Array ( [0] => {{Short description|British movement for women's suffrage}} [1] => {{Hatnote|This article is about [[women's suffrage]] in Great Britain and Ireland. For the film, see [[Suffragette (film)|''Suffragette'' (film)]]. For the American movement, see [[Women's suffrage in the United States]]. Not to be confused with the bands [[Suffrajett]] and [[The Suffrajets]].}} [2] => {{Use British English|date=July 2022}} [3] => {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} [4] => {{Infobox organisation [5] => | name = [6] => | named_after = Suffragist [7] => | image = Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst (cropped).jpg [8] => | image_size = 220px [9] => | caption = [[Annie Kenney]] and [[Christabel Pankhurst]] of the [[Women's Social and Political Union|WSPU]], {{circa|1908}} [10] => | leader_title = First suffragettes [11] => | leader_name = [[Women's Social and Political Union]] [12] => | formation = {{start date and age|1903|10|10|df=yes}} [13] => | founder = [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] (WSPU) [14] => | leader_title2 = Later groups [15] => | leader_name2 = {{Plain list| [16] => * [[Women's Freedom League]] (founded 1907) [17] => * [[Workers' Socialist Federation|East London Federation of Suffragettes]] (founded 1914)}} [18] => | extinction = [19] => | status = [20] => | purpose = Votes for women [21] => | headquarters = [22] => | location = [23] => | coords = [24] => | region = [25] => | methods = Marches, heckling, [[civil disobedience]], [[direct action]], [[hunger strike]], [[terrorism]] (see [[suffragette bombing and arson campaign]]) [26] => | key_people = [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], [[Christabel Pankhurst]], [[Sylvia Pankhurst]], [[Teresa Billington-Greig]], [[Emily Davison]], [[Charlotte Despard]], [[Flora Drummond]], [[Annie Kenney]], [[Constance Lytton]], [[Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence]], [[Evaline Hilda Burkitt]], [[Mary Richardson]], [[Lilian Lenton]] [27] => }} [28] => [29] => A '''suffragette''' was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for [[women's suffrage|the right to vote in public elections]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. The term refers in particular to members of the British [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU), a women-only movement founded in 1903 by [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], which engaged in [[direct action]] and [[civil disobedience]].{{cite journal |last1=Holton |first1=Sandra Stanley |title=Challenging Masculinism: personal history and microhistory in feminist studies of the women's suffrage movement |journal=Women's History Review |date=November 2011 |volume=20 |issue=5 |page=(829–841), 832 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2011.622533|s2cid=143600876 }}Strachey, Ray (1928). ''The Cause: A Short History of the Women's Movement in Great Britain''. p. 302. In 1906, a reporter writing in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' coined the term ''suffragette'' for the WSPU, derived from [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom#Pressure groups|suffragist]]{{ref|Alpha|α}} (any person advocating for voting rights), in order to belittle the women advocating women's suffrage.{{Cite web |title=Suffragettes on file |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/suffragettes-on-file/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |publisher=The National Archives |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630080902/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/suffragettes-on-file/ }} The militants embraced the new name, even [[reappropriation|adopting]] it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU. [30] => [31] => [[File:Suffragette flag (United Kingdom).svg|thumb|Colours of the suffragette movement. Purple represents loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green for hope.{{cite web |title=WSPU Flag |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/collections-suffragettes/flag/ |website=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625073831/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/collections-suffragettes/flag/ |url-status=live }}]] [32] => [33] => Women had won the right to vote in several countries by the end of the 19th century; in 1893, [[New Zealand]] became the first self-governing country to grant the vote to all women over the age of 21. When by 1903 women in Britain had not been [[suffrage|enfranchised]], Pankhurst decided that women had to "do the work ourselves";Pankhurst, Christabel (1959). ''Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote''. London: Hutchison, p. 43. the WSPU motto became "deeds, not words". The suffragettes heckled politicians, tried to storm parliament, were attacked and sexually assaulted during battles with the police, chained themselves to railings, smashed windows, carried out a [[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign|nationwide bombing and arson campaign]], and faced anger and ridicule in the media. When imprisoned they went on [[hunger strike]], not eating for days or even a week, to which the government responded by [[force-feeding]] them. The first suffragette to be force fed was [[Evaline Hilda Burkitt]]. The death of one suffragette, [[Emily Davison]], when she ran in front of [[George V|the king]]'s horse at the [[1913 Epsom Derby]], made headlines around the world. The WSPU campaign had varying levels of support from within the suffragette movement; breakaway groups formed, and within the WSPU itself not all members supported the direct action.{{sfn|Holton|2011|p=832}} [34] => [35] => The suffragette campaign was suspended when [[World War I]] broke out in 1914. After the war, the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]] gave the vote to women over the age of 30 who met certain property qualifications. Ten years later, women gained electoral equality with men when the [[Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928]] gave all women the right to vote at age 21. [36] => [37] => ==Background== [38] => ===Women's suffrage=== [39] => Although the [[Isle of Man]] (a British Crown dependency) had enfranchised women who owned property to vote in parliamentary (Tynwald) elections in 1881, New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant [[Timeline of women's suffrage|all women the right to vote]] in 1893, when women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in all parliamentary elections.[[Ida Husted Harper|Harper, Ida Husted]]. ''[https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu06stanuoft#page/n5/mode/2up History of Woman Suffrage, volume 6]'' ([[National American Woman Suffrage Association]], 1922) p. 752. Women in [[South Australia]] achieved the same right and became the first to obtain the right to stand for parliament in 1895.{{cite web |url=http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=8 |title=Constitution (Female Suffrage) Act 1895 (SA) |publisher=Foundingdocs.gov.au |access-date=8 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203020826/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=8 |archive-date=3 December 2010 }} In the United States, women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote in the [[western territories]] of Wyoming from 1869 and Utah from 1870, as well as in the states of Colorado and Idaho from 1893 and 1896 respectively.{{cite web |title=Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838–1919 |url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/WomanSuffrage_map.shtml |author=Anastas, Katie |website=[[University of Washington]] |access-date=3 Nov 2023 }}Kingman, John W. "Woman Suffrage in Wyoming. Six Years' Practical Workings." Testimony delivered before the Massachusetts legislature on Jan. 18, 1876. Microfilm. Woodbridge, CN: Research Publications, [1977] 1 reel (part), 35 mm. (History of women, reel 946, no. 8824) [40] => [41] => ===British suffragettes=== [42] => In 1865 [[John Stuart Mill]] was elected to Parliament on a platform that included votes for women, and in 1869 he published his essay in favour of equality of the sexes ''[[The Subjection of Women]]''. Also in 1865, a women's discussion group, [[Kensington Society (women's discussion group)|The Kensington Society]], was formed. Following discussions on the subject of women's suffrage, the society formed a committee to draft a petition and gather signatures, which Mill agreed to present to Parliament once they had gathered 100 signatures.{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=John Stuart Mill and the 1866 petition|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/1866-suffrage-petition/john-stuart-mill/|publisher=UK Parliament|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123325/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/1866-suffrage-petition/john-stuart-mill/|url-status=live}} In October 1866, amateur scientist [[Lydia Becker]] attended a meeting of the [[National Association for the Promotion of Social Science]] held in [[Manchester]] and heard one of the organisors of the petition, [[Barbara Bodichon]], read a paper entitled ''Reasons for the Enfranchisement of Women''. Becker was inspired to help gather signatures around Manchester and to join the newly formed Manchester committee. Mill presented the petition to Parliament in 1866, by which time the supporters had gathered 1499 signatures, including those of [[Florence Nightingale]], [[Harriet Martineau]], [[Josephine Butler]] and [[Mary Somerville]].{{cite web|last1=Herbert|first1=Michael|title=Lydia Becker (1827–1890): the fight for votes for women|url=https://radicalmanchester.wordpress.com/2010/03/05/lydia-becker-1827-1890-the-fight-for-votes-for-women/|access-date=8 February 2018|date=5 March 2010|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123342/https://radicalmanchester.wordpress.com/2010/03/05/lydia-becker-1827-1890-the-fight-for-votes-for-women/|url-status=live}} [43] => [44] => In March 1867, Becker wrote an article for the ''Contemporary Review'', in which she said: [45] => {{blockquote|It surely will not be denied that women have, and ought to have, opinions of their own on subjects of public interest, and on the events which arise as the world wends on its way. But if it be granted that women may, without offence, hold political opinions, on what ground can the right be withheld of giving the same expression or effect to their opinions as that enjoyed by their male neighbours?{{cite book|title=The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Volume 5; Volume 68|date=1867|pages=707|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83DQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22have+%2C+and+ought+to+have+opinions+of+their+own+on+subjects+of+public+interest%22&pg=PA707|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816165910/https://books.google.com/books?id=83DQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22have+%2C+and+ought+to+have+opinions+of+their+own+on+subjects+of+public+interest%22&pg=PA707|url-status=live}}}} [46] => [47] => Two further petitions were presented to parliament in May 1867 and Mill also proposed an amendment to the 1867 Reform Act to give women the same political rights as men, but the amendment was treated with derision and defeated by 196 votes to 73.{{cite web|last1=Simkin|first1=John|title=John Stuart Mill|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/PRmill.htm|publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd.|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123345/http://spartacus-educational.com/PRmill.htm|url-status=live}} [48] => [49] => [[Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage|The Manchester Society for Women's suffrage]] was formed in January 1867, when [[Jacob Bright]], Rev. S. A. Steinthal, Mrs. Gloyne, Max Kyllman and [[Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy|Elizabeth Wolstenholme]] met at the house of [[Louis Borchardt]]. [[Lydia Becker]] was made Secretary of the Society in February 1867 and [[Richard Pankhurst (politician)|Richard Pankhurst]] was one of the earliest members of the executive committee.{{cite web |last1=Anon |title=THE MANCHESTER SOCIETY FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/604bfcb0-97a1-4dd9-899c-25b7564642d0 |website=The National Archive |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123347/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/604bfcb0-97a1-4dd9-899c-25b7564642d0 |url-status=live }} An 1874 speaking event in Manchester organised by Becker, was attended by 14-year-old [[Emmeline Pankhurst|Emmeline Goulden]], who was to become an ardent campaigner for women's rights, and later married Pankhurst becoming known as [[Emmeline Pankhurst]].{{cite web|last1=Culbertson|first1=Alix|title=The Suffragettes: The women who risked all to get the vote|url=https://news.sky.com/story/the-suffragettes-the-women-who-risked-all-in-their-battle-to-vote-11233478|publisher=Sky UK|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123345/https://news.sky.com/story/the-suffragettes-the-women-who-risked-all-in-their-battle-to-vote-11233478|url-status=live}} [50] => [51] => During the summer of 1880, Becker visited the Isle of Man to address five public meetings on the subject of women's suffrage to audiences mainly composed of women. These speeches instilled in the [[Manx people|Manx women]] a determination to secure the franchise, and on 31 January 1881, women on the island who owned property in their own right were given the vote.{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=The struggle behind the quest to secure the vote for women|date=12 December 2017|url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/article.cfm?id=37567&headline=The%20struggle%20behind%20quest%20to%20secure%20the%20vote%20for%20women§ionIs=news&searchyear=2017|publisher=IOM Today|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123349/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/article.cfm?id=37567&headline=The%20struggle%20behind%20quest%20to%20secure%20the%20vote%20for%20women§ionIs=news&searchyear=2017|url-status=live}} [52] => [53] => ===Formation of the WSPU=== [54] => {{main|Women's Social and Political Union}} [55] => [56] => [[File:Emmeline Pankhurst2.jpg|thumb|[[Emmeline Pankhurst]] founded the WSPU in 1903 and became the most prominent of Britain's suffragettes.]] [57] => In Manchester, the Women's Suffrage Committee had been formed in 1867{{clarify|ILP was not formed until 1893|date=December 2022}} to work with the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP) to secure votes for women, but, although the local ILP were very supportive, nationally the party were more interested in securing the franchise for working-class men and refused to make women's suffrage a priority. In 1897, the Manchester Women's Suffrage committee had merged with the [[National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies]] (NUWSS) but Emmeline Pankhurst, who was a member of the original Manchester committee, and her eldest daughter [[Christabel Pankhurst|Christabel]] had become impatient with the ILP, and on 10 October 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst held a meeting at her home in Manchester to form a breakaway group, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). From the outset, the WSPU was determined to move away from the staid campaign methods of NUWSS and instead take more positive action:{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=Suffragette history|url=http://www.thepankhurstcentre.org.uk/museum-2/suffragette-history|publisher=Pankhurst centre|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206181601/http://www.thepankhurstcentre.org.uk/museum-2/suffragette-history|url-status=live}} [58] => {{blockquote|text=It was on October 10, 1903 that I invited a number of women to my house in Nelson Street, Manchester, for purposes of organisation. We voted to call our new society the Women's Social and Political Union, partly to emphasise its democracy, and partly to define its object as political rather than propagandist. We resolved to limit our membership exclusively to women, to keep ourselves absolutely free from party affiliation, and to be satisfied with nothing but action on our question. 'Deeds, not words' was to be our permanent motto.|author=Emmeline PankhurstPankhurst, Emmeline. ''My Own Story.'' 1914. London: Virago Limited, 1979. {{ISBN|0-86068-057-6}}}} [59] => [60] => The term "suffragette" was first used in 1906 as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London ''[[Daily Mail]]'' to describe activists in the [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|movement for women's suffrage]], in particular members of the WSPU.{{Harvnb|Crawford|1999|p=452}}.Walsh, Ben. ''GCSE Modern World History'' second edition (Hodder Murray, 2008) p. 60."Mr. Balfour and the 'Suffragettes.' Hecklers Disarmed by the Ex-Premier's Patience." ''Daily Mail'', 10 January 1906, p. 5.{{pb}} [61] => {{cite book|last1=Holton|first1=Sandra Stanley|title=Suffrage Days: Stories From the Women's Suffrage Movement|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|page=253}} But the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term, saying "suffraGETtes" (hardening the 'g'), implying not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to 'get' it.Colmore, Gertrude. ''Suffragette Sally''. Broadview Press, 2007, p. 14 The non-militant suffragists found favour in the press, as they were not hoping to get the franchise through 'violence, crime, arson and open rebellion'.{{Cite news|date=28 July 1913|title=Suffragists v Suffragettes|page=6|work=The Evening News}} [62] => [63] => ==WSPU campaigns== [64] => {{See also|Suffragette bombing and arson campaign|list of suffragette bombings}} [65] => [[File:Mrs Lilian Metge.jpg|left|thumb|293x293px|Mannequin of [[Lillian Metge|Lilian Metge]]]] [66] => At a political meeting in Manchester in 1905, Christabel Pankhurst and millworker, [[Annie Kenney]], disrupted speeches by prominent Liberals [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Sir Edward Grey]], asking where Churchill and Grey stood with regards to women's political rights. At a time when political meetings were only attended by men and speakers were expected to be given the courtesy of expounding their views without interruption, the audience were outraged, and when the women unfurled a "Votes for Women" banner they were both arrested for a technical assault on a policeman. When Pankhurst and Kenney appeared in court they both refused to pay the fine imposed, preferring to go to prison to gain publicity for their cause.{{cite web|last1=Trueman|first1=C.N.|title=Women's Social and Political Union|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-role-of-british-women-in-the-twentieth-century/womens-social-and-political-union/|website=History learning site|publisher=C.N. Trueman|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219232055/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-role-of-british-women-in-the-twentieth-century/womens-social-and-political-union/|url-status=live}} [67] => [68] => In July 1908 the WSPU hosted a large demonstration in [[Heaton Park]], near [[Manchester]] with speakers on 13 separate platforms including Emmeline, Christabel and Adela Pankhurst. According to the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'': [69] => [70] => {{blockquote|Friends of the women suffrage movement are entitled to reckon the great demonstration at Heaton Park yesterday, arranged by the Women's Social and Political Union, as somewhat of a triumph. With fine weather as an ally the women suffragists were able to bring together an immense body of people. These people were not all sympathisers with the object, and much service to the cause must have been rendered by merely collecting so many people and talking over the subject with them. The organisation, too, was creditable to the promoters...The police were few and inconspicuous. The speakers went by special [tram]car to the Bury Old Road entrance, and were escorted by a few police to several platforms. Here the escorts waited till the speaking was over, and then accompanied their respective charges back to the special car. There was little need, apparently, for the escort. Even the opponents of the suffrage claim who made themselves heard were perfectly friendly towards the speakers, and the only crowding about them as they left was that of curiosity on the part of those who wished to have a good look at the missioners in the cause.{{cite news |last=Anon |title=Women Suffrage: The Demonstration in Heaton Park: A Great Gathering|work=The Manchester Guardian |date=20 July 1908}}}} [71] => [72] => Stung by the stereotypical image of the strong minded woman in masculine clothes created by newspaper cartoonists, the suffragettes resolved to present a fashionable, feminine image when appearing in public. In 1908, the co-editor of the WSPU's ''Votes for Women'' newspaper, [[Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, Baroness Pethick-Lawrence|Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence]],{{cite web |title=Votes for Women. London: The Reformer's Press, 1907-8. Vol.1(October 1907 to September 1908) |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/dangers-and-delusions/votes-for-women |website=[[University College London]] |date=23 August 2018 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625081218/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/dangers-and-delusions/votes-for-women |url-status=live }} designed the suffragettes' colour scheme of purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green for hope.{{cite web |title=Dress & the Suffragettes |url=https://chertseymuseum.org/suffragette_dress |website=[[Chertsey#Museum|Chertsey Museum]] |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205831/https://chertseymuseum.org/suffragette_dress |url-status=live }} Fashionable London shops [[Selfridges]] and [[Liberty (department store)|Liberty]] sold tricolour-striped ribbon for hats, rosettes, badges and belts, as well as coloured garments, underwear, handbags, shoes, slippers and toilet soap.{{cite news|last1=Blackman|first1=Cally|title=How the Suffragettes used fashion to further the cause|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/oct/08/suffragette-style-movement-embraced-fashion-branding|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=8 October 2015|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217023943/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/oct/08/suffragette-style-movement-embraced-fashion-branding|url-status=live}} As membership of the WSPU grew it became fashionable for women to identify with the cause by wearing the colours, often discreetly in a small piece of jewellery or by carrying a heart-shaped [[vesta case]]{{Harvnb|Crawford|1999|pp=136–7}} and in December 1908 the London jewellers, [[Mappin & Webb]], issued a catalogue of suffragette jewellery in time for the Christmas season.{{cite web | url=http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march09/jewelry.html | title=Suffragette Jewelry, Or Is It? | work=Antiques Journal | date=March 2009 | access-date=5 January 2012 | author=Hughes, Ivor | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111135747/http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march09/jewelry.html | archive-date=11 January 2012 | df=dmy-all }} [[Sylvia Pankhurst]] said at the time: "Many suffragists spend more money on clothes than they can comfortably afford, rather than run the risk of being considered outré, and doing harm to the cause". In 1909 the WSPU presented specially commissioned pieces of jewellery to leading suffragettes, Emmeline Pankhurst and [[Louise Eates]]. [73] => [74] => The suffragettes also used other methods to publicise and raise money for the cause and from 1909, the "[[Pank-a-Squith]]" board game was sold by the WSPU. The name was derived from Pankhurst and the surname of Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]], who was largely hated by the movement. The board game was set out in a spiral, and players were required to lead their suffragette figure from their home to parliament, past the obstacles faced from Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] government.{{citation |title=Collection Highlights, Pank-A-Squith Board Game |publisher=People's History Museum |url=http://www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/pank-a-squith-board-game/ |access-date=20 January 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221095116/http://www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/pank-a-squith-board-game/ |url-status=dead }} Also in 1909, suffragettes Daisy [[Georgiana Solomon|Solomon]] and [[Elspeth Douglas McClelland|Elspeth McClelland]] tried an innovative method of potentially obtaining a meeting with Asquith by sending themselves by Royal Mail courier post; however, [[10 Downing Street|Downing Street]] did not accept the parcel.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-42272052|title=The strangest things sent in the post|work=BBC News|first=Tim|last=Stokes|date=21 December 2017|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221030037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-42272052|url-status=live}} [75] => [76] => [[File:Emily Wilding Davison by Andrew William Dron.jpg|thumb|[[Emily Davison]] became known in the WSPU for her daring militant action.]] [77] => [78] => 1912 was a turning point for the suffragettes, as they turned to using more militant tactics and began a window-smashing campaign. Some members of the WSPU, including Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband Frederick, disagreed with this strategy but Christabel Pankhurst ignored their objections. In response to this, the Government ordered the arrest of the WSPU leaders and, although Christabel Pankhurst escaped to France, the Pethick-Lawrences were arrested, tried and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. On their release, the Pethick-Lawrences began to speak out publicly against the window-smashing campaign, arguing that it would lose support for the cause, and eventually they were expelled from the WSPU. Having lost control of ''Votes for Women'' the WSPU began to publish their own newspaper under the title ''The Suffragette''.{{cite web |last1=Simkin |first1=John |title=The Suffragette |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/WsuffragetteJ.htm |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095423/https://spartacus-educational.com/WsuffragetteJ.htm |url-status=live }} [79] => [80] => The campaign was then escalated, with the suffragettes chaining themselves to railings, setting fire to post box contents, smashing windows and eventually detonating bombs, as part of a wider [[suffragette bombing and arson campaign|bombing campaign]].{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253869 |title=SUFFRAGETTES. |newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]] |location=Adelaide |date=16 April 1913 |access-date=26 October 2011 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304065006/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59253869 |url-status=live }} Some radical techniques used by the suffragettes were learned from Russian exiles from [[Tsarist autocracy|tsarism]] who had escaped to England.{{Harvnb|Grant|2011}}. In 1914, [[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign#1914 attacks|at least seven churches were bombed or set on fire]] across the United Kingdom, including [[Westminster Abbey]], where an explosion aimed at destroying the 700-year-old [[Coronation Chair]], only caused minor damage.{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/10879207/Daily-Telegraph-June-12-1914.html|title=Bomb explosion in Westminster Abbey; Coronation Chair damaged; Suffragette outrage|date=12 June 1914|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|page=11|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052447/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/10879207/Daily-Telegraph-June-12-1914.html|url-status=live}} Places that wealthy people, typically men, frequented were also burnt and destroyed whilst left unattended so that there was little risk to life, including cricket pavilions, horse-racing pavilions, churches, castles and the second homes of the wealthy. They also burnt the slogan "Votes for Women" into the grass of golf courses.{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=Ian|title=Suffragette attack on Lloyd-George|url=https://londontownwalks.com/2013/02/19/suffragette-attack-on-lloyd-george/|website=London walks|publisher=London Town Walks|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105054848/http://londontownwalks.com/2013/02/19/suffragette-attack-on-lloyd-george/|url-status=live}} [[Pinfold Manor]] in Surrey, which was being built for the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[David Lloyd George]], was targeted with two bombs on 19 February 1913, only one of which exploded, causing significant damage; in her memoirs, Sylvia Pankhurst said that [[Emily Davison]] had carried out the attack. There were 250 arson or destruction attacks in a six-month period in 1913 and in April the newspapers reported "What might have been the most serious outrage yet perpetrated by the Suffragettes": [81] => [82] => {{blockquote|Policemen discovered inside the railings of the Bank of England a bomb timed to explode at midnight. It contained 3oz of powerful explosive, some metal, and a number of hairpins – the last named constituent, no doubt to make known the source of the intended sensation. The bomb was similar to that used in the attempt to blow up Oxted Railway Station. It contained a watch with attachment for explosion, but was clumsily fitted. If it had exploded when the streets were crowded a number of people would probably have been injured.{{cite news |last1=Anon |title=Suffragettes. Bomb and the Bank of England |work=Adelaide Register |date=16 April 1913}}}} [83] => [84] => [[Image:Suffragette,-Emily-Wi.jpg|thumbnail|''The Suffragette'' newspaper edited by [[Christabel Pankhurst]], Emily Davison memorial issue, 13 June 1913]] [85] => There are reports in the Parliamentary Papers which include lists of the 'incendiary devices', explosions, artwork destruction (including an axe attack upon a painting of [[The Duke of Wellington]] in the [[National Gallery]]), arson attacks, window-breaking, postbox burning and telegraph cable cutting, that took place during the most militant years, from 1910 to 1914.{{Cite book|title=Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes|last=Atkinson|first=Diane|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2018|isbn=9781408844045|location=London|pages=187–510|oclc=1016848621}} Both suffragettes and police spoke of a "Reign of Terror"; newspaper headlines referred to "Suffragette Terrorism".{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-44210012 |title=Kitty Marion: The actress who became a 'terrorist' |work=BBC News |date=27 May 2018 |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527005204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-44210012 |url-status=live }} [86] => [87] => One suffragette, [[Emily Davison]], died under [[George V of the United Kingdom|the King]]'s horse, Anmer, at [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]] on 4 June 1913. It is debated whether she was trying to pull down the horse, attach a suffragette scarf or banner to it, or commit suicide to become a martyr to the cause. However, recent analysis of the film of the event suggests that she was merely trying to attach a scarf to the horse, and the suicide theory seems unlikely as she was carrying a return train ticket from Epsom and had holiday plans with her sister in the near future.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/26/emily-davison-suffragette-death-derby-1913 |title=Truth behind the death of suffragette Emily Davison is finally revealed |last=Thorpe |first=Vanessa |work=The Guardian |date=26 May 2013 |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713044551/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/26/emily-davison-suffragette-death-derby-1913 |url-status=live }} [88] => [89] => ===Imprisonment=== [90] => [[File:A realistic picture. Suffragettes in Prison.jpg|thumb|Photograph of three women in a prison uniform.]] [91] => In the early 20th century until the outbreak of [[World War I]], approximately one thousand suffragettes were imprisoned in Britain.{{Harvnb|Purvis|1995a|p=103}}. Most early incarcerations were for public order offences and failure to pay outstanding fines. While incarcerated, suffragettes lobbied to be considered political prisoners; with such a designation, suffragettes would be placed in the First Division as opposed to the Second or Third Division of the prison system, and as political prisoners would be granted certain freedoms and liberties not allotted to other prison divisions, such as being allowed frequent visits and being allowed to write books or articles.{{Cite journal | last = Purvis | first = June | title = Deeds, not words: The daily lives of militant suffragettes in Edwardian Britain | journal = [[Women's Studies International Forum]] | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | page = 97 | doi = 10.1016/0277-5395(95)80046-R | date = March–April 1995b}} Because of a lack of consistency between the different courts, suffragettes would not necessarily be placed in the First Division and could be placed in the Second or Third Division, which enjoyed fewer liberties.{{Cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Ian Christopher|date=1996|title="A Star Chamber of the Twentieth Century".: Suffragettes, Liberals, and the 1908 "Rush the Commons" Case|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/176002|journal=Journal of British Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=504–530|doi=10.1086/386120|jstor=176002|s2cid=159712596 |issn=0021-9371|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910132328/https://www.jstor.org/stable/176002|url-status=live}} [92] => [93] => This cause was taken up by the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a large organisation in Britain, that lobbied for women's suffrage led by militant suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst.{{Harvnb|Purvis|1995a|p=104}}. The WSPU campaigned to get imprisoned suffragettes recognised as political prisoners. However, this campaign was largely unsuccessful. Citing a fear that the suffragettes becoming political prisoners would make for easy martyrdom,{{Harvnb|Williams|2001|p=285}}. and with thoughts from the courts and the [[Home Office]] that they were abusing the freedoms of the First Division to further the agenda of the WSPU,{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|p=81}}. suffragettes were placed in the Second Division, and in some cases the Third Division, in prisons, with no special privileges granted to them as a result.{{Cite journal | last = Williams | first = Elizabeth | title = Gags, funnels and tubes: forced feeding of the insane and of suffragettes | journal = Endeavour | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 134–40 | doi = 10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.09.001 | pmid = 19019439 | date = December 2008 }} [94] => [95] => ===Hunger strikes and force-feeding=== [96] => [[File:Force-feeding (suffragettes).jpeg|thumb|Suffragette being force-fed]] [97] => [98] => Suffragettes were not recognised as [[political prisoner]]s, and many of them staged [[hunger strike]]s while they were imprisoned. The first woman to refuse food was [[Marion Wallace Dunlop]], a militant suffragette who was sentenced to a month in Holloway for vandalism in July 1909. Without consulting suffragette leaders such as Pankhurst,{{Harvnb|Miller|2009|p=360}}. Dunlop refused food in protest at being denied political prisoner status. After a 92-hour hunger strike, and for fear of her becoming a martyr, the Home Secretary [[Herbert Gladstone]] decided to release her early on medical grounds. Dunlop's strategy was adopted by other suffragettes who were incarcerated.{{Harvnb|Miller|2009|p=361}}. It became common practice for suffragettes to refuse food in protest for not being designated as political prisoners, and as a result they would be released after a few days and could return to the "fighting line".{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|p=82}}. [99] => [100] => After a public backlash regarding the prison status of suffragettes, the rules of the divisions were amended. In March 1910, Rule 243A was introduced by the Home Secretary [[Winston Churchill]], allowing prisoners in the Second and Third Divisions to be allowed certain privileges of the First Division, provided they were not convicted of a serious offence, effectively ending hunger strikes for two years.{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|pp=84–5}}. Hunger strikes began again when Pankhurst was transferred from the Second Division to the First Division, inciting the other suffragettes to demonstrate regarding their prison status.{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|p=85}}. [101] => [102] => [[File:Force-feeding poster (suffragettes).jpg|thumb|left|A 1910 poster by [[Alfred Pearce]] for the [[Women's Social and Political Union|WSPU]] showing a suffragette being force-fed]] [103] => Militant suffragette demonstrations subsequently became more aggressive, and the British Government took action. Unwilling to release all the suffragettes refusing food in prison, in the autumn of 1909, the authorities began to adopt more drastic measures to manage the hunger-strikers. In September 1909, the Home Office became unwilling to release hunger-striking suffragettes before their sentence was served. Suffragettes became a liability because, if they were to die in custody, the prison would be responsible for their death. Prisons began the practice of [[force-feeding]] the hunger strikers through a tube, most commonly via a [[nostril]] or stomach tube or a stomach pump. Force-feeding had previously been practised in Britain but its use had been exclusively for patients in hospitals who were too unwell to eat or swallow food. Despite the practice being deemed safe by medical practitioners for sick patients, it posed health issues for the healthy suffragettes. [104] => [105] => [[File:Forcible feeding illustration from WSPU prisoners scrapbook.png|thumb|Memories of [[Winson Green Prison|Winson Green Gaol]], 18 September 1909; illustration from Mabel Capper's WSPU prisoner's scrapbook]] [106] => The process of tube-feeding was strenuous without the consent of the hunger strikers, who were typically strapped down and force-fed via stomach or nostril tube, often with a considerable amount of force. The process was painful, and after the practice was observed and studied by several physicians, it was deemed to cause both short-term damage to the [[circulatory system]], [[digestive system]] and [[nervous system]] and long-term damage to the physical and mental health of the suffragettes.Williams, "Gags, funnels and tubes", 138. The first suffragette to be forcibly-fed was [[Evaline Hilda Burkitt]], who, between 1909 and 1914 was force-fed 292 times.Elizabeth Crawford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ygXwlK_mj50C&pg=PT266 ''The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928''], University College London Press (1999) - Google Books [[Mary Richardson]] was recognized as the second suffragette to be force fed while imprisoned, describing her experience as "torture" and an "immoral assault."{{cite ODNB |last1=Kean |first1=Hilda |title=Richardson, Mary Raleigh |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/56251 |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/56251 }} Some suffragettes who were force-fed developed [[pleurisy]] or [[pneumonia]] as a result of a misplaced tube.{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|p=83}}. Women who had gone on hunger strike in prison received a [[Hunger Strike Medal]] from the WSPU on their release.Beverley Cook, [https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-suffragette-hunger-strikes Six things you should know about the Suffragette hunger strikes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603080129/https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-suffragette-hunger-strikes |date=3 June 2020 }} – [[Museum of London]] website [107] => [108] => ===Legislation=== [109] => [[File:Cat and Mouse Act Poster - 1914.jpg|thumb|[[Cat and Mouse Act]] WSPU poster (1914)]] [110] => [111] => In April 1913, [[Reginald McKenna]] of the Home Office passed the [[Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913]], or the Cat and Mouse Act as it was commonly known. The act made the hunger strikes legal, in that a suffragette would be temporarily released from prison when their health began to diminish, only to be readmitted when she regained her health to finish her sentence. The act enabled the British Government to be absolved of any blame resulting from death or harm due to the self-starvation of the striker and ensured that the suffragettes would be too ill and too weak to participate in demonstrative activities while not in custody. Most women continued hunger striking when they were readmitted to prison following their leave.{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|p=88}}. After the Act was introduced, force-feeding on a large scale was stopped and only women convicted of more serious crimes and considered likely to repeat their offences if released were force-fed.{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|p=89}}. [112] => [113] => ===The Bodyguard=== [114] => In early 1913 and in response to the Cat and Mouse Act, the WSPU instituted a secret society of women known as the "Bodyguard" whose role was to physically protect Emmeline Pankhurst and other prominent suffragettes from arrest and assault. Known members included [[Katherine "Kitty" Marshall|Katherine Willoughby Marshall]], [[Leonora Cohen]] and [[Gertrude Harding]]; [[Edith Margaret Garrud]] was their [[jujitsu]] trainer. [115] => [116] => The origin of the "Bodyguard" can be traced to a WSPU meeting at which Garrud spoke. As suffragettes speaking in public increasingly found themselves the target of violence and attempted assaults, learning jujitsu was a way for women to defend themselves against angry hecklers.{{Cite news|title = 'Suffrajitsu': How the suffragettes fought back using martial arts|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34425615|access-date = 9 December 2015|first1 = Camila|last1 = Ruz|first2 = Justin|last2 = Parkinson|work = BBC News|date = 5 October 2015|archive-date = 8 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151108211227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34425615|url-status = live}} Inciting incidents included [[Black Friday (1910)|Black Friday]], during which a deputation of 300 suffragettes were physically prevented by police from entering the [[House of Commons]], sparking a near-riot and allegations of both common and sexual assault.{{Cite web|last=Archives|first=The National|date=18 November 2019|title=The National Archives – Suffragettes and the Black Friday protests: 18 November 1910|url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/suffragettes-and-the-black-friday-protests-18-november-1910/|access-date=12 June 2021|website=The National Archives blog|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318031218/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/suffragettes-and-the-black-friday-protests-18-november-1910/|url-status=live}} [117] => [118] => Members of the "Bodyguard" orchestrated the "escapes" of a number of fugitive suffragettes from police surveillance during 1913 and early 1914. They also participated in several violent actions against the police in defence of their leaders, notably including the "Battle of Glasgow" on 9 March 1914, when a group of about 30 Bodyguards brawled with about 50 police constables and detectives on the stage of St Andrew's Hall in Glasgow. The fight was witnessed by an audience of some 4500 people.Wilson, Gretchen ''With All Her Might: The Life of Gertrude Harding, Militant Suffragette'' (Holmes & Meier Publishing, April 1998) [119] => [120] => ==World War I== [121] => At the commencement of World War I, the suffragette movement in Britain moved away from suffrage activities and focused on the war effort, and as a result, hunger strikes largely stopped.Williams, "Gags, funnels and tubes", 139. In August 1914, the British Government released all prisoners who had been incarcerated for suffrage activities on an amnesty,{{Harvnb|Geddes|2008|p=92}}. with Pankhurst ending all militant suffrage activities soon after.{{Harvnb|Purvis|1995a|p=123}}. The suffragettes' focus on war work turned public opinion in favour of their eventual partial enfranchisement in 1918.Jones, J. Graham. "Lloyd George and the Suffragettes", ''National Library of Wales Journal'' (2003) 33#1 pp. 1–34 [122] => [123] =>
Women eagerly volunteered to take on many traditional male roles – leading to a new view of what women were capable of. The war also caused a split in the British suffragette movement; the mainstream, represented by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst's WSPU calling a ceasefire in their campaign for the duration of the war, while more [[Extremism|radical]] suffragettes, represented by [[Sylvia Pankhurst]]'s [[Women's Suffrage Federation]] continued the struggle.
[124] => [125] => [[File:Countess Constance Markiewicz-1.1.2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Constance Markievicz|Countess Markiewicz]] (1868–1927)]] [126] => [127] => Prominent British-Indian suffragette [[Sophia Duleep Singh]], the third daughter of the exiled Sikh Maharajah [[Duleep Singh]], campaigned for support for the [[British Indian Army]] and [[lascar]]s working in the [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]]. She also joined a 10,000-woman protest march against the prohibition of a volunteer female force. Singh volunteered as a [[British Red Cross]] [[Voluntary Aid Detachment]] nurse, serving at an auxiliary military hospital in [[Isleworth]] from October 1915 to January 1917.{{cite web|last=Sarna|first=Navtej|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sophia-princess-suffragette-revolutionary-anita-anand-review-navtej-sarna-anita-anand/1/414844.html|title=The princess dares: Review of Anita Anand's book "Sophia"|date=23 January 2015|work=India Today News Magazine|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204541/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20150202-sophia-princess-suffragette-revolutionary-anita-anand-review-navtej-sarna-anita-anand-817330-2015-01-23|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title = With 'Sophia,' A Forgotten Suffragette Is Back In The Headlines|website = NPR.org|url = https://www.npr.org/2015/12/31/461512217/with-sophia-a-forgotten-suffragette-is-back-in-the-headlines|publisher = NPR|access-date = 2 January 2016|archive-date = 1 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101194255/http://www.npr.org/2015/12/31/461512217/with-sophia-a-forgotten-suffragette-is-back-in-the-headlines|url-status = live}}{{cite web|url=http://historysheroes.e2bn.org/hero/timeline/3521|title=Princess Sophia Duleep Singh – Timeline|publisher=History Heroes organization|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204525/http://historysheroes.e2bn.org/hero/timeline/3521|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Princess Sophia Duleep Singh |url=https://vad.redcross.org.uk/Card?fname=sophia&sname=singh&id=190300&first=true |website=Vad.redcross.org.uk |publisher=Red Cross |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204405/https://vad.redcross.org.uk/Card?fname=sophia&sname=singh&id=190300&first=true |url-status=live }} [128] => [129] => The [[National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies]], which had always employed "constitutional" methods, continued to lobby during the war years and compromises were worked out between the NUWSS and the coalition government.Cawood, Ian; McKinnon-Bell, David (2001). ''The First World War''. p.71. Routledge 2001 On 6 February, the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]] was passed, enfranchising all men over 21 years of age and women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications,{{cite news|title=Britain marks a century of votes for women|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21736160-women-turned-out-lean-more-tory-men-britain-marks-century-votes-women|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=5 February 2018|date=3 February 2018|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204192003/https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21736160-women-turned-out-lean-more-tory-men-britain-marks-century-votes-women|url-status=live}} gaining the right to vote for about 8.4 million women. In November 1918, the [[Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918]] was passed, allowing women to be elected into parliament.Fawcett, Millicent Garrett. ''The Women's Victory – and After''. p.170. Cambridge University Press The [[Representation of the People Act 1928]] extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21, granting women the vote on the same terms that men had gained ten years earlier.Stearns, Peter N. (2008). In 1979 the first British women prime minister Margaret came. ''The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world'', Volume 7. p.160. Oxford University Press, 2008 [130] => [131] => ==1918 general election, women members of parliament== [132] => The [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918 general election]], the first general election to be held after the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]], was the first in which some women (property owners older than 30) could vote. At that election, the first woman to be elected an MP was [[Constance Markievicz]] but, in line with [[Sinn Féin]] [[abstentionism|abstentionist]] policy, she declined to take her seat in the British House of Commons. The first woman to do so was [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor]], following a by-election in November 1919. [133] => [134] => ==Legacy== [135] => [[File: Emmeline Pankhurst addresses crowd.jpg|thumb|left|Emmeline Pankhurst travelled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the US. One of her most famous speeches, "[[wikisource: Freedom or death|Freedom or death]]", was delivered in Connecticut in 1913.]] [136] => [137] => In the autumn of 1913, Emmeline Pankhurst had sailed to the US to embark on a lecture tour to publicise the message of the WSPU and to raise money for the treatment of her son, Harry, who was gravely ill. By this time the suffragettes' tactics of civil disorder were being used by American militants [[Alice Paul]] and [[Lucy Burns]], both of whom had campaigned with the WSPU in London. As in the UK, the suffrage movement in America was divided into two disparate groups, with the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] representing the more militant campaign and the [[International Women's Suffrage Alliance]] taking a more cautious and pragmatic approach{{cite book|last1=Bartley|first1=Paula|title=Emmeline Pankhurst|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135120962|page=161}} Although the publicity surrounding Pankhurst's visit and the militant tactics used by her followers gave a welcome boost to the campaign,{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=When Civil War is Waged by Women|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/pankhurstcivilwarwagedbywomen.html|website=History is a lesson|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530211243/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/pankhurstcivilwarwagedbywomen.html|url-status=live}} the majority of women in the US preferred the more respected label of "suffragist" to the title "suffragette" adopted by the militants.{{cite magazine|last1=Steinmetz|first1=Katy|title=Everything You Need to Know About the Word 'Suffragette'|magazine=Time|date=22 October 2015|url=http://time.com/4079176/suffragette-word-history-film/|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026222608/https://time.com/4079176/suffragette-word-history-film/|url-status=live}} [138] => [139] => [[File:"Votes for Women", a penny defaced by Suffragettes, UK, 1930 or later. One penny of Edward VII, obverse, copper, 1903. On display at the British Museum.jpg|thumb|"Votes for Women", a penny defaced by suffragettes in the UK, 1930 or later. One penny of Edward VII, [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]], copper, 1903. On display at the British Museum.]] [140] => Many suffragists at the time, and some historians since, have argued that the actions of the militant suffragettes damaged their cause.{{cite book|last=Howell|first=Georgina|title=Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekb4b0Js98EC&pg=PA71|year=2010|page=71|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9781429934015|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517050558/https://books.google.com/books?id=ekb4b0Js98EC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}} Opponents at the time saw evidence that women were too emotional and could not think as logically as men.{{Harvnb|Harrison|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sDqPHnM7BoMC&pg=PA176 176]}}.{{Harvnb|Pedersen|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXUH0d8XaPoC&pg=PA124 124]}}.{{Harvnb|Bolt|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mql1tnHVnwMC&pg=PA191 191]}}.{{cite web | url=http://www.johndclare.net/Women2_DidSuffragettesHelp.htm | title=Did the Suffragettes Help? | publisher=Claire. John D. (2002/2010), Greenfield History Site | access-date=5 January 2012 | archive-date=18 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118221133/http://www.johndclare.net/Women2_DidSuffragettesHelp.htm | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/suffragettes.pdf | title=The Suffragettes: Deeds not words | publisher=National Archives | access-date=5 January 2012 | archive-date=8 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208001440/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/suffragettes.pdf | url-status=live }} Historians generally argue that the first stage of the militant suffragette movement under the Pankhursts in 1906 had a dramatic mobilising effect on the suffrage movement. Women were thrilled and supportive of an actual revolt in the streets. The membership of the militant WSPU and the older NUWSS overlapped and were mutually supportive. However, a system of publicity, Ensor argues, had to continue to escalate to maintain its high visibility in the media. The hunger strikes and force-feeding did that, but the Pankhursts refused any advice and escalated their tactics. They turned to systematic disruption of Liberal Party meetings as well as physical violence in terms of damaging public buildings and arson. Searle says the methods of the suffragettes harmed the Liberal Party but failed to advance women's suffrage. When the Pankhursts decided to stop their militancy at the start of the war and enthusiastically support the war effort, the movement split and their leadership role ended. Suffrage came four years later, but the feminist movement in Britain permanently abandoned the militant tactics that had made the suffragettes famous.Ensor, Robert, ''England: 1870–1914'' (1936) pp 398–99Searley, G.R., ''A New England? Peace and War 1886–1918'' (2004) pp 456–70. quote p 468 [141] => [142] => [[File:Emmeline Pankhurst statue Victoria Tower Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The [[Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial]] at the entrance to [[Victoria Tower Gardens]] which is adjacent to the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]], London]] [143] => After Emmeline Pankhurst's death in 1928, money was raised to commission a statue, and on 6 March 1930 [[Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial|the statue]] in [[Victoria Tower Gardens]] was unveiled. A crowd of radicals, former suffragettes and national dignitaries gathered as former Prime Minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] presented the memorial to the public. In his address, Baldwin declared:{{blockquote| "I say with no fear of contradiction, that whatever view posterity may take, Mrs. Pankhurst has won for herself a niche in the Temple of Fame which will last for all time".{{cite book|last1=Purvis|first1=June|title=Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-23978-8|page=357}}}} In 1929 a portrait of Emmeline Pankhurst was added to the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]]'s collection. In 1987 her former home at 62 Nelson Street, Manchester, the birthplace of the WSPU, and the adjoining Edwardian villa (no. 60) were opened as the [[Pankhurst Centre]], a [[women-only space]] and museum dedicated to the suffragette movement.{{cite book|last1=Bartley|first1=Paula|title=Emmeline Pankhurst|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-20651-0|pages=240–241}} Christabel Pankhurst was appointed a [[Knight Commander|Dame Commander]] of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1936, and after her death in 1958 a permanent memorial was installed next to the statue of her mother.{{cite book|last1=Larsen|first1=Timothy|title=Christabel Pankhurst: Fundamentalism and Feminism in Coalition (Studies in Modern British Religious History)|date=2002|publisher=Boydell Press|page=vii}} The memorial to Christabel Pankhurst consists of a low stone screen flanking her mother's statue with a bronze medallion plaque depicting her profile at one end of the screen paired with a second plaque depicting the "prison brooch" or "badge" of the WSPU at the other end.[https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172931/http://www.parliament.uk/about/art-in-parliament/collection-connections/sylvia-and-emmeline-pankhurst/holloway-brooch/ Holloway brooch], Parliament of the United Kingdom The unveiling of this dual memorial was performed on 13 July 1959 by the Lord Chancellor, [[David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir|Lord Kilmuir]].{{citation|last = Ward-Jackson | first = Philip | year = 2011 | title = Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1| series = Public Sculpture of Britain | volume = 14| location = Liverpool | publisher = Liverpool University Press | pages = 382–5}} The Pankhurst's name and image and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters are etched on the [[plinth]] of the [[statue of Millicent Fawcett]] in [[Parliament Square]], London that was unveiled in 2018.{{cite web |url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/ |title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=iNews |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629073720/https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/ |url-status=live }} [144] => [145] => In 1903, the Australian suffragist [[Vida Goldstein]] adopted the WSPU colours for her campaign for the Senate in 1910 but got them slightly wrong since she thought that they were purple, green and lavender. Goldstein had visited England in 1911 at the behest of the WSPU. Her speeches around the country drew huge crowds and her tour was touted as "the biggest thing that has happened in the women movement for sometime in England".Henry, Alice (1911) Vida Goldstein Papers, 1902–1919. LTL:V MSS 7865 The correct colours were used for her campaign for [[Division of Kooyong|Kooyong]] in 1913 and also for the flag of the Women's Peace Army, which she established during World War I to oppose conscription. During [[International Women's Year]] in 1975 the [[BBC]] series about the suffragettes, ''[[Shoulder to Shoulder]]'', was screened across Australia and [[Elizabeth Anne Reid|Elizabeth Reid]], Women's Adviser to Prime Minister [[Gough Whitlam]] directed that the WSPU colours be used for the International Women's Year symbol. They were also used for a [[first-day cover]] and postage stamp released by [[Australia Post]] in March 1975. The colours have since been adopted by government bodies such as the National Women's Advisory Council and organisations such as Women's Electoral Lobby and other women's services such as domestic violence refuges and are much in evidence each year on [[International Women's day]].{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=Purple, Green and White: An Australian History|url=https://maas.museum/magazine/2015/10/purple-green-and-white-an-australian-history/|publisher=MAAS|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084849/https://maas.museum/magazine/2015/10/purple-green-and-white-an-australian-history/|url-status=live}} [146] => [147] => The colours of green and heliotrope (purple) were commissioned into a new coat of arms for [[Edge Hill University]] in Lancashire in 2006, symbolising the university's early commitment to the equality of women through its beginnings as a women-only college.{{cite web|url=http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/about/history/colours-crest-mace/|title=Colours, Crest & Mace|publisher=Edge Hill University|access-date=5 October 2014|date=31 January 2013|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100623/http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/about/history/colours-crest-mace/|url-status=live}} [148] => [149] => During the 1960s, the memory of the suffragettes was kept alive in the public consciousness by portrayals in film, such as the character [[Mary Poppins (film)#Mrs. Winifred Banks|Mrs Winifred Banks]] in the 1964 Disney musical film ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' who sings the song [150] => "[[Sister Suffragette]]" and Maggie DuBois in the 1965 film ''[[The Great Race]]''.Pg. 50, ''[[Walt's Time: from before to beyond]]'', [[Sherman, Robert B.]], Santa Clarita: Camphor Tree Publishers, 1998. In 1974 the [[BBC]] TV series ''Shoulder to Shoulder'' portraying events in the British militant suffrage movement and concentrating on the lives of members of the Pankhurst family, was shown around the world. And in the 21st century the story of the suffragettes was brought to a new generation in the BBC television series ''[[Up the Women]]'', the 2015 [[graphic novel]] trilogy ''[[Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons]]'' and the 2015 film ''[[Suffragette (film)|Suffragette]]''.{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-meryl-streep-to-play-british-suffragette-emmeline-pankhurst-20140220,0,1712555.story | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Oliver | last=Gettell | title=Meryl Streep to play British suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst | date=20 February 2014 | access-date=22 May 2016 | archive-date=29 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429220400/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-meryl-streep-to-play-british-suffragette-emmeline-pankhurst-20140220,0,1712555.story | url-status=live }} [151] => [152] => In recognition of having meetings at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, the Suffragettes were inducted into the Hall's Walk of Fame in 2018, making them one of the first eleven recipients of a star on the walk, joining [[Eric Clapton]], [[Winston Churchill]], [[Muhammad Ali]] and [[Albert Einstein]], among others who were viewed as "key players" in the building's history.{{cite news |title=Clapton, Churchill among those honoured by Royal Albert Hall 'Walk of Fame' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/clapton-churchill-among-those-honoured-royal-albert-hall-125347984.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLnVrLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAFXXAI6ns0rFC_N5Rnbz0xyc68toy51NbA9yIj6objCSzY0jcnG-4vj3QTFr9k8gnFzmddMw87WXrLtLoWMTNJH2wPaQCmSPX_J86MUPpvJOV1i9Q4JX-ZftpO0irhEwrveNh1KZA6n7o87jXG5OsCPxYphrDqzGBjkyNg4NXEZR |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=Yahoo}} [153] => [154] => In February 2019, female [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] members of the US Congress dressed predominantly in white when attending [[Donald Trump|President Trump's]] [[State of the Union]] address. The choice of one of the colours associated with the suffragettes was to signify the women's solidarity.{{cite news |last1=Singer |first1=Melissa |title=Why did the Democrat women wear white to the State of the Union? |url=https://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/why-did-the-democrat-women-wear-white-to-the-state-of-the-union-20190206-p50w0o.html |access-date=6 February 2019 |work=The Age |date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206081811/https://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/why-did-the-democrat-women-wear-white-to-the-state-of-the-union-20190206-p50w0o.html |url-status=live }} [155] => [156] => In the 2020s, the Suffragette flag began to be increasingly used by British feminists protesting [[Transphobia|against]] [[Transgender rights in the United Kingdom|transgender rights]]; Ria Patel, the spokesperson on diversity and equality for the [[Green Party of England and Wales]], argued that this use "claims a lineage that goes back to [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], who authored ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman|Vindication of the Rights of Women]]'' (and like most writers of the time used 'sex' to describe both biology, sexual orientation and gender expression), but often uses the language of Suffragette and post-Suffragette feminism".{{Cite web |last=Wakefield |first=Lily |date=2021-09-03 |title=Anti-trans protesters in suffragette colours boo Nicola Sturgeon without irony |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2021/09/03/nicola-sturgeon-anti-trans-protest-suffragette-holyrood-edinburgh/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=PinkNews |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=Suffragette scarf women thrown out of trans debate |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/trans-debate-suffragete-scarf-holyrood-b2226360.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Feminist campaigner charged with 'hate crime' |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19349054.feminist-campaigner-charged-hate-crime/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The Herald |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Pride's History is Key to Liberation Today |url=https://lgbtiqa.greenparty.org.uk/2022/06/06/prides-history-is-key-to-liberation-today/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=LGBTIQA+ Greens |publisher=[[Green Party of England and Wales][ |language=en-GB}} [157] => [158] => ==Notable people== [159] => [160] => [161] => [162] => ===Great Britain=== [163] => {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} [164] => * [[Margaret Aldersley]] [165] => * [[Mary Ann Aldham]] [166] => * [[Doreen Allen]] [167] => * [[Emily Davison]] [168] => * [[Gertrude Ansell]] [169] => * [[Joan Beauchamp]] [170] => * [[Edith Marian Begbie]] [171] => * [[Rosa May Billinghurst]] [172] => * [[Elsie Bowerman]] [173] => * [[Janet Boyd]] [174] => * [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton]] [175] => * [[Evaline Hilda Burkitt]] [176] => * [[Mabel Capper]] [177] => * [[Georgina Fanny Cheffins]] [178] => * [[Ada Nield Chew]] [179] => * [[Anne Cobden-Sanderson]] [180] => * [[Leonora Cohen]] [181] => * [[Rose Cohen (feminist)|Rose Cohen]] [182] => * [[Jessie Craigen]] [183] => * [[Emily Wilding Davison]] [184] => * [[Violet Mary Doudney]] [185] => * [[Katherine Douglas Smith]] [186] => * [[Flora Drummond]] [187] => * [[Sophia Duleep Singh]] [188] => * [[Norah Elam]] also known as Norah Dacre Fox{{cite book | last = McPherson | first = Angela | author2 = McPherson, Susan | title = Mosley's Old Suffragette – A Biography of Norah Elam | year = 2011 | publisher = Lulu.com | url = http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk | isbn = 978-1-4466-9967-6 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113154415/http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk/ | archive-date = 13 January 2012 | df = dmy-all }} [189] => * [[Edith Margaret Garrud]] [190] => * [[Katie Edith Gliddon]] [191] => * [[Cicely Hamilton]] [192] => * [[Jane Ellen Harrison]] [193] => * [[Edith How-Martyn]] [194] => * [[Clemence Housman]] [195] => * [[Elsie Inglis]] [196] => * [[Annie Kenney]] [197] => * [[Grace Kimmins]] [198] => * [[Lilian Lenton]] [199] => * [[Lizzy Lind af Hageby]] [200] => * [[Mary Lowndes]] [201] => * [[Florence Macfarlane]] [202] => * [[Margaret Macfarlane]] [203] => * [[Nellie Martel]] [204] => * [[Selina Martin]] [205] => * [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] [206] => * [[Christabel Pankhurst]] [207] => * [[Sylvia Pankhurst]] [208] => * [[Adela Pankhurst]] [209] => * [[Frances Parker]] [210] => * [[Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence]] [211] => * [[Pleasance Pendred]] [212] => * [[Isabella Potbury]] [213] => * [[Mary Richardson]] [214] => * [[Edith Rigby]] [215] => * [[Bertha Ryland]] [216] => * [[Myra Sadd Brown]] [217] => * [[Genie Sheppard]] [218] => * [[Alice Maud Shipley]] [219] => * [[Jane Short]] [220] => * [[Ethel Smyth]] [221] => * [[Ethel Snowden]] [222] => * [[Janie Terrero]] [223] => * [[Dora Thewlis]] [224] => * [[Catherine Tolson]] [225] => * [[Helen Tolson]] [226] => * [[Florence Tunks]] [227] => * [[Leonora Tyson]] [228] => * [[Vera Wentworth]] [229] => * [[Olive Wharry]] [230] => * [[Gertrude Wilkinson]] [231] => * [[Laetitia Withall]] [232] => * [[Celia Wray]] [233] => {{Div col end}} [234] => [235] => === Scotland === [236] => See [[Template:Women's suffrage in Scotland]] [237] => [238] => ===Ireland=== [239] => {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} [240] => * [[Louie Bennett]] [241] => * [[Mary Fleetwood Berry]] [242] => * [[Helen Chenevix]] [243] => * [[Frances Power Cobbe]] [244] => * [[Margaret Elizabeth Cousins|Margaret "Gretta" Cousins]] [245] => * [[Charlotte Despard]] [246] => * [[Norah Elam]] [247] => * [[Katharine Gatty]] [248] => * [[Eva Gore-Booth]] [249] => * [[Anna Haslam]] [250] => * [[Mary Hayden]] [251] => * [[Kathleen Lynn]] [252] => * [[Constance Markievicz]] [253] => * [[Margaret McCoubrey]] [254] => * [[Mary Ann McCracken]] [255] => * [[Mary MacSwiney]] [256] => * [[Helena Molony]] [257] => * [[Florence Moon]] [258] => * [[Mary Donovan O'Sullivan]] [259] => * [[Sarah Persse]] [260] => * [[Jenny Wyse Power]] [261] => * [[Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington]] [262] => * [[Isabella Tod]] [263] => * [[Anna Wheeler (author)|Anna Wheeler]] [264] => {{Div col end}} [265] => [266] => ==Gallery== [267] => [268] => File:WSPU Hunger Strike Medal.jpg|UK WSPU [[Hunger Strike Medal]] 30 July 1909 including the bar 'Fed by Force 17 September 1909'. The Medal awarded to [[Mabel Capper]] records the first instance of forcible feeding of Suffragette prisoners in England at [[Winson Green Prison]]. [269] => File:Portrait Badge of Emmeline Pankhurst - c1909 - Museum of London.jpg|Portrait badge of Emmeline Pankhurst ({{circa|1909}}) sold in large numbers by the [[Women's Social and Political Union|WSPU]] to raise funds [270] => File:SuffrageteCalendar HAGAM.jpg|1910 Suffragette calendar held in the collections of the [[Herbert Art Gallery and Museum|Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry]] [271] => File:Suffragette Banner - Museum of London.jpg|Suffragette Banner (c. 1910) [272] => File:Votes For Women.jpg|Votes for Women poster (1909) [273] => File:Rivista suffragette.tif|7 October 1913 edition of ''The Suffragette'' [274] => File:Gold ear rings in suffragette colours.jpg|[[Suffrage jewellery|Gold earrings]] in suffragette colours [275] => File:The Fifth Wheel (1916, Prouty), 3.png|An illustration of a suffragette on a horse, waving an American flag, in the 1916 novel ''[[s:The Fifth Wheel (Prouty)|The Fifth Wheel]]'' by [[Olive Higgins Prouty]] [276] => File:Suffragette Amethyst, Pearl, & Peridot Dangle Necklace.png|alt=An Art Nouveau era Suffragette necklace with amethyst, pearl, and peridot set in 9K gold.|An Art Nouveau era Suffragette necklace with amethyst, pearl, and peridot set in 9K gold. [277] => File:Suffragette Amethyst, Pearl, & Peridot Dangle Brooch.png|alt=A 9K gold Art Nouveau era Suffragette brooch with amethyst, pearl, and peridot.|A 9K gold Art Nouveau era Suffragette brooch with amethyst, pearl, and peridot. [278] => [279] => [280] => ==See also== [281] => {{Portal|Politics}} [282] => * [[List of suffragists and suffragettes#Major suffrage organizations|Women's suffrage organisations]] [283] => * [[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign]] [284] => * [[List of women's rights activists]] [285] => * [[Pankhurst Centre]] [286] => * [[Suffragetto]], a board game [287] => * [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom]] [288] => ** [[Women's suffrage in Scotland]] [289] => ** [[Women's suffrage in Wales]] [290] => * [[Women's suffrage in the United States]] [291] => * [[List of suffragette bombings]] [292] => [293] => ==Notes== [294] => {{Note|Alpha|α}} The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has this, "Originally a generic term, ''suffragist'' came to refer specifically to those advocates of women's suffrage who campaigned through peaceful, constitutional measures, in distinction to the ''suffragettes'' who employed direct action and civil disobedience." [295] => [296] => ==References== [297] => {{Reflist}} [298] => [299] => ==Works cited== [300] => {{Refbegin|indent=yes}} [301] => *{{Cite book [302] => | last = Bolt | first = Christine | year = 1993 [303] => | title = The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s [304] => | location = Amherst, MA | publisher = University of Massachusetts Press [305] => | isbn = 978-0-870-23866-6 }} [306] => *{{Cite book [307] => | last = Crawford | first = Elizabeth | year = 1999 [308] => | title = The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928 [309] => | location = London | publisher = UCL Press [310] => | isbn = 978-1-841-42031-8 }} [311] => *{{Cite journal [312] => | last = Geddes | first = J. F. | year = 2008 [313] => | title = Culpable Complicity: the medical profession and the forcible feeding of suffragettes, 1909–1914 [314] => | journal = [[Women's History Review]] | volume = 17 | number = 1 | pages = 79–94 [315] => | doi = 10.1080/09612020701627977 | s2cid = 145175769 }} {{Closed access}} [316] => *{{Cite journal [317] => | last = Grant | first = Kevin | year = 2011 [318] => | title = British suffragettes and the Russian method of hunger strike [319] => | journal = [[Comparative Studies in Society and History]] | volume = 53 | number = 1 | pages = 113–143 [320] => | doi = 10.1017/S0010417510000642 | s2cid = 143476849 }} {{Closed access}} [321] => *{{Cite book [322] => | last = Harrison | first = Brian | year = 2013 | orig-year = 1978 [323] => | title = Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women's Suffrage in Britain [324] => | location = Abingdon | publisher = Routledge [325] => | isbn = 978-0-415-62336-0 }} [326] => *{{Cite journal [327] => | last = Miller | first = Ian | year = 2009 [328] => | title = Necessary Torture? Vivisection, Suffragette Force-Feeding, and Responses to Scientific Medicine in Britain c. 1870–1920 [329] => | journal = [[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] | volume = 64 | number = 3 | pages = 333–372 [330] => | doi = 10.1093/jhmas/jrp008 | pmid = 19357183 | s2cid = 41978888 }} {{Closed access}} [331] => *{{Cite book [332] => | last = Pedersen | first = Susan | author-link = Susan Pedersen (historian) | year = 2004 [333] => | title = Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience [334] => | location = New Haven, CT | publisher = Yale University Press [335] => | isbn = 978-0-300-10245-1 }} [336] => *{{Cite journal [337] => | last = Purvis | first = June | author-link = June Purvis | year = 1995a [338] => | title = The Prison Experiences of the Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain [339] => | journal = Women's History Review | volume = 4 | number = 1 | pages = 103–133 [340] => | doi = 10.1080/09612029500200073 }} {{Open access}} [341] => *{{Cite journal [342] => | last = Williams | first = John | year = 2001 [343] => | title = Hunger Strikes: A Prisoner's Right or a 'Wicked Folly'? [344] => | journal = [[Howard Journal]] | volume = 40 | number = 3 | pages = 285–296 [345] => | doi = 10.1111/1468-2311.00208 }} {{Closed access}} [346] => {{Refend}} [347] => [348] => ==Further reading== [349] => {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} [350] => * {{Cite book|last = Atkinson | first = Diane | author-link = Diane Atkinson | year = 1992 | title = The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London, 1906–14 | location = London | publisher = Museum of London | isbn = 978-0-904-81853-6}} [351] => * Dangerfield, George. ''The Strange Death of Liberal England'' (1935), pp 133–205, 349–73; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175390 online free]; classic account of how the Liberal Party ruined itself in dealing with the House of Lords, suffragettes, the Irish question, and labour unions, 1906–1914. [352] => * {{Cite journal|last = Hannam | first = June | year = 2005 | title = International Dimensions of Women's Suffrage: 'at the crossroads of several interlocking identities' | journal = Women's History Review | volume = 14 | number = 3–4 | pages = 543–560 | doi = 10.1080/09612020500200438 | s2cid = 144792299}} {{Closed access}} [353] => * {{cite web |last1=Iglikowski-Broad |first1=Vicky |title=Hosting the Suffrage flag |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hosting-the-suffrage-flag/ |website=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091433/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hosting-the-suffrage-flag/ |url-status=live }} [354] => * {{Cite book|last = Leneman | first = Leah | year = 1995 | title = A Guid Cause: The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland | edition = 2nd | location = Edinburgh | publisher = Mercat Press | isbn = 978-1-873-64448-5}} [355] => * {{Cite book|last1 = Liddington | first1 = Jill | last2 = Norris | first2 = Jill | year = 2000 | title = One Hand Tied Behind Us: The Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement | edition = 2nd | location = London | publisher = Rivers Oram Press | isbn = 978-1-854-89110-5}} [356] => * {{Cite journal|last = Mayhall | first = Laura E. Nym | year = 2000 | title = Reclaiming the Political: Women and the Social History of Suffrage in Great Britain, France, and the United States | journal = [[Journal of Women's History]] | volume = 12 | number = 1 | pages = 172–181 | doi = 10.1353/jowh.2000.0023 | s2cid = 143508331}} {{Closed access}} [357] => * {{Cite book|last = Mayhall | first = Laura E. Nym | year = 2003 | title = The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860–1930 | location = New York, NY | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-195-15993-6}} [358] => * [[Sylvia Pankhurst|Pankhurst, Sylvia]] (1911). ''The suffragette; the history of the women's militant suffrage movement, 1905–1910''. New York: Sturgis & Walton Company. [359] => * {{Cite book|last = Purvis | first = June |author-link =June Purvis | year = 2002 | title = Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography | location = London | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-23978-3}} [360] => * {{Cite book|editor1-last = Purvis | editor1-first = June |editor-link =June Purvis |editor2-last = Sandra | editor2-first = Stanley Holton | year = 2000 | title = Votes For Women | location = London | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-21458-2}} [361] => * [[Fern Riddell|Riddell, Fern]]."Sanitising the Suffragettes: Why is it so easy to forget an unsavoury aspect of Britain's recent past?" ''History Today'' (2018) 68#2 pp 8–11. [362] => * {{Cite book|last = Rosen | first = Andrew | year = 2013 | orig-year = 1974 | title = Rise Up Women!: The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903–1914 | edition = Reprint | location = Abingdon | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-62384-1}} [363] => * {{Cite book|last = Smith | first = Harold L. | year = 2010 | title = The British Women's Suffrage Campaign, 1866–1928 | edition = Revised 2nd | location = Abingdon | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-1-408-22823-4}} [364] => * {{Cite book|last = Webb | first = Simon | year = 2020 | title = Suffragette fascists: Emmeline Pankhurst and her right-wing followers | location = Philadelphia | publisher = Pen & Sword History | isbn = 978-1526756886}} [365] => * {{Cite book|last = Wingerden | first = Sophia A. van | year = 1999 | title = The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866–1928 | location = Basingstoke | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 978-0-333-66911-2}} [366] => {{Refend}} [367] => [368] => ==External links== [369] => {{Commons category|Women's suffrage activists}} [370] => [371] => * [https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/suffragettes The Suffragettes] at the [[Museum of London]] [372] => * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/collections-suffragettes/ The Suffragettes] at [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] [373] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180202014102/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-42875095 Collection of Suffrage posters housed at Cambridge University.] [374] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209034142/http://www.northallertoncoll.org.uk/history/Suffrage%20website%202/Suffragists%20vs.%20Suffragettes.htm Suffragettes versus Suffragists] – website comparing aims and methods of Women's Social and Political Union (Suffragettes) to National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (Suffragists) [375] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141017214031/http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/womens-social-and-political-union-w-s-p-u Women's Social and Political Union (W.S.P.U.)]. Exploring 20th Century London, Renaissance London. (Archive) [376] => * [https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collection-highlights/womens-suffrage Women's suffrage]. Murphy, Gillian. [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] [377] => * [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?vid=BLVU1&institution=BL&search_scope=LSCOP-WEBSITE&tab=website_tab&query=any,contains,Suffragette Explore the British Library: Suffragette] – [[British Library]] resource pages about the suffragette movement [378] => * [https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women Votes For Women: Explore the campaign for women’s suffrage in the UK] at the [[British Library]] [379] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111135747/http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march09/jewelry.html ''Antiques Journal''] Information on Suffragette jewellery [380] => * [https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-pank-a-squith-board-game/ Museum of Australian Democracy: ''Pank-a-Squith''] Information on the 1913 board game [381] => * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/iminerva/sets/72157604177179029/ UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts] [382] => [383] => {{Suffrage}} [384] => {{Feminism}} [385] => {{Emmeline Pankhurst}} [386] => {{Authority control}} [387] => [388] => [[Category:1900s neologisms]] [389] => [[Category:Suffragists| ]] [390] => [[Category:First-wave feminism in the United Kingdom]] [391] => [[Category:History of women in the United Kingdom]] [392] => [[Category:Emmeline Pankhurst]] [393] => [[Category:Militant feminism]] [] => )
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Suffragette

The Wikipedia page about Suffragettes provides a comprehensive overview of the suffrage movement, which campaigned for women's right to vote in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It begins with a historical background, tracing the origins of the movement in the United Kingdom and the United States.

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It begins with a historical background, tracing the origins of the movement in the United Kingdom and the United States. The page then delves into the key figures and organizations involved in the suffragette movement, such as Emmeline Pankhurst and the Women's Social and Political Union in the UK. The page highlights the tactics used by suffragettes, including hunger strikes, protests, and civil disobedience. It also delves into the opposition faced by suffragettes from both the government and society, as well as the impact of World War I on the movement. Furthermore, the page explores the global reach of the suffragette movement, covering its expansion to other countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. The page concludes with the societal changes brought about by suffragettes, including the eventual granting of voting rights to women and the lasting legacy of their activism in advancing gender equality.

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