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It catalyzes the initial step of carbon fixation, converting carbon dioxide into an organic molecule. The RuBisCO enzyme is found in all photosynthetic organisms, including plants, algae, and some bacteria. It is considered the most abundant enzyme on Earth and is vital for sustaining life on the planet as it contributes to creating the necessary energy and organic compounds for all other organisms. The enzyme has two major reactions: carboxylation and oxygenation. In carboxylation, RuBisCO adds carbon dioxide to a five-carbon sugar molecule, producing a six-carbon intermediate that is further processed to form sugars. In oxygenation, RuBisCO instead adds oxygen to the same sugar molecule, leading to the formation of an unproductive compound. The dual activity of RuBisCO is a consequence of the enzyme's inability to distinguish between carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules effectively. This phenomenon, known as photorespiration, represents an energy-consuming side pathway that limits the efficiency of photosynthesis. Researchers have been exploring strategies to improve RuBisCO's catalytic efficiency and reduce the rate of oxygenation to enhance photosynthetic performance and crop productivity. The structure of RuBisCO consists of multiple protein subunits arranged in a complex manner. The enzyme undergoes various modifications and interactions with other molecules to achieve its functional state. Understanding the mechanism and regulation of RuBisCO has important implications in various fields. It contributes to the study of climate change through its role in carbon dioxide fixation and oxygen production. Additionally, RuBisCO's significance in agriculture and crop improvement makes it an area of interest for researchers seeking to enhance food production and address global food security challenges. Overall, RuBisCO is a fundamental and essential enzyme for photosynthesis and carbon cycle, impacting various aspects of life on Earth.