Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Forms of competitive activity, usually physical}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} [3] => {{pp-move}} [4] => {{Use British English|date=October 2018}} [5] => {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} [6] => [[File:Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Sport in [[childhood]]. [[Association football]], shown above, is a [[team sport]] which also provides opportunities to nurture [[physical fitness]] and [[social actions|social interaction]] skills.]] [7] => [[File:London Marathon 2005 at Blackfriars.jpg|thumb|The [[2005 London Marathon]]: running races, in their various specialties, represent the oldest and most traditional form of sport.]] [8] => [9] => '''Sport''' is a form of [[physical activity]] or [[game]].{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881 |title=Definition of sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028112912/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881 |archive-date=28 October 2011}} Often [[Competition|competitive]] and [[organization|organized]], sports use, maintain, or improve physical ability and [[skill]]s. They also provide enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, [[entertainment]] to spectators.{{cite web |last=Council of Europe |title=The European sport charter |url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=206451 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606204451/https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016804c9dbb |url-status=live }} Many sports exist, with different participant numbers, some are done by a single person with others being done by hundreds. Most sports take place either in [[team]]s or competing as individuals. Some sports allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others provide [[tie-breaking methods]] to ensure one winner. A number of contests may be arranged in a [[tournament]] format, producing a [[champion]]. Many [[sports league]]s make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular [[sports season]], followed in some cases by [[playoffs]]. [10] => [11] => Sport is generally recognised as system of activities based in physical [[athleticism]] or physical [[dexterity]], with major competitions admitting only sports meeting this definition.{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/sports |title=List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events |publisher=The Olympic Movement |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174712/https://www.olympic.org/sports%20 |url-status=live }} Some organisations, such as the [[Council of Europe]], preclude activities without any physical element from classification as sports. However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as [[mind sport]]s. The [[International Olympic Committee]] who oversee the [[Olympic Games]] recognises both [[chess]] and [[Contract bridge|bridge]] as sports. [[SportAccord]], the international sports federation association, recognises five non-physical sports: bridge, chess, [[draughts]], [[Go (game)|Go]] and [[xiangqi]].{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=World Mind Games |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&idContent=658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021848/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/multi-sports-games/index.php?idIndex=35&idContent=658 |archive-date=8 May 2012}}{{cite web |publisher=SportAccord |title=Members |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&idIndex=32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 }} However, they limit the number of mind games which can be admitted as sports. Sport is usually governed by a set of [[regulation of sport|rules]] or [[tradition|customs]], which serve to ensure fair competition. Winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring [[goal (sport)|goals]] or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic impression. [12] => [13] => Records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in [[sports journalism|sport news]]. Sport is also a major source of entertainment for non-participants, with [[spectator sport]] drawing large crowds to [[sport venue]]s, and reaching wider audiences through [[broadcasting of sports events|broadcasting]]. [[Sport betting]] is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to the sport. [14] => [15] => According to [[Kearney (consulting firm)|A.T. Kearney]], a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013.{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802224933/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground |url-status=live }} The world's most accessible and practised sport is [[running]], while [[association football]] is the most popular spectator sport.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Popular Sports in the World |date=2018 |website=www.worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }} [16] => [17] => ==Meaning and usage== [18] => ===Etymology=== [19] => The word "sport" comes from the [[Old French]] {{Lang|fro|desport}} meaning "[[leisure]]", with the oldest definition in English from around 1300 being "anything humans find amusing or entertaining".{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&searchmode=none |title=sport (n.) |access-date=20 April 2008 |first=Douglas |last=Harper |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111214311/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sport&searchmode=none |url-status=live }} [20] => [21] => Other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise.{{cite book |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged |publisher=G&C Merriam Company |location=Springfield, MA |page=2206 |year=1967}} Roget's defines the noun sport as an "activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and recreation.{{cite book |title=Roget's II: The New Thesaurus|edition =3rd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/rogetsiiinewthes00houg |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-618-25414-9 |url-access=registration }} [22] => [23] => ===Nomenclature=== [24] => The singular term "sport" is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept (e.g. "children taking part in sport"), with "sports" used to describe multiple activities (e.g. "football and rugby are the most popular sports in England"). American English uses "sports" for both terms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} [25] => [26] => ===Definition=== [27] => {{see also|Game#Definitions}} [28] => [[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|The [[International Olympic Committee]] recognises some board games as sports, including [[chess]].]] [29] => [[File:Showjumping white horse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Show jumping]], an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] sport]] [30] => The precise definition of what differentiates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. The closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by the [[Global Association of International Sports Federations]] (GAISF), which is the association for all the largest international sports federations (including [[association football]], [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[cycling]], [[tennis]], [[equestrianism|equestrian sports]], and more), and is therefore the ''de facto'' representative of international sport. [31] => [32] => GAISF uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should: [33] => * have an element of competition [34] => * be in no way harmful to any living creature [35] => * not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier (excluding proprietary games such as [[arena football]]) [36] => * not rely on any "luck" element specifically designed into the sport. [37] => [38] => They also recognise that sport can be primarily physical (such as [[rugby union|rugby]] or [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]), primarily mind (such as [[chess]] or [[Go (game)|Go]]), predominantly motorised (such as [[Formula 1]] or [[powerboating]]), primarily co-ordination (such as [[snooker]] and other [[cue sports]]), or primarily animal-supported (such as [[equestrian sport]]). [39] => [40] => The inclusion of mind sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted, leading to legal challenges from governing bodies in regards to being denied funding available to sports.{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Judicial review of 'sport' or 'game' decision begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34320201 |url-status=live }} Whilst GAISF recognises a small number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports. [41] => [42] => There has been an increase in the application of the term "sport" to a wider set of non-physical challenges such as [[video game]]s, also called [[esports]] (from "electronic sports"), especially due to the large scale of participation and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream sports organisations. According to [[Council of Europe]], European Sports Charter, article 2.i, {{"'}}Sport' means all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels."Council of Europe, [https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016804c9dbb Revised European Sports Charter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426204635/https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=206451 |date=26 April 2012 }} (2001) [43] => [44] => ===Competition=== [45] => [[File:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|left|Horse racing]] [46] => [47] => There are opposing views on the necessity of [[competition]] as a defining element of a sport, with almost all [[professional sports]] involving competition, and governing bodies requiring competition as a prerequisite of recognition by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or GAISF. [48] => [49] => Other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all physical activity. For instance, the [[Council of Europe]] include all forms of physical exercise, including those competed just for fun.{{cn|date=April 2024}} [50] => [51] => In order to widen participation, and reduce the impact of losing on less able participants, there has been an introduction of non-competitive physical activity to traditionally competitive events such as school [[sports day]]s, although moves like this are often controversial.{{cite news |last=Front |first=Rebecca |work=The Guardian |title=A little competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315143528/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/school-sport-competitive-children-achievement-ambition |url-status=live }}{{cite news |publisher=ParentDish |title=Why parents hate school sports day |last=Scrimgeour |first=Heidi |date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182750/http://www.parentdish.co.uk/2011/06/17/why-parents-hate-school-sports-day/ |url-status=live }} [52] => [53] => In competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their "result" and often divided into groups of comparable performance, (e.g. gender, weight and age). The measurement of the result may be objective or subjective, and corrected with "handicaps" or penalties. In a race, for example, the time to complete the course is an objective measurement. In [[gymnastics]] or [[diving (sport)|diving]] the result is decided by a panel of judges, and therefore subjective. There are many shades of judging between boxing and mixed martial arts, where victory is assigned by judges if neither competitor has lost at the end of the match time.{{cn|date=April 2024}} [54] => [55] => ==History== [56] => {{Main article|History of sport}} [57] => [[File:Roman bronze copy of Myron’s Discobolos, 2nd century CE (Glyptothek Munich).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] bronze reduction of [[Myron]]'s [[Discobolos]], 2nd century AD]] [58] => [[File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Swimmers perform [[Squat (exercise)|squats]] as [[warming up|warm-up exercise]] prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.]] [59] => [60] => Artifacts and structures suggest [[sport in China]] as early as 2000 BC.{{cite web |url=http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |title=Sports History in China |author1=Ye Qinfa |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm |url-status=deviated }} Gymnastics appears to have been popular in China's ancient past. Monuments to the [[Pharaoh]]s indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in [[ancient Egypt]].{{cite web |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |title=84.85-90 History of Sports in Ancient Egypt |first=Ahmed D. |last1=Touny |website=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029232515/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84085.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 }} Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. [[Ancient Persia]]n sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of [[Zourkhaneh|Zoorkhaneh]] had a close connection to warfare skills.{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&dt=10/13/2006&ntype=World |title=Ancient sport still flexing its muscles in Iran |website=kuwait-info.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326081959/http://www.kuwait-info.com/newsnew/NewsDetails1.asp?id=78319&dt=10%2F13%2F2006&ntype=World |archive-date=26 March 2007 }} Among other sports that originated in ancient Persia are [[polo]] and [[jousting]]. The [[Traditional games of South Asia|traditional South Asian sport]] of [[kabaddi]] has been played for thousands of years, potentially as a preparation for hunting.{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}} [61] => [62] => [[File:Bruno Senna 2006 Australian Grand Prix.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Motorsport|Motorised sports]] have appeared since the advent of the modern age.]] [63] => [64] => A wide range of sports were already established by the time of [[Ancient Greece]] and the military culture and the development of sport in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sport became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the [[Olympic Games]], which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the [[Peloponnese|Peloponnesus]] called [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]].{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|title=Ancient Olympic Games|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 October 2006|archive-date=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928011744/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/ancient/index_uk.asp|url-status=live}} [65] => [66] => Sports have been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century. Industrialisation has brought motorised transportation and increased [[leisure time]], letting people attend and follow spectator sports and participate in athletic activities. These trends continued with the advent of [[mass media]] and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as sports fans followed the exploits of professional athletes – all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation in sports. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been increasing debate about whether [[transgender]] sports people should be able to participate in sport events that conform with their post-transition [[gender identity]].''Sport and the Law: Historical and Cultural Intersections'', p. 111, Sarah K. Fields (2014){{ISBN?}}| [67] => [68] => ==Fair play== [69] => ===Sportsmanship=== [70] => {{Main article|Sportsmanship}} [71] => {{See also|Gamesmanship|Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing|Moral development}} [72] => [73] => Sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, ethical behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat.{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Sportsmanship |access-date=15 October 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231236/http://www.merriam.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=sportsmanship |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Joel |last2=Magee |first2=Susan |year=2003 |title=101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent |publisher=Fireside |page=168}}{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=David |date=10 November 2007 |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |title=It takes a bad loser to become a good winner |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113021424/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/11/10/it_takes_a_bad_loser_to_become.html |url-status=live }} [74] => [75] => Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-known sentiment by sports journalist [[Grantland Rice]], that it is "not that you won or lost but how you played the game", and the modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder [[Pierre de Coubertin]]: "The most important thing... is not winning but taking part" are typical expressions of this sentiment.{{cn|date=April 2024}} [76] => [77] => ===Cheating=== [78] => {{Unsourced section|date=April 2024}} [79] => {{see also|Match fixing|cheating}} [80] => Key principles of sport include that the result should not be predetermined, and that both sides should have equal opportunity to win. Rules are in place to ensure fair play, but participants can break these rules in order to gain advantage. [81] => [82] => Participants may cheat in order to unfairly increase their chance of winning, or in order to achieve other advantages such as financial gains. The widespread existence of [[gambling]] on the results of sports events creates a motivation for [[match fixing]], where a participant or participants deliberately work to ensure a given outcome rather than simply playing to win. [83] => [84] => ===Doping and drugs=== [85] => {{main article|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport}} [86] => The competitive nature of sport encourages some participants to attempt to enhance their performance through the use of medicines, or through other means such as [[Blood doping|increasing the volume of blood in their bodies through artificial means]]. [87] => [88] => All sports recognised by the IOC or SportAccord are required to implement a testing programme, looking for a list of banned drugs, with suspensions or bans being placed on participants who test positive for banned substances.{{cn|date=April 2024}} [89] => [90] => ===Violence=== [91] => [[Violence in sports]] involves crossing the line between fair competition and intentional aggressive violence. Athletes, coaches, fans, and parents sometimes unleash violent behaviour on people or property, in misguided shows of loyalty, dominance, anger, or celebration. [[Rioting]] or [[hooliganism]] by fans in particular is a problem at some national and international sporting contests.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} [92] => [93] => ==Participation== [94] => ===Gender participation=== [95] => {{see also|Women's sports|Women's professional sports}} [96] => [[File:100 metres race winner Sina Schielke (192) and the other Runners - ISTAF 2006 - Berlin, 3 September.jpg|thumb|upright=1|International level female athletes at [[ISTAF Berlin]], 2006]] [97] => Female participation in sports continues to rise alongside the opportunity for involvement and the value of sports for [[child development]] and [[physical fitness]]. Despite increases in female participation during the last three decades, a gap persists in the enrolment figures between male and female players in sports-related teams. Female players account for 39% of the total participation in US interscholastic athletics.{{cn|date=April 2024}} [98] => [99] => Certain sports are [[Mixed-gender sport|mixed-gender]], allowing (or even requiring) men and women to play on the same team. One example of this is [[Baseball5]], which is the first mixed-gender sport to have been admitted into an Olympic event.{{Cite web |title=Debut of Baseball5 at Youth Olympic Games postponed as next YOG shifted from 2022 to 2026 |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/debut-of-baseball5-at-youth-olympic-games-postponed-as-next-yog-shifted-from-2022-to-2026 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}} [100] => [101] => ===Youth participation=== [102] => {{See also|College sports}} [103] => Youth sport presents children with opportunities for fun, socialisation, forming peer relationships, [[physical fitness]], and [[athletic scholarship]]s. Activists for [[education]] and the [[war on drugs]] encourage youth sport as a means to increase [[Participation inequality|educational participation]] and to fight the [[illegal drug trade]]. According to the [[Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus)#Research and education|Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital]], the biggest risk for youth sport is death or serious injury including [[concussion]]. These risks come from running, basketball, association football, volleyball, gridiron, gymnastics, and ice hockey.[http://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ "Gym class injuries up 150% between 1997 and 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002071256/http://healthland.time.com/2009/08/04/why-are-more-kids-getting-hurt-in-gym-class/ |date=2 October 2010 }}, ''Time'', 4 August 2009 Youth sport in the US is a $15 billion industry including equipment up to private coaching.{{cite magazine |last1=Gregory |first1=Sean |title=How Kids' Sports Became a $15 Billion Industry |url=http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112734/http://time.com/4913687/how-kids-sports-became-15-billion-industry/ |url-status=live }} [104] => [105] => ===Disabled participation=== [106] => {{see also|Parasports}} [107] => [[File:David Bizet - Marathon de Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|right|A runner gives a friendly tap on the shoulder to a wheelchair racer during the [[Paris Marathon|''Marathon International de Paris'' (Paris Marathon)]] in 2014.]] [108] => Disabled or adaptive sports are played by people with a [[disability]], including [[physical disability|physical]] and [[intellectual disabilities]]. As many of these are based on existing sports modified to meet the needs of people with a disability, they are sometimes referred to as ''adapted sports''. However, not all disabled sports are adapted; several sports that have been specifically created for people with a disability have no equivalent in able-bodied sports.{{cn|date=April 2024}} [109] => [110] => ===Spectator involvement=== [111] => {{Main article|Spectator sport}} [112] => [[File:1906 Athens stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Spectators at the 1906 unofficial Olympic Games]] [113] => The competition element of sport, along with the aesthetic appeal of some sports, result in the popularity of people attending to watch sport being played. This has led to the specific phenomenon of spectator sport. [114] => [115] => Both amateur and professional sports attract spectators, both in person at the sport venue, and through broadcast media including [[radio broadcasting|radio]], [[television]] and [[internet]] broadcast. Both attendance in person and viewing remotely can incur a sometimes substantial charge, such as an entrance ticket, or [[pay-per-view]] television broadcast. [[Sports league]] and [[tournament]] are two common arrangements to organise sport teams or individual athletes into competing against each other continuously or periodically.{{cn|date=April 2024}} [116] => [117] => It is common for popular sports to attract large broadcast audiences, leading to rival broadcasters bidding large amounts of money for the rights to show certain events. The football [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] attracts a global television audience of hundreds of millions; the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] [[FIFA World Cup Finals|final]] alone attracted an estimated worldwide audience of well over 700 million and the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final]] attracted an estimated audience of 135 million in India alone.{{Cite news |title=135 mn saw World Cup final: TAM |date=10 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/CorporateNews/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803013151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/CorporateNews/135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM/Article1-683623.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2013 }} [118] => [119] => In the United States, the championship game of the [[National Football League|NFL]], the [[Super Bowl]], has become one of the most watched television broadcasts of the year.{{cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/super-bowl-sets-viewership-record-161138960.html |title=Super Bowl XLIX was the most-viewed television program in U.S. history |publisher=Yahoo Sports |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205072419/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/super-bowl-sets-viewership-record-161138960.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cbc8df2a-aafd-11e4-81bc-00144feab7de.html |title=Super Bowl most watched television show in US history |work=Financial Times |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001206/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cbc8df2a-aafd-11e4-81bc-00144feab7de.html |url-status=live }} [120] => Super Bowl Sunday is a ''de facto'' national holiday in America;{{cite web |url=http://www.americanfootballinternational.com/super-bowl-sunday-worldwide-american-football-holiday/ |title=Super Bowl Sunday is a Worldwide American Football Holiday |publisher=American Football International Review |date=1 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406045517/http://www.americanfootballinternational.com/super-bowl-sunday-worldwide-american-football-holiday/ |url-status=live }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&q=super+bowl+de+facto+holiday&pg=PA94 |last1=Markovits |first1=Andrei |last2=Rensmann |first2=Lars |title=Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture |page=94 |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1400834662 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073541/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&q=super+bowl+de+facto+holiday&pg=PA94 |url-status=live }} the viewership being so great that in 2015, advertising space was reported as being sold at [[$]]4.5m for a 30-second slot. [121] => [122] => ==Amateur and professional== [123] => {{See also|Professional sport|Amateur sport}} [124] => [[File:Volleyball-5 (9786053885).jpg|thumb|Women's volleyball team of a U.S. university]] [125] => Sport can be undertaken on an amateur, professional or semi-professional basis, depending on whether participants are incentivised for participation (usually through payment of a [[wage]] or [[salary]]). Amateur participation in sport at lower levels is often called "grassroots sport".{{cite web |publisher=European Commission |title=The White Paper on Sport |url=http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |access-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202200/http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008}} [126] => [127] => The popularity of [[spectator sport]] as a recreation for non-participants has led to sport becoming a major business in its own right, and this has incentivised a high paying [[professional sport]] culture, where high performing participants are rewarded with pay far in excess of average wages, which can run into millions of dollars.{{cite magazine |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |title=Fortunate 50 2011 |last=Freedman |first=Jonah |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050301/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html |url-status=live }} [128] => [129] => Some sports, or individual competitions within a sport, retain a policy of allowing only [[amateur sport]]. The [[Olympic Games]] started with a principle of amateur competition with those who practised a sport professionally considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby.{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=978-0-7714-1697-2}} From 1971, Olympic athletes were allowed to receive compensation and sponsorship,{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |title=Olympic Athletes |publisher=Info Please |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042315/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/olympic-athletes.html |url-status=live }} and from 1986, the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics,{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |title=What changed the Olympics forever |publisher=CNN |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615122848/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/ |url-status=live }} with the exceptions of [[boxing]],{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |title=Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren |publisher=Inside the Games |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren- |url-status=live }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&pg=PA400 |title=Historical Dictionary of Boxing |last1=Grasso |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=13 June 2015 |isbn=978-0810878679 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&pg=PA400 |url-status=live }} and wrestling.{{cite web |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |title=Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans |publisher=Bleacher Report |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans |url-status=live }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&pg=PA24 |title=Boys' Life |date=August 1988 |page=24 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc. |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&pg=PA24 |url-status=live }} [130] => [131] => ==Technology== [132] => [[File:Third umpire lights at Melbourne Cricket Ground.JPG|thumb|These lights at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] indicate the decision the third umpire makes following a review.]] [133] => Technology plays an important part in modern sport. It is a necessary part of some sports (such as motorsport), and it is used in others to improve performance. Some sports also use it to allow off-field decision making. [134] => [135] => [[Sports science]] is a widespread academic discipline, and can be applied to areas including athlete performance, such as the use of video analysis to fine-tune technique, or to equipment, such as improved [[running shoe]]s or [[competitive swimwear]]. [[Sports engineering]] emerged as a discipline in 1998 with an increasing focus not just on materials design but also the use of technology in sport, from analytics and big data to [[wearable technology]].{{cite web |title=Gaining Steam in Sports Technology |url=https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |website=Slice of MIT |access-date=3 January 2015 |ref=Slice of MIT}} In order to control the impact of technology on fair play, governing bodies frequently have specific rules that are set to control the impact of technical advantage between participants. For example, in 2010, full-body, non-textile swimsuits were banned by [[FINA]], as they were enhancing swimmers' performances.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |title=Hi-tech suits banned from January |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |first=Kristina |last=Wong |title=Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers |work=ABC News |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780 |url-status=live }} [136] => [137] => The increase in technology has also allowed many decisions in sports matches to be taken, or reviewed, off-field, with another official using instant replays to make decisions. In some sports, players can now challenge decisions made by officials. In [[Association football]], [[goal-line technology]] makes decisions on whether a ball has crossed the goal line or not.{{cite journal |last=FIFA |title=Testing Manual |journal=FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology |year=2012 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2012}} The technology is not compulsory,{{cite web |title=IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=23 April 2015}} but was used in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] in Brazil,{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title=Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=9 June 2015}} and the [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]] in Canada,{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 March 2015 |title=Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015 |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2 June 2015}} as well as in the [[Premier League]] from [[2013–14 Premier League|2013–14]],{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |title=Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14 |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409 |url-status=live }} and the [[Bundesliga]] from [[2015–16 Bundesliga|2015–16]].{{cite web |url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |title=Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season |work=Carlyle Observer |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074 |url-status=live }} In the [[NFL]], a referee can ask for a review from the replay booth, or a head coach can issue a [[Challenge (NFL)|challenge]] to review the play using replays. The final decision rests with the referee.{{cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |title=NFL approves rule to change replay process |publisher=Business Insider |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process |url-status=live }} A video referee (commonly known as a [[Television match official#Television match official|Television Match Official]] or TMO) can also use replays to help decision-making in rugby (both [[Rugby league|league]] and [[Rugby union|union]]).{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |title=Television Match Official – when can they rule |publisher=Rugby World |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015|last1=Cleary |first1=Mick }}{{cbignore}} In international cricket, an umpire can ask the [[Third umpire]] for a decision, and the third umpire makes the final decision.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |title=The role of cricket umpires |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=26 August 2005 |archive-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |title=Cricket Technology |publisher=Top End Sports |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm |url-status=live }} Since 2008, a [[Umpire Decision Review System|decision review system]] for players to review decisions has been introduced and used in [[International Cricket Council|ICC]]-run tournaments, and optionally in other matches.{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |title=Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup |publisher=Zee News |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html |url-status=live }} Depending on the host broadcaster, a number of different technologies are used during an umpire or player review, including instant replays, [[Hawk-Eye]], [[Hot Spot (cricket)|Hot Spot]] and [[Snickometer|Real Time Snickometer]].{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |title=Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |title=3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS |newspaper=Rediff |publisher=Rediff cricket |date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm |url-status=live }} Hawk-Eye is also used in tennis to challenge umpiring decisions.{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/hawkeye-makes-history-thanks-to-rare-british-success-story-at-wimbledon-454677.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110818091248/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/hawkeye-makes-history-thanks-to-rare-british-success-story-at-wimbledon-454677.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2011 |title=Hawk-Eye makes history thanks to rare British success story at Wimbledon |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=3 December 2010 |date=23 June 2007 |first=Paul |last=Newman |location=London}}{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |title=Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=22 August 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm |url-status=live }} [138] => [139] => == Sports and education == [140] => Research suggests that sports have the capacity to connect [[youth]] to positive adult role models and provide positive development opportunities, as well as promote the learning and application of life [[skill]]s.Fraser-Thomas, J.L., Cote, J., Deakin, J. (2005). "Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development". ''Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy'', Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 19–40.{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|title=Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100308-0|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771|url-status=live}} In recent years the use of sport to reduce [[crime]], as well as to prevent [[violent extremism]] and [[radicalization]], has become more widespread, especially as a tool to improve [[self-esteem]], enhance social bonds and provide participants with a feeling of purpose. [141] => [142] => There is no high-quality evidence that shows the effectiveness of interventions to increase sports participation of the community in sports such as mass media campaigns, educational sessions, and policy changes.{{cite journal |last1=Priest |first1=N |last2=Armstrong |first2=R |last3=Doyle |first3=J |last4=Waters |first4=E |date=16 July 2008 |title=Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |pages=CD004812 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3 |pmid=18646112 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/285237}} There is also no high-quality studies that investigate the effect of such interventions in promoting healthy behaviour change in the community.{{cite journal |first1=Priest |last1=N |first2=Armstrong |last2=R |first3=Doyle |last3=J |first4=Water |last4=E |title=Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 July 2008 |volume=2008 |issue=3 |pages=CD004809 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3 |pmid=18646111 |pmc=6464902}} [143] => sports is one of the important part of life [144] => [145] => ==Politics== [146] => {{Main article|Politics and sports}} [147] => {{See also|Sportswashing}} [148] => [149] => [[Benito Mussolini]] used the [[1934 FIFA World Cup]], which was held in Italy, to showcase [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]].{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics |last1=Kuhn |first1=Gabriel |date=2011 |page=28 |publisher=PM Press |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1604860535 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA630 |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last1=Blamires |first1=Cyprian |date=2006 |pages=630–632 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1576079409 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA630 |url-status=live }} [[Adolf Hitler]] also used the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Berlin]], and the [[1936 Winter Olympics]] held in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], to promote the [[Nazi ideology]] of the superiority of the [[Aryan race]], and inferiority of the Jews and other "[[Untermensch|undesirables]]".{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&pg=PT32 |title=The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education |last1=Saxena |first1=Anurag |year=2001 |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |access-date=8 June 2015 |isbn=978-1618204684 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Germany used the Olympics to give off a peaceful image while secretly preparing for war.''[[Kulttuurivihkot]]'' 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29{{in lang|fi}} [150] => [151] => When [[apartheid]] was the official policy in South Africa, many sports people, particularly in [[rugby union]], adopted the conscientious approach that they should not appear in competitive sports there. Some feel this was an effective contribution to the eventual demolition of the policy of apartheid, others feel that it may have prolonged and reinforced its worst effects.{{cite journal |title=Sport and apartheid|journal=History Compass|volume=3|pages=**|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x|year = 2005|last1 = Merrett|first1 = Christopher}} [152] => [153] => In the history of Ireland, Gaelic sports were connected with [[cultural nationalism]]. Until the mid-20th century a person could have been banned from playing [[Gaelic football]], [[hurling]], or other sports administered by the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (GAA) if she/he played or supported [[Association football]], or other games seen to be of [[Great Britain|British]] origin. Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of football and [[rugby union]] at Gaelic venues. This ban, also known as Rule 42,{{Cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Gareth |last2=Bairner |first2=Alan |year=2007 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule 42. |journal=Space & Policy |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/13562570701406592 |s2cid=143213001 }} is still enforced, but was modified to allow football and rugby to be played in [[Croke Park]] while [[Lansdowne Road]] was redeveloped into [[Aviva Stadium]]. Until recently, under Rule 21, the GAA also banned members of the British security forces and members of the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary|RUC]] from playing Gaelic games, but the advent of the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998 led to the eventual removal of the ban.{{Cite web |title=50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective |url=https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=www.gaa.ie |language=en}} [154] => [155] => [[Nationalism]] is often evident in the pursuit of sport, or in its reporting: people compete in national teams, or commentators and audiences can adopt a partisan view. On occasion, such tensions can lead to violent confrontation among players or spectators within and beyond the sporting venue, as in the [[Football War]]. These trends are seen by many as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sport being carried on for its own sake and for the enjoyment of its participants. Sport and politics collided in the 1972 Olympics in Munich. Masked men entered the hotel of the Israeli Olympic team and killed many of their men. This was known as the [[Munich massacre]].{{cn|date=April 2024}} [156] => [157] => A study of US elections has shown that the result of sports events can affect the results. A study published in the [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] showed that when the home team wins the game before the election, the incumbent candidates can increase their share of the vote by 1.5 per cent. A loss had the opposite effect, and the effect is greater for higher-profile teams or unexpected wins and losses.{{cite news |title=Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House? |author1=Tyler Cowen |author2=Kevin Grier |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=24 October 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html |url-status=live }} Also, when [[Washington Redskins]] win their final game before an election, then the incumbent president is more likely to win, and if the Redskins lose, then the opposition candidate is more likely to win; this has become known as the [[Redskins Rule]].{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |title=Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election? |author=Mike Jones |date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |title='Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football & politics |work=ESPN Front Row |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/ |url-status=live }} [158] => [159] => ===As a means of controlling and subduing populations=== [160] => [[Étienne de La Boétie]], in his essay ''[[Discourse on Voluntary Servitude]]'' describes athletic spectacles as means for tyrants to control their subjects by distracting them. [161] =>
[162] => Do not imagine that there is any bird more easily caught by decoy, nor any fish sooner fixed on the hook by wormy bait, than are all these poor fools neatly tricked into servitude by the slightest feather passed, so to speak, before their mouths. Truly it is a marvellous thing that they let themselves be caught so quickly at the slightest tickling of their fancy. Plays, farces, spectacles, gladiators, strange beasts, medals, pictures, and other such opiates, these were for ancient peoples the bait toward slavery, the price of their liberty, the instruments of tyranny. By these practices and enticements the ancient dictators so successfully lulled their subjects under the yoke, that the stupefied peoples, fascinated by the pastimes and vain pleasures flashed before their eyes, learned subservience as naïvely, but not so creditably, as little children learn to read by looking at bright picture books.[[Étienne de La Boétie]], ''[[Discourse on Voluntary Servitude]]'' (1549), Part 2 [163] =>
During the British rule of [[Bengal]], British and European sports began to supplant [[Bengali traditional games|traditional Bengali sports]], resulting in a loss of native culture.[https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168 Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168 |date=26 November 2022 }}[https://dergipark.org.tr/ Md Abu Nasim]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/ |date=1 August 2019 }} [164] => [165] => ==Religious views== [166] => {{main|New Testament athletic metaphors}} [167] => [[File:Panathenaic amphora Kleophrades Louvre F277.jpg|thumb|The foot race was one of the events dedicated to Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, {{Circa|500 BC}}, Louvre museum.]] [168] => Sport was an important form of worship in [[Ancient Greek religion]]. The [[ancient Olympic Games]] were held in honour of the head deity, [[Zeus]], and featured various forms of religious dedication to him and other gods.Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in ''Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals'', London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195 [169] => [170] => The practice of athletic competitions has been criticised by some Christian thinkers as a form of [[idolatry]], in which "human beings extol themselves, adore themselves, sacrifice themselves and reward themselves."''Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'', Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178. Sports are seen by these critics as a manifestation of "collective pride" and "national self-deification" in which feats of human power are idolised at the expense of divine worship. [171] => [172] => [[Tertullian]] condemns the athletic performances of his day, insisting "the entire apparatus of the shows is based upon idolatry."[[Tertullian]], ''[[De spectaculis]]'', Chapter 4. The shows, says Tertullian, excite passions foreign to the calm temperament cultivated by the Christian: [173] =>
[174] => God has enjoined us to deal calmly, gently, quietly, and peacefully with the Holy Spirit, because these things are alone in keeping with the goodness of His nature, with His tenderness and sensitiveness. ... Well, how shall this be made to accord with the shows? For the show always leads to spiritual agitation, since where there is pleasure, there is keenness of feeling giving pleasure its zest; and where there is keenness of feeling, there is rivalry giving in turn its zest to that. Then, too, where you have rivalry, you have rage, bitterness, wrath and grief, with all bad things which flow from them – the whole entirely out of keeping with the religion of Christ.''[[De spectaculis]]'' Chapter 15. [175] =>
[176] => Christian clerics in the [[Wesleyan-Holiness movement]] oppose the viewing of or participation in professional sports, believing that professional sports leagues [[Sabbath desecration|profane the Sabbath]] as in the modern era, certain associations hold games on the [[Lord's Day]]. They also criticise professional sports for its fostering of a commitment that competes with a Christian's primary commitment to God in opposition to {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:35|KJV}}, what they perceive to be a lack of modesty in the players' and cheerleaders' uniforms (which are not in conformity with the Methodistic doctrine of outward holiness), its association with violence in opposition to {{Bibleverse|Hebrews|7:26|KJV}}, what they perceive to be the extensive use of profanity among many players that contravenes {{Bibleverse|Colossians|3:8–10|KJV}}, and the frequent presence of gambling, as well as alcohol and other drugs at sporting events, which go against a commitment to [[teetotalism]].{{cite book |last1=Handel |first1=Paul S. |title=Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God |date=2020 |publisher=Immanuel Missionary Church |page=4 |language=English}} [177] => [178] => ==See also== [179] => {{Portal|Sports}} [180] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [181] => * [[Outline of sports]] [182] => * [[List of sports]] [183] => * [[List of sportspeople]] [184] => * [[List of sports attendance figures]] [185] => * [[List of professional sports leagues]] [186] => * [[New Media and Sports]] [187] => {{div col end}} [188] => [189] => '''Related topics''' [190] => {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} [191] => * [[Athletics (sport)|Athletic sports]] [192] => * [[Animals in sport]] [193] => * [[Combat sport]] [194] => * [[Disabled sports]] [195] => * [[Electronic sports]] [196] => * [[Fan (person)]] [197] => * [[Game]] [198] => * [[Handedness#Advantage in sports]] [199] => * [[International sport]] [200] => * [[Lawn game]] [201] => * [[Mind sport]] [202] => * [[Motor sports]] [203] => * [[Multi-sport events]] [204] => * [[National sport]] [205] => * [[Nationalism and sports]] [206] => * [[Olympic Games]] [207] => * [[Paralympic Games]] [208] => * [[Physical education]] [209] => * [[Physical fitness]] [210] => * [[Spalding Athletic Library]] [211] => * [[Sponsorship]] [212] => * [[Sport in film]] [213] => * [[Sport psychology]] [214] => * [[Sports club]] [215] => * [[Sports coaching]] [216] => * [[Sports commentator]] [217] => * [[Sports entertainment]] [218] => * [[Sports equipment]] [219] => * [[Sports fan]] [220] => * [[Sports governing body]] [221] => * [[Sports injuries]] [222] => * [[Sports league attendances]] [223] => * [[Sports marketing]] [224] => * [[Sports nutrition]] [225] => * [[Sports terms named after people]] [226] => * [[Sports trainer]] [227] => * [[Sportsperson]] [228] => * [[Sportswear (activewear)|Sportswear]] [229] => * [[Sunday sporting events]] [230] => * [[Team sport]] [231] => * [[Underwater sports]] [232] => * [[Women's sports]] [233] => * [[Water sports]] [234] => * [[Winter sport]] [235] => {{div col end}} [236] => [237] => == Sources == [238] => {{Free-content attribution [239] => | title = Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers [240] => | author = UNESCO [241] => | publisher = UNESCO [242] => | page numbers = [243] => | source = UNESCO [244] => | documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771 [245] => | license statement URL = [246] => | license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO [247] => }} [248] => [249] => ==References== [250] => {{Reflist}} [251] => [252] => ===Sources=== [253] => * European Commission (2007), ''The White Paper on Sport''. [254] => * Council of Europe (2001), ''The European sport charter''. [255] => [256] => ==Further reading== [257] => {{Sister project links|Sports|voy=Sport}} [258] => * ''The Meaning of Sports'' by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-252-1}}). [259] => * [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20 ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport''] [260] => * Sullivan, George. ''The Complete Sports Dictionary''. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p. 199. {{ISBN|0-590-05731-6}}. [261] => [262] => {{Sport}} [263] => {{Types of games}} [264] => {{Authority control}} [265] => [266] => [[Category:Sports| ]] [267] => [[Category:Main topic articles]] [268] => [[Category:Books about sports]] [269] => [[Category:Social events]] [270] => [[Category:Culture]] [] => )
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Sport

Sport refers to any activity that involves physical exertion and skill in which an individual or a team competes against another for entertainment or to achieve a specific goal. It is an integral part of human culture and has been practiced since ancient times.

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It is an integral part of human culture and has been practiced since ancient times. Sports can be classified into various categories such as team sports, individual sports, combat sports, and extreme sports. Popular team sports include football, basketball, cricket, and rugby, while individual sports involve activities like athletics, tennis, golf, and swimming. Combat sports include boxing, wrestling, and martial arts, and extreme sports encompass activities like skiing, snowboarding, and rock climbing. Sports not only provide physical health benefits but also contribute to mental and social well-being. It promotes camaraderie, discipline, and teamwork among participants. Additionally, it offers opportunities for personal growth, character development, and building of life skills such as resilience, perseverance, and leadership. The history of sport can be traced back to ancient civilizations like Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, and Mesopotamia, where competitive games and athletic events were held. The modern Olympics, established in 1896, revived the spirit of ancient Greek sports and became the pinnacle of international sports competitions. In contemporary society, sport has become a global industry, generating significant revenue through broadcasting rights, sponsorship, and merchandising. Major sporting events like the FIFA World Cup, the Olympic Games, and the Super Bowl attract billions of viewers and have a profound impact on the economy. There is a wide range of organizations, federations, and governing bodies that oversee and regulate sports at various levels, both nationally and internationally. These organizations, such as FIFA (International Federation of Association Football) and IOC (International Olympic Committee), are responsible for creating rules, promoting fair play, and organizing competitions. However, sports also face challenges such as doping, corruption, and unethical behaviors, which can tarnish the integrity of the games. Measures are taken to prevent and detect these practices, including drug testing, anti-doping agencies, and stringent regulations. Overall, sports play a significant role in society, bringing people together, promoting healthy lifestyles, and showcasing the best of human athleticism and spirit.

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