow student of [[Vesalius]] and the best [[galen]]ist of Paris according to [[Johann Winter von Andernach]],2011 "The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus", (El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet.), Francisco Javier González Echeverría, Francisco Javier, printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra, 607 pp, 64 of them illustrations.pag 194-204 published the anonymous "''Dispensarium or Enquiridion''" in 1543, at [[Lyon]], France, with Jean Frellon as editor. This work contains 224 original recipes by De Villeneuve and others by Lespleigney and Chappuis. As usual when it comes to pharmacopoeias, this work was complementary to a previous [[Materia Medica]]1996 " An unpublished work of Michael Servetus : The Dioscorides or Medical Matter from Sesma". González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. Panacea Ed. College of Doctors of Navarra. Castuera Ed, Pamplona p.44.1996 "Sesma's Dioscorides or Medical Matter : an unknown work of Michael Servetus (I)" and " Sesma's Dioscorides or Medical Matter: an unknown work of Michael Servetus (II)" González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. In : Book of Abstracts. 35th International Congress on the History of Medicine, 2nd-8th, September, 1996, Kos Island, Greece, communications nº: 6 y 7, p. 4.1997 "Michael Servetus, editor of the Dioscorides", González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. Institute of Sijenienses Studies "Michael Servetus" ed, Villanueva de Sijena, Larrosa ed and "Ibercaja", Zaragoza.2001 " An attributable Spanish work to Michael Servetus: 'The Dioscorides of Sesma' ". González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. Varia Histórico- Médica. Edition coordinated by : Jesús Castellanos Guerrero (coord.), Isabel Jiménez Lucena, María José Ruiz Somavilla y Pilar Gardeta Sabater. Minutes from the X Congress on History of Medicine, February 1986, Málaga. Printed by Imagraf, Málaga, pp. 37-55. that De Villeneuve published that same year. This finding was communicated by the same scholar in the [[International Society for the History of Medicine]],2011 September 9, Francisco González Echeverría VI International Meeting for the History of Medicine, (S-11: Biographies in History of Medicine (I)), Barcelona.New Discoveries on the biography of Michael De Villeneuve (Michael Servetus) & New discoverys on the work of Michael De Villeneuve (Michael Servetus) VI Meeting of the International Society for the History of Medicine with agreement of [[John M. Riddle]], one of the foremost experts on [[Materia Medica]]-[[Dioscorides]] works. [34] => [35] => [[Nicolaes Tulp]], mayor of [[Amsterdam]] and respected surgeon general, gathered all of his doctor and chemist friends together and they wrote the first pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam named ''Pharmacopoea Amstelredamensis'' in 1636. This was a combined effort to improve public health after an outbreak of the [[bubonic plague]], and also to limit the number of quack apothecary shops in Amsterdam. [36] => [37] => ====London==== [38] => Until 1617, such drugs and medicines as were in common use were sold in [[England]] by the apothecaries and grocers. In that year the apothecaries obtained a separate charter, and it was enacted that no grocer should keep an apothecary's shop. The preparation of physicians' prescriptions was thus confined to the apothecaries, upon whom pressure was brought to bear to make them dispense accurately, by the issue of a pharmacopoeia in May 1618 by the [[Royal College of Physicians|College of Physicians]], and by the power which the wardens of the apothecaries received in common with the censors of the College of Physicians of examining the shops of apothecaries within 7 m. of London and destroying all the compounds which they found unfaithfully prepared. This, the first authorized [[London]] Pharmacopoeia, was selected chiefly from the works of Mezue and Nicolaus de Salerno, but it was found to be so full of errors that the whole edition was cancelled, and a fresh edition was published in the following December. [39] => [40] => At this period the compounds employed in medicine were often heterogeneous mixtures, some of which contained from 20 to 70, or more, ingredients, while a large number of simples were used in consequence of the same substance being supposed to possess different qualities according to the source from which it was derived. Thus crabs' eyes (i.e., [[gastrolith]]s), pearls, oyster shells, and [[Coral#Relation to humans|coral]] were supposed to have different properties. Among other ingredients entering into some of these formulae were the excrements of human beings, dogs, mice, geese, and other animals, [[Calculus (medicine)|calculi]], human skull, and moss growing on it, blind puppies, [[earthworm]]s, etc. [41] => [42] => Although other editions of the London Pharmacopoeia were issued in 1621, 1632, 1639, and 1677, it was not until the edition of 1721, published under the auspices of Sir [[Hans Sloane]], that any important alterations were made. In this issue many of the remedies previously in use were omitted, although a good number were still retained, such as dogs' excrement, earthworms, and [[moss]] from the human skull; the botanical names of herbal remedies were for the first time added to the official ones; the simple distilled waters were ordered of a uniform strength; sweetened spirits, [[Cordial (medicine)|cordial]]s and [[ratafia]]s were omitted as well as several compounds no longer used in London, although still in vogue elsewhere. A great improvement was effected in the edition published in 1746, in which only those preparations were retained which had received the approval of the majority of the pharmacopoeia committee; to these was added a list of those drugs only which were supposed to be the most efficacious. An attempt was made to simplify further the older formulae by the rejection of superfluous ingredients. [43] => [44] => In the edition published in 1788 the tendency to simplify was carried out to a much greater extent, and the extremely compound medicines which had formed the principal remedies of physicians for 2,000 years were discarded, while a few powerful drugs which had been considered too dangerous to be included in the Pharmacopoeia of 1765 were restored to their previous position. In 1809 the French chemical nomenclature was adopted, and in 1815 a corrected impression of the same was issued. Subsequent editions were published in 1824, 1836, and 1851. [45] => [46] => The first ''[[Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia]]'' was published in 1699 and the last in 1841; the first'' Dublin Pharmacopoeia'' in 1807 and the last in 1850. [47] => [48] => ===National pharmacopoeia origins=== [49] => The preparations contained in these three pharmacopoeias were not all uniform in strength, a source of much inconvenience and danger to the public, when powerful preparations such as dilute [[Hydrocyanic Acid|hydrocyanic acid]] were ordered in the one country and dispensed according to the national pharmacopoeia in another. As a result, the [[Medical Act of 1858]] ordained that the [[General Medical Council]] should publish a book containing a list of medicines and compounds, to be called the ''[[British Pharmacopoeia]]'', which would be a substitute throughout Great Britain and Ireland for the separate pharmacopoeias. Hitherto these had been published in Latin. The first British Pharmacopoeia was published in the English language in 1864, but gave such general dissatisfaction both to the medical profession and to chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and amended edition in 1867. This dissatisfaction was probably owing partly to the fact that the majority of the compilers of the work were not engaged in the practice of pharmacy, and therefore not competent to decide upon the kind of preparations required for the method of their manufacture. The necessity for this element in the construction of a pharmacopoeia is now fully recognized in other countries, in most of which pharmaceutical chemists are represented on the committee for the preparation of the legally recognized manuals. [50] => [51] => There are national and international pharmacopoeias, like the EU and the U.S. pharmacopoeias. The pharmacopeia in the EU is prepared by a governmental organization, and has a specified role in law in the EU. In the U.S., the USP-NF (United States Pharmacopeia – National Formulary) has been issued by a private non-profit organization since 1820 under the authority of a Convention that meets periodically that is largely constituted by physicians, pharmacists, and other public health professionals, setting standards published in the compendia through various Expert Committees.{{Cite web |url=http://www.usp.org/about-usp/our-impact |title=Our Impact |access-date=5 January 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105152710/http://www.usp.org/about-usp/our-impact |url-status=dead }} In the U.S. when there is an applicable USP-NF quality monograph, drugs and drug ingredients must conform to the compendial requirements (such as for strength, quality or purity) or be deemed adulterated or misbranded under the Federal food and drug laws.{{cite web|url=http://www.usp.org/about-usp/legal-recognition|title=USP in Food and Drug Law - U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention|work=usp.org|access-date=18 January 2017}} [52] => [53] => ===Supranational and international harmonization=== [54] => The [[Soviet Union]] had a nominally supranational pharmacopoeia, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSRP), although the [[de facto]] nature of the nationality of republics within that state differed from the [[de jure]] nature. The [[European Union]] has a supranational pharmacopoeia, the [[European Pharmacopoeia]]; it has not replaced the national pharmacopoeias of EU member states but rather helps to harmonize them. Attempts have been made by international pharmaceutical and medical conferences to settle a basis on which a globally international pharmacopoeia could be prepared, but regulatory complexity and regional variation in conditions of pharmacy are hurdles to fully harmonizing across all countries (that is, defining thousands of details that can all be known to work successfully in all places). Nonetheless, some progress has been made under the banner of the [[International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use]] (ICH),{{cite web|url=http://www.ich.org|title=ICH Official web site : ICH|work=ich.org|access-date=18 January 2017}} a tri-regional organisation that represents the drug regulatory authorities of the [[European Medicines Agency|European Union]], [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Japan]], and the [[Food and Drug Administration|United States]]. Representatives from the Pharmacopoeias of these three regions have met twice yearly since 1990 in the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group to try to work towards "compendial harmonisation". Specific monographs are proposed, and if accepted, proceed through stages of review and consultation leading to adoption of a common monograph that provides a common set of tests and specifications for a specific material. This is a slow process. The [[World Health Organization]] has produced the [[The International Pharmacopoeia|International Pharmacopoeia]] (Ph.Int.), which does not replace a national pharmacopoeia but rather provides a model or template for one and also can be invoked by legislation within a country to serve as that country's regulation. [55] => [56] => ==Medical preparations, uses, and dosages== [57] => [[File:Glycerin bottle.jpg|thumb|A bottle of glycerin purchased at a pharmacy with the abbreviation [[Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission|I.P.]] appearing after the product name.]] [58] => {{Globalize|section|United Kingdom|2name=the United Kingdom|date=March 2012}} [59] => Though formerly printed there has been a transition to a situation where pharmaceutical information is available as printed volumes and on the [[internet]]. The rapid increase in knowledge renders necessary frequent new editions, to furnish definite formulae for preparations that have already come into extensive use in medical practice, so as to ensure uniformity of strength, and to give the characters and tests by which their purity and potency may be determined. However each new edition requires several years to carry out numerous experiments for devising suitable formulae, so that current pharmacopoeia are never quite up to date. [60] => [61] => This difficulty has hitherto been met by the publication of such non-official formularies as ''Squire's Companion to the Pharmacopoeia'' and ''[[Martindale: The complete drug reference]]'' (formerly ''Martindale's: the extra pharmacopoeia''), in which all new remedies and their preparations, uses and doses are recorded, and in the former the varying strengths of the same preparations in the different pharmacopoeias are also compared (Squire's was incorporated into Martindale in 1952). The need of such works to supplement the Pharmacopoeia is shown by the fact that they are even more largely used than the Pharmacopoeia itself, the first issued in 18 editions and the second in 13 editions at comparatively short intervals. In the UK, the task of elaborating a new Pharmacopoeia is entrusted to a body of a purely medical character, and legally the pharmacist does not, contrary to the practice in other countries, have a voice in the matter. This is notwithstanding the fact that, although the medical practitioner is naturally the best judge of the drug or preparations that will afford the best therapeutic result, they are not as competent as the pharmacist to say how that preparation can be produced in the most effective and satisfactory manner, nor how the purity of drugs can be tested. [62] => [63] => The change occurred with the fourth edition of the British Pharmacopoeia in 1898. A committee of the [[Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain]] was appointed at the request of the [[General Medical Council]] to advise on pharmaceutical matters. A census of prescriptions was taken to ascertain the relative frequency with which different preparations and drugs were used in prescriptions, and suggestions and criticisms were sought from various medical and pharmaceutical bodies across the [[British Empire]]. As regards the purely pharmaceutical part of the work a committee of reference in pharmacy, nominated by the pharmaceutical societies of Great Britain and Ireland (as they were then), was appointed to report to the Pharmacopoeia Committee of the Medical Council. [64] => [65] => Some difficulty has arisen since the passing of the Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act concerning the use of the Pharmacopoeia as a legal standard for the drugs and preparations contained in it. The Pharmacopoeia is defined in the preface as only "intended to afford to the members of the medical profession and those engaged in the preparation of medicines throughout the British Empire one uniform standard and guide whereby the nature and composition of, substances to be used in medicine may be ascertained and determined". It cannot be an encyclopaedia of substances used in medicine, and can be used only as a standard for the substances and preparations contained in it, and for no others. It has been held in the Divisional Courts (Dickins v. Randerson) that the Pharmacopoeia is a standard for official preparations asked for under their pharmacopoeial name. But there are many substances in the Pharmacopoeia which are not only employed in medicine, but have other uses, such as [[sulfur|sulphur]], [[gum benzoin]], [[tragacanth]], [[gum arabic]], [[ammonium carbonate]], [[beeswax]], oil of [[turpentine]], [[linseed oil]], and for these a commercial standard of purity as distinct from a medicinal one is needed, since the preparations used in medicine should be of the highest possible degree of purity obtainable, and this standard would be too high and too expensive for ordinary purposes. The use of trade synonyms in the Pharmacopoeia, such as saltpetre for purified [[potassium nitrate]], and milk of sulphur for precipitated sulphur, is partly answerable for this difficulty, and has proved to be a mistake, since it affords ground for legal prosecution if a chemist sells a drug of ordinary commercial purity for trade purposes, instead of the purified preparation which is official in the Pharmacopoeia for medicinal use. This would not be the case if the trade synonym were omitted. For many drugs and chemicals not in the Pharmacopoeia there is no standard of purity that can be used under the Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act, and for these, as well as for the commercial quality of those drugs and essential oils which are also in the Pharmacopoeia, a legal standard of commercial purity is much needed. This subject formed the basis of discussion at several meetings of the Pharmaceutical Society, and the results have been embodied in a work called ''Suggested Standards for Foods and Drugs'' by C. G. Moor, which indicates the average degree of purity of many drugs and chemicals used in the arts, as well as the highest degree of purity obtainable in commerce of those used in medicine. [66] => [67] => An important step has also been taken in this direction by the publication under the authority of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain of the ''[[British Pharmaceutical Codex]]'' (BPC), in which the characters of and tests for the purity of many unofficial drugs and preparations are given as well as the character of many glandular preparations and antitoxins that have come into use in medicine, but have not yet been introduced into the Pharmacopoeia. This work may also possibly serve as a standard under the Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act for the purity and strength of drugs not included in the Pharmacopoeia and as a standard for the commercial grade of purity of those in the Pharmacopoeia which are used for non-medical purposes. [68] => [69] => Another legal difficulty connected with modern pharmacopoeias is the inclusion in some of them of synthetic chemical remedies, the processes for preparing which have been patented, whilst the substances are sold under trade-mark names. The scientific chemical name is often long and unwieldy, and the physician prefers when writing a [[medical prescription|prescription]] to use the shorter name under which it is sold by the [[patent]]ees. In this case the pharmacist is compelled to use the more expensive patented article, which may lead to complaints from the patient. If the physician were to use the same article under its pharmacopoeial name when the patented article is prescribed, they would become open to prosecution by the patentee for infringement of patent rights. Hence the only solution is for the physician to use the chemical name (which cannot be patented) as given in the Pharmacopoeia, or, for those synthetic remedies not included in the Pharmacopoeia, the scientific and chemical name given in the ''British Pharmaceutical Codex''. [70] => [71] => ==List of national and supranational pharmacopoeias == [72] => In most of the [[Neo-Latin]] names, ''Pharmacopoea'' is the more common spelling, although for several of them, ''Pharmacopoeia'' is common. [73] => [74] => {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" [75] => |- [76] => ! INN system symbol [77] => ! Other symbols (including older INN system symbol) [78] => ! English-language title [79] => ! Latin-language title [80] => ! Other-language title [81] => ! Active or retired [82] => ! Website [83] => ! Notes [84] => |- [85] => |- [86] => | — || — || [[Brazil]]ian Pharmacopoeia || — || Farmacopeia Brasileira || Active || [http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/farmacopeias-virtuais ANVISA] || [87] => |- [88] => | BP || Ph.B., Ph.Br. || [[British Pharmacopoeia]] || Pharmacopoea Britannica || — || Active || [https://www.pharmacopoeia.com BP] || [89] => |- [90] => | BPC || — || [[British Pharmaceutical Codex]] || — || — || Retired || — || "BPC" also often stands for "British Pharmacopoeia Commission" [91] => |- [92] => | ChP || PPRC || [[Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China]] (Chinese Pharmacopoeia) || Pharmacopoea Sinensis || 中华人民共和国药典 || Active || [http://wp.chp.org.cn/en/index.html PPRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183349/http://wp.chp.org.cn/en/index.html |date=27 January 2022 }} || [93] => |- [94] => | CSL || CSP, Ph.Bs. || [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] Pharmacopoeia || Pharmacopoea Bohemoslovenica || Československý Lékopis || Retired || || [95] => |- [96] => | Ph.Boh. || || [[:cs:Český lékopis|Czech Pharmacopoeia]] || Pharmacopoea Bohemica || Český Lékopis || Active || [http://www.sukl.eu/pharmaceutical-industry/informace-o-historii-a-soucasnosti-ceskeho-lekopisu Ph.Boh.] || [97] => |- [98] => | || || [[Slovakia|Slovak]] Pharmacopoeia || Pharmacopoea Slovaca || Slovenský Liekopis || Active || || [99] => |- [100] => | Ph.Eur. || EP || [[European Pharmacopoeia]] || Pharmacopoea Europaea || — || Active || [https://web.archive.org/web/20170524221528/http://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-9th-edition Ph.Eur.] || [101] => |- [102] => | Ph.Fr. || — || [[France|French]] Pharmacopoeia || — || Pharmacopée Française || Active || [http://ansm.sante.fr/Mediatheque/Publications/Pharmacopee-francaise-Plan-Preambule-index Ph.Fr.] || The name Pharmacopoea Gallica (Ph.Gall.) has not been used since the early 20th century [103] => |- [104] => | DAB || — || German Pharmacopoeia || — || [[:de:Deutsches Arzneibuch|Deutsches Arzneibuch]] || Active || || The name Pharmacopoea Germanica (Ph.G.) has not been used since the early 20th century [105] => |- [106] => | Ph.Hg. || — || [[Hungary|Hungarian]] Pharmacopoeia || Pharmacopoea Hungarica || Magyar gyógyszerkönyv || Active || || [107] => |- [108] => | IP || INDP, Ph.Ind. || [[Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission|Indian Pharmacopoeia]] || Pharmacopoea Indica || — || Active || [https://www.ipc.gov.in IP] || [109] => |- [110] => | [111] => |FI [112] => |Indonesian Pharmacopoeia [113] => |Pharmacopoea Indonesia [114] => |Farmakope Indonesia [115] => |Active [116] => |[https://farmalkes.kemkes.go.id/unduh/farmakope-indonesia-vi/ FI] [117] => | [118] => |- [119] => | Ph.Int. || IP, Ph.I. || [[The International Pharmacopoeia|International Pharmacopoeia]] || Pharmacopoea Internationalis || — || Active || [https://web.archive.org/web/20051004050200/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/pharmacopoeia/en/ Ph.Int.] || [120] => |- [121] => | F.U. || — || Official Pharmacopoeia of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]] || — || [[:it:Farmacopea Ufficiale|Farmacopea Ufficiale]] || Active || [https://www.iss.it/farmacopea-ufficiale-italiana F.U.] || [122] => |- [123] => | JP || — || [[Japanese Pharmacopoeia]] || Pharmacopoea || 日本薬局方 || Active || [http://www.pmda.go.jp JP] || [124] => |- [125] => | JRA || — || Minimum Requirements for Antibiotic Products of Japan || — || || Active || || [126] => |- [127] => | FEUM || MXP || Pharmacopoeia of the United Mexican States ([[Mexico|Mexican]] Pharmacopoeia) || — || Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos || Active || [http://www.farmacopea.org.mx FEUM] || [128] => |- [129] => | FP || — || [[Portugal|Portuguese]] Pharmacopoeia || Pharmacopoea Lusitanica || Farmacopeia Portuguesa || Active || [http://www.infarmed.pt/web/infarmed/institucional/documentacao_e_informacao/publicacoes/tematicos/farmacopeia-portuguesa FP] || [130] => |- [131] => | Ph.Helv. || — || [[Switzerland|Swiss]] Pharmacopoeia || Pharmacopoea Helvetica || Schweizerischen Pharmakopöe, Schweizerischen Arzneibuch || Active || [http://www.swissmedic.ch/ueber/00134/00590/index.html?lang=en Ph.Helv.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109221153/https://www.swissmedic.ch/ueber/00134/00590/index.html?lang=en |date=9 November 2016 }} || [132] => |- [133] => | KP || || [[South Korea|Korean]] Pharmacopeia || — || 대한민국약전 || Active || [https://nedrug.mfds.go.kr/ekphome KP] / [https://www.law.go.kr/%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95%EA%B7%9C%EC%B9%99/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%95%BD%EC%A0%84 KP] || [134] => |- [135] => | KHP || || [[South Korea|Korean]] Herbal Pharmacopeia || — || 대한민국약전외한약(생약)규격집 || Active || [https://www.law.go.kr/%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95%EA%B7%9C%EC%B9%99/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%95%BD%EC%A0%84%EC%99%B8%ED%95%9C%EC%95%BD(%EC%83%9D%EC%95%BD)%EA%B7%9C%EA%B2%A9%EC%A7%91 KHP] || [136] => |- [137] => | USP || — || [[United States Pharmacopeia]] || — || — || Active || [http://www.usp.org USP] || [138] => |- [139] => | USSRP || — || State Pharmacopoeia of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ([[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Pharmacopoeia) || — || || Retired || || [140] => |- [141] => | SPRF || — || The State Pharmacopoeia of the [[Russia]]n Federation || — || Государственная Фармакопея Российской Федерации || Active || [http://www.femb.ru SPRF] || [142] => |- [143] => | YP || Ph.Jug. || [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] Pharmacopoeia || Pharmacopoea Jugoslavica || || Retired || || [144] => |- [145] => | RFE || — || Royal [[Spain|Spanish]] Pharmacopoeia || — || Real Farmacopea Española || Active || [http://www.aemps.gob.es RFE] || [146] => |- [147] => |} [148] => [149] => == See also == [150] => {{div col}} [151] => * [[British Pharmacopoeia]] [152] => * [[Erowid]] [153] => * [[European Pharmacopoeia]] [154] => * [[International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use]] (ICH) [155] => * [[International Pharmaceutical Federation]] [156] => * [[International Plant Names Index]] [157] => * [[Japanese Pharmacopoeia]] [158] => *[[Iranian National Formulary]] [159] => * [[National Formulary]] [160] => * [[Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China]] [161] => * [[Specification]] [162] => * [[Standards organization]] [163] => * [[The International Pharmacopoeia]] [164] => * [[United States Pharmacopeia]] [165] => * [[World Health Organization]] [166] => *[[Hamilton's Pharmacopeia]] [167] => {{div col end}} [168] => [169] => == References == [170] => {{Reflist}} [171] => [172] => ==Bibliography== [173] => * {{citation|last=Lu|first=Yongxiang|year=2015|title=A History of Chinese Science and Technology 2}} [174] => [175] => == External links == [176] => {{Wiktionary}} [177] => {{Commons|Pharmacopoeia}} [178] => * [https://www.edqm.eu/en/international-harmonisation-614.html Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023214036/http://www.edqm.eu/en/International-Harmonisation-614.html |date=23 October 2019 }} [179] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120703012726/http://www.usp-mc.org/ Medicines Compendium] (archived 3 July 2012) [180] => * [http://www.noormd.com/Pharmacopoeia.php Pharma Knowledge Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402101600/http://www.noormd.com/Pharmacopoeia.php |date=2 April 2016 }} [181] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113223851/http://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/works.html Michael Servetus Research] Website with graphical study of the pharmacopoeia ''Dispensarium'' by Michael Servetus (archived 13 November 2012) [182] => * [http://www.histpharm.org/ISHPWG.htm ISHP Working Group History of Pharmacopieas] [183] => [184] => {{Authority control}} [185] => [186] => [[Category:Medical manuals]] [187] => [[Category:Pharmacopoeias| ]] [] => )
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Pharmacopoeia

A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography pharmacopœia, meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society. Descriptions of preparations are called monographs.

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