Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Scientist specializing in the field of physics}} [1] => {{For|the album|Physicist (album){{!}}''Physicist'' (album)}} [2] => {{Distinguish|Physician}} [3] => [[File:Albert Einstein 1947.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Einstein]], a key [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] in the 20th century who developed the [[theory of relativity]] and parts of [[Old quantum theory|early quantum theory]] ]] [4] => {{TopicTOC-Physics}} [5] => [6] => A '''physicist''' is a [[scientist]] who specializes in the field of [[physics]], which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Joe|date=2009|title=Encyclopedia of Physics|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=247}}{{Cite Merriam-Webster|physicist}} "a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics" Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of [[Phenomenon|phenomena]], and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. They work across a wide range of [[Physics#Research fields|research fields]], spanning all length scales: from [[atom|sub-atomic]] and [[particle physics]], through [[biological physics]], to [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] length scales encompassing the [[universe]] as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists: [[Experimental physics|experimental physicists]] who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicists]] who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. [7] => [8] => Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as [[applied physics]] or [[engineering physics]]).{{cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap9.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Physics|date=October 2016|publisher=American Institute for Physics}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Engineering|date=October 2016|publisher=American Institute for Physics}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing outside of STEM sectors|date=October 2016|publisher=American Institute for Physics}} [9] => [10] => ==History== [11] => {{Broader|History of physics}} [12] => [[File:Hawksbees Electrical Machine by Jean-Antoine Nollet.jpg|thumb|right|In an 18th-century experiment in "natural philosophy" (later to be called "physics") English scientist [[Francis Hauksbee]] works with an early electrostatic generator.]] [13] => The study and practice of physics is based on an intellectual ladder of discoveries and insights from ancient times to the present. Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in the work of ancient civilizations, such as the [[Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomers]] and [[Ancient Egyptian technology|Egyptian engineers]], the Greek philosophers of science and mathematicians such as [[Thales of Miletus]], [[Euclid]] in [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], [[Archimedes of Syracuse]] and [[Aristarchus of Samos]]. Roots also emerged in ancient Asian cultures such as India and China, and particularly the [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|Islamic medieval period]], which saw the development of [[scientific methodology]] emphasising [[experimentation]], such as the work of [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) in the 11th century. The modern scientific worldview and the bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the [[scientific revolution]] in Europe, starting with the work of astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] leading to the physics of [[Galileo Galilei]] and [[Johannes Kepler]] in the early 1600s. The work on [[mechanics]], along with a [[mathematical physics|mathematical treatment]] of physical systems, was further developed by [[Christiaan Huygens]] and culminated in [[Newton's laws of motion]] and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] by the end of the 17th century. The experimental discoveries of [[Faraday]] and the theory of [[Maxwell's equations]] of electromagnetism were developmental high points during the 19th century. Many physicists contributed to the development of [[quantum mechanics]] in the early-to-mid 20th century. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes a large increase in understanding [[physical cosmology]]. [14] => [15] => The broad and general study of nature, [[natural philosophy]], was divided into several fields in the 19th century, when the concept of "science" received its modern shape. Specific categories emerged, such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist", "chemistry" and "chemist", among other technical fields and titles.{{cite book|editor1-last=Cahan |editor1-first=David|title=From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science|date=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-08928-2}} The term ''physicist'' was coined by [[William Whewell]] (also the originator of the term "scientist") in his 1840 book ''The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences''.Donald S. L. Cardwell, James Joule: A Biography, Manchester University Press - 1989, page 18 [16] => [17] => ==Education== [18] => A standard undergraduate physics curriculum consists of [[classical mechanics]], [[Electromagnetism|electricity and magnetism]], non-relativistic [[quantum mechanics]], [[optics]], [[Thermal physics|statistical mechanics and thermodynamics]], and laboratory experience.{{cite book|last1=Wachter|first1=Armin|last2=Hoeber|first2=Henning|title=Compendium of Theoretical Physics|date=2006|publisher=Springer|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-387-25799-3}}{{cite book|last1=Krey|first1=Uwe|last2=Owen|first2=Anthony|title=Basic Theoretical Physics : A concise overview|date=2007|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-36804-5|edition=1st}}{{cite book|last1=Kompaneyets|first1=Alexander Solomonovich |title=Theoretical physics|date=2012|publisher=Dover|location=Mineola, New York|isbn=978-0-486-60972-0|edition=2nd}} Physics students also need training in mathematics ([[calculus]], [[differential equation]]s, [[linear algebra]], [[complex analysis]], etc.), and in [[computer science]]. [19] => [20] => Any physics-oriented career position requires at least an undergraduate degree in physics or applied physics, while career options widen with a [[master's degree]] like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci.{{cite web |url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/job-profiles/physicist |title=Physicist |date=7 October 2016 |website=nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk |publisher=National Careers Service, United Kingdom}} [21] => [22] => For research-oriented careers, students work toward a [[doctoral degree]] specializing in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical [[astrophysics]], [[atomic physics]], [[biological physics]], [[chemical physics]], [[condensed matter physics]], [[cosmology]], [[geophysics]], [[Gravity|gravitational physics]], [[Materials science|material science]], [[medical physics]], [[microelectronics]], [[molecular physics]], [[nuclear physics]], [[optics]], [[particle physics]], [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]], [[quantum information|quantum information science]], and [[radiophysics]]. [23] => [24] => ==Careers== [25] => [[File:Fyysikot_työssään.jpg|thumb|right|Experimental physicists at work at the accelerator laboratory of the [[University of Jyväskylä]] (Finland)]] [26] => [27] => The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, [[Professor]]s, Sr./Jr. Scientist, or [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdocs]]. As per the [[American Institute of Physics]], some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education.{{cite web | author=AIP Statistical Research Center | url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf | title=Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields | access-date=August 21, 2006}} A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (e.g. [[finance]]{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8461f5e6-35f5-11e3-952b-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8461f5e6-35f5-11e3-952b-00144feab7de |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |title=Physicists and the Financial Markets|newspaper=Financial Times |date=18 October 2013}}).American Institute for Physics (AIP) Statistical Research Center Report [https://www.aip.org/statistics/reports/physics-doctorates-initial-employment-0 Physics Doctorates Initial Employment] published March 2016. [28] => [29] => Job titles for graduate physicists include [[Agricultural scientist|Agricultural Scientist]], [[Air traffic controller|Air Traffic Controller]], [[Biophysics|Biophysicist]], [[Computer programmer|Computer Programmer]], [[Electrical Engineer]], [[Environmental analyst|Environmental Analyst]], [[Geophysicist]], [[Medical physicist|Medical Physicist]], [[Meteorologist]], [[Oceanographer]], [[Physics teacher|Physics Teacher]]/[[Professor]]/[[Researcher]], [[Research Scientist]], [[Reactor physics|Reactor Physicist]], [[Engineering physicist|Engineering Physicist]], [[Satellite]] Missions Analyst, [[Science writer|Science Writer]], [[Stratigrapher]], [[Software engineer|Software Engineer]], [[Systems Engineer]], [[Microelectronic Engineering|Microelectronics Engineer]], [[Radar]] Developer, Technical Consultant, etc.{{cite web|url=http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf|title=What can I do with a degree in Physics?|date=2016|publisher=Augusta University|access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=November 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102165226/http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://science.iit.edu/physics/research-technical|title=Physicist Career Opportunities|date=2016|publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology|access-date=November 10, 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.engineergirl.org/cms/6071.aspx|title=Physics Education, Applied to Engineering|date=2016|publisher=National Academy of Engineering (NAE)|access-date=November 10, 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.sfu.ca/engineering/current-students/undergraduate-students/programs-and-requirements/engineering-physics.html|title=Engineering Physicist careers|date=2016|publisher=Simon Fraser University, Canada|access-date=February 27, 2017}} [30] => [31] => The majority of Physics terminal bachelor's degree holders are employed in the private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching.{{cite web |url=https://www.aip.org/statistics/pie |title=Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined|date=26 August 2013|publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=September 13, 2016}} [32] => [33] => Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involve research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment, [[computing]] and software development, etc.{{cite web|url=http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2111|title=2111 Physicists and astronomers|date=2016|publisher=National Occupational Classification - Canada|access-date=November 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111125832/http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2111|archive-date=November 11, 2016|url-status=dead}} [34] => [35] => ==Honors and awards== [36] => {{detail|List of Nobel laureates in Physics}} [37] => The highest honor awarded to physicists is the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], awarded since 1901 by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics|website=Nobelprize.org}} National physical societies have many prizes and awards for professional recognition. In the case of the [[American Physical Society]], as of 2023, there are 25 separate prizes and 33 separate awards in the field. [38] => [39] => ==Professional certification== [40] => [41] => ===United Kingdom=== [42] => [[Chartered Physicist]] (CPhys) is a chartered status and a professional qualification awarded by the [[Institute of Physics]]. It is denoted by the postnominals "CPhys". [43] => [44] => Achieving chartered status in any profession denotes to the wider community a high level of specialised subject knowledge and professional competence. According to the Institute of Physics, holders of the award of the Chartered Physicist (CPhys) demonstrate the "highest standards of professionalism, up-to-date expertise, quality and safety" along with "the capacity to undertake independent practice and exercise leadership" as well as "commitment to keep pace with advancing knowledge and with the increasing expectations and requirements for which any profession must take responsibility". [45] => [46] => Chartered Physicist is considered to be equal in status to Chartered Engineer, which the IoP also awards as a member of the Engineering Council UK, and other chartered statuses in the UK. It is also considered a "regulated profession" under the European professional qualification directives. [47] => [48] => ===Canada=== [49] => The [[Canadian Association of Physicists]] can appoint an official designation called '''Professional Physicist''' ('''P. Phys.'''),{{cite web | url=https://www.cap.ca/programs/pphys-certification/ | title=Professional Certification (PPhys) }} similar to the designation of [[Professional Engineer]] (P. Eng.). This designation was unveiled at the CAP congress in 1999 and already more than 200 people carry this distinction. [50] => [51] => To get the certification, at minimum proof of honours bachelor or higher degree in physics or a closely related discipline must be provided. Also, the physicist must have completed, or be about to complete, three years of recent physics-related work experience after graduation. And, unless exempted, a professional practice examination must also be passed. An exemption can be granted to a candidate that has practiced physics for at least seven years and provide a detailed description of their professional accomplishments which clearly demonstrate that the exam is not necessary. [52] => [53] => Work experience will be considered physics-related if it uses physics directly or significantly uses the modes of thought (such as the approach to problem-solving) developed in your education or experience as a physicist, in all cases regardless of whether the experience is in academia, industry, government, or elsewhere. Management of physics-related work qualifies, and so does appropriate graduate student work. [54] => [55] => ===South Africa=== [56] => The [[South African Institute of Physics]] also delivers a certification of Professional Physicist (Pr.Phys).{{cite web|url=http://www.saip.org.za/index.php/news-and-events/opportunities/287-register-as-professional-physicist-pr-phys-with-saip|access-date=20 April 2023|website=saip.org.za|title=Register as professional physicist}} At a minimum, the owner must possess a three-year bachelors or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of six years' experience in a physics-related activity; or an Honor or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of five years' experience in a physics-related activity; or master or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of three years' experience in a physics-related activity; a Doctorate or equivalent degree in Physics or a related field; or training or experience which, in the opinion of the Council, is equivalent to any of the above. [57] => [58] => ==Professional societies== [59] => Physicists may be a member of a [[Physical Society (disambiguation)|physical society]] of a country or region. Physical societies commonly publish scientific journals, organize [[Academic conference|physics conferences]] and award prizes for contributions to the field of physics. Some examples of physical societies are the [[American Physical Society]], the [[Institute of Physics]], with the oldest physical society being the [[German Physical Society]]. [60] => [61] => ==See also== [62] => * [[List of physicists]] [63] => * [[Chartered Physicist]] [64] => * [[Nobel Prize in physics]] [65] => * [[Manhattan Project]] [66] => * [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] [67] => [68] => ==References== [69] => {{Reflist}} [70] => [71] => ==Further reading== [72] => {{Refbegin}} [73] => * {{Cite journal |title=What works for women in physics? |journal=[[Physics Today]] |volume=56 |issue=9 |page=46 |doi=10.1063/1.1620834 |doi-access=free |year=2003 |author=Whitten, Barbara L. |last2=Foster |first2=Suzanne R. |last3=Duncombe |first3=Margaret L. |bibcode=2003PhT....56i..46W }} [74] => * {{Cite journal |title=The Physics Job Market: From Bear to Bull in a Decade |journal=Physics Today |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=36 |doi=10.1063/1.1372112 |doi-access= |year=2001 |author=Kirby, Kate |last2=Czujko |first2=Roman |last3=Mulvey |first3=Patrick |bibcode=2001PhT....54d..36K |s2cid=178631076 }} [75] => * {{Cite book |author=Hermanowicz, Joseph C. |title=The Stars Are Not Enough: Scientists--Their Passions and Professions |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-226-32767-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/starsarenotenoug1998herm }} [76] => * {{Cite book |author=Hermanowicz, Joseph C. |title=Lives in Science: How Institutions Affect Academic Careers |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-32761-7}} [77] => {{Refend}} [78] => [79] => ==External links== [80] => {{Wiktionary}} [81] => * [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gadda001/goodtheorist/ How to become a GOOD Theoretical Physicist], [[Utrecht University]] [82] => * [http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/physicists-and-astronomers.htm Physicists and Astronomers]; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Physicists and Astronomers [83] => * [https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/116/physicist Physicist Careers] [84] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170820112851/http://careers.queensu.ca/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.cswww/files/files/Major%20Maps/2015/Engineering%20Physics%20WEB.pdf Careers through Engineering Physics] [85] => [86] => {{Nobel Prize in Physics}} [87] => {{Physics-footer}} [88] => [89] => {{Authority control}} [90] => [91] => [[Category:Physicists| ]] [92] => [[Category:Science occupations]] [] => )
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Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics. They study and research the fundamental principles that govern the natural world, including matter, energy, time, and space.

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They study and research the fundamental principles that govern the natural world, including matter, energy, time, and space. Physicists investigate the properties and behavior of physical phenomena, ranging from subatomic particles to the vastness of the universe. They use theoretical models, mathematical calculations, and experimental methods to explore various phenomena, develop new technologies, and expand our understanding of the physical laws that govern the universe. Physicists contribute to various fields including astronomy, engineering, medicine, and technology, and their work has a profound impact on society through advancements in technology, energy, and our understanding of the natural world.

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