Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Private efforts to increase public good}} [1] => {{other uses}} [2] => {{Redirect|Philanthropist}} [3] => {{See also|List of philanthropists}} [4] => [5] => '''Philanthropy''' is a form of [[altruism]] that consists of "private initiatives for the [[Public good (economics)|public good]], focusing on [[quality of life]]".{{cite book|first=George|last=McCully|title=Philanthropy Reconsidered: Private Initiatives, Public Good, Quality of Life|year=2009|page=13|location=Bloomington, Ind.|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1438905617}} Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors that are public initiatives for public good, such as those that focus on the provision of public services. A person who practices philanthropy is a '''philanthropist'''. [6] => [7] => ==Etymology== [8] => [[File:Herodes Atticus - bust - Athens Museum.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Herodes Atticus]], a Greek philanthropist of [[Ancient Rome]] active during {{CE|the 2nd century}}]] [9] => The word ''philanthropy'' comes {{etymology|grc|φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpía)|love of [[Humanity (virtue)|humanity]]}}, from {{transliteration|grc|philo-}} 'to love, be fond of' and {{transliteration|grc|anthrōpos}} 'humankind, mankind'.{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/philanthropy |title=Philanthropy |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}} In {{CE|the second century}}, [[Plutarch]] used the Greek concept of {{transliteration|grc|philanthrôpía}} to describe superior human beings. [10] => [11] => During the [[Middle Ages]], {{transliteration|grc|philanthrôpía}} was superseded in Europe by the [[Cardinal virtues|Christian virtue]] of ''[[Charity (Christian virtue)|charity]]'' ([[Latin]]: {{lang|la|caritas}}) in the sense of selfless love, valued for [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] and escape from [[purgatory]].{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3023.htm|title=Summa Theologiae|chapter=Charity, considered in itself|at=Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 23}} [[Thomas Aquinas]] held that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor".{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3025.htm|title=Summa Theologiae|chapter=The object of charity|at=Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 25}} [12] => [13] => Sir [[Francis Bacon]] considered ''philanthrôpía'' to be synonymous with "goodness", correlated with the [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] conception of virtue as consciously instilled habits of good behaviour. [[Samuel Johnson]] simply defined philanthropy as "love of mankind; good nature".{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Samuel|title=[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]|year=1755|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/johnsons_dictionary_1755/page/n1519/mode/1up|chapter=Philanthropy|volume=I|location=London}} This definition still survives today and is often cited more gender-neutrally as the "love of humanity."{{cite web |url=https://blueandgreentomorrow.com/features/philanthropy-is-what-sustains-the-charitable-sector-not-money/ |first=Mitchell|last= Kutney|title= Philanthropy is what sustains the charitable sector, not money |publisher=Blue & Green Tomorrow |date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2014-11-08}}{{better source needed|date=January 2016}} [14] => [15] => ==Europe== [16] => [17] => ===Great Britain === [18] => [[File:The Foundling Hospital, Holborn, London; a bird's-eye view o Wellcome V0013461.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Foundling Hospital]] in London, {{circa|1753}}. The original building has since been demolished.]] [19] => [20] => In London, prior to the 18th century, parochial and civic charities were typically established by bequests and operated by local church parishes (such as [[St Dionis Backchurch]]) or [[guild]]s (such as the [[Worshipful Company of Carpenters|Carpenters' Company)]]. During the 18th century, however, "a more activist and explicitly [[Protestant]] tradition of direct charitable engagement during life" took hold, exemplified by the creation of the [[Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge]] and [[Societies for the Reformation of Manners]].{{cite web|url=https://www.londonlives.org/static/AssociationalCharities.jsp|title=Associational Charities|website=London Lives|access-date=29 January 2016}} [21] => [22] => In 1739, [[Thomas Coram]], appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London, received a royal charter to establish the [[Foundling Hospital]] to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb's Conduit Fields, [[Bloomsbury]].{{cite web|first=Jacqueline|last=Banerjee|url=https://www.victorianweb.org/history/orphanages/coram1.html|title=Captain Coram and the Foundling Hospital|work=The Victorian Web|access-date=29 January 2016}} This was "the first children's charity in the country, and one that 'set the pattern for incorporated associational charities' in general." The hospital "marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new-style charities." [23] => [24] => [[Jonas Hanway]], another notable philanthropist of the era, established [[The Marine Society]] in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the [[Royal Navy|navy]].{{cite book|author-link=N. A. M. Rodger|first=N.A.M.|last=Roger|title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815|url=https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3/page/313/mode/1up 313]|isbn=978-0-393-32847-9 }} By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the [[Magdalen Hospital]] to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscriptions and run as voluntary associations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the [[Royal Charter]]. [25] => [26] => ====19th century==== [27] => [[File:William wilberforce.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[William Wilberforce]], a prominent British philanthropist and [[Abolition of the Slave Trade|anti-slavery campaigner]]]] [28] => [29] => Philanthropists, such as [[Abolition of the Slave Trade|anti-slavery campaigner]] [[William Wilberforce]], began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill-treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] throughout the Empire starting in 1807.{{cite journal|first=Louis Taylor|last=Merrill|title=The English campaign for abolition of the slave trade|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2715027|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=30|number=4|year=1945|pages= 382–399|jstor=2715027|doi=10.2307/2715027 |s2cid=150275678 }} Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833.{{cite journal|first=Christer|last=Petley|title='Devoted Islands' and 'that Madman Wilberforce': British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2011.598744|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=39|number=3|year=2011|pages=393–415|doi=10.1080/03086534.2011.598744 |s2cid=159547077 }} [30] => [31] => Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle class in the 19th century. By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income, all together, of about {{currency|2 million|GBP|passthrough=yes}}. By 1885, rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities, with an income of about {{currency|4.5 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}. They included a wide range of religious and secular goals, with the American import, [[YMCA]], as one of the largest, and many small ones, such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of {{currency|76 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}, of which {{currency|20 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} was bequeathed to charities. By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about {{currency|8.5 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}.{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Read|title=The age of urban democracy: England 1868–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read|url-access=registration|orig-year=1979|year=1994|isbn=0582089212|edition=revised|publisher=Longman}}{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read/page/125/mode/1up 125]}} [32] => [33] => Led by the energetic [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|Lord Shaftesbury]] (1801–1885), philanthropists organized themselves.{{cite journal|first=Geoffrey|last=Finlayson|title=The Victorian Shaftesbury|journal=History Today|date=March 1983|volume=33|number=3|pages=31–35}} In 1869 they set up the [[Charity Organisation Society]]. It was a federation of district committees, one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions. Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance, thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor.{{r|Read|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read/page/125/mode/1up 125]}} Many of the charities were designed to alleviate the harsh living conditions in the slums. such as the [[Labourer's Friend Society]] founded in 1830. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for "cottage husbandry" that later became the allotment movement. In 1844 it became the first [[Model Dwellings Company]]—an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them, while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was one of the first [[housing association]]s, a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century, brought about by the growth of the [[middle class]]. Later associations included the [[Peabody Trust]], and the [[Guinness Trust]]. The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy."{{multiref2 [34] => |1={{cite journal | last = Siegel|first= Fred | year = 1974 | title = Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. By John Nelson Tarn… [Book Review] | journal = [[The Journal of Economic History]] | volume = 34 | issue = 4, December | pages =1061f | doi = 10.1017/S0022050700089683 | s2cid = 154468207 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/five-percent-philanthropy-an-account-of-housing-in-urban-areas-between-1840-and-1914-by-john-nelson-tarn-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1973-pp-ii-181-135-plates-2350/908F3785A1E06CDBE15C3BD1348369C3 |url-access=subscription}} [35] => |2={{cite book | author = Tarn, John Nelson | year = 1973 | title = Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914 | location = Cambridge, U.K. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0521085069 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn/page/n19/mode/1up xiv], [https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn/page/23/mode/1up 23], and ''passim'' | url = https://archive.org/details/fivepercentphila0000tarn | url-access=registration }} }} [36] => [37] => ===Switzerland=== [38] => {{Main|International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|International Committee of the Red Cross}} [39] => [[File:Sisters of Mercy at the Battle of Gravelotte.jpg|thumb|left|The [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]], after the [[Battle of Gravelotte]] in 1870]] [40] => [41] => In 1863, the Swiss businessman [[Henry Dunant]] used his fortune to fund the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, which became the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, Dunant personally led Red Cross delegations that treated soldiers. He shared the first [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for this work in 1901.{{cite book|first=David P.|last=Forsythe|title=The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross|url=https://archive.org/details/humanitariansint0000fors|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005}} [42] => [43] => The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC) played a major role in working with [[prisoner of war|POW]]s on all sides in [[World War II]]. It was in a cash-starved position when the war began in 1939, but quickly mobilized its national offices to set up a Central Prisoner of War Agency. For example, it provided food, mail and assistance to 365,000 British and Commonwealth soldiers and civilians held captive. Suspicions, especially by London, of ICRC as too tolerant or even complicit with Nazi Germany led to its side-lining in favour of the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration|UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]] (UNRRA) as the primary humanitarian agency after 1945.{{cite book|first=James|last=Crossland|title=Britain and the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1939–1945|publisher=Plagrave MacMillan|year=2014}} [44] => [45] => ===France=== [46] => [[File:Postcard - Institut Pasteur - Salle des Cours 2000 001 085 g158bh40z.tiff|thumb|right|Men and woman working in a classroom at the [[Pasteur Institute|Institut Pasteur]] in Paris, {{circa|1920}}]] [47] => [48] => The [[French Red Cross]] played a minor role in the war with Germany (1870–71). After that, it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non-religious humanitarian organization. It was closely tied to the army's [[French Armed Forces Health Service|Service de Santé]]. By 1914 it operated one thousand local committees with 164,000 members, 21,500 trained nurses, and over {{currency|27 million|FRF|passthrough=yes|first}} in assets.{{cite journal | last=Chrastil | first=Rachel | title=The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914 | journal=French Historical Studies | publisher=Duke University Press | volume=31 | issue=3 | year=2008 | issn=0016-1071 | doi=10.1215/00161071-2008-003 | pages=445–476 | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article-abstract/31/3/445/9591/The-French-Red-Cross-War-Readiness-and-Civil | url-access=subscription }} [49] => [50] => The [[Pasteur Institute]] had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge, allowing it to raise money for serum production from private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise.{{cite journal |pmid=18351159|year=2007|last1=Simon|first1=J|title=The origin of the production of diphtheria antitoxin in France, between philanthropy and commerce|journal=Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam|volume=27|pages=63–82|s2cid=31847730 }} [51] => [52] => By 1933, at the depth of the [[Great Depression]], the French wanted a [[welfare state]] to relieve distress but did not want new taxes. [[War veterans]] devised a solution: the new national lottery proved highly popular to gamblers while generating the cash needed without raising taxes.{{cite journal | last=Delalande | first=Nicolas | title=Giving and Gambling: The Gueules Cassées, the National Lottery, and the Moral Economy of the Welfare State in 1930s France | journal=French Historical Studies | publisher=Duke University Press | volume=40 | issue=4 | year=2017 | issn=0016-1071 | doi=10.1215/00161071-3946492 | pages=623–649 | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article-abstract/40/4/623/130488/Giving-and-GamblingThe-Gueules-Cassees-the|url-access=subscription}} [53] => [54] => American money proved invaluable. The Rockefeller Foundation opened an office in Paris and helped design and fund France's modern public health system under the National Institute of Hygiene. It also set up schools to train physicians and nurses.{{multiref2 [55] => |1={{cite journal|first=William H.|last=Schneider|title=War, philanthropy, and the National Institute of Hygiene in France|journal=Minerva|volume=41|number=1|year=2003|pages=1–23|doi=10.1023/A:1022257805553 |s2cid=141342924 }} [56] => |2={{cite journal | last=Smith | first=Timothy B. | title=The Social Transformation of Hospitals and the Rise of Medical Insurance in France, 1914–1943 | journal=The Historical Journal | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=41 | issue=4 | year=1998 | issn=0018-246X | doi=10.1017/s0018246x98008164 | pages=1055–1087| s2cid=159631276 }} [57] => }} [58] => [59] => ===Germany=== [60] => The history of modern philanthropy on the European continent is especially important in the case of Germany, which became a model for others, especially regarding the [[welfare state]]. The princes and the various imperial states continued traditional efforts, funding monumental buildings, parks, and art collections. Starting in the early 19th century, the rapidly emerging [[middle class]]es made local philanthropy a way to establish their legitimate role in shaping society, pursuing ends different from the [[aristocracy]] and the military. They concentrated on support for [[social welfare]], [[higher education]], and cultural institutions, as well as working to alleviate the [[Industrial Revolution#Criticisms|hardships]] brought on by rapid [[industrialization]]. The [[bourgeoisie]] (upper-middle class) was defeated in its effort to gain political control in [[1848]], but it still had enough money and organizational skills that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative power base for its worldview.{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Adam|title=Philanthropy, Civil Society, and the State in German history, 1815–1989|year=2016}} [61] => [62] => Religion was divisive in Germany, as Protestants, Catholics, and Jews used alternative philanthropic strategies. The Catholics, for example, continued their medieval practice of using financial donations in their wills to lighten their punishment in [[purgatory]] after death. The Protestants did not believe in purgatory, but made a strong commitment to improving their communities there and then. Conservative Protestants raised concerns about deviant sexuality, alcoholism, and socialism, as well as illegitimate births. They used philanthropy to try to eradicate what they considered as "social evils" that were seen as utterly sinful.{{multiref2 [63] => |1={{cite journal | last=Lees | first=Andrew | title=Deviant Sexuality and Other 'Sins': The Views of Protestant Conservatives in Imperial Germany | journal=German Studies Review | publisher=JSTOR | volume=23 | issue=3 | year=2000 | pages=453–476 | issn=0149-7952 | doi=10.2307/1432829 | jstor=1432829 }} [64] => |2={{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Lees|title=Cities, Sin, and Social Reform in Imperial Germany|year=2002|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor}} [65] => }} All the religious groups used financial endowments, which multiplied in number and wealth as Germany grew richer. Each was devoted to a specific benefit to that religious community, and each had a board of trustees; laymen donated their time to public service. [66] => [67] => Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]], an upper class [[Junker]], used his state-sponsored philanthropy, in the form of his invention of the modern welfare state, to neutralize the political threat posed by the [[socialistic]] [[labor union]]s.{{cite book|first=Dimitris N. |last=Chorafas|title=Education and Employment in the European Union: The Social Cost of Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWIWDAAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fWIWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA255 255]|isbn=9781317145936}} The middle classes, however, made the most use of the new welfare state, in terms of heavy use of museums, [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]s (high schools), universities, scholarships, and hospitals. For example, state funding for universities and gymnasiums covered only a fraction of the cost; private philanthropy became essential. 19th-century Germany was even more oriented toward civic improvement than Britain or the United States, when measured in voluntary private funding for public purposes. Indeed, such German institutions as the [[kindergarten]], the [[research university]], and the welfare state became models copied by the Anglo-Saxons.{{r|Adam|pages=1–7}} [68] => [69] => The heavy human and economic losses of the [[First World War]], the financial crises of the 1920s, as well as the [[Nazi]] regime and other devastation by 1945, seriously undermined and weakened the opportunities for widespread philanthropy in Germany. The civil society so elaborately built up in the 19th century was dead by 1945. However, by the 1950s, as the "[[economic miracle]]" was restoring German prosperity, the old aristocracy was defunct, and middle-class philanthropy started to return to importance.{{r|Adam|pages=142–73}} [70] => [71] => ===War and postwar: Belgium and Eastern Europe=== [72] => [[File:"Wanted Immediately. 2,000,000 Garments for destitute Men, Women, and children in occupied Northern France and... - NARA - 512616.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Poster requesting clothing for occupied France and Belgium]] [73] => [74] => The [[Commission for Relief in Belgium]] (CRB) was an international (predominantly American) organization that arranged for the supply of food to German-occupied Belgium and northern France during the First World War. It was led by [[Herbert Hoover]].{{cite journal|first=George H.|last=Nash|title=An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I|journal=Prologue|year=1989|volume=21|number=1|pages=75–86}} Between 1914 and 1919, the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed eleven million Belgians by raising money, obtaining voluntary contributions of money and food, shipping the food to Belgium and controlling it there. For example, the CRB shipped 697,116,000 pounds of flour to Belgium.{{cite book|first=David|last=Burner|title=Herbert Hoover: A Public Life|url=https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn|url-access=registration|year=1978|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 }}{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn/page/72/mode/2up 72]–95}} Biographer George Nash finds that by the end of 1916, Hoover "stood preeminent in the greatest humanitarian undertaking the world had ever seen."{{cite book|first=George H.|last=Nash|title=The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917|year=1988|page=249}} Biographer William Leuchtenburg adds, "He had raised and spent millions of dollars, with trifling overhead and not a penny lost to fraud. At its peak, his organization fed nine million Belgians and French daily.{{cite book|first=William E.|last=Leuchtenburg|title=Herbert Hoover |url=https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781429933490 }}{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc/page/30/mode/1up 30]}} [75] => [76] => When the war ended in late 1918, Hoover took control of the [[American Relief Administration]] (ARA), with the mission of food{{clarify|reason=delivering? distributing? cultivating? need some sort of verb here to describe the mission|date=August 2023}} to Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions.{{r|Burner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn/page/114/mode/2up 114]–137}} U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, and Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children's Fund fed millions of starving children. When attacked for distributing food to Russia, which was under Bolshevik control, Hoover snapped, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"{{r|Leuchtenburg|page=[https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc/page/58/mode/1up 58]}}{{cite book|first1=Frank M.|last1=Surface|first2=Raymond L.|last2=Bland|title=American food in the world war and reconstruction period: operations of the organizations under the direction of Herbert Hoover, 1914 to 1924|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1932|url=https://archive.org/details/americanfoodinwo00fran}} [77] => [78] => ==United States == [79] => {{Main|Philanthropy in the United States}} [80] => The first corporation founded in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] was [[Harvard College]] (1636), designed primarily to train young men for the clergy. A leading theorist was the Puritan theologian [[Cotton Mather]] (1662–1728), who in 1710 published a widely read essay, ''Bonifacius, or an Essay to Do Good''. Mather worried that the{{Specify|reason=which original idealism? Christian? colonial? puritanical?|date=August 2023}} original idealism had eroded, so he advocated philanthropic benefaction as a way of life. Though his context was Christian, his idea was also characteristically American and explicitly Classical{{Specify|reason=what does "Classical" mean in this context?|date=August 2023}}, on the threshold of the [[American Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].{{cite book|author=Cotton Mather|title=Essays to do Good addressed to all Christians, whether in public or private capacities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNllAAAAcAAJ|year=1825|publisher=Chalmers and Collins|location=Glasgow|orig-year=1710|series=Select Christian Authors, with Introductory Essays|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oNllAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA51 51]}} [81] => [82] => [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1706–1790) was an activist and theorist of American philanthropy. He was much influenced by [[Daniel Defoe]]'s ''An Essay upon Projects'' (1697) and [[Cotton Mather]]'s ''Bonifacius: an essay upon the good'' (1710). Franklin attempted to motivate his fellow [[Philadelphia]]ns into projects for the betterment of the city: examples included the [[Library Company of Philadelphia]] (the first American subscription library), the fire department, the police force, street lighting, and a hospital. A world-class physicist himself, he promoted scientific organizations including the Philadelphia Academy (1751) – which became the [[University of Pennsylvania]] – as well as the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1743), to enable scientific researchers from all 13 colonies to communicate.{{cite book|editor-first=Robert T.|editor-last=Grimm|chapter=Benjamin Franklin|title=Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering|url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/100/mode/2up 100]–03|isbn=9781573563406}} [83] => [84] => By the 1820s, newly rich American businessmen were initiating philanthropic work, especially with respect to private colleges and hospitals. [[George Peabody]] (1795–1869) is the acknowledged{{By whom|date=August 2023}} father of modern philanthropy. A financier based in [[Baltimore]] and [[London]], in the 1860s, he began to endow libraries and museums in the United States and also funded housing for poor people in London. His activities became a model for Andrew Carnegie and many others.{{multiref2 [85] => |1={{cite book|editor-first=Robert T.|editor-last=Grimm|chapter=George Peabody|title=Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering|url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/242/mode/2up 243]–45|isbn=9781573563406}} [86] => |2={{cite journal |first=Elizabeth |last=Schaaf |title=George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795–1869 |journal=Maryland Historical Magazine |volume=90 |issue=3 |year=1995 |pages=268–285}} }} [87] => [88] => ===Andrew Carnegie=== [89] => [[File:Carnegie-1903.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Andrew Carnegie]]'s philanthropy. ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' magazine cartoon by [[Louis Dalrymple]], 1903]] [90] => [91] => [[Andrew Carnegie]] (1835–1919) was the most influential leader of philanthropy on a national (rather than local) scale. After selling his steel company in 1901 he devoted himself to establishing philanthropic organizations and to making direct contributions to many educational, cultural, and research institutions. He financed over 2,500 public [[Carnegie library|libraries]] built across the United States and abroad. He also funded [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City and the [[Peace Palace]] in the Netherlands. [92] => [93] => His final and largest project was the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], founded in 1911 with a {{currency|25 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} endowment, later enlarged to {{currency|135 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}. Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped to establish institutions that include the Russian Research Center at [[Harvard University]] (now known as the [https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/ Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies]), the [[Brookings Institution]] and the [[Sesame Workshop]]. In all, Andrew Carnegie gave away 90% of his fortune.{{cite book|first=Joseph Frazier|last=Wall|title=Andrew Carnegie|url=https://archive.org/details/andrewcarnegie0000wall|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/andrewcarnegie0000wall/page/882/mode/2up 882]–84}} [94] => [95] => ===John D. Rockefeller=== [96] => [[File:Portrait of J. D. Rockefeller.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[John D. Rockefeller]] in 1895]] [97] => [98] => Other prominent American philanthropists of the early 20th century included [[John D. Rockefeller]] (1839–1937), [[Julius Rosenwald]] (1862–1932){{multiref2 [99] => |1={{cite book|editor-first=Robert T.|editor-last=Grimm|chapter=Julius Rosenwald|title=Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering|url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/277/mode/1up 277]–79|isbn=9781573563406}} [100] => |2={{cite book |first=Peter M. |last=Ascoli |title=Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South|url=https://archive.org/details/juliusrosenwaldm0000asco|url-access=registration|publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2006|series=Philanthropic and Nonprofit Studies|isbn=978-0-253-34741-1 }} }} and [[Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage]] (1828–1918).{{cite book |first=Ruth |last=Crocker |title=Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America |year=2003 }} [101] => [102] => Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s; he and his son [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] (1874–1960) made large-scale national philanthropy systematic, especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine, higher education, and scientific research. Of the {{currency|530 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} the elder Rockefeller gave away, {{currency|450 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} went to medicine.{{cite book|first1=Peter J.|last1=Johnson|first2=John Ensor|last2=Harr|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|url=https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr|url-access=registration|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|year=1988|isbn=978-0-684-18936-9 }} Their leading advisor [[Frederick Taylor Gates]] launched several large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns.{{cite book|editor-first=Dwight|editor-last=Burlingame|title=Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C|url-access=limited|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C&pg=PA419 419]|isbn=9781576078600}} [103] => [104] => By 1920, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] was opening offices in Europe. It launched medical and scientific projects in Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. It supported the health projects of the [[League of Nations]].{{cite journal|first=Paul|last=Weindling|title=Philanthropy and world health: the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization|journal=Minerva|volume=35|number=3|year=1997|pages=269–281|doi=10.1023/A:1004242303705 |jstor=41821072|s2cid=140744506 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41821072|url-access=subscription}} By the 1950s, it was investing heavily in the [[Green Revolution]], especially the work by [[Norman Borlaug]] that enabled India, Mexico, and many poor countries to upgrade their agricultural productivity dramatically.{{cite book|first=Leon F.|last=Hesser|title=The man who fed the world: Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug and his battle to end world hunger: An authorized biography|url=https://archive.org/details/manwhofedworldno0000hess|url-access=registration|publisher=Durban House|isbn=1930754906|year=2006}} [105] => [106] => ===Ford Foundation=== [107] => {{Main|Ford Foundation}} [108] => With the acquisition of most of the stock of the [[Ford Motor Company]] in the late 1940s, the [[Ford Foundation]] became the largest American philanthropy, splitting its activities between the United States and the rest of the world. Outside the United States, it established a network of human rights organizations, promoted democracy, gave large numbers of fellowships for young leaders to study in the United States, and invested heavily in the [[Green Revolution]], whereby poor nations dramatically increased their output of rice, wheat, and other foods. Both Ford and Rockefeller were heavily involved.{{citation|doi=10.1196/annals.1425.028|pmid=18579885|title=Building an Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1136|issue=1|pages=233–42|year=2008|last1=Toenniessen|first1=Gary|last2=Adesina|first2=Akinwumi|last3=Devries|first3=Joseph|bibcode=2008NYASA1136..233T|s2cid=16277025|doi-access=free}} Ford also gave heavily to build up research universities in Europe and worldwide. For example, in Italy in 1950, sent a team to help the Italian ministry of education reform the nation's school system, based on meritocracy (rather than political or family patronage) and democratisation (with universal access to secondary schools). It reached a compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists to help promote uniform treatment and equal outcomes. The success in Italy became a model for Ford programs and many other nations.{{citation|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2016.1154192|title=American cultural diplomacy and post-war educational reforms: James Bryant Conant's mission to Italy in 1960|url=https://iris.unimore.it/handle/11380/1176822|journal=History of Education|volume=45|issue=3|pages=352–371|year=2016|last1=Mariuzzo|first1=Andrea|s2cid=146991139|hdl=11380/1176822|hdl-access=free}} [109] => [110] => The Ford Foundation in the 1950s wanted to modernize the legal systems in [[India]] and [[Africa]], by promoting the American model. The plan failed, because of India's unique legal history, traditions, {{clarify|text=and profession|date=August 2023}}, as well as its economic and political conditions. Ford, therefore, turned to agricultural reform.{{cite journal|first=Jayanth K.|last=Krishnan|title=Professor Kingsfield goes to Delhi: American academics, the Ford Foundation, and the development of legal education in India|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1347&context=facpub|journal=American Journal of Legal History|volume=46|number=4|year=2004|pages=447–499|doi=10.2307/3692406 |jstor=3692406 |s2cid=142891825 }} The success rate in Africa was no better, and that program closed in 1977.{{cite journal|first=Jayanth K.|last=Krishnan|title=Academic SAILERS: The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa, 1957–1977|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1795&context=facpub|journal=American Journal of Legal History|volume=52|number=3|year=2012|pages=261–324|doi=10.1093/ajlh/52.3.261 }} [111] => [112] => == Asia == [113] => [[File:Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud,_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28,_2019.jpg|thumb|Saudi Arabian philanthropist [[Lamia bint Majed Al Saud|Lamia bint Majed al-Saud]]]] [114] => While charity has a long history in Asia, {{as of|2018|alt=as of 2018}} philanthropy or a systematic approach to doing good remains nascent.{{ cite news | first=Ruth A. | last=Shapiro | newspaper=South China Morning Post | title = Philanthropy in Asia needs a push from good government policies | date = 29 January 2018 | url = https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2130987/philanthropy-asia-needs-push-good-government-policies | language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }} Chinese philosopher [[Mozi]] ({{Circa|470|391 BCE}}) developed the concept of "universal love" ({{transliteration|zh|jiān'ài}}, {{lang|zh|兼愛}}), a reaction against perceived over-attachment to family and clan structures within [[Confucianism]]. Other interpretations of Confucianism see concern for others as an extension of benevolence.{{ Cite journal | first1=Qiyong|last1=Guo|first2=Tao|last2=Cui|journal=Front. Philos. China|year=2012|volume=7|number=1|pages=20–54|title = The Values of Confucian Benevolence and the Universality of the Confucian Way of Extending Love | url =http://hep.calis.edu.cn/fulltext/FPC_100002_GQY_CT.pdf| language = en | access-date = 2021-11-22|doi=10.3868/s030-001-012-0002-5 |doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 }} [115] => [116] => Muslims in countries such as Indonesia are bound by [[zakat]] (almsgiving), while Buddhists and Christians throughout Asia may participate in philanthropic activities. In India, [[corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) is now mandated, with 2% of net profits to be directed towards charity.{{ cite web | title = Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in India | url = https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2013/handbook-on-corporate-social-responsibility-in-india.pdf | publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers|year=2013|language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }} [117] => [118] => Asia is home to most of the world's billionaires, surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017.{{ cite web | first=Jenny Lei |last=Ravelo | title = Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues, says report | date=2018-01-16| website=Devex| url = https://www.devex.com/news/philanthropy-in-asia-hampered-by-trust-issues-says-report-91889 | language = en | access-date = 2021-10-26 }} Wikipedia's [[list of countries by number of billionaires]] shows four Asian economies in the top ten: 495 in China, 169 in India, 66 in Hong Kong, and 52 in Taiwan ({{as of|2023|04|alt=as of April 2023}}). [119] => [120] => While the region's philanthropy practices are relatively under-researched compared to those of the United States and Europe, the Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society (CAPS) produces a study of the sector every two years. In 2020, its research found that if Asia were to donate the equivalent of two percent of its GDP, the same as the United States, it would unleash {{currency|507 billion|USD|passthrough=yes}} ({{currency|3.9 trillion|HKD|passthrough=yes}}) annually, more than 11 times the foreign aid flowing into the region every year and one-third of the annual amount needed globally to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030.{{ cite web | title = Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society's Doing Good Index Plots Way Forward in Post-Covid-19 World | date = 17 June 2020 | url = https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200617005325/en/Centre-Asian-Philanthropy-Society%E2%80%99s-Good-Index-Plots%20 | website=BusinessWire| language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }} [121] => [122] => == Oceania == [123] => [124] => === Australia === [125] => Structured giving in Australia through foundations{{Cite journal|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy A.|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2012-02-22|title=Foundations for giving: why and how Australians structure their philanthropy|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48801|language=en|location=Queensland, Australia|doi=10.5204/rep.eprints.48801|doi-access=free |website=QUT ePrints }} is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse.{{multiref2 [126] => |1={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2018-05-02|title=Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|volume=62|issue=13|language=en|pages=1759–1776|doi=10.1177/0002764218773495|s2cid=149469573|issn=0002-7642}} [127] => |2={{Cite book|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy|chapter=Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized|date=2015|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy|pages=488–505|editor-last=Wiepking|editor-first=Pamala|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137341532_28|isbn=9781137343239|last2=McDonald|first2=Katie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|last4=Mossel|first4=Valérie|editor2-last=Handy|editor2-first=Femida}} }} There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally. [128] => [129] => Two foundation types for which some data is available{{Cite web |last1=McGregor-Lowndes |first1=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |title=Ancillary Funds 2020-2021: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2023/1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/242560/ |website=QUT ePrints |date=September 2023 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006063216/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/242560/ |archive-date= Oct 6, 2023 }}{{multiref2 [130] => |1={{Cite journal |last1=Mcgregor-Lowndes |first1=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |date=2022-08-16 |title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/234642/ |website=QUT ePrints |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231010173629/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/234642/ |archive-date= Oct 10, 2023 }} [131] => |2={{Cite web|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=September 2020|title=Ancillary Funds 2017-2018: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020/2, August 2020|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/204322/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=QUT ePrints|language=en}} [132] => |3={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=2021-07-15|title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2019: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021-1|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211850/ |website=QUT ePrints |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024210719/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211850/ |archive-date= Oct 24, 2023 }} }} are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs){{Cite web|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Private-ancillary-funds/|title=Private ancillary funds|website=Australian Taxation Office|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054938/https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Private-ancillary-funds/ |archive-date= Aug 6, 2018 }} and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs).{{multiref2 [133] => |1={{Cite web|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Public-ancillary-funds/?page=3|title=Public ancillary funds|website=Australian Taxation Office|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-06}} [134] => |2={{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra Kate|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda G.|title=Mapping the field of public ancillary funds|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12515|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration|year=2021|volume=80|issue=4|pages=748–768|language=en|doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12515|s2cid=240517564|issn=1467-8500}} }} Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the US and Europe, and do not have a public fundraising requirement.{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|last3=Leat|first3=Diana|last4=Furneaux|first4=Craig|date=2017|title=Founders, Families, and Futures: Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=747–771|doi=10.1177/0899764017703711|s2cid=151796260|issn=0899-7640|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105363/3/105363.pdf}} Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations, some corporate foundations, and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals, schools, museums, and art galleries.{{multiref2 [135] => |1={{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Alexandra Kate |last2=Luke |first2=Belinda G. |date=2021-09-22 |title=Mapping the field of public ancillary funds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8500.12515|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=748–768 |doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12515 |s2cid=240517564 |issn=0313-6647}} [136] => |2={{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra Kate|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|last3=Furneaux|first3=Craig|date=2020-09-11|title=Ties That Bind: Public Foundations in Dyadic Partnerships|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8|url-access=subscription|journal=Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations|volume=32|issue=2|pages=234–246|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8|s2cid=225218420|issn=1573-7888}} }} They must raise funds from the general public.{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|date=2019-09-01|title=Publicness and the Identity of Public Foundations|journal=The Foundation Review|volume=11|issue=3|doi=10.9707/1944-5660.1482|s2cid=211317782|issn=1944-5660|url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/tfr/}} [137] => [138] => == Differences between traditional and new philanthropy == [139] => [140] => === Impact investment versus traditional philanthropy === [141] => Traditional philanthropy and [[impact investment]] can be distinguished by how they serve society. Traditional philanthropy is usually short-term, where organizations obtain resources for causes through fund-raising and one-off donations.{{Cite book|last1=Srivastava|first1=Prachi|last2=Oh|first2=Su-Ann|chapter=Private Foundations, Philanthropy and Partnership in Education and Development: Mapping the Terrain|title=Public Private Partnerships in Education|editor-first1=Susan L.|editor-last1=Robertson|editor-first2=Karen|editor-last2=Mundy|editor-first3=Antoni|editor-last3=Verger|editor-first4=Francine|editor-last4=Menashy|doi=10.4337/9780857930699.00015|year=2012|isbn=9780857930699}} The [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Ford Foundation]] are examples of such; they focus more on financial contributions to social causes and less on actions and processes of benevolence. Impact investment, on the other hand, focuses on the interaction between individual wellbeing and broader society by promoting [[sustainability]]. Stressing the importance of impact and change, they invest in different sectors of society, including housing, infrastructure, healthcare and energy.{{Cite book|first1=Oliver|last1=Oehri|first2=Christoph|last2=Dreher|first3=Christoph|last3=Jochum|url=http://www.myimpact.li/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820171106/http://www.myimpact.li/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/My-Impact-Fundamentals-of-Modern-Philanthropy.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-20|title=Fundamentals of Modern Philanthropy: New Perspectives for Foundations|publisher=Center for Social and Sustainable Products AG|year=2014|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}} [142] => [143] => A suggested explanation for the preference for impact investment philanthropy to traditional philanthropy is the gaining prominence of the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs) since 2015. Almost every SDG is linked to environmental protection and sustainability because of rising concerns about how [[Globalization|globalisation]], [[consumerism]], and [[population growth]] may affect the environment. As a result, development agencies have seen increased demands for accountability as they face greater pressure to fit with current developmental agendas. [144] => [145] => === Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism === [146] => [[Philanthrocapitalism]] differs from traditional philanthropy in how it operates. Traditional philanthropy is about charity, mercy, and selfless devotion improving recipients' wellbeing. Philanthrocapitalism, is philanthropy transformed by business and the market,{{Citation|chapter=Is it time for a new international poverty measure?|date=2013-12-05|pages=35–42|publisher=OECD|isbn=9789264200999|doi=10.1787/dcr-2013-6-en|title=Development Co-operation Report 2013|last1=Klasen|first1=Stephan}} where profit-oriented business models are designed that work for the good of humanity.{{Cite book|first1=Matthew|last1=Bishop|first2=Michael|last2=Green|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2008|title=Philanthrocapitalism: how the rich can save the world|isbn=9781596916951|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthrocapita00matt|url-access=registration}} Share value companies are an example. They help develop and deliver curricula in education, strengthen their own businesses and improve the job prospects of people.{{citation|last1=Kramar|first1=M.K.|first2=G.|last2=Hills|first3=K.|last3=Tallani|first4=M.|last4=Wilka|first5=A.|last5=Bhatt|year=2014|title=The new role of business in global education: How companies can create shared value by improving education while driving shareholder returns|url=https://www.fsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Role_of_Business_in_Education.pdf}} Firms improve social outcomes, but while they do so, they also benefit themselves. [147] => [148] => The rise of philanthrocapitalism can be attributed to global [[capitalism]]. {{weasel inline|text=There is an understanding|date=August 2023}} that philanthropy is not worthwhile if no economic benefit can be derived by philanthropy organisations, both from a social and private perspective. Therefore, philanthropy has been seen as a tool to sustain economic and firm growth, based on [[Human Capital Theory|human capital theory]]. Through education, specific skills are taught that enhance people's capacity to learn and their productivity at work. [149] => [150] => [[Intel]] invests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular standards in the US and provides learning resources and materials for schools, for its innovation and revenue.{{Cite journal|last=Rubio Royo|first=Enrique|date=2009-09-30|title=Nuevo "rol" y paradigmas del Aprendizaje, en una Sociedad Global en RED y Compleja: la Era del Conocimiento y el Aprendizaje|journal=Arbor|volume=CLXXXV|issue=Extra|pages=41–62|doi=10.3989/arbor.2009.extran1205|language=es|issn=1988-303X|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12749/3006|hdl-access=free}} The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train one million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies. [151] => [152] => === Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy === [153] => Philanthropy has the potential to foster [[Equity (economics)|equity]] and [[Inclusion (education)|inclusivity]] in various fields, such as scientific research, development, and healthcare. Addressing systemic inequalities in these sectors can lead to more diverse perspectives, innovations, and better overall outcomes. [154] => [155] => Scholars have examined the importance of philanthropic support in promoting equity in different areas. For example, Christopherson ''et al.''{{Cite journal |last1=Christopherson|first1= Elizabeth Good |last2=Howell|first2= Emily L. |last3=Scheufele|first3= Dietram A. |last4=Viswanath|first4= Kasisomayajula |last5=West|first5= Norris P. |year=2021 |title=How Science Philanthropy Can Build Equity |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_science_philanthropy_can_build_equity |journal=Stanford Social Innovation Review |language=en |volume=19 |issue= 4 |pages=4855 |doi=10.48558/P4G8-QM77}} highlight the need to prioritize underrepresented groups, promote equitable partnerships, and advocate for diverse leadership within the [[scientific community]]. In the healthcare sector, Thompson ''et al.''{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Beti |last2=Molina |first2=Yamile |last3=Viswanath |first3=Kasisomayajula |last4=Warnecke |first4=Richard |last5=Prelip |first5=Michael L. |date=August 2016 |title=Strategies To Empower Communities To Reduce Health Disparities |journal=Health Affairs |language=en |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=1424–1428 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1364 |issn=0278-2715 |pmc=5554943 |pmid=27503967}} emphasize the role of philanthropy in empowering communities to reduce health disparities and address the root causes of these disparities. Research by Chandra ''et al.''{{Cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Anita |last2=Acosta |first2=Joie |last3=Carman |first3=Katherine Grace |last4=Dubowitz |first4=Tamara |last5=Leviton |first5=Laura |last6=Martin |first6=Laurie T. |last7=Miller |first7=Carolyn |last8=Nelson |first8=Christopher |last9=Orleans |first9=Tracy |last10=Tait |first10=Margaret |last11=Trujillo |first11=Matthew |last12=Towe |first12=Vivian |last13=Yeung |first13=Douglas |last14=Plough |first14=Alonzo L. |date=January 2017 |title=Building a National Culture of Health: Background, Action Framework, Measures, and Next Steps |journal=Rand Health Quarterly |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=3 |issn=2162-8254 |pmc=5568157 |pmid=28845341}} demonstrates the potential of strategic philanthropy to tackle health inequalities through initiatives that focus on prevention, early intervention, and building community capacity. Similarly, a report by the [[Bridgespan Group]]{{Cite web |last1=Grindle |first1=Jeffrey|last2= Bradach|first2= Abe |title=Transformative Scale: The Future of Growing What Works |url=https://www.bridgespan.org/insights/transformative-scale-nine-pathways |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Bridgespan |language=en}} suggests that philanthropy can create systemic change by investing in long-term solutions that address the underlying causes of social issues, including those related to science and health disparities. [156] => [157] => To advance equity in science and healthcare, philanthropists can adopt several key strategies: [158] => [159] => * Prioritize underrepresented groups: Support scientists and health professionals from diverse backgrounds to help address historical injustices and foster diversity. [160] => * Encourage equitable partnerships: Facilitate collaborations between institutions from different backgrounds to promote [[knowledge exchange]] and a fair distribution of resources. [161] => * Advocate for diverse leadership: Support initiatives that emphasize diversity and inclusion in leadership positions within scientific and health institutions. [162] => * Invest in early-career professionals: Help create a more equitable pipeline for future leaders in science and healthcare by investing in early-career researchers and health professionals. [163] => * Influence policy changes: Utilize philanthropic influence to advocate for policy changes that address systemic inequalities in science and health. [164] => Through these approaches, philanthropy can significantly promote equity within scientific and health communities, leading to more inclusive and effective advancements. [165] => [166] => ==Types of philanthropy== [167] => Philanthropy is defined differently by different groups of people; many define it as a means to alleviate human suffering and advance the quality of life.{{Cite web |first1=Afsoon|last1=Mohseni|first2=Brenna|last2=Albritton|title=Philanthropy as a Force of Social Change |url=https://www.learningtogive.org/resources/philanthropy-force-social-change |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Learning to Give}} There are many forms of philanthropy, allowing for different impacts by different groups in different settings. [168] => [169] => === Celebrity philanthropy === [170] => '''Celebrity philanthropy''' refers to [[celebrity]]-affiliated [[charitable]] and [[philanthropic]] activities. It is a scholarship topic in studies of "the popular" vis-à-vis the modern and post-modern world.{{cite book|last1=Allatson|first1=Paul|last2=Jeffreys|first2=Elaine|title=Celebrity Philanthropy|date=2015|publisher=Intellect|location=Bristol, U.K.}}{{rp|3}} Structured and systematised charitable giving by celebrities is a relatively new phenomenon. Although charity and [[Celebrity|fame]] are associated historically, it was only in the 1990s that entertainment and sports celebrities from affluent western societies became involved with a particular type of philanthropy.{{rp|1–16}} Celebrity philanthropy in contemporary western societies is not isolated to large one-off monetary donations. It involves celebrities using their publicity, brand credibility, and personal wealth to promote [[not-for-profit organisation]]s, which are increasingly business-like in form. [171] => [172] => This is sometimes termed as "celanthropy"—the fusion of celebrity and cause as a representation of what the organisation advocates.{{rp|5}} [173] => [174] => ==== Implications on government and governance ==== [175] => The advent of celebrity philanthropy has coincided with the contraction of government involvement in areas such as [[welfare]] support and [[foreign aid]] to name a few.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} This can be identified from the proliferation of [[neoliberal]] policies.{{Citation needed|reason=Vague and tenuous link|date=January 2022}} [176] => [177] => [[Public interest group]]s, not-for-profit organisations and the [[United Nations]] now budget extensive amounts of time and money to use celebrity endorsers in their campaigns. An example of this is the [[People's Climate March (2014)|People's Climate March]] of 2014. The demonstration was part of the larger [[People's Climate Movement]], which aims to raise awareness of [[climate change]] and environmental issues more generally. Notable celebrities who were part of this campaign included actors [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], and [[Edward Norton]].{{cite web|title=Endorsements|url=http://peoplesclimate.org/endorsements/|website=People's Climate Movement|access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814092039/http://peoplesclimate.org/endorsements/|archive-date=14 August 2015}} [178] => [179] => ==== Examples ==== [180] => *[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|The Concert for Bangladesh]] [181] => *[[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]] [182] => *[[LiveAid]] [183] => *[[NetAid]] [184] => *[[Danny Thomas#St. Jude Children's Research Hospital|Danny Thomas and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital]] [185] => *[[Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media]] [186] => *[[Jerry Lewis#MDA and an annual tradition|Jerry Lewis and the MDA Telethon]] [187] => *[[List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors]] [188] => *[[Newman's Own]] [189] => *[[Tiger Woods#TGR Foundation|Tiger Woods Foundation]] [190] => *[[Richard Gere#Personal life and activism|Richard Gere Activism]] [191] => *[[Remote Area Medical]] [192] => [193] => === Diaspora philanthropy === [194] => Diaspora philanthropy is philanthropy conducted by [[diaspora]] populations either in their country of residence or in their countries of origin. Diaspora philanthropy is a newly established term with many variations, including [[emigration|migrant]] philanthropy, homeland philanthropy, and [[transnationality|transnational]] giving.{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paula Doherty |title=Diaspora philanthropy: Influences, initiatives, and issues |publisher=Philanthropic Initiative |year=2007 |location=Boston, Mass. |language=en}} In diaspora philanthropy, migrants and their descendants are frontline distributors of aid, and enablers of development.{{Cite journal |last=Espinosa |first=Shirlita Africa |date=2015-07-06 |title=Diaspora philanthropy: the making of a new development aid? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21632324.2015.1053305|url-access=subscription|journal=Migration and Development |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=361–377 |doi=10.1080/21632324.2015.1053305 |s2cid=156404093 |issn=2163-2324}} For many countries, diaspora philanthropy is a prominent way in which members of the diaspora invest back into their homeland countries. [195] => [196] => Along with diaspora-led foreign direct investment, diaspora philanthropy is a force in the development of a country. Members of a diaspora are familiar with their community's needs and the social, political, and economic factors that influence the delivery of those needs. Studies show that those who are a part of the diaspora are more aware of the pressing and neglected issues of their community than outsiders or other well wishers.{{Cite journal |last1=DeSouza |first1=Mercy |last2=Osei |first2=Onallia Esther |last3=Idemudia |first3=Erhabor Sunday |date=2023-01-18 |title=Transnational migrants' philanthropy: Its forms, operations, and implications from the perspectives of Ghanaian residents in Europe |journal=Frontiers in Sociology |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fsoc.2022.1062755 |pmid=36741585 |pmc=9889849 |issn=2297-7775 |doi-access=free }} Also given their deep ties to their country of origin, diaspora philanthropies have greater longevity than other international philanthropies. Due to {{clarify|reason=|text=the distance buffer accompanied with|date=August 2023}} diaspora philanthropy, diaspora philanthropy is more willing to address controversial issues found in their country of origin compared to local philanthropy. [197] => [198] => == Philanthropic capitalism == [199] => {{organize section|reason=merge into "Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism" above|date=August 2023}} [200] => [[Philanthrocapitalism|Philanthropic capitalism]] or philanthrocapitalism is a way of doing philanthropy through the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] realm. Instead of it being for profit, the philanthropist does it as a non-profit and only breaks even or even takes a small loss. Still, the overall gain to the community would be greater than the small loss they incurred.{{Cite web|first=K|last=Sahadevan|url=https://countercurrents.org/2020/08/capitalist-philanthropy-a-means-of-circumventing-the-state/|title = Capitalist Philanthropy: A Means of Circumventing the State?|website=Countercurrents|date = 4 August 2020}} For example, a philanthropist puts up {{currency|10 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} for [[Urban renewal|neighborhood revitalization]] to build new homes in place of [[dilapidated]] housing and only breaks even or takes on a small loss selling the homes. If they took a {{currency|1,000|USD|linked=no}} loss on each home, 10,000 homes could be made with that initial philanthropic donation. It could be run like a [[nonprofit organization]] so they would not have to pay property taxes on the homes as they were waiting to be sold. [201] => [202] => == Criticism == [203] => Philanthropy has been used by [[ultra high-net-worth individual]]s to offset their larger [[tax]] liabilities through [[Charitable contribution deductions in the United States|charitable contribution deductions]] enabled by the [[Tax law|tax code]]. In the book ''[[Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World]]'' by [[Anand Giridharadas]], he asserts that various philanthropic initiatives by the wealthy [[elite]] in practice function to entrench the [[power structure]]s and [[Advocacy group|special interests]] of the wealthy elite.{{Cite web|first=David|last=Kwan|date=2019-12-05|title=Binah: Anand Giridharadas on the Fallacy of Billionaire Philanthropy|url=https://www.kalw.org/show/binah/2019-12-05/binah-anand-giridharadas-on-the-fallacy-of-billionaire-philanthropy|access-date=2021-11-15|website=KALW|language=en}} For example, despite [[Robert F. Smith (investor)|Robert F. Smith]]'s generosity by paying off the student debt incurred by the [[Morehouse College|Morehouse]] class of 2019, he simultaneously fought against changes to the tax code that could have made more money available to help [[Educational inequality|low-income students]] pay for [[college]]. As a result, Giridharadas argues, Smith's philanthropic giving functions to reinforce the prevailing [[status quo]] and perpetuates [[Economic inequality|income inequality]], instead of addressing the root cause of social issues.{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=David|date=2021-06-10|title=A new reason Americans are getting leery of billionaire donors|url=https://theconversation.com/a-new-reason-americans-are-getting-leery-of-billionaire-donors-162409|access-date=2021-11-15|website=The Conversation|language=en}} [204] => [205] => The ability of wealthy people to deduct a significant amount of their tax liabilities in the form of philanthropic giving, as noted by the late German billionaire shipping magnate and philanthropist Peter Kramer, functioned as "a bad transfer of power", from [[Democracy|democratically]] elected politicians to unelected [[billionaire]]s, whereby it is no longer "the state that determines what is good for the people, but rather the rich who decide". The [[Global Policy Forum]], an independent policy watchdog which functions to monitor the activities of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], warned governments and international organisations that they should "assess the growing influence of major philanthropic foundations, and especially the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation… and analyse the intended and unintended risks and side-effects of their activities" prior to accepting money from rich donors. In 2015, Global Policy Forum also warned elected politicians that they should be particularly concerned about "the unpredictable and insufficient financing of [[Public good (economics)|public goods]], the lack of [[Monitoring and evaluation|monitoring]] and [[accountability]] mechanisms, and the prevailing practice of applying business logic to the provision of public goods".{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Vallely|date=2020-09-08|title=How philanthropy benefits the super-rich|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/sep/08/how-philanthropy-benefits-the-super-rich|access-date=2021-11-15|website=the Guardian|language=en}} [206] => [207] => Giridharadas also argues that philanthropy [[Distraction|distracts]] the public from some of the ill-gotten gains that were derived via [[Profit (economics)|profit]]. For example, the [[Sackler family]] were known for their generous philanthropic giving to various [[cultural institution]]s worldwide. However, their philanthropic giving functioned as [[deception]] and [[propaganda]], as their legacy of [[generosity]] was tainted by the subsequent exposure of [[Purdue Pharma]]'s role in encouraging and exacerbating the [[opioid epidemic]].{{Cite web|last=Livni|first=Ephrat|title=Here's what's wrong with letting wealthy people solve the world's problems|url=https://qz.com/1586242/in-winners-take-all-anand-giridharadas-shows-whats-wrong-with-doing-well-by-doing-good/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Quartz|date=7 April 2019 |language=en}} As a result of their exposed ill-gotten gains from the [[social issue]]s caused by the philanthropic donors, the British institutions of the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]] and the [[Tate]], along with the American institution [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], announced their rejection of charitable giving from the Sackler family trusts. [208] => [209] => == See also == [210] => * {{annotated link|List of philanthropists}} [211] => * {{annotated link|List of wealthiest charitable foundations}} [212] => * {{annotated link|Charitable organization}} [213] => * {{annotated link|Effective altruism}} [214] => * {{annotated link|Ethics of philanthropy}} [215] => * {{annotated link|Foundation (charity)}} [216] => * {{annotated link|Non-profit organization}} [217] => * {{annotated link|Philanthrocapitalism|Philanthropic capitalism}} [218] => * {{annotated link|Venture philanthropy}} [219] => * {{annotated link|Visiting the sick}} [220] => [221] => ==References== [222] => {{Reflist|30em}} [223] => [224] => ==Further reading== [225] => * {{cite book|last=Adam|first=Thomas|title=Philanthropy, Patronage, and Civil Society: Experiences from Germany, Great Britain, and North America|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253343130|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthropypatr0000unse|url-access=registration}} [226] => * {{cite book|editor-last=Burlingame|editor-first=D.F.|year=2004|title=Philanthropy in America: A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia|publisher=ABC Clio}} (3 vol.) [227] => * {{cite book|last=Curti|first=Merle E.|title=American philanthropy abroad: a history|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1963|lccn=62-18950|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.139687|url-access=registration}} [228] => * {{cite journal|author-link=William I. Hitchcock|last=Hitchcock|first=William I.|year=2014|title=World War I and the humanitarian impulse|journal=The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville|volume=35|number=2|pages=145–163|url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/ttr.35.2.145|url-access=subscription|doi=10.3138/ttr.35.2.145}} [229] => * {{cite book|last1=Ilchman|first1=Warren F.|first2=Stanley N.|last2=Katz|first3=Edward L.|last3=Queen|title=Philanthropy in the World's Traditions|year=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=025333392X|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinwo0000unse|url-access=registration}} Examines philanthropy in Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Jewish, and Native American religious traditions and in cultures from Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. [230] => * {{cite book|last=Jordan|first=W.K.|title=Philanthropy in England, 1480–1660: A Study of the Changing Pattern of English Social Aspirations|year=1959}} [231] => * {{cite book|last=Kiger|first=Joseph C.|title=Philanthropists and foundation globalization|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2011|isbn=9781412806732|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthropistsf0000kige|url-access=registration}} [232] => * {{cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Jørn Henrik|first2=Klaus|last2=Petersen|first3=Søren|last3=Kolstrup|title=Autonomy, Cooperation or Colonization? Christian Philanthropy and State Welfare in Denmark|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=56|number=1|year=2014|pages=81–104|doi=10.1093/jcs/cst130|url=https://academic.oup.com/jcs/article-abstract/56/1/81/897467|url-access=subscription}} [233] => * {{cite book|editor-last1=Reich|editor-first1=Rob|editor-first2=Chiara|editor-last2=Cordelli|editor-first3=Lucy|editor-last3=Bernholz|title=Philanthropy in democratic societies: History, institutions, values|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2016}} [234] => * {{cite book|last=Zunz|first=Olivier|title=Philanthropy in America: A history|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780691128368|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinam0000zunz|url-access=registration}} [235] => [236] => ==External links== [237] => *{{wikiquote-inline}} [238] => *{{Wiktionary-inline}} [239] => *{{commons category-inline}} [240] => * [https://www.historyofgiving.org/ A History of Modern Philanthropy], 1601–present compiled and edited by [[National Philanthropic Trust]] [241] => [242] => {{Charity}} [243] => {{Extreme wealth}} [244] => {{Virtues}} [245] => [246] => {{Authority control}} [247] => [248] => [[Category:Philanthropy| ]] [] => )
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Philanthropy

Philanthropy is the practice of giving money, resources, time, or knowledge to support charitable causes or to promote the welfare of others. It is rooted in the concept of generosity and selflessness, seeking to address societal problems and improve the overall well-being of individuals and communities.

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It is rooted in the concept of generosity and selflessness, seeking to address societal problems and improve the overall well-being of individuals and communities. The term "philanthropy" has its origins in ancient Greece, where it was associated with the love of humanity and the promotion of social good. Throughout history, philanthropy has taken various forms and has been practiced by individuals, organizations, and governments. It can involve financial donations, volunteering, advocacy, and strategic initiatives to address systemic issues. Many philanthropists have established foundations, trusts, or charitable organizations to manage their giving and ensure its long-term impact. The motivations behind philanthropy can vary widely, ranging from personal values and desire to give back to society, to religious or moral beliefs, to the opportunity for social recognition or tax benefits. Philanthropists may choose to support causes that align with their interests, such as education, healthcare, poverty alleviation, environmental conservation, or arts and culture. Philanthropy has played a significant role in driving social change and addressing pressing global challenges. It has contributed to the establishment of schools, hospitals, libraries, and other public institutions. It has funded scientific research, humanitarian aid efforts, and disaster relief initiatives. Philanthropists have also supported organizations and movements advocating for civil rights, gender equality, environmental protection, and other social justice issues. In recent years, philanthropy has gained increased attention and scrutiny. Debates have arisen about the effectiveness and accountability of philanthropic efforts, the concentration of wealth and power among a few donors, and the potential influence philanthropists may wield over public policy and decision-making. These discussions have prompted calls for more transparency, collaboration, and collective approaches to philanthropy. Overall, philanthropy continues to be an essential force for positive change in society, helping to address societal needs, improve quality of life, and create a more equitable and sustainable future.

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