Array ( [0] => {{short description|Country in Central and Southeast Europe}} [1] => {{other uses}} [2] => {{Distinguish|Slavonia|Slovakia}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} [3] => {{Infobox country [4] => | conventional_long_name = Republic of Slovenia [5] => | common_name = Slovenia [6] => | native_name = {{native name list [7] => |tag1=sl|name1=Republika Slovenija [8] => |tag2=it|name2=Repubblica di Slovenia [9] => |tag3=hu|name3=Szlovén Köztársaság [10] => }} [11] => | image_flag = Flag of Slovenia.svg [12] => | image_coat = Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg [13] => | coa_size = 70 [14] => | national_anthem = ''[[National anthem of Slovenia|Zdravljica]]''
(English: "A Toast"){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Slovenia's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} [15] => | image_map = EU-Slovenia.svg [16] => | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region= Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion= the [[European Union]] |subregion_color= green}} [17] => | image_map2 = [18] => | capital = [[Ljubljana]] [19] => | coordinates = {{Coord|46|03|05|N|14|30|22|E|type:city}} [20] => | largest_city = capital [21] => | official_languages = [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{efn-lr|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] are co-official in some municipalities.}} [22] => | regional_languages = {{cslist|[[Italian language in Slovenia|Italian]]|[[Languages of Slovenia#Hungarian|Hungarian]]}} [23] => | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; [24] => |{{Tree list}} [25] => * 77.8% [[Christianity]] [26] => ** 73.4% [[Catholic Church in Slovenia|Catholicism]] [27] => ** 3.7% [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]] [28] => ** 0.7% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] [29] => {{Tree list/end}} [30] => |18.3% [[Irreligion|no religion]] [31] => |3.9% [[Religion in Slovenia|other]] [32] => }} [33] => | religion_year = 2018 [34] => | religion_ref = {{citation|title=Eurobarometer 90.4 (December 2018): Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism|work=Special [[Eurobarometer]]|year=2019|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V204&v=2&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V11&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V440&V204slice=1&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA7556&charttype=null&tabcontenttype=row&V11slice=1&V204subset=1+-+10%2C11%2C12+-+13%2C14&mode=table&top=yes|access-date=9 August 2019|publisher=[[European Commission]]|location=[[European Union]]|via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]]|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313212123/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V204&v=2&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V11&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V440&V204slice=1&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA7556&charttype=null&tabcontenttype=row&V11slice=1&V204subset=1+-+10%2C11%2C12+-+13%2C14&mode=table&top=yes|url-status=dead}} [35] => | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list [36] => | 83.1% [[Slovenes]] [37] => | 2.0% [[Serbs in Slovenia|Serbs]] [38] => | 1.8% [[Croats of Slovenia|Croats]] [39] => | 1.6% [[Bosniaks of Slovenia|Bosniaks]] [40] => | 0.4% [[Romani people|Romani]] [41] => | 0.3% [[Hungarians]] [42] => | 0.1% [[Istrian Italians|Italians]] [43] => | 2.2% other [44] => | 8.9% unspecified [45] => }} [46] => | ethnic_groups_year = 2002 [47] => | ethnic_groups_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7 |title=Census 2002: 7. Population by ethnic affiliation, Slovenia, Census 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806084849/http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions-77_sl |title=Prebivalstvo: demografsko stanje, jeziki in veroizpovedi|date=10 October 2017}} [48] => | demonym = {{cslist|[[Slovenes|Slovene]]|[[Slovenes|Slovenian]]}} [49] => | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] [50] => | leader_title1 = [[President of Slovenia|President]] [51] => | leader_name1 = [[Nataša Pirc Musar]] [52] => | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Slovenia|Prime Minister]] [53] => | leader_name2 = [[Robert Golob]] [54] => | legislature = [[Slovenian Parliament|Parliament]] [55] => | upper_house = [[National Council (Slovenia)|National Council]] [56] => | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]] [57] => | established_event1 = [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] [58] => | established_date1 = 29 October 1918 [59] => | established_event2 = [[Creation of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] [60] => | established_date2 = 1 December 1918 [61] => | established_event3 = [[Slovene National Liberation Committee]] [62] => | established_date3 = 19 February 1944 [63] => | established_event4 = [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] [64] => | established_date4 = 29 July 1944 [65] => | established_event5 = [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|Independence]] from
Yugoslavia [66] => | established_date5 = 25 June 1991 [67] => | established_event6 = [[Brioni Agreement]]
signed [68] => | established_date6 = 7 July 1991 [69] => | established_event7 = [[Constitution of Slovenia|Current constitution]]
adopted [70] => | established_date7 = 23 December 1991 [71] => | established_event8 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 754|Admitted to the]] United Nations [72] => | established_date8 = 22 May 1992 [73] => | established_event9 = [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the
[[European Union]] [74] => | established_date9 = 1 May 2004 [75] => | area_km2 = 20,271 [76] => | area_rank = 150th [77] => | area_sq_mi = 7,826.677 [78] => | percent_water = 0.7{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/letopis/2010/01_10/01-03-10.htm |title=Površina ozemlja in pokrovnost tal, določena planimetrično, 2005 |trans-title=Surface area and land cover determined planimetrically, 2005 |language=sl, en |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203510/http://www.stat.si/letopis/2010/01_10/01-03-10.htm |url-status=dead }} [79] => | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 2,123,103{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/11647|title=Population, 1 October 2022|access-date=17 March 2023|publisher=[[Statistical Office of Slovenia]]|archive-date=30 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130094807/https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/11647|url-status=dead}} [80] => | population_census = 1,964,036 [81] => | population_estimate_year = 2022 [82] => | population_estimate_rank = 147th [83] => | population_census_year = 2002 [84] => | population_density_km2 = 103 [85] => | population_density_sq_mi = 262 [86] => | population_density_rank = 106th [87] => | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $112.913 billion{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=961,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Slovenia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024}} [88] => | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 [89] => | GDP_PPP_rank = 93rd [90] => | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $53,287 [91] => | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 36th [92] => | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $72.101 billion [93] => | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 [94] => | GDP_nominal_rank = 80th [95] => | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,026 [96] => | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 34th [97] => | Gini = 23.5 [98] => | Gini_year = 2020 [99] => | Gini_change = decrease [100] => | Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=9 August 2021}} [101] => | Gini_rank = [102] => | HDI = 0.926 [103] => | HDI_year = 2022 [104] => | HDI_change = increase [105] => | HDI_ref = {{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24overviewen.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=14 March 2024|access-date= 14 March 2024}} [106] => | HDI_rank = 22nd [107] => | iso3166code = SI [108] => | currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) [109] => | currency_code = EUR [110] => | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] [111] => | utc_offset = +1 [112] => | utc_offset_DST = +2 [113] => | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] [114] => | date_format = dd. mm. yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) [115] => | drives_on = right [116] => | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Slovenia|+386]] [117] => | cctld = [[.si]]{{efn-lr| Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states.}} [118] => | footnotes = {{notelist-lr}} [119] => }} [120] => [121] => '''Slovenia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio= en-us-Slovenia.ogg|s|l|oʊ|ˈ|v|iː|n|i|ə|,_|s|l|ə|-}}{{cite book|last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}{{cite book|last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition= 18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521152532}} {{respell|sloh|VEE|nee-ə}}; {{lang-sl|Slovenija}} {{IPA-sl|slɔˈʋèːnija|}}){{Cite web|url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Slovenija&hs=1|title=Slovenski pravopis 2001 - Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU in Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti – izid poizvedbe|website=bos.zrc-sazu.si}} officially the '''Republic of Slovenia''' (Slovene: {{Audio| Sl-Republika Slovenija.oga|{{lang|sl|Republika Slovenija}}}}{{IPA-sl|ɾɛˈpùːblika slɔˈʋèːnija}}. Source: {{cite web|title= Slovenski pravopis 2001: Republika Slovenija|url= http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=republika+slovenija&hs=1}}{{IPA-sl|ɾəˈsə́}}. Source: {{cite web |title= Slovenski pravopis 2001: Republika Slovenija|url= http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=republika+slovenija&hs=1}}), is a country in southern [[Central Europe]].{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/slovenia/|title=Slovenia|website=[[The World Factbook]]|date=20 November 2023 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}{{cite book |url=http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/23.pdf |title=Gateway to Western, Central, and Southeastern Europe |first=Andrej |last=Černe |page=127 |series=Slovenia: A Geographical Overview |editor=Orožen Adamič, Milan |publisher=Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia |year=2004 |isbn=961-6500-49-X |quote=For centuries, the territory of Slovenia has been crossed by traditional transportation routes connecting northern Europe with southern, eastern, and western Europe. Slovenia's location in the northwestern part of the Mediterranean's most inland bay on the Adriatic Sea where the Alps, the plateaus of the Dinaric Alps, and the western margins of the Pannonian Basin meet gives [it] a relatively quite advantageous traffic and geographical position distinguished by its transitional character and the links between these geographical regions. In a wider macroregional sense, this transitional character and these links have not changed since prehistoric times.}} Slovenia is bordered by [[Italy]] to the west, [[Austria]] to the north, [[Hungary]] to the northeast, [[Croatia]] to the south and southeast, and a short coastline within the [[Adriatic Sea]] to the southwest.{{cite web|title=Slovenia – History, Geography, & People |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=5 June 2021 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Slovenia |access-date=16 June 2021}} Slovenia is mostly mountainous and forested,{{cite journal|url=http://www.theslovenian.com/articles/2008/perko.pdf |title=Slovenia at the Junction of Major European Geographical Units |first=Drago |last=Perko |year=2008 |newspaper=The Slovenian |publisher=Vse Slovenski Kulturni Odbor [The All Slovenian Cultural Committee] |place=Toronto}} covers {{convert|20271|km2}},{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/File/DocSysFile/10033/Spremembe_povrsine_Slovenije.pdf |title=Spremembe v površini Slovenije |language=sl |trans-title=Changes to the Area of Slovenia |date=1 July 2018 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia}} and has a population of approximately 2.1 million.{{Cite web|url=https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions-77_en |title=Population: Demographic situation, languages and religions |date=10 October 2017 |publisher=European Education and Culture Executive Agency}} [[Slovene language|Slovene]], a [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic language]], is the official language.{{cite web|title=Slovene language |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slovene-language |access-date=16 June 2021}} Slovenia has a predominantly temperate [[continental climate]],{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pb_eXmEyPvwC&pg=PA40 |title=Slovenia |chapter=Environment |first=Steve |last=Fallon |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2007 |edition=5th |isbn=978-1-74104-480-5 |page=40}} with the exception of the [[Slovene Littoral]] and the [[Julian Alps]]. A sub-mediterranean climate reaches to the northern extensions of the [[Dinaric Alps]] that traverse the country in a northwest–southeast direction. The [[Julian Alps]] in the northwest have an alpine climate.{{cite book|chapter-url=http://zgds.zrc-sazu.si/glasgow/9.pdf |first=Darko |last=Ogrin |chapter=Modern Climate Change in Slovenia |page=45 |title=Slovenia: A Geographical Overview |editor-last=Orožen Adamič |editor-first=Milan |publisher=Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia |year=2004 |isbn=961-6500-49-X |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717233733/http://zgds.zrc-sazu.si/glasgow/9.pdf |archive-date= 17 July 2013|df= dmy-all}} Toward the northeastern [[Pannonian Basin]], a continental climate is more pronounced. [[Ljubljana]], the capital and [[List of cities and towns in Slovenia|largest city]] of Slovenia, is geographically situated near the centre of the country.{{cite web|title=About Ljubljana |website=Mestna občina Ljubljana |date=3 July 2017 |url=https://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ |access-date=16 June 2021}} [122] => [123] => Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], and [[Romance languages|Romance]] languages and cultures. Its territory has been part of many different states: the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Carolingian Empire]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Illyrian Provinces]] of Napoleon's [[First French Empire]], the [[Austrian Empire]], and the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Empire. In October 1918, the Slovenes co-founded the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs|State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs]].{{cite web|last=Trgovčević |first=Ljubinka |title=Yugoslavia |website=International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) |date=18 July 2016 |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/yugoslavia |access-date=18 June 2021}} In December 1918, they merged with the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] into the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]].{{cite web|title=History and culture |website=I feel Slovenia |date=4 March 2020 |url=https://www.slovenia.info/en/plan-your-trip/facts-about-slovenia/history-and-culture |access-date=16 June 2021}} During [[World War II]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] occupied and annexed Slovenia, with a tiny area transferred to the [[Independent State of Croatia]], a newly declared [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]].{{cite news|url=http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/121558 |title=Mejo so zavarovali z žico in postavili mine |language=sl |trans-title=They Protected the Border with Wire and Set up Mines |newspaper=Dnevnik.si |first=Ernest |last=Sečen |date=16 April 2005 |access-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321045008/http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/121558 |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=dead}} In 1945, it again became part of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Post-war, Yugoslavia was allied with the [[Eastern Bloc]], but after the [[Tito–Stalin split]] of 1948, it never subscribed to the [[Warsaw Pact]], and in 1961 it became one of the founders of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/alignment-to-non-alignment-yugoslavia-discovers-the-third-world|title=From Alignment to Non-Alignment: Yugoslavia Discovers the Third World|work=Wilson Center|date=5 June 2019|access-date=9 April 2021}} In June 1991, Slovenia [[Independence of Slovenia|declared independence]] from Yugoslavia and became an independent [[sovereign state]].{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhwHHtwbhioC&pg=PA5 |title=Succession of States |editor-first=Mojmir |editor-last=Mrak |chapter=Recognition of States and Its (Non-)Implication on State Succession: The Case of Successor States to the Former Yugoslavia |page=5 |first=Mirjam |last=Škrk |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=9789041111456}} [124] => [125] => Slovenia is a [[developed country]], with a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] ranking highly in the [[Human Development Index]].{{cite web |title=Slovenia Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |date=24 January 2021 |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/slovenia |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125015732/https://www.heritage.org/index/country/slovenia |url-status=dead }} The [[Gini coefficient]] rates its [[Economic inequality|income inequality]] among the lowest in the world.{{Cite web|title=Gini index (World Bank estimate) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2019&most_recent_value_desc=false&start=2019&view=bar|access-date=21 July 2021|publisher=World Bank}} It is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Eurozone]], the [[Schengen Area]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], the [[OECD]], the [[Council of Europe]], and [[NATO]].{{cite web|title=International organisations and international law |publisher=Government of Slovenia |url=https://www.gov.si/en/policies/foreign-affairs/international-organisations-and-international-law/ |access-date=16 June 2021}} Slovenia was ranked 33rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}} [126] => [127] => ==Etymology== [128] => The name ''Slovenia'' etymologically means 'land of the [[Slavs]]'. The origin of the name {{wikt-lang|en|Slav}} itself remains uncertain. The suffix ''-en'' forms a [[demonym]].{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |pages=382–383}} [129] => [130] => ==History== [131] => {{Main|History of Slovenia}} [132] => [133] => === Prehistory to Slavic settlement === [134] => [135] => ==== Prehistory ==== [136] => [137] => {{multiple image [138] => | align = right [139] => | total_width = 320 [140] => | image1 = Divje Babe flute (Late Pleistocene flute).jpg [141] => | alt1 = A [[Divje Babe flute|pierced cave bear bone]], possibly a flute, from [[Divje Babe]] [142] => | caption1 = A [[Divje Babe flute|pierced cave bear bone]], possibly a flute made by [[Neanderthal]]s dating to [[Late Pleistocene]] [143] => | image2 = Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered).jpg [144] => | alt2 = Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered (Neolithic period) [145] => | caption2 = [[Ljubljana Marshes Wheel]] dating to [[Neolithic]] period is the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered. [146] => | footer = [147] => }} [148] => [149] => Present-day Slovenia has been inhabited since [[prehistoric]] times. There is evidence of [[human settlement|human habitation]] from around 250,000 years ago.{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenia.si/slovenia/history/milestones/|title=Milestones - slovenia.si|website=slovenia.si|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222170919/http://www.slovenia.si/slovenia/history/milestones/|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=dead}} A [[Divje Babe flute|pierced cave bear bone]], dating from 43100 ± 700 [[before present|BP]], found in 1995 in Divje Babe cave near [[Cerkno]], is considered a kind of flute, and possibly the oldest musical instrument discovered in the world.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9tDboBJ70EC |title=The Land Between: A History of Slovenia |chapter=From Prehistory to the End of the Ancient World |page=15 |first=Oto |last=Luthar |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-631-57011-1}} In the 1920s and 1930s, artifacts belonging to the [[Cro-Magnon]], such as pierced bones, bone points, and a needle were found by archaeologist [[Srečko Brodar]] in [[Potok Cave]].{{cite web |url=http://www.parc.si/index.html |title=Potočka zijavka |work=Parc.si |publisher=Palaeolithic Research Centre |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003053958/http://www.parc.si/index.html |archive-date=3 October 2012}}{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/323 |title=Potočka zijalka |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI |first1=Irena |last1=Debeljak |first2=Matija |last2=Turk |editor=Šmid Hribar |editor2=Mateja Torkar |editor3=Gregor Golež |editor4=Mateja Podjed |editor5=Dan. Drago Kladnik |editor6=Drago. Erhartič |editor7=Bojan Pavlin |editor8=Primož. Jerele, Ines. |access-date=12 March 2012 |language=sl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515062641/http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/323 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead}} [150] => [151] => In 2002, [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|remains of pile dwellings]] over 4,500 years old were discovered in the [[Ljubljana Marsh]], now protected as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], along with the [[Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel]], the oldest wooden wheel in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.koliscar.si/en/virtual-exhibition/ |title=The oldest wooden wheel in the world: Virtual exhibition |date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123085747/http://www.koliscar.si/en/virtual-exhibition |archive-date=23 January 2013}} It shows that wooden wheels appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe.{{cite web |title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/ |date=March 2003 |publisher=Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia |author=Alexander Gasser |access-date=19 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714033224/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/ |archive-date=14 July 2012}} In the transition period between the [[Bronze Age]] to the [[Iron Age]], the [[Urnfield]] culture flourished. Archaeological remains dating from the [[Hallstatt period]] have been found, particularly in southeastern Slovenia, among them a number of [[situla (vessel)|situla]]s in [[Novo Mesto]], the "[[Situla|Town of Situlas]]".{{Cite web |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-023-09174-6 |last=Fabio |first=Saccoccio |title=Situla Art: An Iron Age Artisanal Tradition |pages=49–108 (volume 36) |publisher=Springer Nature |date=9 May 2023}} [152] => [153] => ==== Roman era ==== [154] => The area that is present-day Slovenia was in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times shared between ''Venetia et Histria'' (region X of [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Roman Italia]] in the classification of [[Augustus]]) and the provinces [[Pannonia]] and [[Noricum]]. The Romans established posts at [[Emona]] (Ljubljana), [[Poetovio]] (Ptuj), and [[Celeia]] (Celje); and constructed trade and military roads that ran across Slovene territory from [[Italy]] to Pannonia. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the area was subject to invasions by the [[Huns]] and [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes during their incursions into Italy. A part of the inner state was protected with a defensive line of towers and walls called ''[[Claustra Alpium Iuliarum]]''. A [[Battle of the Frigidus|crucial battle]] between [[Theodosius I]] and [[Eugenius]] took place in the [[Vipava Valley]] in 394.{{cite book |last1=Wolfram |first1=Herwig |title=The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |page=92}}{{cite book |last1=Singleton |first1=Fred |title=A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |page=2}} [155] => [156] => ==== Slavic settlement ==== [157] => The [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] tribes migrated to the Alpine area after the westward departure of the [[Lombards]] (the last Germanic tribe) in 568, and under pressure from [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] established a [[Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps|Slavic settlement in the Eastern Alps]]. From 623 to 624 or possibly 626 onwards, [[Samo|King Samo]] united the Alpine and Western Slavs against the Avars and Germanic peoples and established what is referred to as Samo's Kingdom. After its disintegration following Samo's death in 658 or 659, the ancestors of the [[Slovenes]] located in present-day [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] formed the independent [[Carantania|duchy of Carantania]],{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MqAQAAMAAJ |title=Na stičišču svetov: slovenska zgodovina od prazgodovinskih kultur do konca 18. stoletja |first=Peter |last=Štih |language=sl |trans-title=At the Junction of the Worlds: Slovene History from the Prehistoric Cultures to the End of the 18th Century |isbn=978-961-241-375-0 |publisher=Modrijan Publishing House |page=33|year=2009 }} and [[Carniola]], later duchy Carniola. Other parts of present-day Slovenia were again ruled by Avars before [[Charlemagne]]'s victory over them in 803. [158] => [159] => === Middle Ages === [160] => [[File:Kaernten herzogeinsetzung.jpg|thumb|left|A depiction of an ancient democratic ritual of Slovene-speaking tribes, which took place on the [[Prince's Stone]] in [[Slovene language|Slovene]] until 1414]] [161] => [162] => The [[Carantanians]], one of the ancestral groups of the modern Slovenes, particularly the [[Carinthian Slovenes]], were the first Slavic people to [[Christianization of the Slavs|accept Christianity]]. They were mostly Christianized by Irish missionaries, among them [[Modestus (Apostle of Carantania)|Modestus]], known as the "Apostle of Carantanians". This process, together with the Christianization of the [[Bavarians]], was later described in the memorandum known as the [[Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum]], which is thought to have overemphasized the role of the Church of Salzburg in the Christianization process over similar efforts of the Patriarchate of [[Aquileia]]. [163] => [164] => In the mid-8th century, Carantania became a vassal duchy under the rule of the [[Bavaria]]ns, who began [[christianization|spreading Christianity]]. Three decades later, the [[Carantanians]] were incorporated, together with the Bavarians, into the [[Carolingian Empire]]. During the same period [[Carniola]], too, came under the Franks, and was Christianised from [[Aquileia]]. Following the anti-Frankish rebellion of [[Liudewit]] at the beginning of the 9th century, the [[Franks]] removed the Carantanian princes, replacing them with their own border dukes. Consequently, the Frankish [[feudal system]] reached the Slovene territory. [165] => [166] => After the victory of Emperor [[Otto I]] over the [[Magyars]] in 955, Slovene territory was divided into a number of border regions of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Carantania was elevated into the [[Duchy of Carinthia]] in 976. [167] => [168] => By the 11th century, the Germanization of what is now [[Lower Austria]], effectively isolated the Slovene-inhabited territory from the other [[western Slavs]], speeding up the development of the [[Carantanians|Slavs of Carantania]] and of [[Carniola]] into an independent Carantanian/Carniolans/Slovene ethnic group. By the [[High Middle Ages]], the historic provinces of Carniola, [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]], [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]], [[County of Gorizia|Gorizia]], [[Trieste]], and [[Istria]] developed from the border regions and were incorporated into the medieval [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The consolidation and formation of these historical lands took place in a long period between the 11th and 14th centuries, and were led by a number of important feudal families, such as the [[Bernhard von Spanheim|Dukes of Spanheim]], the [[Meinhardiner|Counts of Gorizia]], the [[Counts of Celje]], and, finally, the [[House of Habsburg]]. In a parallel process, an intensive Germanization significantly diminished the extent of Slovene-speaking areas. By the 15th century, the [[Slovene Lands|Slovene ethnic territory]] was reduced to its present size.{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.si/en/Slovenia |title=About Slovenia – Culture of Slovenia |publisher=Culture.si |access-date=2 June 2012}} [169] => [170] => In 1335, [[Henry of Bohemia|Henry of Gorizia]], Duke of Carinthia, Landgrave of Carniola and Count of Tyrol died without a male heir, his daughter [[Margaret, Countess of Tyrol|Margaret]] was able to keep the [[County of Tyrol]], while the Wittelsbach emperor [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] passed Carinthia and Carniolan march to the Habsburg duke [[Albert II, Duke of Austria|Albert II of Austria]], whose mother, [[Elisabeth of Carinthia, Queen of the Romans|Elisabeth of Carinthia]] is a sister of the late duke [[Henry of Bohemia|Henry of Gorizia]]. Therefore, most of the territory of present-day Slovenia became a hereditary land of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. As with the other component parts of the [[Habsburg monarchy]], Carinthia and Carniola remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for a long time. The [[counts of Celje]], a feudal family from this area who in 1436 acquired the title of state princes, were [[Habsburgs]]' powerful competitors for some time. This large dynasty, important at a European political level, had its seat in Slovene territory but died out in 1456. Its numerous large estates subsequently became the property of the Habsburgs, who retained control of the area right up until the beginning of the 20th century. [[Patria del Friuli]] ruled present western Slovenia until [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] takeover in 1420. [171] => [172] => [[File:Boj s Turki-Valvasor.jpg|thumb|The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars|battling]] the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburgs]] in present-day Slovenia during the [[Great Turkish War]]]] [173] => At the end of the Middle Ages, the [[Slovene Lands]] suffered a serious economic and demographic setback because of the [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars|Turkish raids]]. In 1515, a [[Slovene peasant revolt of 1515|peasant revolt]] spread across nearly the whole Slovene territory. In 1572 and 1573 the [[Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt]] wrought havoc throughout the wider region. Such uprisings, which often met with bloody defeats, continued throughout the 17th century. [174] => [175] => === Early modern period === [176] => After the dissolution of the Republic of Venice in 1797, the Venetian Slovenia was passed to the Austrian Empire. The [[Slovene Lands]] were part of the French-administered [[Illyrian Provinces]] established by Napoleon, the [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]]. Slovenes inhabited most of [[Carniola]], the southern part of the duchies of [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], the northern and eastern areas of the [[Austrian Littoral]], as well as [[Prekmurje]] in the [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Kingdom of Hungary]].{{cite journal |url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/ssj/article/download/3797/3208 |title= The Terms Wende-Winde, Wendisch-Windisch in the Historiographic Tradition of the Slovene Lands|first=Rado |last=Lenček |author-link=Rado Lenček |year=1990 |journal= Slovene Studies|volume=12 |issue=1 |page=94 |doi=10.7152/ssj.v12i1.3797|doi-access=free }} Industrialization was accompanied by construction of railroads to link cities and markets, but the urbanization was limited. [177] => [178] => Due to limited opportunities, between 1880 and 1910 there was extensive emigration; around 300,000 Slovenes (1 in 6) emigrated to other countries,{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXiCp49NJh8C&pg=PA10 |title=Independent Slovenia: Origins, Movements, Prospects |chapter=In the Beginning: The Slovenes from the Seventh Century to 1945 |first1=Jill |last1=Benderly |first2=Evan |last2=Kraft |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-312-16447-8 |pages=9–11}} mostly [[Slovene Americans|to the US]], but also [[Slovene communities in South America|to South America]] (the main part to [[Argentina]]), Germany, [[Egypt]], and to larger cities in Austria-Hungary, especially [[Vienna]] and [[Graz]]. Despite this emigration, the population of Slovenia increased significantly. Literacy was exceptionally high, at 80–90%. [179] => [180] => The 19th century also saw a revival of culture in [[Slovene language|Slovene]], accompanied by a [[Romantic nationalism|Romantic nationalist]] quest for cultural and political autonomy. The idea of a [[United Slovenia]], first advanced during the [[revolutions of 1848]], became the common platform of most Slovenian parties and political movements in Austria-Hungary. During the same period, [[Yugoslavism]], an ideology stressing the unity of all [[South Slavs|South Slavic peoples]], spread as a reaction to [[Pan-Germanism|Pan-German nationalism]] and [[Italian irredentism]]. [181] => [182] => === World War I === [183] => {{See also|Italian front (World War I)|Battles of the Isonzo|Treaty of London (1915)|Corfu Declaration}} [184] => [[File:Eingebaute Mannschaftsunterstände am Monte Sabotino.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Battles of the Isonzo]] took place mostly in rugged mountainous areas above the Soča River.]] [185] => [[World War I]] brought heavy casualties to Slovenes, particularly the twelve [[Battles of the Isonzo]], which took place in present-day Slovenia's western border area with Italy. Hundreds of thousands of Slovene conscripts were drafted into the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], and over 30,000 of them died. Hundreds of thousands of Slovenes from [[Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca]] were resettled in [[refugee camp]]s in Italy and Austria. While the refugees in Austria received decent treatment, the Slovene refugees in Italian camps were treated as state enemies, and several thousand died of malnutrition and diseases between 1915 and 1918.Petra Svoljšak, ''Slovenski begunci v Italiji med prvo svetovno vojno'' (Ljubljana 1991). Entire areas of the [[Slovene Littoral]] were destroyed. [186] => [187] => The [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] of 1920 left approximately 327,000 out of the total population of 1.3 million Slovenes in Italy.Lipušček, U. (2012) ''Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915'', Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana. {{ISBN|978-961-231-871-0}}Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) [https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk Clash of civilisations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506152156/https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk |date=6 May 2020 }}, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 4 After the [[March on Rome|fascists took power]] in Italy, they were subjected to a policy of violent Fascist [[Italianization]]. This caused the mass emigration of Slovenes, especially the middle class, from the Slovene Littoral and [[Trieste]] to [[Yugoslavia]] and South America. Those who remained organized several connected networks of both passive and armed resistance. The best known was the [[Anti-fascism|militant anti-fascist]] organization [[TIGR]], formed in 1927 to fight Fascist oppression of the Slovene and Croat populations in the [[Julian March]].Mira Cencič, ''TIGR'' (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997)Tatjana Rejec, ''Pričevanja o TIGR-u'' (Ljubljana: [[Slovene Society]], 1995) [188] => [189] => === Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) === [190] => {{See also|Creation of Yugoslavia|Carinthian Plebiscite|Rudolf Maister}} [191] => [[File:KongressfallofAH.jpg|thumb|right|The proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs at [[Congress Square]] in Ljubljana on 20 October 1918]] [192] => The [[Slovene People's Party (historical)|Slovene People's Party]] launched a movement for self-determination, demanding the creation of a semi-independent [[South Slavic peoples|South Slavic]] state under [[Habsburg dynasty|Habsburg]] rule. The proposal was picked up by most Slovene parties, and a mass mobilization of Slovene civil society, known as the [[May Declaration (1917)|Declaration Movement]], followed.{{Cite book |last=Kranjec |first=Silvo |chapter=Korošec Anton |title=Slovenski biografski leksikon |chapter-url=http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/get/sbl:1188/VIEW/ |year=1925–1991 |edition=Online |publisher=[[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] |access-date=24 July 2010 |language=sl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823082222/http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/get/sbl:1188/VIEW/ |archive-date=23 August 2011}} This demand was rejected by the Austrian political elites; but following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the aftermath of the [[First World War]], the [[National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] took power in [[Zagreb]] on 6 October 1918. On 29 October, independence was declared by a national gathering in Ljubljana, and by the Croatian parliament, declaring the establishment of the new [[State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs]]. [193] => [194] => On 1 December 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs merged with [[Serbia]], becoming part of the new [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]; in 1929 it was renamed the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. The main territory of Slovenia, being the most industrialized and westernized compared to other less developed parts of Yugoslavia, became the main centre of industrial production: Compared to Serbia, for example, Slovenian industrial production was four times greater; and it was 22 times greater than in [[North Macedonia]]. The interwar period brought further industrialization in Slovenia, with rapid economic growth in the 1920s, followed by a relatively successful economic adjustment to the [[1929 economic crisis]] and [[Great Depression]]. [195] => [196] => Following a [[Carinthian Plebiscite|plebiscite]] in October 1920, the Slovene-speaking southern [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] was ceded to [[Austria]]. With the [[Treaty of Trianon]], the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was awarded the Slovene-inhabited [[Prekmurje]] region, formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Slovenes living in territories that fell under the rule of the neighboring states—Italy, Austria, and Hungary—were subjected to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]]. [197] => [198] => === World War II === [199] => {{main|World War II in the Slovene Lands}} [200] => [201] => {| class="infobox" style="width: 90px;" [202] => | {{Image label begin|image=Provincia di Lubiana1941-1943.jpg|width=350}} [203] => {{Image label small|x=0.345|y=0.105|scale=350|text=[[Austria under National Socialism|Nazi Germany]]}} [204] => {{Image label small|x=0.899|y=0.058|scale=350|text=[[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]]}} [205] => {{Image label small|x=0.021|y=0.465|scale=350|text=[[Kingdom of Italy|Fascist

Italy]]}} [206] => {{Image label small|x=0.815|y=0.454|scale=350|text=[[Independent State of Croatia|Independent

State of

Croatia]]}} [207] => {{Image label end}} [208] => |- [209] => | During World War II, [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] annexed northern areas (brown and dark green areas, respectively), while Fascist [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] annexed the vertically hatched black area (solid black western part having been annexed by Italy in 1920 with the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]]). Some villages were incorporated into the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. After 1943, Germany also occupied the area that Italy had annexed. [210] => |} [211] => [212] => Slovenia was the only present-day European nation that was trisected and completely annexed into both [[Nazi Germany]] and Fascist [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] during World War II.Gregor Joseph Kranjc (2013). To Walk with the Devil, University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, p. introduction 5 In addition, the [[Prekmurje]] region in the east was annexed to Hungary, and some villages in the [[Lower Sava Valley]] were incorporated in the newly created Nazi puppet [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH). Axis forces [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded Yugoslavia]] in April 1941 and defeated the country in a few weeks. The southern part, including [[Ljubljana]], was annexed to Italy, while the Nazis took over the northern and eastern parts of the country. The Nazis had a plan of [[ethnic cleansing]] of these areas,Haar, I., Fahlbusch, M. (2006): [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBYW0uYved8C&q=Slovenians+%22ethnic+cleansing%22&pg=PA115 German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing, 1919–1945], Berghahn Books, {{ISBN|9781845450489}}, p. 115 and they resettled or expelled the local Slovene civilian population to the puppet states of [[Nedić's Serbia]] (7,500) and [[NDH]] (10,000). In addition, some 46,000 Slovenes were expelled to Germany, including children who were separated from their parents and allocated to German families.Lukšič-Hacin, M., Mlekuž J. (2009): [https://books.google.com/books?id=EUWc0Csfp8cC&pg=PA55 Go Girls!: When Slovenian Women Left Home], Založba ZRC SAZU, {{ISBN|9789612541705}}, p. 55Zdravko Troha (2004). Kočevski Nemci – partizani [fotografije Zdravko Troha, Pokrajinski muzej Kočevje, Arhiv Slovenije]. Ljubljana: Slovensko kočevarsko društvo Peter Kosler. {{ISBN|961-91287-0-2}} At the same time, the ethnic Germans in the [[Gottschee]] enclave in the Italian annexation zone were resettled to the Nazi-controlled areas cleansed of their Slovene population.Lumans, V.O. (1993):[https://books.google.com/books?id=TIZSO31iSO4C&dq=Italian+Gottschee&pg=PA175 Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933–1945], Univ of North Carolina Press, {{ISBN|9780807820667}}, p. 175 [213] => Around 30,000 to 40,000 Slovene men were drafted to the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] and sent to the Eastern front. Slovene was banned from education, and its use in public life was limited. [214] => [215] => In south-central Slovenia, annexed by Fascist Italy and renamed the [[Province of Ljubljana]], the [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation|Slovenian National Liberation Front]] was organized in April 1941. Led by the Communist Party, it formed the [[Slovene Partisans|Slovene Partisan]] units as part of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] led by the Communist leader [[Josip Broz Tito]].[[Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones|Jeffreys-Jones, R.]] (2013): [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC&q=most+effective+Anti+Nazi+resistance&pg=PA87 In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence], Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780199580972}}Adams, Simon (2005): [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cmm4J2Ug4o8C&dq=resistance+Europe&pg=PA1981 The Balkans], Black Rabbit Books, {{ISBN|9781583406038}} [216] => [217] => After the resistance started in summer 1941, Italian violence against the Slovene civilian population escalated. The Italian authorities deported some 25,000 people to [[Italian concentration camps|concentration camps]], which equaled 7.5% of the population of their occupation zone. The most infamous ones were [[Rab concentration camp|Rab]] and [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]]. To counter the Communist-led insurgence, the Italians sponsored local anti-guerrilla units, formed mostly by the local conservative Catholic Slovene population that resented the revolutionary violence of the partisans. After the [[Italian armistice]] of September 1943, the Germans took over both the Province of Ljubljana and the Slovenian Littoral, incorporating them into what was known as the [[Operation Zone of Adriatic Coastal Region]]. They united the Slovene anti-Communist counter-insurgence into the [[Slovene Home Guard]] and appointed a puppet regime in the Province of Ljubljana. The anti-Nazi resistance however expanded, creating its own administrative structures as the basis for Slovene statehood within a new, federal and socialist Yugoslavia.{{cite book|first=Jozo|last=Tomasevich|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|volume=2|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|location=San Francisco|isbn=0-8047-3615-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC|ref=Tomasevich_2001|pages=96–97}}{{Cite book|last=Rusinow|first=Dennison I.|title=The Yugoslav experiment 1948–1974|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1978|page=2|isbn=0-520-03730-8}} [218] => [219] => In 1945, [[Yugoslavia]] was liberated by the partisan resistance and soon became a socialist federation known as the [[People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. [[#Etymology|The first Slovenian republic]], named [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Federal Slovenia]], was a constituent republic of the Yugoslavian federation, led by its own pro-Communist leadership. [220] => [221] => Approximately 8% of the Slovene population died during [[World War II]]. The small Jewish community, mostly in the [[Prekmurje]] region, perished in 1944 in the [[Holocaust in Hungary|holocaust of Hungarian Jews]]. The German-speaking minority, amounting to 2.5% of the Slovenian population prior to the war, was either expelled or killed in the aftermath of the war. Hundreds of [[Istrian Italians]] and Slovenes that opposed communism were killed in the [[Foibe killings|foibe massacres]], and more than 25,000 fled or were expelled from [[Slovenian Istria]].{{cite web|url=http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexeng_porocilo.htm|title=Slovene-Italian Relations 1880–1956 – Report of the Slovene-Italian historical and cultural commission|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=8 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408133844/http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexeng_porocilo.htm|url-status=dead}} Around 130,000 persons, mostly political and military opponents, were executed in May and June 1945.{{Cite web|title=Communist crimes in Slovenia: mass graves and public discussion|url=https://communistcrimes.org/en/communist-crimes-slovenia-mass-graves-and-public-discussion|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Communist crimes in Slovenia: mass graves and public discussion {{!}} Communist Crimes|language=en}} [222] => [223] => === Socialism === [224] => During the re-establishment of Yugoslavia in World War II, the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|first Slovenian republic, Federal Slovenia]], was created and it became part of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Federal Yugoslavia]]. It was a [[socialist state]], but because of the [[Tito–Stalin split]] in 1948, economic and personal freedoms were much broader than in the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries. In 1947, the [[Slovene Littoral]] and the western half of [[Inner Carniola]], which had been annexed by Italy after World War One, were annexed to Slovenia. [225] => [[File:Economy Yugoslavia 1975.png|thumb|left|Average strength of Yugoslav economy as a deviation from the main (Yugoslavia = 100 %) indicator 1975. [[SR Slovenia]] (dark green) was, along with [[SR Croatia]] and [[SAP Vojvodina]] (light green), the richest entity of [[SFR Yugoslavia]].]] [226] => [227] => After the failure of [[Collective farming|forced collectivisation]] that was attempted from 1949 to 1953, a policy of gradual economic liberalisation, known as [[Workers' self-management|workers self-management]], was introduced under the advice and supervision of the Slovene Marxist theoretician and Communist leader [[Edvard Kardelj]], the main ideologue of the [[Titoism|Titoist]] path to socialism. Suspected opponents of this policy both from within and outside the Communist party were persecuted and thousands were sent to [[Goli otok]]. [228] => [229] => The late 1950s saw a policy of liberalization in the cultural sphere as well, and unlimited border crossing into western countries was allowed, both for Yugoslav citizens and for foreigners. In 1956, [[Josip Broz Tito]], together with other leaders, founded the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. In the 1950s, Slovenia's economy developed rapidly and was strongly industrialized. With further economic decentralization of Yugoslavia in 1965–66, Slovenia's [[Gross domestic product|domestic product]] was 2.5 times the average of Yugoslav republics. While a Communist country, after the Tito–Stalin split Yugoslavia initiated a period of military neutrality and non-alignment. JAT Yugoslav Airlines was the flag carrier and during its existence it grew to become one of the leading airlines in Europe both by fleet and destinations. By the 1970s more airlines were created including Slovenian [[Adria Airways]] mostly focused in the growing tourist industry. Until the 1980s, [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]] enjoyed relatively broad autonomy within the federation. It was the most liberal communist state in Europe, and the passport of the Yugoslavia Federation allowed Yugoslavians to travel to the most world countries of any socialist country during the Cold War. Many people worked in western countries, which reduced unemployment in their home country. [230] => [231] => Opposition to the regime was mostly limited to intellectual and literary circles and became especially vocal after Tito's death in 1980 when the economic and political situation in Yugoslavia became very strained. Political disputes around economic measures were echoed in the public sentiment, as many Slovenians felt they were being economically exploited, having to sustain an expensive and inefficient federal administration. [232] => [233] => === Slovenian Spring, democracy and independence === [234] => In 1987 a group of intellectuals demanded Slovene independence in the [[Contributions for the Slovenian National Program|57th edition]] of the magazine ''[[Nova revija (magazine)|Nova revija]]''. Demands for democratisation and more Slovenian independence were sparked off. A mass democratic movement, coordinated by the [[Committee for the Defence of Human Rights]], pushed the Communists in the direction of democratic reforms. [235] => [236] => In September 1989, numerous [[constitutional amendment]]s were passed to introduce [[parliamentary democracy]] to Slovenia.{{cite book |url=http://www.fdv.si/zalozba/pdf-ji/135.pdf |title=Razvoj parlamentarizma: funkcije sodobnih parlamentov |language=sl |trans-title=The Development of Parliamentarism: The Functions of Modern Parliaments |first=Drago |last=Zajc |page=109 |publisher=Publishing House of the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana |year=2004 |isbn=961-235-170-8 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426072954/http://www.fdv.si/zalozba/pdf-ji/135.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url=http://www.svz.gov.si/si/zakonodaja_in_dokumenti/osamosvojitveni_akti_republike_slovenije/ |title=Osamosvojitveni akti Republike Slovenije |language=sl |publisher=Office for Legislation, Government of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117183414/http://www.svz.gov.si/si/zakonodaja_in_dokumenti/osamosvojitveni_akti_republike_slovenije/ |archive-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead }} On 7 March 1990, the Slovenian Assembly changed the official name of the state to the "Republic of Slovenia".{{cite web |author=Innovatif and ORG.TEND |url=http://www.twenty.si/first-20-years/90/ |title=Year 1990 | Slovenia 20 years |publisher=Twenty.si |date=14 May 1992 |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611063423/http://www.twenty.si/first-20-years/90/ |archive-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite news|url=http://www.uradni-list.si/dl/vip_akti/1990-02-0402.pdf |title=Odlok o razglasitvi ustavnih amandmajev k ustave Socialistične Republike Slovenije |language=sl |journal=Uradni List Republike Slovenije |date=16 March 1990 |access-date=27 December 2011}} In April 1990, the first democratic election in Slovenia took place, and the united opposition movement [[Democratic Opposition of Slovenia|DEMOS]] led by [[Jože Pučnik]] emerged victorious. [237] => [[File:Teritorialci so z armbrustom zadeli tank v križišču pred MMP Rožna Dolina..jpg|right|thumb|Slovenian Territorial Defense Units counterattacking a [[Yugoslav People's Army]] tank which entered Slovenia during the [[Ten-Day War]], 1991]] [238] => The initial revolutionary events in Slovenia pre-dated the [[Revolutions of 1989]] in Eastern Europe by almost a year, but went largely unnoticed by international observers. On 23 December 1990, more than 88% of the electorate voted for a sovereign and independent Slovenia.{{cite conference|url=http://www.pokarh-mb.si/fileadmin/www.pokarh-mb.si/pdf_datoteke/Radenci2007/Felicijan.pdf |title=Prevzem arhivskega gradiva plebiscitnega referenduma o samostojnosti Republike Slovenije |language=sl, en|first=Suzana |last=Felicijan Bratož |conference=6. zbornik referatov dopolnilnega izobraževanja s področja arhivistike, dokumentalistike in informatike v Radencih od 28. do 30. marca 2007 |conference-url=http://www.pokarh-mb.si/index.php?id=126 |pages=453–458 |year=2007 |publisher=Regional Archives Maribor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113023555/http://www.pokarh-mb.si/fileadmin/www.pokarh-mb.si/pdf_datoteke/Radenci2007/Felicijan.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2012 }}{{cite news |url=http://www.stat.si/letopis/2011/05_11/05-11-11.htm |title=Statistični letopis 2011 |page=108 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |work=Statistical Yearbook 2011 |year=2011 |volume=15 |issn=1318-5403 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826065022/http://www.stat.si/letopis/2011/05_11/05-11-11.htm |url-status=dead }} On 25 June 1991, Slovenia became independent.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OegWny-r8TEC&pg=PA30 |title=Democratic Transition in Slovenia: Value Transformation, Education, And Media |editor1-first=Sabrina |editor1-last=P. Ramet |editor2-first=Danica |editor2-last=Fink-Hafner |chapter=Changing Concepts of Rights |first=Anna |last=Jonsson |page=75 |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-58544-525-7 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} On 27 June in the early morning, the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] dispatched its forces to prevent further measures for the establishment of a new country, which led to the [[Ten-Day War]].{{cite book |url=http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/dela/Race-Helena.PDF |title="Dan prej" – 26. junij 1991: diplomsko delo |language=sl |first=Helena |last=Race |publisher=Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana |year=2005 |access-date=3 February 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenskavojska.si/en/about-the-slovenian-armed-forces/history/ |title=About the Slovenian Military Forces: History |publisher=Slovenian Armed Forces, Ministry of Defence |access-date=3 February 2011 |archive-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519044755/http://www.slovenskavojska.si/en/about-the-slovenian-armed-forces/history/ |url-status=dead }} On 7 July, the [[Brijuni Agreement]] was signed, implementing a truce and a three-month halt of the enforcement of Slovenia's independence.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA157 |title=Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences |first=Christopher |last=Bennett |chapter=Slovenia Fights |page=159 |year=1995 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-232-8}} At the end of the month, the last soldiers of the Yugoslav Army left Slovenia. [239] => [240] => In December 1991, a new [[Constitution of Slovenia|constitution]] was adopted, followed in 1992 by the laws on [[privatization|denationalisation and privatisation]].{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC&pg=PA298 |title=The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |first1=Matjaž |last1=Klemenčič |first2=Mitja |last2=Žagar |chapter=Democratization in the Beginning of the 1990s |page=298 |isbn=978-1-57607-294-3 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004}} The members of the [[European Union]] recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 15 January 1992, and the United Nations accepted it as a member on 22 May 1992.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sloveniafromyugo0000mrak |chapter-url-access=registration |title=Slovenia: From Yugoslavia to the European Union |publisher=World Bank Publications |editor1-first=Mojmir |editor1-last=Mrak |editor2-first=Matija |editor2-last=Rojec |editor3-first=Carlos |editor3-last=Silva-Jáuregui |year=2004 |series=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5718-7 |chapter=Institutional Setting for the New Independent State |first1=Neven |last1=Borak |first2=Bistra |last2=Borak |page=[https://archive.org/details/sloveniafromyugo0000mrak/page/58 58]}} [241] => [242] => Slovenia joined the [[European Union]] on 1 May 2004.{{cite web |title=Slovenia |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles/slovenia_en |website=european-union.europa.eu |language=en}} Slovenia has one Commissioner in the [[European Commission]], and seven Slovene parliamentarians were elected to the [[European Parliament]] at elections on 13 June 2004. In 2004 Slovenia also joined [[NATO]].{{cite web |title=Slovenia's NATO membership {{!}} GOV.SI |url=https://www.gov.si/en/topics/slovenias-nato-membership/ |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=en}} Slovenia subsequently succeeded in meeting the [[Maastricht criteria]] and joined the [[Eurozone]] (the first transition country to do so) on 1 January 2007.{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/articles/euro/slovenia_joins_the_euro_area_en.htm|title = Slovenia joins the euro area – European Commission}} It was the first post-Communist country to hold the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]], for the first six months of 2008. On 21 July 2010, it became a member of the OECD.{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/slovenia/sloveniasaccessiontotheoecd.htm |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |title=Slovenia's accession to the OECD |date=21 July 2010 |access-date=22 July 2016 }} [243] => [244] => The disillusionment with domestic socio-economic elites at municipal and national levels was expressed at the [[2012–2013 Slovenian protests]] on a wider scale than in the smaller [[15 October 2011 global protests#Slovenia|15 October 2011 protests]].[http://www.mladina.si/118056/joachim-becker-nujno-je-treba-zavreti-poglabljanje-neoliberalizma-v-evropski-uniji-saj-je-to-slep/ Joachim Becker: "Nujno je treba zavreti poglabljanje neoliberalizma v Evropski uniji, saj je to slepa ulica"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507021628/http://www.mladina.si/118056/joachim-becker-nujno-je-treba-zavreti-poglabljanje-neoliberalizma-v-evropski-uniji-saj-je-to-slep/|date=7 May 2013}}, an interview with [[Joachim Becker]], [[Mladina]], 23 November 2012 In relation to the leading politicians' response to allegations made by the official [[Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia]], legal experts expressed the need for changes in the system that would limit political [[arbitrariness]].[https://www.dnevnik.si/slovenija/v-ospredju/samovolja-politikov-presega-vse-meje A Symposium of Law Experts. Political arbitrariness has gone wild.] (In Slovene: "Posvet pravnikov. Samovolja politikov presega vse meje"), Dnevnik, 18 Januar 2013.{{context inline|date=January 2017}} [245] => [246] => == Geography == [247] => {{Main|Geography of Slovenia}} [248] => {{See also|Protected areas of Slovenia}} [249] => Slovenia is in [[Central Europe|Central]] Europe touching the Alps and bordering the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. At the regional conference in Prague in 1994, the International Geographical Union placed Slovenia among the nine Central European countries.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} It lies between latitudes [[45th parallel north|45°]] and [[47th parallel north|47° N]], and longitudes [[13th meridian east|13°]] and [[17th meridian east|17° E]]. The [[15th meridian east]] almost corresponds to the middle line of the country in the direction west–east.{{Cite news|url=http://www.geodetski-vestnik.com/49/4/gv49-4_637-638.pdf |title=O pomenu meridiana 15° vzhodno od Greenwicha |language=sl |first=Marjan |last=Jenko |year=2005 |journal=Geodetski Vestnik |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=637–638 |access-date=5 January 2010}} The [[Geometric Centre of the Republic of Slovenia]] is located at [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] 46°07'11.8" N and 14°48'55.2" E.{{cite web |url=http://www.drustvo-geoss.si/page/sl/geoss/simboli_in_sestavine |title=Simboli in sestavine |language=sl |publisher=GEOSS Society |access-date=12 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401225025/http://www.drustvo-geoss.si/page/sl/geoss/simboli_in_sestavine |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead}} It lies in [[Slivna]] in the Municipality of [[Litija]].{{cite book |url=http://www.stat.si/letopis/2011/01_11/01-01-11.htm |title=Geografske koordinate skrajnih točk |language=sl, en |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=12 February 2012 |archive-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826070602/http://www.stat.si/letopis/2011/01_11/01-01-11.htm |url-status=dead }} Slovenia's highest peak is [[Triglav]] ({{cvt|2,864|m|ft|0|disp=or}}); the country's average height [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] is {{cvt|557|m|ft|0}}. [250] => [251] => Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia: the [[Alps]], the [[Dinaric Alps|Dinarides]], the [[Pannonian Plain]], and the Mediterranean Sea. Although on the shore of the [[Adriatic Sea]] near the Mediterranean Sea, most of Slovenia is in the [[Black Sea]] [[drainage basin]]. The Alps—including the [[Julian Alps]], the [[Kamnik-Savinja Alps]] and the [[Karawanks|Karawank]] chain, as well as the [[Pohorje]] massif—dominate Northern Slovenia along its long border with [[Austria]]. Slovenia's Adriatic coastline stretches approximately {{convert|47|km|mi|0}}{{cite journal |url= http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/slo_figures_10.pdf |first=Tomaž |last=Valantič |title= Slovenija v številkah |journal=Slovenija V Številkah |year=2010 |language=sl, en |publisher= Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=2 February 2011 |issn= 1318-3745}} from Italy to Croatia. [252] => [[File:Mangart 16.jpg|thumb|Mount [[Mangart]], in the [[Julian Alps]], is the third-highest peak in Slovenia, after [[Triglav]] and [[Škrlatica]].]] [253] => The term "[[Karst topography]]" refers to that of southwestern Slovenia's [[Karst Plateau]], a [[limestone]] region of underground rivers, gorges, and caves, between Ljubljana and the Mediterranean Sea. On the [[Pannonian plain]] to the East and Northeast, toward the Croatian and Hungarian borders, the landscape is essentially flat. However, most of Slovenia is hilly or mountainous, with around 90% of its land surface {{cvt|200|m|ft|0}} or more [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. [254] => [255] => More than half of Slovenia, which is {{convert|11823|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}, is forested;{{cite news|url=http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/6963|title=In 2016, forest covered 58.3% of Slovenia|date=27 September 2017|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia|access-date=2 October 2017|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226070254/https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/6963|url-status=dead}} ranking it third in Europe, [[European countries by forest area|by percentage of area forested]], after [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]]. The areas are covered mostly by [[beech]], [[fir]]-beech and beech-[[oak]] forests and have a relatively high production capacity.{{cite web |url=http://www.zgs.gov.si/eng/slovenian-forests/forests-in-slovenia/forestation-and-variety-of-forests/index.html |title=Forestation and variety of forests |publisher=Slovenia Forest Service |year=2009 |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410123608/http://www.zgs.gov.si/eng/slovenian-forests/forests-in-slovenia/forestation-and-variety-of-forests/index.html |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=dead}} Remnants of primeval forests are still to be found, the largest in the [[Kočevje]] area. Grassland covers {{cvt|5,593|km2|sqmi|0}} and fields and gardens ({{cvt|954|km2|sqmi|0|disp=or}}). There are {{cvt|363|km2|sqmi|0}} of orchards and {{cvt|216|km2|sqmi}} of vineyards. [256] => [257] => === Geology === [258] => [[File:Žlebiči.jpg|thumbnail|Solution runnels (also known as rillenkarren) are a [[Karst topography|karst]] feature on the [[Karst Plateau]], as in many other karst areas of the world.]] [259] => Slovenia is in a rather active [[seismic zone]] because of its position on the small [[Adriatic Plate]], which is squeezed between the [[Eurasian Plate]] to the north and the [[African Plate]] to the south and rotates counter-clockwise.{{cite web|url=http://www.arso.gov.si/en/Seismology/|title=Seismology|access-date=30 July 2008}} Thus the country is at the junction of three important [[Tectonics|geotectonic]] units: the Alps to the north, the Dinaric Alps to the south and the Pannonian Basin to the east. Scientists have been able to identify 60 destructive earthquakes in the past. Additionally, a network of seismic stations is active throughout the country. [260] => [261] => Many parts of Slovenia have a [[Carbonate rock|carbonate]] [[bedrock]] and extensive [[cave system]]s have developed. [262] => [263] => === Natural regions === [264] => The first regionalisations of Slovenia were made by geographers [[Anton Melik]] (1935–1936) and [[Svetozar Ilešič]] (1968). The newer regionalisation by [[Ivan Gams]] divided Slovenia in the following macroregions:{{cite news |url=http://giam.zrc-sazu.si/zbornik/perko_38.pdf |first=Drago |last=Perko |title=The Regionalization of Slovenia|journal=Geografski Zbornik |year=1998 |volume=38 |pages=11–57 |id={{COBISS|ID=10668077}} |issn=0373-4498 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160317/http://giam.zrc-sazu.si/zbornik/perko_38.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2013}} [265] => [[File:Strunjan bay (24209577441).jpg|Slovenian coast with cliffs|thumb]] [266] => [267] => * the [[Alps]] (''Alpe'') [268] => * the [[Slovene Prealps|subalpine landscapes]] (''predalpski svet'') [269] => * the [[Slovene Littoral]] or [[Submediterranean]] Slovenia (''Primorje'' or ''submediteranska Slovenija'') [270] => * the [[Dinaric Alps|Dinaric]] [[plateaus]] of the continental Slovenia (''dinarske planote celinske Slovenije'') [271] => * [[Pannonian Plain|Subpannonian Slovenia]] (''subpanonska Slovenija'') [272] => [273] => According to a newer natural geographic regionalisation, the country consists of four [[macroregion]]s. These are the Alpine, the Mediterranean, the Dinaric, and the [[Pannonia]]n landscapes. Macroregions are defined according to major relief units (the Alps, the Pannonian plain, the Dinaric mountains) and climate types (submediterranean, temperate continental, mountain climate).{{cite web|url=http://www.zrc-sazu.si/Zgds/glasgow/9.pdf |title=Modern climate change in Slovenia |access-date=1 April 2008 |last=Ogrin |first=Darko |date=August 2004 |work=Slovenia: a geographical overview |publisher=Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820073301/http://www.zrc-sazu.si/zgds/glasgow/9.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 }} These are often quite interwoven. [274] => [275] => Protected areas of Slovenia include national parks, regional parks, and nature parks, the largest of which is [[Triglav National Park]]. There are 286 [[Natura 2000]] designated protected areas, which include 36% of the country's land area, the largest percentage among European Union states.{{cite web |url=http://www.natura2000.gov.si/index.php?id=45&L=1 |title=Natura 2000 in Slovenia |work=natura2000.gov.si |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514223806/http://www.natura2000.gov.si/index.php?id=45&L=1 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }} Additionally, according to [[Yale University]]'s [[Environmental Performance Index]], Slovenia is considered a "strong performer" in environmental protection efforts.{{cite web|url=http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/rankings |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120505092852/http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/rankings |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2012 |title=2012 EPI :: Rankings | Environmental Performance Index |publisher=Epi.yale.edu |access-date=25 November 2012 }} [276] => [277] => === Climate === [278] => [279] => [[File:Climate types Slovenia 1970-2000.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Climate types of Slovenia 1970–2000 and [[climograph]]s for selected settlements]] [280] => Slovenia is located in temperate latitudes. The climate is also influenced by the variety of relief, and the influence of the [[Alps]] and the [[Adriatic Sea]]. In the northeast, the [[continental climate]] type with greatest difference between winter and summer temperatures prevails. In the coastal region, there is sub-[[Mediterranean climate]]. The effect of the sea on the temperature rates is also visible up the [[Soča]] Valley, while a severe [[Alpine climate]] is present in the high mountain regions. There is a strong interaction between these three climatic systems across most of the country.{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/en/Weather/climate/Climate_of_Slovenia_at_glance.pdf |title=Climate of Slovenia at Glance |author=Tanja Cegnar |publisher=Arso.gov.si |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225065702/http://www.arso.gov.si/en/Weather/climate/Climate_of_Slovenia_at_glance.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.si/met/en/app/webmet/#webmet==8Sdwx2bhR2cv0WZ0V2bvEGcw9ydlJWblR3LwVnaz9SYtVmYh9iclFGbt9SaulGdugXbsx3cs9mdl5WahxXYyNGapZXZ8tHZv1WYp5mOnMHbvZXZulWYnwCchJXYtVGdlJnOn0UQQdSf; |title=National Meteorological Service of Slovenia – Archive |publisher=Meteo.si |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618145647/http://www.meteo.si/met/en/app/webmet/#webmet==8Sdwx2bhR2cv0WZ0V2bvEGcw9ydlJWblR3LwVnaz9SYtVmYh9iclFGbt9SaulGdugXbsx3cs9mdl5WahxXYyNGapZXZ8tHZv1WYp5mOnMHbvZXZulWYnwCchJXYtVGdlJnOn0UQQdSf; |archive-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead }} [281] => [282] => [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]], often coming from the [[Gulf of Genoa]],{{cite web|title=Kotišče ciklonov v zavetrju Alp|url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/40204/|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020314/http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/40204/|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=dead}} varies across the country as well, with over {{convert|3500|mm|0|abbr=on}} in some western regions and dropping down to {{convert|800|mm|0|abbr=on}} in [[Prekmurje]]. Snow is quite frequent in winter and the record snow cover in Ljubljana was recorded in 1952 at {{convert|146|cm|0|abbr=on}}. [283] => [284] => Compared to Western Europe, Slovenia is not very windy, because it lies in the slipstream of the Alps. The average wind speeds are lower than in the plains of the nearby countries. Due to the rugged terrain, local vertical winds with daily periods are present. Besides these, there are three winds of particular regional importance: the [[bora (wind)|bora]], the [[jugo]], and the [[foehn wind|foehn]]. The jugo and the bora are characteristic of the Littoral. Whereas the jugo is humid and warm, the bora is usually cold and gusty. The foehn is typical of the Alpine regions in the north of Slovenia. Generally present in Slovenia are the northeast wind, the southeast wind and the [[north wind]].{{cite book|url=http://www.arso.gov.si/cd/klima1/Zaslon/PDF%20Zaslon/19-Znacilnosti%20vetra%20v%20Sloveniji.pdf |chapter=Značilnosti vetra v Sloveniji |language=sl |trans-chapter=Characteristics of Wind in Slovenia |title=Klimatografija Slovenije |first=Renato |last=Bertalanič |year=2003 |publisher=Meteorology Office, Slovenian Environment Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209055155/http://www.arso.gov.si/cd/klima1/Zaslon/PDF%20Zaslon/19-Znacilnosti%20vetra%20v%20Sloveniji.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2006 }} [285] => [286] => === Waters === [287] => [[File:Lake Bohinj (9452094709).jpg|thumb|[[Lake Bohinj]], the largest Slovenian lake, one of the two headwaters of the [[Sava]] River]] [288] => The territory of Slovenia mainly ({{convert|16423|km2|sp=us|disp=or}}, i.e. 81%) belongs to the [[Black Sea]] basin, and a smaller part ({{convert|3850|km2|sp=us|disp=or}}, i.e. 19%) belongs to the [[Adriatic Sea]] basin. These two parts are divided into smaller units in regard to their central rivers, the [[Mur (river)|Mura]] River basin, the [[Drava]] River basin, the [[Sava]] River basin with [[Kupa|Kolpa]] River basin, and the basin of the Adriatic rivers.{{cite book |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/publikacije%20in%20poro%c4%8dila/Vodno_bogastvo_2tekoce_vode.pdf |title=Vodno bogastvo Slovenije: tekoče vode |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |access-date=17 May 2012}} In comparison with other [[developed countries]], water quality in Slovenia is considered to be among the highest in Europe. One of the reasons is undoubtedly that most of the rivers rise on the mountainous territory of Slovenia. However, this does not mean that Slovenia has no problems with surface water and groundwater quality, especially in areas with [[intensive farming]].{{cite web|last1=Ambrožič|first1=Špela|title=Water Quality in Slovenia|url=http://www.arso.gov.si/en/water/reports%20and%20publications/Kakovost%20voda-ANG.pdf|publisher=ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA|access-date=19 August 2015|date=March 2008|display-authors=etal}} [289] => [290] => === Biodiversity === [291] => [[File:P anguinus2.jpg|thumb|[[Olm]] can be found in the [[Postojna cave]] and other caves in the country.]] [292] => Slovenia signed the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 13 June 1992 and became a party to the convention on 9 July 1996.{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ |title=List of Parties |access-date=8 December 2012}} It subsequently produced a [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]], which was received by the convention on 30 May 2002. [293] => [294] => Slovenia is distinguished by an exceptionally wide variety of habitats,{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx@id=6237.pdf |chapter=Characteristics of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia |title=Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia: An Overview |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning |year=2001 |editor=Hlad, Branka |editor2=Skoberne, Peter |page=IX |isbn=961-6324-17-9 |place=Ljubljana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125091811/http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx%40id%3D6237.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2012}} due to the contact of geological units and biogeographical regions, and due to human influences. The country is home to four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Alps conifer and mixed forests]], and [[Illyrian deciduous forests]].{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}} Around 12.5% of the territory is protected with 35.5% in the [[Natura 2000]] ecological network.{{cite news |url=http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=4713 |title=European Day of Parks 2012 |work=News |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia}} Despite this, because of pollution and environmental degradation, diversity has been in decline. Slovenia had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 3.78/10, ranking it 140th globally out of 172 countries.{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}} [295] => [296] => ====Animals==== [297] => The [[biodiversity|biological diversity]] of the country is high, with 1% of the world's organisms on 0.004% of the Earth's surface area.{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenia.info/en/Did-you-know%E2%80%A6.htm?ali_ste_vedeli=0&lng=2 |title=Did you know... – Slovenia – Official Travel Guide |publisher=Slovenia.info |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129023936/http://www.slovenia.info/en/Did-you-know%E2%80%A6.htm?ali_ste_vedeli=0&lng=2 |archive-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=dead }} There are 75 mammal species, among them [[marmot]]s, [[Alpine ibex]], and [[chamois]]. There are numerous [[deer]], [[roe deer]], [[boar]], and [[hare]]s.{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.letogozdov.si/knjiznica/doc_download/6-resolution-on-national-forest-programme |title=Resolution on National Forest Programme |chapter=Habitats of wild game in Slovenia, guidelines and conditions for the preservation and protection of wild game and their habitats, and provision of coexistence with humans |pages=87–104 |editor=Perko, Franc |publisher=Federation of Forest Associations of Slovenia. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, Slovenia |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010408/http://www.letogozdov.si/knjiznica/doc_download/6-resolution-on-national-forest-programme |archive-date=8 September 2012 }} The [[edible dormouse]] is often found in the Slovenian beech forests. Trapping these animals is a long tradition and is a part of the Slovenian national identity.{{Cite news |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/89983 |title=Dormouse Hunting as Part of Slovene National Identity |first=Magda |last=Peršak |journal=Natura Croatica |volume=7 |issue=3 |date=30 September 1998 |pages=199–211 |issn=1330-0520 |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612125615/http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/89983 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead }} [298] => [299] => Some important carnivores include the [[Eurasian lynx]],{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/velike_zveri/strategija_ris_2016_2026.pdf |chapter=Ris v Sloveniji (Lynx in Slovenia) |title=Strategija ohranjanja in trajnostnega upravljanja navadnega risa (Lynx lynx) v Sloveniji 2016–2026 |year=2016 |page=7 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Government of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014101131/http://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/velike_zveri/strategija_ris_2016_2026.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url=http://www.delo.si/novice/okolje/risom-v-sloveniji-se-obeta-svetlejsa-prihodnost.html |title=Risom v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem se obeta svetlejša prihodnost |language=sl |date=14 April 2017 |newspaper=Delo.si}} European [[wild cat]]s, foxes (especially the [[red fox]]), and [[European jackal]].{{Cite news |url=http://web.bf.uni-lj.si/bi/NATURA-SLOVENIAE/pdf/NatSlo_11_1_4.pdf |title=Confirmed presence of territorial groups of golden jackals (''Canis aureus'') in Slovenia |first=Miha |last=Krofel |journal=Natura Sloveniae: Journal of Field Biology |issn=1580-0814 |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=65–68 |publisher=Association for Technical Culture of Slovenia |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195508/http://web.bf.uni-lj.si/bi/NATURA-SLOVENIAE/pdf/NatSlo_11_1_4.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead }} There are [[hedgehog]]s, [[marten]]s, and snakes such as [[Viperinae|vipers]] and [[grass snake]]s. According to recent estimates, Slovenia has c. 40–60 [[Gray wolf|wolves]]{{cite news |url=http://notranjskoprimorske.si/2017/03/pri-nas-zivi-okoli-52-volkov-vecina-na-notranjskem-in-kocevskem/ |title=Pri nas živi okoli 52 volkov, večina na Notranjskem in Kočevskem |language=sl |date=14 March 2017 |first=Petra |last=Trček |newspaper=Notranjskoprimorske novice |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002209/http://notranjskoprimorske.si/2017/03/pri-nas-zivi-okoli-52-volkov-vecina-na-notranjskem-in-kocevskem/ |archive-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=dead }} and about 450 [[brown bear]]s.{{cite news |url=http://www.finance.si/?MOD=show&id=324600&pay=yes&snark=22d772d879d45bf274fe9b5b82d794f5 |title=Koliko medvedov živi v Sloveniji? |publisher=Finance.si |language=sl |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817025254/http://www.finance.si/?MOD=show&id=324600&pay=yes&snark=22d772d879d45bf274fe9b5b82d794f5 |archive-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/1042503131 |title=Medveda znamo držati nazaj, volka še ne |newspaper=Dnevnik |language=sl |publisher=Dnevnik, d. d. |date=18 January 2012}} [300] => [301] => Slovenia is home to an exceptionally diverse number of cave species, with a few tens of [[Endemism|endemic species]].{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx@id=6237.pdf |chapter=Karst and Subterranean Habitats |title=Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia: An Overview |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning |year=2001 |editor=Hlad, Branka |editor2=Skoberne, Peter |page=50 |isbn=961-6324-17-9 |place=Ljubljana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125091811/http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx%40id%3D6237.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2012}} Among the cave vertebrates, the only known one is the [[olm]], living in Karst, Lower Carniola, and White Carniola. [302] => [303] => The only regular species of [[cetacea]]ns found in the northern Adriatic sea is the [[bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus'').{{cite web |url=http://www.morigenos.org/index.php?path=Delfini_pri_nas |title=Delfini pri nas |publisher=Morigenos |access-date=6 April 2006 |language=sl}} [304] => [305] => There are a wide variety of birds, such as the [[tawny owl]], the [[long-eared owl]], the [[eagle owl]], [[hawk]]s, and [[short-toed eagle]]s. Other birds of prey have been recorded, as well as a growing number of ravens, [[crow]]s and [[magpie]]s migrating into Ljubljana and Maribor where they thrive.{{cite web |url=http://www.vecer.com/clanek2010020905510240 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205113152/http://www.vecer.com/clanek2010020905510240 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2013 |title=Puška poči, vrana pade. Koliko jih še sedi? |publisher=Vecer.Com |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=2 June 2012 }} Other birds include [[Black woodpecker|black]] and [[European green woodpecker|green]] [[woodpecker]]s and the [[white stork]], which nests mainly in [[Prekmurje]]. [306] => [[File:Lipica horses (7198987762).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Modern [[Lipizzaner]] grazing]] [307] => [308] => There are 13 domestic animals native to Slovenia,{{cite book |url=http://www.genska-banka.si/fileadmin/uploads/Strokovni_svet_JSNGBZ/Letni_program_2011.pdf |title=Program varstva biotske raznovrstnosti v živinoreji: program za leto 2011 |language=sl |author=Kompan, Dragomir |date=May 2011 |publisher=Oddelek za zootehniko, Biotehniška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani [Department of Zootechnics, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana] |display-authors=etal |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100113/http://www.genska-banka.si/fileadmin/uploads/Strokovni_svet_JSNGBZ/Letni_program_2011.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=dead}} of eight species (hen, pig, dog, horse, sheep, goat, honey bee, and cattle).{{cite book |url=http://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/okolje/pdf/ocena_genski_viri_kmet_rast.pdf |language=sl |title=Ocena pogojev in mehanizmov za ex-situ varstvo genskih virov kmetijskih rastlin, genskih bank v gozdarstvu in živinoreji |chapter=Opis obstoječih zbirk |trans-chapter=Description of Extant Collections |first1=Vladimir |last1=Meglič |first2=Hojka |last2=Kraigher |first3=Peter |last3=Dovč |editor=Meglič, Vladimir |year=2003 |page=17 |id={{COBISS|ID=1184678}} |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Space, Republic of Slovenia |access-date=16 March 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Among these are the [[Karst Shepherd]],{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/278gb2001_en.doc |title=Brief Historical Summary, breed standard (DOC file) |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620191656/http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/278gb2001_en.doc |archive-date=20 June 2012}} the [[Carniolan honeybee]], and the [[Lipizzan]] horse. The [[marble trout]] or marmorata (''Salmo marmoratus'') is an indigenous Slovenian fish.{{cite web |title= Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) |url= http://www.balkan-trout.com/studied_taxa_7_marble_trout.htm |publisher= balkan-trout.com, Balkan Trout Restoration Group |access-date= 10 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181806/http://www.balkan-trout.com/studied_taxa_7_marble_trout.htm |archive-date= 23 September 2015 |url-status= dead }} Extensive breeding programmes have been introduced to repopulate the marble trout into lakes and streams invaded by non-indigenous species of [[trout]]. Slovenia is also home to the [[wels catfish]]. [309] => [310] => ====Fungi==== [311] => More than 2,400 fungal species have been recorded from SloveniaDušan Jurc, Andrej Piltaver & Nikica Ogris. ''Glive Slovenije – Fungi of Slovenia'' (Ljubljana, 2005). 497 pp. and, since that figure does not include lichen-forming fungi, the total number of Slovenian fungi already known is undoubtedly much higher. Many more remain to be discovered. [312] => [313] => ====Plants==== [314] => Slovenia is the third most-forested country in Europe,{{cite web|author=Golob A.|title=Forests and forestry in Slovenia|url=http://www.zgs.gov.si/eng/slovenian-forests/forests-in-slovenia/forestation-and-variety-of-forests/index.html|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]|access-date=7 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325234109/http://www.zgs.gov.si/eng/slovenian-forests/forests-in-slovenia/forestation-and-variety-of-forests/index.html|archive-date=25 March 2009|url-status=dead}} with 58.3% of the territory covered by forests.{{cite news |url=http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/6963 |title=In 2016, forest covered 58.3% of Slovenia |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226070254/https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/6963 |url-status=dead }} The forests are an important natural resource, and logging is kept to a minimum.{{Cite web|title=SLOVENIA|url=http://www.fao.org/3/w3722E/w3722e25.htm|access-date=28 June 2021|website=www.fao.org}} In the interior of the country are typical Central European forests, predominantly [[oak]] and [[beech]]. In the mountains, [[spruce]], [[fir]], and [[pine]] are more common. Pine trees grow on the [[Karst Plateau]], although only one-third of the region is covered by pine forest. The [[tilia|lime/linden]] tree, common in Slovenian forests, is a national symbol. The [[tree line]] is at {{convert|1700|to|1,800|m|ft|abbr=off}}.{{cite book|url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/fakulteta/zalozbainknjigarna/knjigarna/prelistaj.asp?katera=619&stran=11 |author=Lovrenčak, Franc |year=2007 |title=Zgornja gozdna meja slovenskih Alp, visokih kraških planot in Prokletij |publisher=Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana |isbn=978-961-6648-11-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522205612/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/fakulteta/zalozbainknjigarna/knjigarna/prelistaj.asp?katera=619&stran=11 |archive-date=22 May 2013 }} [315] => [316] => In the Alps, flowers such as ''[[Daphne blagayana]]'', [[gentian]]s (''[[Gentiana clusii]]'', ''[[Gentiana froelichii]]''), ''[[Primula auricula]]'', [[Leontopodium alpinum|edelweiss]] (the symbol of Slovene mountaineering), ''[[Cypripedium calceolus]]'', ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]'' (snake's head fritillary), and ''[[Pulsatilla grandis]]'' are found. [317] => [318] => Slovenia harbors many plants of [[Ethnobotany|ethnobotanically]] useful groups. Of 59 known species of ethnobotanical importance, some species such as ''[[Aconitum napellus]]'', ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' and ''[[Taxus baccata]]'' are restricted for use as per the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia.{{Cite journal| last1 = Kala | first1 = C.P. | last2 = Ratajc | first2 = P. | s2cid = 13911329 | author-link = Chandra Prakash Kala | year=2012|title=High altitude biodiversity of the Alps and the Himalayas: ethnobotany, plant distribution and conservation perspectives| journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 1115–1126 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-012-0246-x | bibcode = 2012BiCon..21.1115K | url = https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=36874&dn= }} [319] => [320] => == Government and politics == [321] => {{Main|Politics of Slovenia}} [322] => {{See also|Foreign relations of Slovenia}} [323] => {{multiple image [324] => | align = left [325] => | caption_align = center [326] => | image1 = Nataša Pirc Musar (2023-05-19).jpg [327] => | width1 = 135 [328] => | alt1 = Nataša Pirc Musar [329] => | caption1 = [[Nataša Pirc Musar]]
[[President of Slovenia|President]] [330] => | image2 = Novinarska konferenca ob 1. obletnici vlade - Robert Golob (cropped).jpg [331] => | width2 = 125 [332] => | alt2 = Robert Golob [333] => | caption2 = [[Robert Golob]]
[[Prime Minister of Slovenia|Prime Minister]] [334] => }} [335] => [336] => Slovenia is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] republic with a [[multi-party system]]. The [[head of state]] is the [[President of Slovenia|president]], who is elected by popular vote and has an important integrative role.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQafEg3TQJUC&pg=PA126 |title=Compliance in the Enlarged European Union: Living Rights Or Dead Letters? |editor1-first=Gerda |editor1-last=Falkner |editor2-first=Oliver |editor2-last=Treib |editor3-first=Elizabeth |editor3-last=Holzleithner |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-7509-9 |pages=126–127 |chapter=Slovenia |first=Petra |last=Furtlehner}} The president is elected for five years and at maximum for two consecutive terms. The president has a representative role and is the commander-in-chief of the [[Military of Slovenia|Slovenian armed forces]].{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C&pg=PA832 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Constitutions |editor-first=Gerhard |editor-last=Robbers |article=Slovenia |first=Lovro |last=Šturm |title=The President of the Republic |year=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8 |page=832}} [337] => [338] => The executive and [[Administration (government)|administrative]] authority in Slovenia is held by the [[Government of Slovenia]] (''{{lang|sl|Vlada Republike Slovenije}}''), headed by the [[Prime Minister of Slovenia|Prime Minister]] and the council of ministers or cabinet, who are elected by the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|sl|Državni zbor Republike Slovenije}}). The legislative authority is held by the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Slovenia]], characterised by an asymmetric duality.{{clarify|date=April 2014}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzAWAQAAMAAJ |title=Facts about Slovenia |first1=Janko |last1=Prunk |first2=Jernej |last2=Pikalo |first3=Marko |last3=Milosavljevič |year=2007 |publisher=Government Communication Office, Government of the Republic of Slovenia |isbn=978-961-6435-45-1 |page=23}} The bulk of power is concentrated in the National Assembly, which consists of ninety members. Of those, 88 are elected by all the citizens in a system of [[proportional representation]], whereas two are elected by the registered members of the [[indigenism|autochthonous]] Hungarian and Italian [[Ethnic Minorities|minorities]]. Election takes place every four years. The [[National Council (Slovenia)|National Council]] (''{{lang|sl|Državni svet Republike Slovenije}}''), consisting of forty members, appointed to represent social, economic, professional and local interest groups, has a limited advisory and control power. [339] => The 1992–2004 period was marked by the rule of the [[Liberal Democracy of Slovenia]], which was responsible for gradual transition from the [[Titoism|Titoist]] economy to the capitalist market economy. It later attracted much criticism by neo-liberal economists, who demanded a less gradual approach. The party's president [[Janez Drnovšek]], who served as prime minister between 1992 and 2002, was one of the most influential Slovenian politicians of the 1990s,{{cite web|url=http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/zivljenje-janeza-drnovska/79437 |title=Življenje Janeza Drnovška :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija |publisher=Rtvslo.si |access-date=2 June 2012}} alongside President [[Milan Kučan]] (who served between 1990 and 2002).{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OegWny-r8TEC&pg=PA30 |title=Democratic Transition in Slovenia: Value Transformation, Education, And Media |first1=Sabrina |last1=P. Ramet |first2=Danica |last2=Fink-Hafner |chapter=Key Trends in Slovenian Politics, 1988 – 2004 |page=30 |isbn=9781585445257 |date=15 September 2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bz5M7-d7icC&pg=PA174 |title=The Politics of Central Europe |first=Attila |last=Ágh |chapter=The Regions in Comparative Transition |publisher=SAGE |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7619-5032-5}} [340] => [341] => The 2005–2008 period was characterized by over-enthusiasm after joining the EU. During the first term of [[Janez Janša]]'s government, for the first time after independence, the Slovenian banks saw their [[loan-deposit ratio]]s veering out of control. There was over-borrowing from foreign banks and then over-crediting of customers, including local [[business magnate]]s. After the onset of the [[financial crisis of 2007–2010]] and [[European sovereign-debt crisis]], the left-wing coalition that replaced Janša's government in the 2008 elections, had to face the consequences of the 2005–2008 over-borrowing. Attempts to implement reforms that would help economic recovery were met by student protesters, led by a student who later became a member of [[Janez Janša]]'s [[Slovenska demokratska stranka|SDS]], and by the trade unions. The proposed reforms were postponed in a referendum. The left-wing government was ousted with a vote of no confidence. [342] => [343] => In March 2020, Janez Janša became prime minister for third time in the new coalition government of SDS, the [[Modern Centre Party]] (SMC), [[New Slovenia]] (NSi) and Pensioners' Party (DeSUS).{{Cite web|url=https://www.total-slovenia-news.com/politics/5762-jansa-sworn-in-as-slovenia-s-prime-minister-designate|title = Janša Sworn in as Slovenia's Prime Minister-Designate}} Janez Janša was known as a right-wing populist and a supporter of former US President [[Donald Trump]] and right-wing Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán|Viktor Orban]] of Hungary.{{cite news |title=Janez Jansa: Slovenia votes out pro-Trump populist |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61214175 |work=BBC News |date=25 April 2022}}{{cite web |title=Orbán Meeting Jansa: "We are not troublemakers, merely stronger than we were" |url=https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-jansa-meeting-talks-slovenia-not-troublemakers/ |website=Hungary Today |language=en |date=21 February 2022}} In April 2022, liberal opposition, the [[Freedom Movement (Slovenia)|Freedom Movement]], won the parliamentary [[2022 Slovenian parliamentary election|election]]. The Freedom Movement won 34.5% of the vote, compared with 23.6% for Janša's [[Slovenian Democratic Party|Slovenian Democratic party]].{{cite news |title=Slovenia's Janša defeated by opposition liberal Freedom Movement |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/04/24/slovenians-out-to-vote-with-no-single-party-projected-to-rule-without-coalition |work=euronews |date=24 April 2022 |language=en}} On 25 May 2022, Slovenia's parliament voted to appoint the leader of Freedom Movement, [[Robert Golob]], as the new [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]].{{cite news |title=Slovenian lawmakers approve liberal-green leader as new PM |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/ap-janez-jansa-ljubljana-european-union-b2087473.html |work=The Independent |date=25 May 2022 |language=en}} [344] => [345] => === Judiciary === [346] => {{Main|Judiciary of Slovenia}} [347] => [348] => Judicial powers in Slovenia are executed by judges, who are elected by the National Assembly. Judicial power in Slovenia is implemented by courts with general responsibilities and specialised courts that deal with matters relating to specific legal areas. The [[State's Attorney|State Prosecutor]] is an independent state authority responsible for prosecuting cases brought against those suspected of committing criminal offences. The [[Constitutional Court of Slovenia|Constitutional Court]], composed of nine judges elected for nine-year terms, decides on the conformity of laws with the Constitution; all laws and regulations must also conform with the general principles of international law and with ratified international agreements. [349] => [350] => === Military === [351] => {{main|Military of Slovenia}} [352] => The [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] provide military defence independently or within an alliance, in accordance with international agreements. Since conscription was abolished in 2003, it is organized as a fully professional [[standing army]].{{cite book |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=The CIA World Factbook 2010 |title-link=The CIA World Factbook |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc |year=2009 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ciaworldfactbook0000unit/page/617 617] |isbn=978-1-60239-727-9 |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency }} The [[Commander-in-Chief]] is the [[President of Slovenia|President of the Republic of Slovenia]], while operational command is in the domain of the [[Chief of the General Staff (Slovenia)|Chief of the General Staff]] of the Slovenian Armed Forces. In 2016, military spending was an estimated 0.91% of the country's GDP. Since joining [[NATO]], the Slovenian Armed Forces have taken a more active part in supporting international peace. They have participated in peace support operations and humanitarian activities. Among others, Slovenian soldiers are a part of international forces serving in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]], and [[Afghanistan]].{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenskavojska.si/en/international-cooperation/ |title=International Cooperation |publisher=Slovenian Armed Forces |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224152917/http://www.slovenskavojska.si/en/international-cooperation/ |url-status=dead }} [353] => [354] => === International interventions === [355] => In 2022 Slovenia joined a list of nations banning Russian aircraft from its [[airspace]] as a sanction against it for invading Ukraine.{{Cite news |date=2022-02-26 |title=Ukraine invasion: More countries issue airspace ban on Russian planes |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60539303 |access-date=2022-02-26}} [356] => [357] => === Administrative divisions and traditional regions === [358] => [359] => {{Main|Statistical regions of Slovenia|Municipalities of Slovenia}} [360] => [[File:Slokfor.jpg|thumb|right|[[Slovenian Armed Forces|(SAF), Slovenian KFOR]] contingent in [[Kosovo]]]] [361] => [362] => ==== Municipalities ==== [363] => Officially, Slovenia is subdivided into 212 municipalities (twelve of which have the status of urban municipalities). The municipalities are the only bodies of local autonomy in Slovenia. Each municipality is headed by a mayor (''župan''), elected every four years by popular vote, and a municipal council (''občinski svet''). In the majority of municipalities, the municipal council is elected through the system of [[proportional representation]]; only a few smaller municipalities use the [[plurality voting system]]. In the urban municipalities, the municipal councils are called town (or city) councils.{{cite web|url=http://www2.gov.si/zak/Zak_vel.nsf/0/660b7ab7cbd45736c125662d0037c142?OpenDocument |title=Sprejet zakon |publisher=.gov.si |date=13 July 2000 |access-date=2 June 2012}} Every municipality also has a Head of the Municipal Administration (''načelnik občinske uprave''), appointed by the mayor, who is responsible for the functioning of the local administration. [364] => [365] => ==== Administrative districts ==== [366] => There is no official intermediate unit between the municipalities and the Republic of Slovenia. The 62 administrative districts, officially called "Administrative Units" (''upravne enote''), are only subdivisions of the national government administration and are named after their respective bases of government offices. They are headed by a Manager of the Unit (''načelnik upravne enote''), appointed by the Minister of Public Administration. [367] => [368] => ==== Traditional regions and identities ==== [369] => Slovenia's traditional regions are based on the former [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[crown land]]s, which included [[Carniola]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]], and the [[Slovene Littoral|Littoral]]. Stronger than with either Carniola as a whole, or with Slovenia as a state, Slovenes tend to identify themselves with the traditional regions of the [[Slovene Littoral]], [[Prekmurje]], and traditional (sub)regions, such as Upper Carniola, Lower Carniola, and, to a lesser extent, Inner Carniola.Repe, Božo (2003) [http://sistory.si/?urn=SISTORY:ID:5288 Od deželana do državljana: Regionalni razvoj Slovencev v letih 1918–1991] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223100928/http://sistory.si/?urn=SISTORY:ID:5288 |date=23 February 2013 }}, Zgodovinski časopis, 3–4, Ljubljana. [370] => [371] => The capital city Ljubljana was historically the administrative seat of Carniola and belonged to [[Inner Carniola]],{{cite news |last1=Mehle Mihovec |first1=Barbka |title=Kje so naše meje? |url=http://arhiv.gorenjskiglas.si/article/20080319/C/303199950/kje-so-nase-meje |access-date=19 December 2018 |work=Gorenjski glas |date=19 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219140756/http://arhiv.gorenjskiglas.si/article/20080319/C/303199950/kje-so-nase-meje |archive-date=19 December 2018 |url-status=dead }} except for the Šentvid district, which was in [[Upper Carniola]] and also where the border between German-annexed territory and the Italian [[Province of Ljubljana]] was during the [[Second World War]]. [372] => [373] => ==== Statistical regions ==== [374] => [[File:Slovenia, administrative divisions - Nmbrs (statistical regions) - colored.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Statistical regions: 1. Gorizia, 2. Upper Carniola, 3. Carinthia, 4. Drava, 5. Mura, 6. Central Slovenia, 7. Central Sava, 8. Savinja, 9. Coastal–Karst, 10. Inner Carniola–Karst, 11. Southeast Slovenia, 12. Lower Sava]] [375] => The 12 ''statistical regions'' have no administrative function and are subdivided into two macroregions for the purpose of the [[Regional policy of the European Union]].{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-RA-07-020/EN/KS-RA-07-020-EN.PDF |title=Regions in the European Union: Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics |publisher=European Commission |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195504/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-RA-07-020/EN/KS-RA-07-020-EN.PDF |archive-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead}} [376] => These two macroregions are: [377] => *[[Eastern Slovenia]] (''Vzhodna Slovenija'' – SI01), which groups the Mura, Drava, Carinthia, Savinja, Central Sava, Lower Sava, Southeast Slovenia, and Inner Carniola–Karst statistical regions. [378] => *[[Western Slovenia]] (''Zahodna Slovenija'' – SI02), which groups the Central Slovenia, Upper Carniola, Gorizia, and Coastal–Karst statistical regions. [379] => {{clear}} [380] => [381] => == Economy == [382] => {{Main|Economy of Slovenia}} [383] => Slovenia has a [[developed country|developed economy]] and is the richest Slavic country by GDP per capita.{{cite web |title=Republic of Slovenia : 2017 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Slovenia |url=http://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/05/15/Republic-of-Slovenia-2017-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-44921 |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=11 July 2018 |date=15 May 2017}} Slovenia is also among the top global economies in terms of [[human capital]].[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/pdf/2019-WDR-Report.pdf The World Bank: the human capital index (HCI), 2018]. Retrieved 8. October 2019. It is the most developed transition country with an old [[Coal mining|mining]]-[[Industrial society|industrial]] tradition, [[chemical industry]], and developed [[Service economy|service]] activities. [384] => Slovenia was in the beginning of 2007 the first new member to introduce the [[euro]] as its currency, replacing the [[Slovenian tolar|tolar]]. Since 2010, it has been member of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwG3haSo_cC&pg=PA27 |chapter=Eastern Europe |title=Nations and Government: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective |first=Thomas |last=M. Magstadt |edition=6th |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-495-91528-7 |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=27}} There is a big difference in prosperity between the various regions. The economically wealthiest regions are the [[Central Slovenia Statistical Region|Central Slovenia]] region, which includes the capital [[Ljubljana]] and the [[Slovene Littoral|western Slovenian regions]] (the [[Gorizia Statistical Region|Gorizia]] and [[Coastal–Karst Statistical Region|Coastal–Karst]] Statistical Regions), while the least wealthy regions are the [[Mura Statistical Region|Mura]], [[Central Sava Statistical Region|Central Sava]], and [[Littoral–Inner Carniola Statistical Region|Littoral–Inner Carniola]] Statistical Regions.[https://www.bsi.si/library/includes/datoteka.asp?DatotekaId=4696 "Regional Disparities in Slovenia 2/12"]; retrieved 8 April 2015. [385] => [386] => === Economic growth === [387] => [[File:GDP per capita development in Slovenia.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Slovenia]] [388] => In 2004–06, the economy grew on average by nearly 5% a year in Slovenia; in 2007, it expanded by almost 7%. The growth surge was fuelled by debt, particularly among firms, and especially in construction. The [[financial crisis of 2007–2010]] and [[European sovereign-debt crisis]] had a significant impact on the domestic economy.{{cite news|title=Slovenia's Economy: Next in Line|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21560567|access-date=22 August 2012|newspaper=The Economist|date=18 August 2012}} The construction industry was severely hit in 2010 and 2011.{{cite news |url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/double-dip-recession-is-the-%E2%80%98official%E2%80%99-reality |title=Double Dip Recession is the 'Slovenian' Reality |newspaper=The Slovenia Times |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208095317/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/double-dip-recession-is-the-%E2%80%98official%E2%80%99-reality |url-status=dead }} [389] => [390] => In 2009, Slovenian [[GDP per capita]] shrank by 8%, the biggest decline in the European Union after the [[Baltic countries]] and Finland. An increasing burden for the Slovenian economy has been its rapidly aging population.{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/46010334/Countries_With_Aging_Populations?slide=3 |title=Countries with Aging Populations |work=CNBC |date=23 January 2012 |first=Rajeshni |last=Naidu-Ghelani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223035533/http://www.cnbc.com/id/46010334/Countries_With_Aging_Populations?slide=3 |archive-date=23 February 2013}} [391] => [392] => In August 2012, the year-on-year contraction was 0.8%; however, 0.2% growth was recorded in the first quarter (in relation to the quarter before, after data was adjusted according to season and working days).{{cite news |url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/statistics-office-to-release-gdp-data-for-q2 |title=Statistics Office to Release GDP Data for Q2 |newspaper=The Slovenia Times |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170333/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/statistics-office-to-release-gdp-data-for-q2 |url-status=dead }} Year-on-year contraction has been attributed to the fall in domestic consumption and the slowdown in export growth. The decrease in domestic consumption has been attributed to the fiscal [[austerity]], to the freeze on budget expenditure in the final months of 2011,{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-29/slovenia-s-economy-falls-in-recession-as-export-growth-weakens.html |title=Slovenia's Economy Falls into a Recession as Exports Weaken |first=Boris |last=Cerni |date=29 February 2012 |work=Bloomberg}} to the failure of the efforts to implement [[microeconomic reform|economic reforms]], to inappropriate financing, and to the decrease in exports.{{cite news |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/gospodarstvo/zdrs-v-recesijo-so-ekonomisti-pricakovali/277878 |title=Zdrs v recesijo so ekonomisti pričakovali |language=sl |newspaper=MMC RTV Slovenija |publisher=RTV Slovenija |issn=1581-372X |date=29 February 2012}} [393] => [394] => Due to the effects of the crisis, it was expected that several banks had to be bailed out by EU funds in 2013; however, needed capital was able to be covered by the country's own funds. Fiscal actions and legislations aiming on the reduction of spendings as well as several privatisations supported an economic recovery as from 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/slovenia-turns-itself-around-greece-bailout-bank-crisis/ |title=How Slovenia turned itself around |last=MacDowall |first=Andrew |date=15 July 2015 |website=Politico Europe |access-date=18 July 2017}} The real economic growth rate was at 2.5% in 2016 and accelerated to 5% in 2017.{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/7266 |title=GDP up by 6.0% in the fourth quarter of 2017 and by 5.0% in 2017 |date=28 February 2018 |website=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193509/https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/7266 |url-status=dead }} The construction sector has seen a recent increase, and the tourism industry is expected to have continuous rising numbers.{{cite web |url=https://seenews.com/news/tourism-contributes-35-directly-to-slovenias-gdp-in-2016-wttc-572255 |title=Tourism contributes 3.5% directly to Slovenia's GDP in 2016 – WTTC |last=Garaca |first=Maja |date=14 June 2017 |website=SeeNews |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130635/https://seenews.com/news/tourism-contributes-35-directly-to-slovenias-gdp-in-2016-wttc-572255 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }} [395] => {{more citations needed section|date=April 2023}} [396] => In recent years, Slovenia has experienced moderate economic growth, with GDP growth averaging around 2% per year between 2017 and 2019. However, like many other countries, Slovenia's economy has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with a contraction of around 5% in 2020. Overall, Slovenia's economy is relatively small but open and has shown resilience in recent years. [397] => [398] => Slovenia's manufacturing sector is one of the largest contributors to the country's economy, accounting for around 25% of GDP. The country has a strong tradition in manufacturing, particularly in the areas of automotive and electrical engineering. Other important sectors include services, which account for around 65% of GDP, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for around 2% of GDP. [399] => [400] => Slovenia is a highly export-oriented economy, with exports accounting for around 80% of GDP. The country's main export partners are other European countries, particularly Germany, Italy, and Austria. Key exports include machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, and chemicals. [401] => [402] => The government of Slovenia has implemented a range of policies aimed at promoting economic growth and development. These include efforts to attract foreign investment, reduce red tape, and increase investment in research and development. The country has also introduced reforms aimed at improving the efficiency of its labor market and increasing the flexibility of its economy. [403] => [404] => === National debt === [405] => Slovenia's total [[government debt|national debt]] rose substantially during the [[Great Recession]] and was decreasing {{as of|2019|lc=y}}; at the end of 2018 amounted to 32.223 billion euros, 70% of the GDP.{{Cite web|url=https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatDb/pxweb/en/20_Ekonomsko/20_Ekonomsko__03_nacionalni_racuni__25_03149_racuni_drzave/0314905S.px/table/tableViewLayout2/|title=Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) and consolidated gross debt of general government by CATEGORY, MEASURES and YEAR|website=PX-Web|access-date=7 December 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [406] => [407] => === Services and industry === [408] => Almost two-thirds of people are employed in services, and over one-third in industry and construction.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/slovenia/ |at=Economy |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, United States |date=23 February 2012}} Slovenia benefits from a well-educated workforce, well-developed infrastructure, and its location at the crossroads of major trade routes.{{cite web |url=http://dunaj.veleposlanistvo.si/index.php?id=4035&L=1 |title=Osnovni gospodarski podatki o Sloveniji |language=sl |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Vienna |access-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618170200/http://dunaj.veleposlanistvo.si/index.php?id=4035&L=1 |archive-date=18 June 2012}} [409] => [410] => The level of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) per capita in Slovenia is one of the lowest in the EU, and the labor productivity and the competitiveness of the Slovenian economy is still significantly below the EU average.{{cite news |url=http://www.delo.si/gospodarstvo/posel-in-denar/dr-pavle-sicherl-slovenija-je-po-produktivnosti-dela-23-let-za-evropo_2.html |title=Dr. Pavle Sicherl: Slovenija je po produktivnosti dela 23 let za Evropo |language=sl |newspaper=Delo.si |date=8 August 2011 |issn=1854-6544 |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225133029/http://www.delo.si/gospodarstvo/posel-in-denar/dr-pavle-sicherl-slovenija-je-po-produktivnosti-dela-23-let-za-evropo_2.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}{{cite news |url=http://www.delo.si/gospodarstvo/makromonitor/konkurencnost-slovenske-industrije-pod-evropskim-povprecjem.html |title=Konkurenčnost slovenske industrije pod evropskim povprečjem |language=sl |newspaper=Delo.si |date=14 October 2011 |issn=1854-6544 |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015180328/http://www.delo.si/gospodarstvo/makromonitor/konkurencnost-slovenske-industrije-pod-evropskim-povprecjem.html |archive-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=dead}} Taxes are relatively high, the [[labor market]] is seen by business interests as being inflexible, and industries are losing sales to China, India, and elsewhere.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/slovenia/|title=The World Factbook 2007 – Slovenia, Economy|date=22 September 2021}} [411] => [412] => High level of openness makes Slovenia extremely sensitive to economic conditions in its main trading partners and changes in its international price competitiveness.{{cite book |url=http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/Blagovna_menjava_ang.pdf |title=Slovenia'S Trade in Goods / In The 2000–2010 Period |first1=Simon |last1=Perše |first2=Snježana |last2=Štuhec Lončarević |first3=Alenka |last3=Kozar |first4=Almira |last4=Urbiha |first5=Jana |last5=Živec |first6=Amira |last6=Mušić |date=January 2012 |isbn=978-961-239-240-6 |page=20|publisher=Statistični urad Republike Slovenije }} The main industries are motor vehicles, electric and electronic equipment, machinery, [[pharmaceutical]]s, and fuels. Examples of major Slovenian companies operating in Slovenia include the home appliance manufacturer [[Gorenje]], the pharmaceutical companies [[Krka (company)|Krka]] and Lek ([[Novartis]]' subsidiary), the oil distributing company [[Petrol Group]], energy distribution companys GEN, GEN-I, HSE and [[Revoz]], a manufacturing subsidiary of [[Renault]].[http://www.sloveniatimes.com/gorenje-krka-biggest-exporters-of-2012 "Gorenje, Krka Biggest Exporters of 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416221129/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/gorenje-krka-biggest-exporters-of-2012 |date=16 April 2017 }}. Retrieved 16 April 2017.[http://www.sloveniatimes.com/18-slovenian-firms-in-deloitte-central-europe-top-500 "18 Slovenian Firms in Deloitte Central Europe Top 500"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416221434/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/18-slovenian-firms-in-deloitte-central-europe-top-500 |date=16 April 2017 }}. Retrieved 16 April 2017.{{Cite web|url=https://www.delo.si/gospodarstvo/novice/vodilna-podjetja-so-povecala-relativno-tezo-v-gospodarstvu-53765.html|title=FOTO:Petrol prvi, sledi mu Gen-I|last=Viršek|first=Damjan|date=28 May 2018|website=delo.si|language=sl-si|access-date=7 December 2019}} [413] => [414] => === Energy === [415] => {{Further|Energy in Slovenia}} [416] => [[File:Nuklearna elektrarna Krško.jpg|thumb|right|Krško Nuclear Power Plant, 696 MW]] [417] => [418] => In 2018, the net energy production was 12,262 GWh and consumption was 14,501 GWh. Hydroelectric plants produced 4,421 GWh, thermal plants produced 4,049 GWh, and the [[Krško Nuclear Power Plant]] produced 2,742 GWh (50% share that goes to Slovenia; other 50% goes to Croatia due to joint ownership). [419] => Domestic electricity consumption was covered 84.6% by domestic production; percentage is decreasing from year to year meaning Slovenia is more and more depending on electricity import.{{Cite web|url=https://www.agen-rs.si/documents/10926/38704/Poro%C4%8Dilo-o-stanju-v-energetiki-2018/f0ee7a7a-3b8d-48b3-8a29-8cdc258d2e69|title=POROČILO O STANJU NA PODROČJU ENERGETIKE V SLOVENIJI (page 18)|website=agen-rs.si/|access-date=1 November 2019}} [420] => [421] => A new 600 MW block of [[Šoštanj#Power plant|Šoštanj thermal power plant]] finished construction and went online in the autumn of 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://www.te-sostanj.si/en/184/2015/02|title=News – Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant|website=te-sostanj.si|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103126/http://www.te-sostanj.si/en/184/2015/02|archive-date=25 February 2019|url-status=dead}} The new 39.5 MW HE Krško hydro power plant was finished in 2013.{{Cite web|url=https://www.agen-rs.si/documents/10926/38704/Poro%C4%8Dilo-o-stanju-v-energetiki-2018/f0ee7a7a-3b8d-48b3-8a29-8cdc258d2e69|title=POROČILO O STANJU NA PODROČJU ENERGETIKE V SLOVENIJI 2018 (page 11)|website=agen-rs.si|access-date=5 April 2020}} The 41.5 MW HE Brežice and 30.5 MW HE Mokrice hydro power plants were built on the [[Sava]] River in 2018 and the construction of ten more hydropower plants with a cumulative capacity of 338 MW is planned to be finished by 2030. A large [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped-storage hydro power plant]] Kozjak on the [[Drava]] River is in the planning stage. [422] => [423] => At the end of 2018, at least 295 MWp of [[Photovoltaics|photovoltaic modules]] and 31,4 MW of [[Biogas power plant|biogas powerplants]] were installed. Compared to 2017, renewable energy sources contributed 5.6 percentage points more into whole energy consumption. There is interest to add more production in the area of solar and wind energy sources (subsidising schemes are increasing economic feasibility), but microlocation settlement procedures take enormous toll on the efficiency of this intitiatve (nature preservation vs. energy production facilities dilemma). [424] => [425] => === Tourism === [426] => [[File:Postojna Cave. 2012-07-26 13-41-13.jpg|thumb|alt=Postojna Cave|[[Postojna Cave]]]]{{Main|Tourism in Slovenia}} [427] => [428] => Slovenia offers tourists a wide variety of natural and cultural amenities. Different forms of tourism have developed. The tourist gravitational area is considerably large, however the tourist market is small. There has been no large-scale tourism and no acute environmental pressures;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/25.pdf |first=Uroš |last=Horvat |chapter=Tourism in Slovenia |page=146 |title=Slovenia: A Geographical Overview |editor=Orožen Adamič, Milan |isbn=961-6500-49-X |publisher=Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia |year=2004}} in 2017, [[National Geographic]] Traveller's Magazine declared Slovenia as the country with the world's most [[sustainable tourism]].{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/europe/slovenia/worlds-most-sustainable-eco-green-country/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627220943/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/europe/slovenia/worlds-most-sustainable-eco-green-country/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2018|title=This Is the World's Most Sustainable Country |date=27 June 2018 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=23 August 2018}} The nation's capital, Ljubljana, has many important [[Baroque]] and [[Vienna Secession]] buildings, with several important works of the native born architect [[Jože Plečnik]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.aml.si/plecnikova-hisa/teorija/plecnikova-ljubljana/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903231641/http://www.aml.si/plecnikova-hisa/teorija/plecnikova-ljubljana/|url-status=dead|title=Podoba Plečnikove Ljubljane|archive-date=3 September 2011}} [429] => [430] => At the northwestern corner of the country lie the [[Julian Alps]] with [[Lake Bled]] and the [[Soča]] Valley, as well as the nation's highest peak, [[Mount Triglav]] in the middle of [[Triglav National Park]]. Other mountain ranges include [[Kamnik–Savinja Alps]], the [[Karawanks]], and [[Pohorje]], popular with skiers and hikers.{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenia.info/en/Active-holidays.htm?aktivne_pocitnice=0&lng=2 |title=Active holidays – Slovenia – Official Travel Guide |publisher=Slovenia.info |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526112751/http://www.slovenia.info/en/Active-holidays.htm?aktivne_pocitnice=0&lng=2 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} [431] => [432] => The [[Karst Plateau]] in the [[Slovene Littoral]] gave its name to [[karst]], a landscape shaped by water dissolving the carbonate bedrock, forming caves. The best-known caves are [[Postojna Cave]] and the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO]]-listed [[Škocjan Caves]]. The region of [[Slovenian Istria]] meets the [[Adriatic Sea]], where the most important historical monument is the [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian Gothic]] Mediterranean town of [[Piran]] while the settlement of [[Portorož]] attracts crowds in summer.{{cite web |url=http://www.piran.si/index.php?page=static&item=1 |title=Občina Piran-O občini |publisher=Piran.si |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513152503/http://www.piran.si/index.php?page=static&item=1 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} [433] => [434] => [[File:View of Bled Island (6).jpg|thumb|alt=Lake Bled|[[Lake Bled]] with its island]]The hills around Slovenia's second-largest city, [[Maribor]], are renowned for their wine-making. The northeastern part of the country is rich with spas,{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/23/slovenia.travelfoodanddrink.shortbreaks | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Liane | last=Katz | title=Detox, retox in Slovenia | date=23 June 2006}} with [[Rogaška Slatina]], [[Radenci]], [[Čatež ob Savi]], [[Dobrna]], and [[Moravske Toplice]] growing in importance in the last two decades.{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenia.info/en/15-Slovenian-natural-spas.htm?zdravilisce=0&lng=2|title=15 Spas in Slovenia, Official Travel Guide |publisher=Slovenia.info |access-date=7 August 2012}} [435] => [436] => Other popular tourist destinations include the historic cities of [[Ptuj]] and [[Škofja Loka]], and several castles, such as [[Predjama Castle]].{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenia.info/en/arhitekturne-znamenitosti.htm?arhitekturne_znamenitosti=0&lng=2 |title=Architectural Heritage – Slovenia – Official Travel Guide |publisher=Slovenia.info |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404141006/http://www.slovenia.info/en/arhitekturne-znamenitosti.htm?arhitekturne_znamenitosti=0&lng=2 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenia.info/en/grad.htm?grad=0&lng=2 |title=Castles – Slovenia – Official Travel Guide |publisher=Slovenia.info |access-date=2 June 2012}} [437] => [438] => Important parts of tourism in Slovenia include congress and [[gambling tourism]]. Slovenia is the country with the highest percentage of [[casino]]s per 1,000 inhabitants in the European Union.{{cite web |url=http://www.earthinpictures.com/world/slovenia/ |title=Slovenia photo gallery – pictures, facts and information on Slovenia |publisher=Earthinpictures.com |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622032938/http://www.earthinpictures.com/world/slovenia/ |archive-date=22 June 2012 |url-status=dead }} [[Perla hotel and casino|Perla]] in [[Nova Gorica]] is the largest casino in the region.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcasinodirectory.com/easteurope-casinos.asp |title=East Europe Casinos and Gambling |publisher=Worldcasinodirectory.com |access-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922151652/http://www.worldcasinodirectory.com/easteurope-casinos.asp |archive-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead }} [439] => [440] => Most of foreign tourists to Slovenia come from the key European markets: [[Italy]], [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Croatia]], [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], [[Serbia]], [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]], followed by [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]].{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenia.info/pictures/TB_board/atachments_1/2011/tvs_slo_e_12434.pdf |title=I Feel Slovenia: 2010 |publisher=Slovenia.info |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062633/http://www.slovenia.info/pictures/TB_board/atachments_1/2011/tvs_slo_e_12434.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead}} European tourists create more than 90% of Slovenia's tourist income. In 2016, Slovenia was declared the world's first green country by the Netherlands-based organization Green Destinations.{{cite web|url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-declared-world-s-first-green-country|title=Slovenia declared world's first green country|website=Sloveniatimes.com|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132721/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-declared-world-s-first-green-country|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=dead}} On being declared the most sustainable country in 2016, Slovenia had a big part to play at the [[ITB Berlin]] to promote sustainable tourism. [441] => [442] => === Transport === [443] => {{Main|Transport in Slovenia}} [444] => Geography has dictated transport routes in Slovenia. Significant mountain ranges, major rivers and proximity to the Danube played roles in the development of the area's transportation corridors. One recent particular advantage are the [[Pan-European transport corridor]]s [[Pan-European transport corridor V|V]] (the fastest link between the North Adriatic, and Central and Eastern Europe) and [[Pan-European Corridor X|X]] (linking Central Europe with the Balkans). This gives it a special position in the European social, economic and cultural integration and restructuring.{{cite web |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/transport/slovenia_a_country_at_the_crossroads_of_transport_links/ |title=Slovenia, a Country at the Crossroads of Transport Links |publisher=Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia |date=November 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708045103/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/transport/slovenia_a_country_at_the_crossroads_of_transport_links/ |archive-date=8 July 2012}} [445] => [446] => [[File:Motorways-SLO-map 2018.jpg|alt=|upright=1.35|left|thumb|Motorways in Slovenia in August 2020]] [447] => [448] => ==== Roads ==== [449] => The road freight and passenger transport constitutes the largest part of transport in Slovenia at 80%.{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2582 |title=Teden mobilnosti 2009 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213181341/http://www.stat.si/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2582 |url-status=dead }} Personal cars are much more popular than public road passenger transport, which has significantly declined.{{cite web |url=http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=214 |title=Lastništvo avtomobilov v gospodinjstvih |language=sl |publisher=Environment Agency of Slovenia |author=Bernard Vukadin, Barbara |author2=Kušar, Urška |author3=Burja, Alenka |date=25 October 2009}} Slovenia has a very high [[highways in Slovenia|highway and motorway density]] compared to the European Union average.{{cite book |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/evasltrat_tran/slovenia.pdf |chapter=Situation per mode of transport |title=Study on Strategic Evaluation on Transport Investment Priorities under Structural and Cohesion funds for the Programming Period 2007–2013 |date=August 2006 |publisher=ECORYS Nederland BV}} The highway system, the construction of which was accelerated after 1994,{{cite conference |url=http://dinamico2.unibg.it/highways/paper/oplotnik.pdf |title=National motorway construction program (NMCP) in Slovenia (financing, impact on national economy and realization) |author1=Oplotnik, Žan |author2=Križanič, France |book-title=Highways: cost and regulation in Europe |date=November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120161909/https://dinamico2.unibg.it/highways/paper/oplotnik.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2012}} has slowly but steadily transformed Slovenia into a large [[conurbation]].{{cite conference |url=ftp://ftp.cgs.si/Uporabniki/UrosZ/clanki/10.%20kongres%20o%20cestah%20in%20prometu/19-24.pdf |title=Narodnogospodarske koristi in razvojne možnosti prometnih sistemov v RS |language=sl, en |first=Peter |last=Gabrijelčič |book-title=10th Slovenian Road and Transport Congress |date=October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Other state roads have been rapidly deteriorating because of neglect and the overall increase in traffic. [450] => [451] => ==== Railways ==== [452] => {{main|Slovenian Railways}} [453] => [454] => The existing Slovenian railways are out-of-date and have difficulty competing with the motorway network; partially also as a result of dispersed population settlement.{{cite web |url=http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=420#comment |title=Vlaganja v prometno infrastrukturo: Komentar |language=sl |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |date=18 November 2011 |author=Plevnik, Aljaž |author2=Polanec, Vesna}} Due to this fact and the projected increase in traffic through the port of [[Koper]], which is primarily by train, a second rail on the Koper-Divača route is in early stages of starting construction.{{Cite web|url=http://www.drugitir.si/|title=Za razvoj Slovenije {{!}} Drugi tir|website=www.drugitir.si|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303000005/http://www.drugitir.si/|archive-date=3 March 2019|url-status=dead}} With a lack of financial assets, maintenance and modernisation of the Slovenian railway network have been neglected.{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.losamedchem.eu/web/attachments/article/20/SWOT%20KOPER%20+%20UM.pdf |chapter=Executive Summary |title=Analysis of the infrastructure network in Slovenia and report on SWOT analysis |publisher=Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor. Port of Koper |date=April 2011 |access-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062631/http://www.losamedchem.eu/web/attachments/article/20/SWOT%20KOPER%20+%20UM.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead}} Due to the out-of-date infrastructure, the share of the railway freight transport has been in decline in Slovenia.{{cite web |url=http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=416#comment |title= Obseg in sestava blagovnega prevoza in prometa: Komentar|publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |date=18 November 2011 |author=Plevnik, Aljaž |author2=Polanec, Vesna}} The railway passenger transport has been recovering after a large drop in the 1990s. The Pan-European railway corridors V and X, and several other major European rail lines intersect in Slovenia. [455] => [456] => ==== Ports ==== [457] => The major Slovenian port is the [[Port of Koper]]. It is the largest Northern Adriatic port in terms of container transport,{{cite news |url=http://www.greenmed.eu/news-1160.html |title=Koper Port Hits Record High in Container Traffic |newspaper=Green Med Journal |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125155522/http://www.greenmed.eu/news-1160.html |archive-date=25 November 2011 |url-status=dead }} with almost 590,000 [[twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]] annually{{cite news |url=http://www.porttechnology.org/news/konecranes_to_delivery_three_further_rtgs_to_luka_koper/ |title=Konecranes to deliver three further RTGs to Luka Koper |newspaper=Port Technology International |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518173144/http://www.porttechnology.org/news/konecranes_to_delivery_three_further_rtgs_to_luka_koper/ |archive-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} and lines to all major world ports.{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-JKJ7TQMG/74880c59-56c7-48b6-9ed2-73ca85b11622/PDF |title=Sodobne pol1t1čno-geografske značilnosti alpsko-jadranskega prostora brez meja |language=sl, en, it |first=Anton |last=Gosar |journal=Acta Histriae |year=2008 |volume=16 |issue=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025125302/http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN%3ANBN%3ASI%3ADOC-JKJ7TQMG/74880c59-56c7-48b6-9ed2-73ca85b11622/PDF |archive-date=25 October 2013}} It is much closer to destinations east of the [[Suez Canal|Suez]] than the ports of Northern Europe.{{cite conference |url=http://www.stt.aegean.gr/econship2011/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=100&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=20 |title=Container Boom in the Port of Koper |author1=Twrdy, Elen |author2=Trupac, Igor |book-title=European Conference on Shipping & Ports 2011: Proceedings |isbn=978-960-93329-5-8 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In addition, the maritime passenger traffic mostly takes place in Koper.{{cite journal |url=http://www.stat.si/doc/statinf/22-SI-084-1101.pdf |title=Transport |journal=Statistične informacije [Rapid Reports] |date=4 November 2011 |page=11 |issue=21 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227093005/https://www.stat.si/doc/statinf/22-SI-084-1101.pdf |url-status=dead }} Two smaller ports used for the international passenger transport as well as cargo transport are located in [[Izola]] and [[Piran]]. Passenger transport mainly takes place with Italy and Croatia.{{cite web |url=http://www.mzp.gov.si/fileadmin/mzp.gov.si/pageuploads/DPomorstvo_splosno/2010_Nacionalni_program_verzija_22.pdf |title=Resolucija o nacionalnem programu razvoja pomorstva Republike Slovenije |language=sl |publisher=Ministry of Transport, Republic of Slovenia |date=3 November 2010 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062630/http://www.mzp.gov.si/fileadmin/mzp.gov.si/pageuploads/DPomorstvo_splosno/2010_Nacionalni_program_verzija_22.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} [[Splošna plovba]],{{cite news |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/gospodarstvo/edini-slovenski-ladjar-praznuje/24584 |title=Edini slovenski ladjar praznuje|newspaper=MMC RTV Slovenija |date=22 October 2004 |issn=1581-372X}} the only Slovenian shipping company, transports freight and is active only in foreign ports. [458] => [459] => ==== Air ==== [460] => Air transport in Slovenia is very low, but has significantly grown since 1991.{{cite journal |url=http://www.stat.si/doc/statinf/22-SI-284-1001.pdf |title=Transport |journal=Statistične informacije [Rapid Report] |date=22 November 2010 |issue=26 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227094007/https://www.stat.si/doc/statinf/22-SI-284-1001.pdf |url-status=dead }} Of the three international airports in Slovenia, [[Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport]] in central Slovenia is the busiest, with connections to many major European destinations.{{cite book |url=http://www.lju-airport.si/pripone/1085/informator_junij11_koncna.pdf |title=Information Booklet |year=2011 |publisher=Aerodrom Ljubljana |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062631/http://www.lju-airport.si/pripone/1085/informator_junij11_koncna.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} The [[Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport]] is located in the eastern part of the country and the [[Portorož Airport]] in the west. The state-owned [[Adria Airways]] was the largest Slovenian airline; however in 2019 it declared bankruptcy and ceased operations. Since 2003, several new carriers have entered the market, mainly low-cost airlines. The only Slovenian [[military airbase|military airport]] is the [[Cerklje ob Krki Air Base]] in the southwest.{{Cite news |url=http://www.mo.gov.si/fileadmin/mo.gov.si/pageuploads/revija_sv/2006/sv06_08.pdf |title=Cerklje Airport on its way to future growth |journal=Slovenska Vojska |page=29 |volume=XIV |issue=8 |year=2006 |first=Jože |last=Konda |issn=1580-1993 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062628/http://www.mo.gov.si/fileadmin/mo.gov.si/pageuploads/revija_sv/2006/sv06_08.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} There are also 12 [[public airport]]s in Slovenia. [461] => [462] => == Demographics == [463] => {{Main|Demographics of Slovenia}} [464] => {{Historical populations [465] => |footnote = As of 1 January [466] => |1921 | 1054919 [467] => |1931 | 1144298 [468] => |1948 | 1391873 [469] => |1953 | 1466425 [470] => |1961 | 1591523 [471] => |1971 | 1727137 [472] => |1981 | 1891864 [473] => |1991 | 1913355 [474] => |2002 | 1964036 [475] => |2011 | 2050189 [476] => |2017 | 2065895 [477] => }} [478] => [479] => [[File:Population density in Slovenia.png|300px|thumb|left|Population density in Slovenia by [[Municipalities of Slovenia|municipality]]. The four main urban areas are visible: Ljubljana and Kranj (centre), Maribor (northeast) and the [[Slovene Istria]] (southwest).]] [480] => [481] => With 103 inhabitants per square kilometer (262/sq mi), Slovenia ranks low among the European countries in population density (compared to {{convert|402|/km2|/mi2|abbr=on}} for the [[Netherlands]] or {{convert|195|/km2|/mi2|abbr=on}} for Italy). The [[Inner Carniola–Karst Statistical Region]] has the lowest population density while the [[Central Slovenia Statistical Region]] has the highest.{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/letopis/2010/30_10/30-09-10.htm |title=30.9 Gostota naseljenosti 1.7 – Population Density, 1 July |publisher=Stat.si |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826070232/http://www.stat.si/letopis/2010/30_10/30-09-10.htm |archive-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=dead }} [482] => [483] => Slovenia is among the European countries with the most pronounced ageing of its population, ascribable to a low birth rate and increasing life expectancy.{{cite news |url=http://www.delo.si/zgodbe/delo2020/demografski-preobrat-tiha-revolucija-med-nami.html |title=Demografski preobrat: tiha revolucija med nami |language=sl |date=20 June 2011 |first=Milena |last=Zupanič |newspaper=Delo.si |publisher=Delo, d. d. |issn=1854-6544}} Almost all Slovenian inhabitants older than 64 are retired, with no significant difference between the genders.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmAQ_cwR14oC&pg=PA118 |title=Population Ageing in Central and Eastern Europe: Societal and Policy Implications |chapter=Population Ageing in Slovenia and Social Support Networks of Older People |pages=118–119 |editor-first=Andreas |editor-last=Hoff |first1=Valentina |last1=Hlebec |first2=Milivoja |last2=Šircelj |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |date=September 2011 |isbn=978-0-7546-7828-1}} The working-age group is diminishing in spite of immigration.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgBaG-NB9hMC&pg=PA34 |title=Slovenia |chapter=Strong Growth but an Ageing Workforce |page=34 |publisher=OECD Publishing |date=July 2009 |isbn=978-92-64-06894-0}} The proposal to raise the retirement age from the current 57 for women and 58 for men was rejected in a [[June 2011 Slovenian referendum|referendum in 2011]]. In addition, the difference among the genders regarding life expectancy is still significant. The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2014 was estimated at 1.33 children born/woman, which is lower than the replacement rate of 2.1.{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/slovenia/| title = The World Factbook| date = 22 December 2022}} The majority of children are born to unmarried women (in 2016, 58.6% of all births were outside of marriage).{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/6768|title=Births, Slovenia, 2016|website=Stat.si|access-date=3 August 2017}} [484] => In 2018, life expectancy at birth was 81.1 years (78.2 years male, and 84 years female).{{Cite web|url=http://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm|title=Health status – Life expectancy at birth – OECD Data|website=theOECD|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811172303/https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm|archive-date=11 August 2019|url-status=dead}} [485] => [486] => In 2009, the [[List of countries by suicide rate|suicide rate]] in Slovenia was 22 per 100,000 persons per year, which places Slovenia among the highest ranked European countries.{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3380 |title=World Suicide Prevention Day 2010 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165716/http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3380 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=dead }} Nonetheless, from 2000 until 2010, the rate has decreased by about 30%. The differences between regions and the genders are pronounced.{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=4162 |title=World Suicide Prevention Day 2011 |date=8 September 2011 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia}} [487] => [488] => === Ethnic structure === [489] => The largest ethnic groups in Slovenia are [[Slovenes]] (83.1%), [[Serbs in Slovenia|Serbs]] (2.0%), [[Croats of Slovenia|Croats]] [490] => (1.8%), [[Bosniaks of Slovenia|Bosniaks]] (1.6%), Muslims (0.5%), [[Bosnians]] (0.4%), [[Hungarians]] (0.3%), [[Albanians in Slovenia|Albanians]] (0.3%) and [[Romani people in Slovenia|Roma]] (0.2%). Other ethnic groups in Slovenia include Macedonians, Italians, Montenegrins and Germans.{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/slovenia/|title=Slovenia – World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date=2 November 2023 }} [491] => [492] => === Urbanisation === [493] => {{Main|List of cities and towns in Slovenia}} [494] => Depending on definition, between 65% and 79% of people live in wider urban areas.{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q2vXdJRZhzoC&q=slovenija+stopnja+urbanizacije&pg=PA143 | title = Ekonomska preobrazba slovenskih mest | isbn = 978-961-254-090-6 | last1 = Bole | first1 = David | year = 2008| publisher = Založba ZRC }} According to [[OECD]] definition of rural areas none of the [[Statistical regions of Slovenia|Slovene statistical regions]] is mostly urbanised, meaning that 15% or less of the population lives in rural communities. According to this definition statistical regions are classified: [495] => * mostly rural regions: [[Mura Statistical Region|Mura]], [[Drava Statistical Region|Drava]], [[Carinthia Statistical Region|Carinthia]], [[Savinja Statistical Region|Savinja]], [[Lower Sava Statistical Region|Lower Sava]], [[Littoral–Inner Carniola Statistical Region|Littoral–Inner Carniola]], [[Gorizia Statistical Region|Gorizia]], [[Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region|Southeast Slovenia]] [496] => * moderately rural regions: [[Central Sava Statistical Region|Central Sava]], [[Upper Carniola Statistical Region|Upper Carniola]], [[Coastal–Karst Statistical Region|Coastal–Karst]], [[Central Slovenia Statistical Region|Central Slovenia]].{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/tema_splosno_upravno_podezelje_predstavitev.asp |title=Projekt statistike razvoja podeželja |access-date=20 September 2013 |work=Statistical Office RS |archive-date=28 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228181158/http://www.stat.si/tema_splosno_upravno_podezelje_predstavitev.asp |url-status=dead }} [497] => [498] => The only large town is the capital, Ljubljana. Other (medium-sized) towns include Maribor, Celje, and Kranj.{{Cite news|url=http://www.geodetski-vestnik.com/52/2/gv52-2_290-312.pdf |title=Small and Medium-Size Towns as the Basis of Polycentric Urban Development |author1=Zavodnik Lamovšek, Alma |author2=Drobne, Samo |author3=Žaucer, Tadej |journal=Geodetski Vestnik |publisher=Association of Surveyors of Slovenia |issn=0351-0271 |year=2008 |volume=52 |issue=2 |page=303}}{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/eng/KrajevnaImena/pregledi_naselja_najvecja_prebivalci.asp |title=:: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia – How frequent are the same names of settlements and streets? :: |publisher=Stat.si |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203359/http://www.stat.si/eng/KrajevnaImena/pregledi_naselja_najvecja_prebivalci.asp |url-status=dead }} Overall, there are eleven urban municipalities in Slovenia. [499] => {{Largest cities [500] => | country = Slovenia [501] => | stat_ref = [[Statistical Office of Slovenia|Statistical Office]]: Largest settlements by population (1 January 2019) [502] => | list_by_pop = List of cities and towns in Slovenia [503] => | div_name = Statistical region [504] => | div_link = [505] => [506] => |city_1 = Ljubljana [507] => |div_1 = Central Slovenia Statistical Region{{!}}Central Slovenia [508] => |pop_1 = 284,355 [509] => |img_1 = Ljubljana made by Janez Kotar.jpg [510] => [511] => |city_2 = Maribor [512] => |div_2 = Drava Statistical Region{{!}}Drava [513] => |pop_2 = 95,767 [514] => |img_2 = 19-03-03-Maribor-RalfR-DJI 0444.jpg [515] => [516] => |city_3 = Celje [517] => |div_3 = Savinja Statistical Region{{!}}Savinja [518] => |pop_3 = 37,875 [519] => |img_3 = View of Celje (28189851435).jpg [520] => [521] => |city_4 = Kranj [522] => |div_4 = Upper Carniola Statistical Region{{!}}Upper Carniola [523] => |pop_4 = 37,463 [524] => |img_4 = Kranj veduto Kranja fotomorgana 1.jpg [525] => [526] => |city_5 = Koper [527] => |div_5 = Coastal–Karst Statistical Region{{!}}Coastal–Karst [528] => |pop_5 = 25,611 [529] => [530] => |city_6 = Velenje [531] => |div_6 = Savinja Statistical Region{{!}}Savinja [532] => |pop_6 = 25,327 [533] => [534] => |city_7 = Novo Mesto [535] => |div_7 = Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region{{!}}Southeast Slovenia [536] => |pop_7 = 23,719 [537] => [538] => |city_8 = Ptuj [539] => |div_8 = Drava Statistical Region{{!}}Drava [540] => |pop_8 = 17,858 [541] => [542] => |city_9 = Kamnik [543] => |div_9 = Central Slovenia Statistical Region{{!}}Central Slovenia [544] => |pop_9 = 13,742 [545] => [546] => |city_10 = Trbovlje [547] => |div_10 = Central Sava Statistical Region{{!}}Central Sava [548] => |pop_10 = 13,718 [549] => }} [550] => {{col-begin}} [551] => {{col-break|width=30%}} [552] => {{col-end}} [553] => [554] => === Languages === [555] => {{Main|Languages of Slovenia|Slovene language}} [556] => The official language in Slovenia is [[Slovene language|Slovene]], which is a member of the [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic language group]]. In 2002, Slovene was the native language of around 88% of Slovenia's population according to the census, with more than 92% of the Slovenian population speaking it in their home environment.{{cite web|url= http://www.siol.net/kultura/novice/2009/02/slovenscina_materni_jezik_za_88_odstotkov_drzavljanov.aspx |title= Slovenščina materni jezik za 88 odstotkov državljanov |publisher= [[Siol]] |date= 19 February 2009 |access-date= 2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120516055023/http://www.siol.net/kultura/novice/2009/02/slovenscina_materni_jezik_za_88_odstotkov_drzavljanov.aspx |archive-date= 16 May 2012 }}{{cite book |url= http://www.stat.si/popis2002/gradivo/2-169.pdf |title= Verska, jezikovna in narodna sestava prebivalstva Slovenije: Popisi 1921–2002 |language= sl |publisher= Statistični urad Republike Slovenije |year= 2003 |issue= 2 |first= Milivoja |last= Šircelj |isbn= 961-239-024-X |access-date= 19 October 2010 |archive-date= 13 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200213063506/https://www.stat.si/popis2002/gradivo/2-169.pdf |url-status= dead }} This statistic ranks Slovenia among the most homogeneous countries in the EU in terms of the share of speakers of the predominant mother tongue.{{cite news |url= http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1482640 |title= Linguist Says Slovenian Language Not Endangered |date= 21 February 2010 |publisher= Slovenian Press Agency}} [557] => [558] => Slovene is a highly diverse Slavic language in terms of [[Slovene dialects|dialects]],{{cite news |url= http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2177 |title= International Mother Language Day |publisher= Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |date= 19 February 2009 |access-date= 3 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101113170344/http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2177 |archive-date= 13 November 2010 |url-status= dead }} with different degrees of mutual intelligibility. Accounts of the number of dialects range from as few as sevenMcDonald, Gordon C. 1979. ''Yugoslavia: A Country Study''. Washington, DC: American University, p. 93Greenberg, Marc L. 2009. "Slovene." In Keith Brown & Sarah Ogilvie (eds.), ''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World'', pp. 981–984. Oxford: Elsevier, p. 981.Brown, E. K. & Anne Anderson. 2006. ''Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics: Sca-Spe''. Oxford: Elsevier, p. 424 dialects, often considered dialect groups or dialect bases that are further subdivided into as many as 50 dialects.Sussex, Roland, & Paul V. Cubberley. 2006. ''The Slavic languages''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 502. Other sources characterize the number of dialects as nineSławski, Franciszek. 1962. ''Zarys dialektologii południowosłowiańskiej''. Warsaw: PAN. or as eight.{{cite journal | last1 = Priestly | first1 = Tom M. S. | year = 1993 | title = On 'Drift' in Indo-European Gender Systems | journal = Journal of Indo-European Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 339–363 }} [559] => [560] => [[File:Slovenian Passport3.jpg|thumb|upright|Front cover of a bilingual passport in Slovene and Italian]] [561] => [562] => [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Italian language in Slovenia|Italian]], spoken by the respective minorities, enjoy the status of official languages in the ethnically mixed regions along the Hungarian and Italian borders, to the extent that even the passports issued in those areas are bilingual. In 2002 around 0.2% of the Slovenian population spoke Italian and around 0.4% spoke Hungarian as their native language. Hungarian is co-official with Slovene in 30 settlements in 5 municipalities (whereof 3 are officially bilingual). Italian is co-official with Slovene in 25 settlements in 4 municipalities (all of them officially bilingual). [563] => [564] => [[Romani language|Romani]],{{cite journal |url= http://www2.arnes.si/~ljinv16/RIG/RIG%2052/rig%2052%20celota%20E%20TISK.pdf |title= Legal Protection of Roma in Slovenia |first= Vera |last= Klopčič |journal= Treatises and Documents: Journal of Ethnic Studies |year= 2007 |issue= 52 |pages= 234–255 |publisher= Institute for Ethnic Studies |issn= 1854-5181 |access-date= 3 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195512/http://www2.arnes.si/~ljinv16/RIG/RIG%2052/rig%2052%20celota%20E%20TISK.pdf |archive-date= 21 February 2011 |url-status= dead }} spoken in 2002 as the native language by 0.2% of people, is a legally protected language in Slovenia. Romani speakers mainly belong to the geographically dispersed and marginalized Roma community.{{cite book |url= http://www.inv.si/DocDir/Publikacije-PDF/2003/evropa,%20slovenija%20in%20romi_optimized.pdf |title= Evropa, Slovenija in Romi |language=sl |first= Vera |last= Klopčič |author2= Miroslav Polzer |year= 2003 |isbn= 961-6159-23-2 |publisher= Institute for Ethnic Studies |access-date= 3 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195508/http://www.inv.si/DocDir/Publikacije-PDF/2003/evropa,%20slovenija%20in%20romi_optimized.pdf |archive-date= 21 February 2011 |url-status= dead }} [565] => [566] => German, which used to be the largest minority language in Slovenia prior to World War II (around 4% of the population in 1921), is now the native language of only around 0.08% of the population, the majority of whom are more than 60 years old. [[Gottscheerish]] or ''Granish'', the traditional German dialect of [[Gottschee]] County, faces extinction.{{cite web |url= http://www.norway.si/ARKIV/heritage/granish/ |title= Granish – a Minority Language Spoken in Slovenia |publisher= Norway.si |access-date= 2 June 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [567] => [568] => A significant number of people in Slovenia speak a variant of [[Serbo-Croatian]] ([[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], or [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]) as their native language. These are mostly families who moved to Slovenia from other [[former Yugoslav]] republics. Altogether, Serbo-Croatian in its different forms is the second natively spoken language in Slovenia with 5.9% of population. In 2002, 0.4% of the Slovenian population declared themselves to be native speakers of [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and 0.2% native speakers of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]. [[Czech language|Czech]], the fourth-largest minority language in Slovenia prior to World War II (after German, Hungarian, and Serbo-Croatian), is now the native language of a few hundred residents of Slovenia. [569] => [570] => Slovenia ranks among the top European countries in knowledge of foreign languages. The most taught foreign languages are English, German, Italian, French and Spanish. {{As of|2007}}, 92% of the population between the age of 25 and 64 spoke at least one foreign language and around 71.8% of them spoke at least two foreign languages, which was the highest percentage in the European Union.[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-24092009-AP/EN/3-24092009-AP-EN.PDF European Day of Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124065821/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-24092009-AP/EN/3-24092009-AP-EN.PDF |date=24 January 2013 }}, Eurostat Newsrelease, 24 September 2009 According to the [[Eurobarometer]] survey, {{as of|2005|lc=on}} the majority of Slovenes could speak [[Croatian language|Croatian]] (61%) and English (56%).{{cite web|url= http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title= Special Eurobarometer 386 Europeans and Their Languages |date= June 2012 |access-date= 18 October 2013}}{{rp|21}} A reported 42% of Slovenes could speak German, which was one of the highest percentages outside German-speaking countries. Italian is widely spoken on the [[Slovenian Istria|Slovenian Coast]] and in some other areas of the [[Slovene Littoral]]. Around 15% of Slovenians can speak Italian, which is (according to the Eurobarometer pool) the third-highest percentage in the European Union, after Italy and [[Malta]]. [571] => {{cite web [572] => |url= http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf [573] => |title= Eurobarometer pool (2006), page 152 |access-date =2 June 2012 [574] => }} [575] => [576] => [577] => === Immigration === [578] => In 2015, about 12% (237,616 people) of the population in Slovenia was born abroad.{{cite web |url=http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/dialog/statfile1.asp |title=SI-Stat Data Portal |publisher=SURS |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613133216/http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/statfile1.asp |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=dead }} About 86% of the foreign-born population originated from other countries of former Yugoslavia as (in descending order) [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], followed by immigrants from [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]], [[North Macedonia]], and [[Kosovo]]. [579] => [580] => By the beginning of 2017, there were about 114,438 people with foreign citizenship residing in the country making up 5.5% of the total population. Of these foreigners, 76% had citizenships of the other countries from former Yugoslavia (excluding Croatia). Additionally 16.4% had EU-citizenships and 7.6% had citizenships of other countries. [581] => [582] => {{bar box [583] => |width = 300px [584] => |float = right [585] => |title = Ethnic composition of Slovenia
(according to the 2002 census) [586] => |titlebar = #ddd [587] => |bars = [588] => {{bar percent|Slovene|teal|83.06}} [589] => {{bar percent|Serb|teal|1.98}} [590] => {{bar percent|Croat|teal|1.81}} [591] => {{bar percent|Bosniak|teal|1.10}} [592] => {{bar percent|other minorities|teal|4.85}} [593] => {{bar percent|undeclared or unknown|gray|8.9}} [594] => |caption = [595] => }} [596] => [597] => According to the 2002 census, Slovenia's main ethnic group are [[Slovenes]] (83%); however, their share in the total population is continuously decreasing, due to their relatively low [[fertility rate]]. At least 13% (2002) of the population were immigrants from other parts of [[Former Yugoslavia]] and their descendants.{{Cite news |url=http://www2.arnes.si/~ljinv16/RIG/RIG%2053_54/rig%2053%20medvesek.pdf |title=Kdo so priseljenci z območja nekdanje Jugoslavije |language=sl |first=Mojca |last=Medvešek |journal=Razprave in Gradivo |publisher=Institute for Ethnic Studies |issue=53–54 |year=2007 |page=34 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195508/http://www2.arnes.si/~ljinv16/RIG/RIG%2053_54/rig%2053%20medvesek.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead }} They have settled mainly in cities and suburbanised areas.{{Cite news |url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/dela_25/07%20repolust.pdf |first=Peter |last=Repolusk |title=Narodnostno neopredeljeno prebivalstvo ob popisih 1991 in 2002 v Sloveniji |language=sl, en |journal=Dela |volume=25 |pages=87–96 |year=2006 |publisher=Anton Melik Geographical Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014855/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/dela_25/07%20repolust.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2012}} Relatively small but protected by the [[Constitution of Slovenia]] are the [[Hungarians in Slovenia|Hungarian]] and the [[Italians in Slovenia|Italian ethnic minority]].{{cite news |url=http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2957 |title=International Mother Language Day 2010 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113170007/http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2957 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.dz-rs.si/index.php?id=351&docid=25&showdoc=1 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia |publisher=National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223221038/http://www.dz-rs.si/index.php?id=351&docid=25&showdoc=1 |archive-date=23 December 2010}}{{cite book|url=http://www.eliamep.gr/en/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/slovenija_slov.pdf |title=Poročilo: Italijanska narodna skupnost v Slovenski Istri |language=sl |year=2009 |first=Ksenija |last=Šabec |publisher=Center for Cultural and Religious Studies, University of Ljubljana |access-date=1 February 2011 |page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511125306/http://www.eliamep.gr/en/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/slovenija_slov.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 }} A special position is held by the autochthonous and geographically dispersed [[Roma in Slovenia|Roma ethnic community]].{{cite book |url=http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/dela/Gajsek-Nina.PDF |title=Pravice romske skupnosti v Republiki Sloveniji |language=sl |year=2004 |first=Nina |last=Gajšek |publisher=Faculty of Social Science, University of Ljubljana |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195515/http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/dela/Gajsek-Nina.PDF |archive-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite news |url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_27/12_zupancic.pdf |title=Romska naselja kot poseben del naselbinskega sistema v Sloveniji |language=sl, en |first=Jernej |last=Zupančič |journal=Dela |publisher=Institute of Geography |volume=27 |year=2007 |pages=215–246 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014932/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_27/12_zupancic.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2012}} [598] => [599] => The number of people immigrating into Slovenia rose steadily from 1995{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=1823 |title=Statistični urad RS – Selitveno gibanje, Slovenija, 2007 |publisher=Stat.si |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706062136/http://www.stat.si/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=1823 |archive-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=dead }} and has been increasing even more rapidly in recent years. After Slovenia joined the EU in 2004, the annual number of immigrants doubled by 2006 and increased by half yet again by 2009.{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/pxweb/Database/Dem_soc/05_prebivalstvo/20_selitve/01_05563_meddrzavne_selitve/01_05563_meddrzavne_selitve.asp |title = Meddržavne selitve |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110427193532/http://www.stat.si/pxweb/Database/Dem_soc/05_prebivalstvo/20_selitve/01_05563_meddrzavne_selitve/01_05563_meddrzavne_selitve.asp |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead}} In 2007, Slovenia had one of the fastest growing [[net migration rate]]s in the European Union. [600] => [601] => ===Religion=== [602] => [603] => {{Main|Religion in Slovenia}} [604] => [[File:Radovljica Brezje Bazilika Sv Vida 28082012 122.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The National Shrine Mary Help of Christians at [[Brezje, Radovljica|Brezje]]]] [605] => [606] => Before World War II, 97% of the Slovenian population identified as members of the [[Catholic Church in Slovenia|Catholic Church in the country]], around 2.5% as Lutheran, and around 0.5% of residents identified themselves as members of other denominations. After 1945, the country underwent a process of gradual but steady [[secularization]]. After a decade of persecution of religions, the Communist regime adopted a policy of relative tolerance towards churches. After 1990, the Catholic Church regained some of its former influence, but Slovenia remains a largely secularized society. [607] => [608] => The 2018 Eurobarometer data shows 73.4% of population identifying as Catholic that fell to 72.1% in the 2019 Eurobarometer survey. According to the Catholic Church data, the Catholic population fell from 78.04% in 2009 to 72.11% in 2019{{cite web|title=Prebivalstvo in katoličani v Sloveniji (page 72)|url=https://katoliska-cerkev.si/media/datoteke/Dokumenti%20in%20publikacije/LETNO%20POROCILO%202020-SPLET.pdf|publisher=katoliska-cerkev.si|access-date=15 May 2021}} The vast majority of Slovenian Catholics belong to the [[Latin Church]]. A small number of [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] live in the [[White Carniola]] region.{{cite web|url=http://www.lokalno.si/si/aktualno/ljudje/?id=26004|title=Uskoška dediščina Bele krajine na RTVS|Ljudje|Lokalno aktualno|publisher=Lokalno.si|date=6 January 2012|access-date=2 June 2012}} [609] => [610] => {{Pie chart [611] => |thumb = right [612] => |caption = Religion in Slovenia (2019){{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251|title=Special Eurobarometer 493, European Union: European Commission|pages=229–230|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en|date=September 2019|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311010736/https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251 |archive-date=March 11, 2021}} [613] => |label1 = [[Catholic Church in Slovenia|Catholic]] [614] => |value1 = 72.1 [615] => |color1 = DarkBlue [616] => |label2 = None [617] => |value2 = 18 [618] => |color2 = Grey [619] => |label3 = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [620] => |value3 = 3.7 [621] => |color3 = DarkOrchid [622] => |label4 = [[Protestant]] [623] => |value4 = 0.9 [624] => |color4 = yellow [625] => |label5 = Other Christian [626] => |value5 = 1 [627] => |color5 = SkyBlue [628] => |label6 = [[Muslim]] [629] => |value6 = 3 [630] => |color6 = Green [631] => |label7 = Other religion [632] => |value7 = 3 [633] => |color7 = #C3B091 [634] => |label8 = Undeclared [635] => |value8 = 2 [636] => |color8 = red [637] => }} [638] => [639] => Despite a relatively small number of [[Protestants]] (less than 1% in 2002), the Protestant legacy is historically significant given that the Slovene standard language and Slovene literature were established by the [[Protestant Reformation]]. [[Primoz Trubar]], a theologian in the [[Lutheran]] tradition, was one of the most influential [[Protestant Reformers]] in Slovenia. Protestantism was extinguished in the [[Counter-Reformation]] implemented by the [[Habsburg dynasty]], which controlled the region. It only survived in the easternmost regions due to protection of Hungarian nobles, who often happened to be [[Calvinist]] themselves. Today, a significant [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] minority lives in the easternmost region of [[Prekmurje]], where they represent around a fifth of the population and are headed by a bishop with the seat in [[Murska Sobota]].{{cite web|url=http://www.evang-cerkev.si/sl/page.asp?id_informacija=35&id_language=1&id_meta_type=10|title=Predstavitev|publisher=Evang-cerkev.si|access-date=2 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610182949/http://www.evang-cerkev.si/sl/page.asp?id_informacija=35&id_language=1&id_meta_type=10|archive-date=10 June 2012}} [640] => [641] => The third largest denomination, with around 2.2% of the population, is the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], with most adherents belonging to the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] while a minority belongs to the [[Macedonian Orthodox Church|Macedonian]] and other Eastern Orthodox churches.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} [642] => [643] => According to the 2002 census, [[Islam]] is the second largest religious denomination in the country, with around 2.4% of the population. Most Slovenian Muslims came from [[Bosnia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.islamska-skupnost.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2|title=Islamska Skupnost v Republiki Sloveniji|publisher=Islamska-skupnost.si|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319195651/http://www.islamska-skupnost.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2|archive-date=19 March 2012|access-date=2 June 2012}} [644] => [645] => Slovenia has long been home to a [[History of the Jews in Slovenia|Jewish community]]. Despite the losses suffered during the [[Holocaust]], Judaism still numbers a few hundred adherents, mostly living in Ljubljana, site of the sole remaining active synagogue in the country.{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/slovenia.html|title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Slovenia|publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org|date=4 March 2003|access-date=2 June 2012}} [646] => [647] => In the 2002, around 10% of Slovenes declared themselves [[atheists]], another 10% professed no specific denomination, and around 16% declined to answer. According to the [[Eurobarometer]] Poll 2010,{{cite web |url= http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |title= Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204 |year=2010 |orig-year= Fieldwork: Jan–Feb 2010 }} 32% of Slovenian citizens "believe there is a god", whereas 36% "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 26% "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". [648] => [649] => === Education === [650] => {{Main|Education in Slovenia}} [651] => [[File:University of Ljubljana Palace.jpg|thumb|right|University of Ljubljana administration building]] [652] => Slovenia's education ranks as the 12th best in the world and 4th best in the [[European Union]], being significantly higher than the [[OECD]] average, according to the [[Programme for International Student Assessment]].{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf |title=Table: Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale |date=4 December 2007 |access-date=15 April 2008|work=PISA 2006 |publisher=OECD}} Among people age 25 to 64, 12% have attended higher education, while on average Slovenes have 9.6 years of formal education. According to an OECD report, 83% of adults ages 25–64 have earned the equivalent of a high school degree, well above the OECD average of 74%; among 25- to 34-year-olds, the rate is 93%.{{cite web|author=OECD |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/slovenia/ |title=Slovenia – OECD Better Life Index |publisher=Oecdbetterlifeindex.org |access-date=25 November 2012}} According to the 1991 census there is 99.6% [[literacy]] in Slovenia. [[Lifelong learning]] is also increasing. [653] => [654] => Responsibility for education oversight at primary and secondary level in Slovenia lies with the Ministry of Education and Sports. After non-compulsory pre-school education, children enter the nine-year primary school at the age of six.[http://www.mss.gov.si/si/solstvo/osnovnosolsko_izobrazevanje/osnovna_sola/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221033345/http://www.mss.gov.si/si/solstvo/osnovnosolsko_izobrazevanje/osnovna_sola/|date=21 February 2012}} Primary school is divided into three periods, each of three years. In the academic year 2006–2007 there were 166,000 pupils enrolled in elementary education and more than 13,225 teachers, giving a ratio of one teacher per 12 pupils and 20 pupils per class. [655] => [656] => After completing elementary school, nearly all children (more than 98%) go on to secondary education, either vocational, technical or general secondary programmes ([[Gymnasium (school)|gimnazija]]). The latter concludes with [[Matura#Matura in Slovenia|matura]], the final exam that allows the graduates to enter a university. 84% of secondary school graduates go on to tertiary education.{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.si/en/Slovenia#Education |title=About Slovenia – Culture of Slovenia |publisher=Culture.si |access-date=2 June 2012}} [657] => [658] => Among several universities in Slovenia, the best ranked is the [[University of Ljubljana]], ranking among the first 500 or the first 3% of the world's best universities according to the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]].{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU-Statistics-2012.html#2 |title=Statistics (by Country) of Academic Ranking of World Universities | Shanghai Ranking |publisher=ARWU |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817221125/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU-Statistics-2012.html#2 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/news.aspx?id=7606 |title=University of Ljubljana once again on Shanghai and Webometrics ranking lists |publisher=Uni-lj.si |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061623/http://www.uni-lj.si/en/news.aspx?id=7606 |url-status=dead }} Two other public universities include the [[University of Maribor]]{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-mb.si/podrocje.aspx?id=0&langID=1060 |title=Univerza v Mariboru |publisher=Uni-mb.si |access-date=2 June 2012}} in [[Styria (Slovenia)|Styria]] region and the [[University of Primorska]] in [[Slovene Littoral]].{{cite web|url=http://www.upr.si/ |title=Univerza na Primorskem: SLO |publisher=Upr.si |access-date=2 June 2012}} In addition, there is a private [[University of Nova Gorica]]{{cite web |url=http://www.ung.si/si/ |title=Univerza v Novi Gorici |publisher=Ung.si |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520194855/http://www.ung.si/si/ |url-status=dead }} and an international [[EMUNI University]].{{cite web |url=http://www.emuni.si/en/strani/29/EMUNI-University.html |title=EMUNI University |access-date=13 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222025646/http://www.emuni.si/en/strani/29/EMUNI-University.html |archive-date=22 February 2011 |url-status=dead}} [659] => [660] => == Culture == [661] => {{Cleanup|reason=low amount of data mainly name spamming|date=September 2022}} [662] => {{Main|Culture of Slovenia}} [663] => [[File:Ivan Grohar - Sejalec.jpg|thumb|''[[The Sower (Grohar)|The Sower]]'' (1907), by the Impressionist painter [[Ivan Grohar]], became a [[metaphor]] for Slovenes{{cite web |url=http://www.ng-slo.si/default.asp?id=29&prikaz=opis&p=1 |title=Slovenska moderna |publisher=National Gallery of Slovenia |language=sl |first=Andrej |last=Smrekar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026195245/http://www.ng-slo.si/default.asp?id=29&prikaz=opis&p=1 |archive-date=26 October 2013}}{{cite news |url=http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/gg_plus/index.php?action=clanek&id=22034 |title=Je človek še Sejalec |language=sl |first=Miha |last=Naglič |date=6 June 2008 |newspaper=Gorenjski glas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208093450/http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/gg_plus/index.php?action=clanek&id=22034 |archive-date=8 February 2013}} and was a reflection of the transition from a rural to an urban culture.{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/odprtikop/pogled-na/ivan-grohar-sejalec/ |title=Pogled na ...: Ivan Grohar, Sejalec |language=sl |publisher=RTV Slovenija |date=4 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905131330/http://www.rtvslo.si/odprtikop/pogled-na/ivan-grohar-sejalec/ |archive-date=5 September 2012}}]] [664] => [665] => === Heritage === [666] => Slovenia's architectural heritage includes 2,500 churches, 1,000 castles, ruins, and manor houses, farmhouses, and special structures for drying hay, called [[hayrack]]s ({{lang|sl|kozolci}}).{{Cite book|last1=Planet|first1=Lonely|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4RADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT498|title=Lonely Planet Slovenia|last2=Bain|first2=Carolyn|last3=Fallon|first3=Steve|date=1 May 2016|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-76034-148-0|pages=498|language=en}} [667] => [668] => Four natural and cultural sites in Slovenia are on the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] list. [[Škocjan Caves]] and its [[karst]] landscape are a protected site{{Cite web|title=Škocjan Caves mark 30th anniversary of UNESCO listing|url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/skocjan-caves-mark-30th-anniversary-of-unesco-listing|website=The Slovenia Times|date=26 November 2016|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519004628/https://sloveniatimes.com/skocjan-caves-mark-30th-anniversary-of-unesco-listing/|url-status=dead}} as the old forests in the area of Goteniški Snežnik and Kočevski Rog in the SE Slovenia. The [[Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija|Idrija Mercury mining site]] is of world importance, as are the [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|prehistoric pile dwellings]] in the [[Ljubljana Marsh]].{{cite journal |last1=Budja |first1=Mihael |last2=Mlekuz |first2=Dimitrij |s2cid=140165952 |title=Lake or Floodplain? Mid-Holocene Settlement Patterns and the Landscape Dynamic of the Izica Floodplain (Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia) |journal=The Holocene |date=2010 |volume=20 |issue=8 |page=1269 |doi=10.1177/0959683610371998|bibcode=2010Holoc..20.1269B }} {{citation needed|date=May 2019}} [669] => [670] => The most picturesque church for photographers is the medieval and Baroque building on [[Lake Bled#Bled Island|Bled Island]]. Near [[Postojna]] there is a fortress called [[Predjama Castle]], half hidden in a cave. Museums in Ljubljana and elsewhere feature unique items such as the [[Divje Babe Flute]] and the [[Ljubljana Marshes Wheel|oldest wheel in the world]]. Ljubljana has medieval, Baroque, Art Nouveau, and modern architecture. The architect [[Plečnik]]'s architecture and his innovative paths and bridges along the Ljubljanica are notable and on UNESCO tentative list. [671] => [672] => === Cuisine === [673] => {{Main|Slovenian cuisine|Slovenian wine}} [674] => [[File:Velika noč - jedila hren šunka pirhi potica.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Slovenian potica|Potica]] as part of traditional Slovenian Easter breakfast]] [675] => Slovenian cuisine is a mixture of Central European cuisine (especially [[Austrian cuisine|Austrian]] and [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarian]]), [[Mediterranean cuisine]] and [[Balkan cuisine]]. Historically, Slovenian cuisine was divided into town, farmhouse, cottage, castle, parsonage and monastic cuisines. Due to the variety of Slovenian cultural and natural landscapes, there are more than 40 distinct regional cuisines.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} [676] => [677] => [[File:Maribor Zametovka vine and daughter.png|left|thumb|The more-than-400-year-old Žametovka vine growing outside the Old Vine House in Maribor. To the right of the vine is a daughter vine taken from a cutting of the old vine.]] [678] => [679] => [[Ethnology|Ethnologically]], the most characteristic Slovene dishes were one-pot dishes, such as ''[[ričet]]'', [[Istrian stew]] ({{lang|sl|jota}}), [[minestrone]] ({{lang|sl|mineštra}}), and ''[[žganci]] ''buckwheat spoonbread; in the [[Prekmurje]] region there is also ''[[bujta repa]]'', and ''[[prekmurska gibanica]]'' pastry. [[Prosciutto]] ({{lang|sl|pršut}}) is a delicacy of the [[Slovene Littoral]]. The {{lang|sl|[[potica]]}} (a type of [[nut roll]]) has become a symbol of Slovenia, especially among the [[American Slovenes|Slovene diaspora in the United States]]. [[Soup]]s were added to the traditional one-pot meals and various kinds of porridge and stew only in relatively recent history. [680] => [681] => Each year since 2000, the [[Roasted Potato Festival]] has been organized by the ''Society for the Recognition of Roasted Potatoes as a Distinct Dish''. Roasted potatoes, which have been traditionally served in most Slovenian families only on Sundays, have been depicted on a special edition of [[post mark]]s by the [[Post of Slovenia]] in 2012.{{cite web |url=https://www.posta.si/zasebno |title=Pošta Slovenije |access-date=18 April 2024}} The best known sausage is ''[[kranjska klobasa]]''. Slovenia is also the home of the world's [[old vine|oldest vine]], which is 400 years old. [682] => [683] => Slovenia has been awarded the [[European Region of Gastronomy]] title for the year 2021.{{cite web |url=https://www.europeanregionofgastronomy.org/platform/slovenia-2021/ |title=Slovenia 2021 |author= |date= |website=europeanregionofgastronomy.org |publisher=International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism |access-date=10 June 2021 |quote=}} [684] => [685] => === Dance === [686] => Historically the most notable Slovenian ballet dancers and choreographers were [[Pino Mlakar]],[https://www.dnevnik.si/204038 Umrl baletnik Pino Mlakar], Dnevnik, 2 October 2006 who in 1927 graduated from the [[Rudolf von Laban|Rudolf Laban]] Choreographic Institute, and there met his future wife, balerina [[Pia Mlakar|Maria Luiza Pia Beatrice Scholz]]. Together they worked as a leading dancer and a choreographer in [[Dessau]], [[Zürich]], and State opera in [[München]].[http://www.opera.si/sl/o-gledaliscu/balet/pia-in-pino-mlakar/ Pia and Pino Mlakar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606082847/http://www.opera.si/sl/o-gledaliscu/balet/pia-in-pino-mlakar/ |date=6 June 2019 }}, The Slovenian National Theatre Opera and Ballet Ljubljana website Their plan to build a Slovenian dance centre at [[Rožnik Hill]] after the World War II was supported by the minister of culture, Ferdo Kozak, but was cancelled by his successor.Branko Miklavc: [https://www.dnevnik.si/205208 Na konec sveta bom potoval, samo da ju še enkrat vidim plesati], Dnevnik, 7 October 2006 Pino Mlakar was also a full professor at the [[Academy for Theatre, Radio, Film and Television]] (AGRFT) of the [[University of Ljubljana]]. A [[Mary Wigman]] [[modern dance]] school was founded in the 1930s by her student, [[Meta Vidmar]], in Ljubljana.Nika Arhar: [https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/oder/uprizarjanje-zgodovine-sodobnega-plesa/381978 Uprizarjanje zgodovine sodobnega plesa], MMC RTVSLO, 25 December 2015 [687] => [688] => === Festivals, book fairs, and other events === [689] => A number of music, theater, film, book, and children's festivals take place in Slovenia each year, including the music festivals [[Ljubljana Summer Festival]] and [[Lent Festival]], the stand-up comedy [[Punch Festival]], the children's [[Pippi Longstocking Festival]], and the book festivals [[Slovene book fair]] and [[Frankfurt after the Frankfurt]]. [690] => [691] => The most notable music festival of Slovene music was historically the [[Slovenska popevka]] festival.[http://www.delo.si/kultura/glasba/slovenska-popevka-velik-poudarek-na-pevcih-in-skladateljih-pesniki-bolj-v-oklepaju.html Slovenska popevka: velik poudarek na pevcih in skladateljih, pesniki bolj v oklepaju. Enkrat še zapoj: 50 let Slovenske popevke Vladimirja Frantarja pri celjski Mohorjevi družbi.], [[Delo (newspaper)|Delo]], 5. September 2012. Between 1981 and 2000 the [[Novi Rock]] festival was notable for bringing rock music across [[Iron curtain]] from the West to the Slovenian and then Yugoslav audience. The long tradition of jazz festivals in [[Titoism|Titoist]] Yugoslavia began with the Ljubljana Jazz Festival which has been held annually in Slovenia since 1960.[http://en.ljubljanajazz.si/home/ Ljubljana Jazz Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723130107/http://en.ljubljanajazz.si/home/ |date=23 July 2012 }}, an official site (in English) [692] => [693] => === Film === [694] => Slovene film actors and actresses historically include [[Ida Kravanja]], who played her roles as ''Ita Rina'' in the early European films, and [[Metka Bučar]].[http://www.muzejdivaca.si/o_muzeju/zgodovina/ Museum of Slovene Film Actors], [[Divača]], official website. After WW II, one of the most notable film actors was [[Polde Bibič]], who played a number of roles in many films that were well received in Slovenia, and also performed in television and radio drama.{{cite news |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/oder/umrl-je-polde-bibic-starosta-slovenskega-igralskega-ceha/287328 |title=Umrl je Polde Bibič, starosta slovenskega igralskega ceha |language=sl|date=13 July 2012 |newspaper=Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija}} [695] => [696] => Feature film and short film production in Slovenia historically includes [[Karol Grossmann]], [[František Čap]], [[France Štiglic]], [[Igor Pretnar]], [[Jože Pogačnik]], [[Peter Zobec]], [[Matjaž Klopčič]], [[Boštjan Hladnik]], [[Dušan Jovanović (theatre director)|Dušan Jovanović]], [[Vitan Mal]], [[Franci Slak]], and [[Karpo Godina]] as its most established filmmakers. Contemporary film directors [[Filip Robar - Dorin]], [[Jan Cvitkovič]], [[Damjan Kozole]], [[Janez Lapajne]], [[Mitja Okorn]], and [[Marko Naberšnik]] are among the representatives of the so-called "Renaissance of Slovenian cinema". Slovene screenwriters, who are not film directors, include [[Saša Vuga]] and [[Miha Mazzini]]. Women film directors include [[Polona Sepe]], [[Hanna A. W. Slak]], and [[Maja Weiss]].Furlan, S. (1994) ''Filmografija slovenskih celovečernih filmov: 1931 – 1993''. Slovenski gledališki in filmski muzej. Ljubljana. [697] => [698] => === Literature === [699] => {{further|List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary|List of Slovenian women writers}} [700] => [701] => [[File:Prešern-Goldenstein.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[France Prešeren]], best-known Slovenian poet]] [702] => [703] => History of [[Slovene literature]] began in the 16th century with [[Primož Trubar]] and [[Protestant Reformation in the Slovene Lands|other Protestant Reformers]]. Poetry in [[Slovene language|Slovene]] achieved its highest level with the [[Romantic poetry|Romantic]] poet [[France Prešeren]]. In the 20th century, Slovene literary fiction went through several periods: the beginning of the century was marked by the authors of the [[Slovene Modernism]], with the most influential Slovene writer and playwright, [[Ivan Cankar]]; it was then followed by [[expressionism]] ([[Srečko Kosovel]]), avantgardism ([[Anton Podbevšek]], [[Ferdo Delak]]) and [[social realism]] ([[Ciril Kosmač]], [[Prežihov Voranc]]) before World War II, the [[poetry of resistance and revolution]] ([[Karel Destovnik Kajuh]], [[Matej Bor]]) during the war, and [[intimism (Slovene poetry)|intimism]] ([[Poems of the Four]], 1953), [[Slovenian post-war modernism|post-war modernism]] ([[Edvard Kocbek]]), and [[existentialism]] ([[Dane Zajc]]) after the war.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} [704] => [705] => [[Postmodernism|Postmodernist]] authors include [[Boris A. Novak]], [[Marko Kravos]], [[Drago Jančar]], [[Evald Flisar]], [[Tomaž Šalamun]], and [[Brina Svit]]. Among the post-1990 authors best known are [[Aleš Debeljak]], [[Miha Mazzini]], and [[Alojz Ihan]]. There are several [[literary magazines]] that publish Slovene prose, poetry, essays, and local literary criticism.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Today, notable authors include [[Slavoj Žižek]], [[Mladen Dolar]], [[Alenka Zupančič]] as well as [[Boris Pahor]].{{cite web|url=http://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/drugo/boris-pahor-je-ime-leta-po-izboru-vala-202/157607 |title=Boris Pahor je ime leta po izboru Vala 202 :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija |publisher=Rtvslo.si |access-date=9 March 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.mladinska.com/boris_pahor/iz_medijev |title=Mladinska knjiga – Iz medijev |publisher=Mladinska.com |date=26 August 2009 |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303135514/http://www.mladinska.com/boris_pahor/iz_medijev |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead}} [706] => [707] => ===Media=== [708] => {{main|Media of Slovenia}} [709] => [710] => === Music === [711] => [712] => {{main|Music of Slovenia}} [713] => [[File:Prečrtana kitica Zdravljice.jpg|thumb|upright|"[[Zdravljica]]" (''A Toast''; part) with rejection mark from [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] censorship (due to potential revolutionary content); the music of Zdravljica is now the Slovenian national [[anthem]].]] [714] => [[Music of Slovenia]] historically includes numerous musicians and composers, such as the [[Renaissance]] composer [[Jacobus Gallus]], who greatly influenced Central European classical music, the Baroque composer [[Joannes Baptista Dolar]], and the violin virtuoso [[Giuseppe Tartini]].{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} The first Slovenian hymnal, ''[[Eni Psalmi]]'', was published in 1567. This period saw the rise of musicians like [[Jacobus Gallus]] and [[George Slatkonia]].Oto Luthar ''The Land Between: A History of Slovenia'' In 1701, [[Johann Berthold von Höffer]] founded the [[Slovenian Philharmonics|Academia Philharmonicorum Labacensis]], as one of the oldest such institutions in Europe, based on Italian models.George J. Buelow (2004) ''A History of Baroque Music'', p. 701. Composers of Slovenian [[Lieder]] and [[art song]]s include [[Emil Adamič]], [[Fran Gerbič]], [[Alojz Geržinič]], [[Benjamin Ipavec]], [[Davorin Jenko]], [[Anton Lajovic]], [[Kamilo Mašek]], [[Josip Pavčič]], [[Zorko Prelovec]], and [[Lucijan Marija Škerjanc]]. [715] => [716] => In the early 20th century, [[impressionism]] was spreading across Slovenia, which soon produced composers [[Marij Kogoj]] and [[Slavko Osterc]]. Avant-garde [[european classical music|classical music]] arose in Slovenia in the 1960s, largely due to the work of [[Uroš Krek]], [[Dane Skerl|Dane Škerl]], [[Primoz Ramovs|Primož Ramovš]] and [[Ivo Petric|Ivo Petrić]], who also conducted the [[Slavko Osterc Ensemble]]. [[Jakob Jez|Jakob Jež]], [[Darijan Božič]], [[Lojze Lebic|Lojze Lebič]] and [[Vinko Globokar]] have since composed enduring works, especially Globokar's ''[[L'Armonia (opera)|L'Armonia]]'', an opera.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Modern composers include [[Uros Rojko|Uroš Rojko]], [[Tomaz Svete|Tomaž Svete]], [[Brina Jez-Brezavscek|Brina Jež-Brezavšček]], [[Božidar Kantušer]] and [[Aldo Kumar]]. [717] => [718] => The [[Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre]] serves as the national opera and ballet house. The [[Slovenian Philharmonics]], established in 1701 as part of [[Academia operosorum Labacensis]], is among the oldest such institutions in Europe. [719] => [720] => [[File:Slak lojze.jpg|thumbnail|Folk musician [[Lojze Slak]]]] [721] => [722] => [[Harmony]] singing is a deep rooted tradition in Slovenia, and is at least three-part singing (four voices), while in some regions even up to eight-part singing (nine voices). Slovenian folk songs, thus, usually resounds soft and harmonious, and are very seldom in minor. Traditional Slovenian folk music is performed on Styrian harmonica (the oldest type of accordion), fiddle, clarinet, [[zither]]s, flute, and by brass bands of alpine type. In [[Prekmurje|eastern Slovenia]], fiddle and cimbalon bands are called [[velike goslarije]]. From 1952 on, the [[Slavko Avsenik]]'s band began to appear in broadcasts, movies, and concerts all over the [[West Germany]], inventing the original "[[Gorenjska|Oberkrainer]]" country sound. The band produced nearly 1000 original compositions, an integral part of the [[Slovenian-style polka]] legacy. Many musicians followed Avsenik's steps, including [[Lojze Slak]].{{cite web| url = https://www.total-slovenia-news.com/lifestyle/316-a-short-guide-to-slovenian-oompah-music| title = Neža Loštrek, A Short Guide to Slovenian Oompah Music" ''Total Slovenian News'' (3 Jan 2018)}}{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT169| title = Rick March and Dick Blau, ''Polka Heartland: Why the Midwest Loves to Polka'' (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, 2015), 169.| isbn = 9780870207235| last1 = March| first1 = Rick| last2 = Blau| first2 = Dick| date = 20 October 2015| publisher = Wisconsin Historical Society}}{{Cite book|isbn = 978-0870207235|title = Polka Heartland: Why the Midwest Loves to Polka|last1 = March|first1 = Rick|last2 = Blau|first2 = Dick|date = 20 October 2015| publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society }} [723] => [[File:LAIBACH Press Photo 2011.jpg|thumb|The [[Industrial music|industrial]] group [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]]]] [724] => [725] => Among pop, rock, industrial, and indie musicians the most popular in Slovenia include [[industrial music]] group [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]], as well as [[Siddharta (band)|Siddharta]], a rock band formed in 1995. [[Perpetuum Jazzile]] is the group from Slovenia that is internationally most listened online, with more than 23 million views for the official [[a cappella]] "[[Africa (Toto song)|Africa]]" video since its publishing on YouTube in May 2009 (through January 2023).{{YouTube|yjbpwlqp5Qw|Perpetuum Jazzile: Africa}}. Retrieved 1/18/2023. Other Slovenian bands include a historically [[progressive rock]] ones that were also popular in [[Titoism|Titoist]] Yugoslavia, such as [[Buldožer]] and [[Lačni Franz]], which inspired later [[comedy rock]] bands including [[Zmelkoow]], [[Slon in Sadež]] and [[Mi2 (rock band)|Mi2]].[http://www.delo.si/kultura/15-let-mi2.html 15 years of Mi2 band], [[Delo (newspaper)|Delo]], 26 October 2010 With exception of [[Terrafolk]] that made appearances worldwide, other bands, such as [[Avtomobili]], [[Zaklonišče Prepeva]], [[Šank Rock]], [[Big Foot Mama]], [[Dan D]], and [[Zablujena generacija]], are mostly unknown outside the country. Slovenian metal bands include [[Noctiferia]] ([[death metal]]), [[Negligence (band)|Negligence]] ([[thrash metal]]), [[Naio Ssaion]] ([[gothic metal]]), and Within Destruction ([[deathcore]]).{{cite web|url=http://www.arising-empire.com/walking-dead-on-broadway-to-support-within-destruction-in-march/?lang=en|title=WALKING DEAD ON BROADWAY – to support WITHIN DESTRUCTION in March! – Arising Empire|website=arising-empire.com|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190414/http://www.arising-empire.com/walking-dead-on-broadway-to-support-within-destruction-in-march/?lang=en|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=dead}} [726] => Slovenian post-WWII singer-songwriters include [[Frane Milčinski]], [[Tomaž Pengov]] whose 1973 album ''Odpotovanja'' is considered to be the first singer-songwriter album in [[former Yugoslavia]],[http://www.mladina.si/tednik/200709/clanek/kul--glasba-miha_stamcar_deja_crnovic Pripotovanje hrepenenca — Tomaž Pengov, kantavtor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405011506/http://www.mladina.si/tednik/200709/clanek/kul--glasba-miha_stamcar_deja_crnovic/ |date=5 April 2011 }}, [[Mladina]], 3 March 2007 [[Tomaž Domicelj]], [[Marko Brecelj]], [[Andrej Šifrer]], [[Eva Sršen]], [[Neca Falk]], and [[Jani Kovačič]]. After 1990, [[Adi Smolar]], [[Iztok Mlakar]], [[Vita Mavrič]], [[Vlado Kreslin]], [[Zoran Predin]], [[Peter Lovšin]], and [[Magnifico (musician)|Magnifico]] have been popular in Slovenia, as well. In the 21st century, there have been many successful artists from Slovenia. They include country musician [[ManuElla|Manu]], [[zalagasper]], [[Nika Zorjan]], [[Omar Naber]], [[Raiven]], and [[Joker Out]].{{cite web |title=Eurovision 2023: All 37 songs |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2023-full-lineup |website=eurovision.tv |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023}} [727] => [728] => === Theatre === [729] => [[File:Lublana 143.jpg|thumb|The [[Slovene National Theatre, Ljubljana|National Theatre]] in [[Ljubljana]]]] [730] => [731] => Theater has a rich tradition in Slovenia, starting with the 1867 first ever Slovene-language drama performance.{{Cite web |title=The beginnings and achievements of the Slovenian theater of modern times: the 150th anniversary of the foundation of the Drama Society in Ljubljana |url=https://www.slogi.si/en/publikacije/the-beginnings-and-achievements-of-the-slovenian-theater-of-modern-age/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=SLOGI |language=en-US}} In addition to the main houses, which include [[Slovene National Theatre, Ljubljana]] and [[Maribor National Drama Theatre]], a number of small producers are active in Slovenia, including [[physical theatre]] (e.g. [[Betontanc]]), [[street theatre]] (e.g. [[Ana Monró Theatre]]), [[theatresports]] championship [[Impro League]], and [[improvisational theatre]] (e.g. [[IGLU Theatre]]). A popular form is [[puppetry]], mainly performed in the [[Ljubljana Puppet Theatre]]. [732] => [733] => === Visual arts, architecture and design === [734] => [735] => Slovenia's visual arts, architecture, and design are shaped by a number of architects, designers, painters, sculptors, photographers, graphics artists, as well as comics, illustration and conceptual artists. Two significant prestigious institutions exhibiting works of Slovene visual artists are the [[National Gallery of Slovenia]] and the [[Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana|Museum of Modern Art]]. [736] => [737] => [[Modern architecture]] in Slovenia was introduced by [[Max Fabiani]], and in the mid-war period, [[Jože Plečnik]] and [[Ivan Vurnik]].{{cite news |url=http://www.delo.si/clanek/147475 |title=Vurnikova hiša na Miklošičevi: najlepša hiša v Ljubljani |language=sl |newspaper=Delo.si |first=Smilja |last=Štravs |publisher=Delo, d. d. |date=8 April 2011 |issn=1854-6544}} In the second half of the 20th century, the national and universal style were merged by the architects [[Edvard Ravnikar]] and first generation of his students: Milan Mihelič, Stanko Kristl, Savin Sever. The next generation is mainly still active, including [[Marko Mušič]], [[Vojteh Ravnikar]], and [[Jurij Kobe]]. Selected works of Jože Plečnik which shaped Ljubljana during the inter-war period were inscribed on [[UNESCO]]'s list of [[World Heritage Site]]s in 2021.{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643|title=The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021}} [738] => [739] => A number of [[conceptual art|conceptual visual art]] groups formed, including [[OHO (art group)|OHO]], [[Group 69]], and [[IRWIN]]. Nowadays, the Slovene visual arts are diverse, based on tradition, reflect the influence of neighboring nations and are intertwined with modern European movements.{{cite web |url=http://www.nlb.si/razstava-uznlb-v-bruslju |title=Razstava UZNLB v Bruslju – NLB |publisher=Nlb.si |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428133728/http://www.nlb.si/razstava-uznlb-v-bruslju |archive-date=28 April 2009}} [740] => [741] => Internationally most notable Slovenian design items include the 1952 [[Rex (chair)|Rex]] chair, a [[Scandinavian design]]-inspired wooden chair, by interior designer [[Niko Kralj]] that was given in 2012 a permanent place in [[Designmuseum]], [[Denmark]], the largest museum of design in Scandinavia, and is included in the collection of the [[Museum of Modern Art, New York|Museum of Modern Art]] [[MOMA]] in New York City, as well. An [[industrial design]] item that has changed the international ski industry is [[Elan SCX]] by [[Elan (company)|Elan]] company. [742] => [743] => [[File:V. Vodnik monument Ljubljana front side 2008-03.jpg|thumb|upright|The sculpture of the poet [[Valentin Vodnik]] was created by Alojz Gangl in 1889 as part of [[Vodnik Monument]], the first Slovene national monument.]] [744] => The renewal of Slovene sculpture begun with [[Alojz Gangl]] who created sculptures for the public monuments of the [[Carniola]]n polymath [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor]] and [[Valentin Vodnik]], the first Slovene poet and journalist, as well as ''The Genius of the Theatre'' and other statues for the [[Slovenian National Opera and Ballet Theatre]] building.{{cite web|url=http://www.ng-slo.si/default.asp?id=30&prikaz=opis&p=1|title=Kiparstvo 19. in 20. stoletja|access-date=1 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001135943/http://www.ng-slo.si/default.asp?id=30&prikaz=opis&p=1|archive-date=1 October 2006}} The development of sculpture after World War II was led by a number of artists, including brothers [[Boris Kalin|Boris]] and [[Zdenko Kalin]], [[Jakob Savinšek]] stayed with figural art. Younger sculptors, for example [[Janez Boljka]], [[Drago Tršar]] and particularly [[Slavko Tihec]], moved towards [[abstract sculpture|abstract]] forms. [[Jakov Brdar]] and [[Mirsad Begić]] returned to human figures. [745] => [746] => During World War II, numerous graphics were created by [[Božidar Jakac]], who helped establish the post-war [[Academy of Visual Arts and Design, Ljubljana|Academy of Visual Arts]] in Ljubljana. [747] => [748] => In 1917 [[Hinko Smrekar]] illustrated [[Fran Levstik]]'s book about the well-known Slovene folk hero [[Martin Krpan]]. The children's books illustrators include a number of women illustrators, such as [[Marlenka Stupica]], [[Marija Lucija Stupica]], [[Ančka Gošnik Godec]], [[Marjanca Jemec Božič]], and [[Jelka Reichman]]. [749] => [750] => Historically, painting and sculpture in Slovenia was in the late 18th and the 19th century marked by [[Neoclassicism]] ([[Matevž Langus]]), [[Biedermeier#Visual arts|Biedermeier]] ([[Giuseppe Tominz]]) and [[Romantic visual arts|Romanticism]] ([[Michael Stroy]]). The first art exhibition in Slovenia was organized in the late 19th century by [[Ivana Kobilca]]. [[impressionism (arts)|Impressionist]] artists include [[Matej Sternen]], [[Matija Jama]], [[Rihard Jakopič]], [[Ivan Grohar]] whose ''The Sower'' (Slovene: Sejalec) was depicted on the €0.05 [[Slovenian euro coins]], and [[Franc Berneker]], who introduced impressionism to Slovenia. [[Expressionism|Espressionist]] painters include [[Veno Pilon]] and [[Tone Kralj]] whose picture book, reprinted thirteen times, is now the most recognisable image of Martin Krpan.[http://www.posta.si/Namizje.aspx?tabid=397&artikelid=7550] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723081925/http://www.posta.si/Namizje.aspx?tabid=397&artikelid=7550|date=23 July 2004}} Some of the best known painters in the second half of the 20th century were [[Zoran Mušič]], [[Gabrijel Stupica]] and [[Marij Pregelj]]. [751] => [752] => In 1841, [[Janez Puhar]] invented a process for photography on glass, recognized on 17 June 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale.{{cite web | url=http://www.puhar.si/?J=202000004 | title=Life and work of Janez Puhar | (accessed December 13, 2009) | access-date=22 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511112455/http://www.puhar.si/?J=202000004 | archive-date=11 May 2013 | url-status=dead }} [[Gojmir Anton Kos]] was a notable [[Realism (arts)|realist]] painter and photographer between First World War and WW II. [753] => [754] => === Sports === [755] => {{Main|Sport in Slovenia}} [756] => [[File:Tina Maze with Olympic silver medal 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Alpine skier [[Tina Maze]], a double Olympic gold medalist and the overall winner of the 2012–13 World Cup season]] [757] => Slovenia is a natural sports venue, with many Slovenians actively practicing sports.{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenia.si/en/slovenia/society/sport/ |title=Sport |work=Slovenia.si |series=I Feel Slovenia |year=2010 |publisher=Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303105851/http://www.slovenia.si/en/slovenia/society/sport/ |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead}} A variety of sports are played in Slovenia on a professional level,{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/fileadmin/ukom.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti/Publikacije/SLOVENIA_SportsAndChampions_OI.pdf |chapter=Sports: The Competitive Gene |title=Sports&Champions: Magical Challenges, Inspiring Winners |pages=4–5 |publisher=Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia |date=November 2009 |first=Igor |last=Medjugorac |series=I Feel Slovenia |id={{COBISS|ID=7023646}} |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062629/http://www.ukom.gov.si/fileadmin/ukom.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti/Publikacije/SLOVENIA_SportsAndChampions_OI.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} with international successes in [[team handball|handball]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], association football, [[ice hockey]], [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], swimming, [[tennis]], [[boxing]], [[climbing]], road cycling and [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]. Prior to World War II, [[gymnastics]] and [[fencing]] used to be the most popular sports in Slovenia, with athletes like [[Leon Štukelj]] and [[Miroslav Cerar]] gaining gold Olympic medals.{{cite web |title=Slovenske medalje na Olimpijskih igrah: Doslej so osvojili 34 odličij |url=https://www.dnevnik.si/341543 |website=[[Dnevnik (Slovenia)|Dnevnik]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=19 August 2008}} Association football gained popularity in the interwar period. After 1945, basketball, handball and volleyball have become popular among Slovenians, and from the mid-1970s onward, [[winter sports]] have, as well. Since 1992, Slovenian sportspeople have won [[Slovenia at the Olympics|52 Olympic medals]], including twelve gold medals, and [[Slovenia at the Paralympics|24 Paralympic medals]] with four golds.{{cite web |title=Slovenia – at the olympics – olympic medals and facts |url=https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=13602&L=1 |website=olympiandatabase.com |access-date=15 February 2022}}{{cite web |title=Slovenske paraolimpijske medalje |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/paraolimpijske-igre/paraolimpijske-igre-2020/slovenske-paraolimpijske-medalje/589704 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=30 August 2021 |language=sl}} [758] => [759] => Individual sports are also very popular in Slovenia, including tennis and [[mountaineering]], which are two of the most widespread sporting activities in Slovenia. Several Slovenian [[extreme sport|extreme]] and [[endurance sports]]men have gained an international reputation, including the mountaineer [[Tomaž Humar]],{{cite news |title=Tomaz Humar: Obituaries Pioneering Slovenian mountaineer whose daring solo ascents eventually cost him his life in the Himalayas |work=The Times |date=November 16, 2009 |location=London (UK) |page=47}} the mountain skier [[Davo Karničar]],{{cite news |last1=Sandomor |first1=Richard |title=Davo Karnicar, 56, Dies; Was First Extreme Skier to Glide Down Everest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/sports/skiing/Davo-Karnicar-Dies.html |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The New York Times |issue=Late Edition (East Coast) |date=September 23, 2019 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=A.24}} the ultramarathon swimmer [[Martin Strel]]{{cite news |title=Slovenian completes Amazon swim |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6536283.stm |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=BBC News |date=April 7, 2007}} and the ultracyclist [[Jure Robič]].{{cite news |title=Jure Robic: Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/sport-obituaries/8166222/Jure-Robic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/sport-obituaries/8166222/Jure-Robic.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Telegraph |date=November 28, 2010}}{{cbignore}} Past and current winter sports athletes include [[Alpine skiing|alpine skiers]], such as [[Mateja Svet]], [[Bojan Križaj]], [[Ilka Štuhec]] and double Olympic gold medalist [[Tina Maze]],{{cite web |last1=Pavčnik |first1=Martin |title=Konec nekega obdobja |url=https://siol.net/sportal/zimski-sporti/konec-nekega-obdobja-543235 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=12 January 2021}}{{cite web |last1=Štakul |first1=Matej |title=Tina Maze: 2 zlati na OI, 4 zlate na svetovnih prvenstvih, 3 globusi in 26 posamičnih zmag v svetovnem pokalu |url=https://www.dnevnik.si/1042712494/sport/alpsko-/tina-maze-2-zlati-na-oi-4-zlate-na-svetovnih-prvenstvih-3-globusi-in-26-posamicnih-zmag-v-svetovnem-pokalu |website=[[Dnevnik (Slovenia)|Dnevnik]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=7 May 2015}} [[cross-country skiing (sport)|cross-country skier]] [[Petra Majdič]],{{cite web |author1=STA |author2=A. T. K. |title=Petra Majdič: Za zdaj ne kaže, da bi kdo zaspal |url=https://siol.net/sportal/olimpizem/petra-majdic-za-zdaj-ne-kaze-da-bi-kdo-zaspal-305531 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=30 January 2014}} and [[Ski jumping|ski jumpers]], such as [[Primož Peterka]] and [[Peter Prevc]].{{cite web |last1=Lopatič |first1=Jaka |title=Dva najboljša slovenska skakalca v vsej svoji veličini |url=https://siol.net/sportal/zimski-sporti/dva-najboljsa-slovenska-skakalca-v-vsej-svoji-velicini-405043 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=22 December 2015}} Boxing has gained popularity since [[Jan Zaveck]] won the [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] [[List of welterweight boxing champions|Welterweight World Champion]] title in 2009.{{cite web |author1=A. V. |title=Zavec svetovni prvak v boksu! |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/preostali-sporti/zavec-svetovni-prvak-v-boksu/218992 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=11 December 2009}} In 2021, rock climber [[Janja Garnbret]] became the first female Olympic gold medalist in [[sport climbing]].{{cite web |title=Slovenian Janja Garnbret wins first women's climbing gold medal at Tokyo Olympics |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31972015/slovenian-janja-garnbret-wins-first-olympic-climbing-gold-medal |website=ESPN |access-date=21 November 2023 |language=en |date=6 August 2021}} [760] => [761] => In cycling, [[Primož Roglič]] became the first Slovenian to win a [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]] when he won the [[2019 Vuelta a España]].{{cite web |title=Konec je! Primož Roglič je zmagovalec Vuelte 2019! He repeated his wins in 2020 and 2021.|url=https://siol.net/sportal/kolesarstvo/dirka-po-spaniji-2019-21-etapa-primoz-roglic-507202 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=15 September 2019}} [[Tadej Pogačar]] won the [[Tour de France]], the world's most competitive cycling race, in 2020 and 2021.{{cite web |title=Tadej Pogačar v cilju – drugič zapored prvak Dirke po Franciji! |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kolesarstvo/dirka-po-franciji/tadej-pogacar-v-cilju-drugic-zapored-prvak-dirke-po-franciji/587911 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=21 November 2023 |language=sl |date=17 July 2021}} [762] => Prominent team sports in Slovenia include football, basketball, handball, volleyball, and ice hockey. The [[Slovenia national football team|men's national football team]] has qualified for two [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Championships]] (2000 and 2024) and two [[FIFA World Cup|World Cups]] (2002 and 2010).{{cite web |title=(FOTO in VIDEO) Sloveniji je uspelo, nogometaši prihodnje leto potujejo na evropsko prvenstvo |url=https://vecer.com/sport/foto-in-video-sloveniji-je-uspelo-nogometasi-prihodnje-leto-potujejo-na-evropsko-prvenstvo-10344452 |website=[[Večer (Slovenia)|Večer]] |access-date=21 November 2023 |language=sl |date=20 November 2023 |quote=Slovenija bo tako četrtič nastopila na velikem tekmovanju. Doslej je po vodstvom Srečka Katanca igrala na evropskem prvenstvu 2000 in svetovnem prvenstvu 2002, pod vodstvom Matjaža Keka pa še na SP 2010.}} Of Slovenian clubs, [[NK Maribor]] played three times in the group stages of the [[UEFA Champions League]].{{cite web |author=Uredništvo |title=Liga prvakov: Maribor je četrti najboljši klub iz nekdanje bivše države|url=https://www.nogomania.com/Novica/Liga-prvakov-Maribor-je-cetrti-najboljsi-klub-iz-nekdanje-bivse-drzave |publisher=Nogomania |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=24 December 2019}} The [[Slovenian national basketball team|men's national basketball team]] has participated at 14 [[EuroBasket]]s, winning the gold medal in the 2017 edition,{{cite web |last1=Lopatič |first1=Jaka |title=Perfektna Slovenija za zgodovinsko zlato in Dragićeva pravljica |url=https://siol.net/sportal/kosarka/perfektna-slovenija-za-zgodovinsko-zlato-in-dragiceva-pravljica-449349 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=17 September 2017}} and at four [[FIBA World Championship]]s.{{cite web |title=Slovenci dočakali tekmece v skupinskem delu SP|url=https://siol.net/sportal/kosarka/zreb-skupin-za-svetovno-prvenstvo-2023-slovenija-605356 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=25 August 2023 |language=sl |date=29 April 2023 |quote=Slovenija bo četrtič udeleženka turnirja 32 najboljših ekip na svetu.}} Slovenia also hosted the [[EuroBasket 2013]].{{cite web |author1=S. J. |title=Eurobasket v Sloveniji bo med 4. in 22. septembrom 2013 |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/kosarka/eurobasket-v-sloveniji-bo-med-4-in-22-septembrom-2013/253502 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=20 March 2011}} The [[Slovenia men's national handball team|men's national handball team]] has qualified for four Olympics,{{cite web |title=Slovenski rokometaši četrtič na olimpijskih igrah! |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/rokomet/slovenski-rokometasi-cetrtic-na-olimpijskih-igrah/701885 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=28 April 2024 |language=sl |date=17 March 2024}} ten IHF [[IHF World Men's Handball Championship|World Championships]], including their third-place finish in 2017,{{cite web |author1=A. V. |title=Levjesrčni Slovenci vstali "od mrtvih" in osvojili bron zlatega leska! |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/rokomet/sp-v-rokometu-2017/levjesrcni-slovenci-vstali-od-mrtvih-in-osvojili-bron-zlatega-leska/413614 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=28 January 2017}} and fourteen [[European Men's Handball Championship|European Championships]].{{cite web |last1=Okorn |first1=Tomaž |title=Sporočilo rokometne himne že začutili Nemci, naj ga čim večkrat še Slovenci |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/rokomet/ep-v-rokometu-2024/sporocilo-rokometne-himne-ze-zacutili-nemci-naj-ga-cim-veckrat-se-slovenci/694373 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=11 January 2024 |language=sl |date=11 January 2024|quote=Slovenija štirinajstič nastopa na evropskih prvenstvih.}} Slovenia was the hosts of the [[2004 European Men's Handball Championship|2004 European Championship]], where the national team won the silver medal.{{cite web |last1=Kavčič |first1=Simon |last2=Lenart |first2=Špela |title=Leto, ko Slovencem ni bilo para |url=https://siol.net/sportal/sportal-plus/leto-slovenskega-rokometa-2004-499874 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=11 June 2019}} Slovenia's most prominent handball team, [[RK Celje]], won the [[EHF Champions League]] in the 2003–04 season. In women's handball, [[RK Krim]] won the [[Women's EHF Champions League|Champions League]] in 2001 and 2003.{{cite web |last1=Mastnak |first1=Maja |title=S Tisljem ponoviti leto 2001 in 2003 |url=https://siol.net/sportal/rokomet/s-tisljem-ponoviti-leto-2001-in-2003-351811 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=sl |date=28 July 2011}} The [[Slovenia men's national volleyball team|men's national volleyball team]] has won three silver medals at the [[Men's European Volleyball Championship|European Volleyball Championship]],{{cite web |last1=Jerič |first1=Slavko |title=Srebrno obdobje z zlatimi nastavki |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kolumne/slavko-jeric/srebrno-obdobje-z-zlatimi-nastavki/594569 |publisher=[[RTV Slovenija]] |access-date=20 September 2021 |language=sl |date=20 September 2021}} and finished fourth at the [[2022 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship|2022 World Championship]].{{cite web |title=Brazilcem bronasta, Slovencem "lesena" medalja |url=https://siol.net/sportal/odbojka/porocilo-slovenija-brazilija-587754 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=11 September 2022 |language=sl |date=11 September 2022}} The [[Slovenia men's national ice hockey team|national ice hockey team]] has participated in 30 [[Ice Hockey World Championships]] (with 10 appearances in the top division).{{cite web |title="Prvenstvo elite doma? To bi bilo super! Fenomenalno za naš hokej in za hokej v regiji." |url=https://siol.net/sportal/hokej/prvenstvo-elite-doma-to-bi-bilo-super-fenomenalno-za-nas-hokej-in-za-hokej-v-regiji-578910 |publisher=[[Siol]] |access-date=11 May 2023 |language=sl |date=9 May 2022 |quote=...so si risi spet priborili mesto v elitnem razredu, že desetič v zgodovini.}} [763] => [764] => == See also == [765] => {{Portal|Slovenia}} [766] => * [[Outline of Slovenia]] [767] => * [[Slovenia (European Parliament constituency)]] [768] => [769] => == References == [770] => {{Reflist}} [771] => [772] => == Further reading == [773] => {{Refbegin}} [774] => * Perko, Drago, Ciglic, Rok, Zorn, Matija (eds.), ''The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse'' (Cham, Springer, 2020). [775] => * Stanić, Stane, ''Slovenia'' (London, Flint River Press, 1994). [776] => * Oto Luthar (ed.), ''The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. With contributions by Oto Luthar, Igor Grdina, Marjeta Šašel Kos, Petra Svoljšak, Peter Kos, Dušan Kos, Peter Štih, Alja Brglez and Martin Pogačar'' (Frankfurt am Main etc., Peter Lang, 2008). [777] => {{Refend}} [778] => [779] => == External links == [780] => {{Sister project links|Slovenia|voy=Slovenia|b = no|v = no}} [781] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015235107/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/slovenia.htm Slovenia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' [782] => *{{curlie|Regional/Europe/Slovenia}} [783] => *{{wikiatlas|Slovenia}} [784] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120413204125/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/promotion_of_slovenia/publications/facts_about_slovenia/ "Facts About Slovenia"], publication from the Slovenian Government Communication Office. pdf. In English, Spanish, French, German and Russian. [785] => *[http://www.mojaslovenija.si/ Slovenia – Landmarks]. Virtual reality panoramas of various spots in the country. [786] => *"[http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Publications/Sloveniaageographicaloverview/tabid/470/language/en-US/Default.aspx Slovenia: a geographical overview]". Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia. [787] => [788] => '''Government''' [789] => *[http://www.slovenia.si/ Slovenia.si] The main national access point to information about Slovenia. [790] => *[http://www.gov.si/ The Republic of Slovenia]. Official institutions. [791] => *[http://www.stat.si/eng/ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302073116/http://www.stat.si/eng/ |date=2 March 2015 }} [792] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225100126/http://www.meteo.si/met/en/ National Meteorological Service of Slovenia] [793] => [794] => '''Travel''' [795] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041127070239/http://slovenia.info/ The Slovenian Tourist portal]. Slovenian Tourist Board. [796] => *{{osmrelation-inline|218657}} [797] => [798] => {{Slovenia topics}} [799] => {{Navboxes [800] => |list = [801] => {{Sovereign states of Europe}} [802] => {{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}} [803] => {{Balkan countries}} [804] => {{EU members}} [805] => {{European Economic Area (EEA)}} [806] => {{Council of Europe members}} [807] => {{La Francophonie}} [808] => }} [809] => {{Authority control}} [810] => [811] => {{Coord|46.120|N|14.815|E|display=title}} [812] => [813] => [[Category:Slovenia| ]] [814] => [[Category:Balkan countries]] [815] => [[Category:Member states of NATO]] [816] => [[Category:Member states of the European Union]] [817] => [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [818] => [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [819] => [[Category:Member states of the Three Seas Initiative]] [820] => [[Category:OECD members]] [821] => [[Category:Republics]] [822] => [[Category:States and territories established in 1991]] [823] => [[Category:1991 establishments in Europe]] [824] => [[Category:Countries in Europe]] [] => )
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Slovenia

Slovenia is a country located in southern Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest.

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It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. The capital of Slovenia is Ljubljana. The history of Slovenia dates back to the Roman period, and it was later ruled by various rulers and empires including the Habsburgs and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After World War I, Slovenia became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and following World War II, it became a republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In the 1990s, Slovenia gained its independence and became a democratic republic. It joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone in 2007. Slovenia is known for its high standard of living, well-developed infrastructure, and beautiful landscapes. The economy of Slovenia is diverse, with industries such as manufacturing, services, and tourism contributing to its GDP. The country is also known for its excellent education and healthcare systems. Slovenia is a member of various international organizations including the United Nations, NATO, and the World Trade Organization. Slovenia is famous for its natural beauty, with stunning mountains, lakes, and forests that attract tourists from around the world. Popular tourist destinations include Lake Bled, Triglav National Park, and the coastal town of Piran. The population of Slovenia is around 2 million people, and the official language is Slovene. The country has a rich cultural heritage, with influences from the Celts, Romans, and Slavic tribes. Slovenia is known for its folklore, traditional music, and cuisine, which includes dishes such as potica (a rolled pastry) and štruklji (rolled dumplings). Overall, Slovenia is a small but vibrant country with a rich history, beautiful landscapes, and a high quality of life.

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