Array ( [0] => {{short description|Telecommunications device}} [1] => {{Redirect|Phone|the handheld personal computer|Smartphone|other uses|Phone (disambiguation)|and|Telephone (disambiguation)}} [2] => {{pp-semi-indef}} [3] => {{pp-move-indef}} [4] => [[File:AT&T push button telephone western electric model 2500 dmg black.jpg|thumb|[[AT&T]] push button telephone made by [[Western Electric]], model 2500 DMG black, 1980]] [5] => A '''telephone''' is a [[telecommunication]]s device that permits two or more users to conduct a [[conversation]] when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts [[sound]], typically and most efficiently the [[human voice]], into electronic [[signal]]s that are transmitted via [[Electrical cable|cable]]s and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from {{lang-el|τῆλε}} (''tēle'', ''far'') and φωνή (''phōnē'', ''voice''), together meaning ''distant voice''. A common short form of the term is '''''phone''''', which came into use early in the telephone's history.{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/phone|title=phone | Etymology, origin and meaning of phone by etymonline|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027065132/https://www.etymonline.com/word/phone|url-status=live}} Nowadays, phones are almost always in the form of [[smartphones]] or [[mobile phones]], due to [[technological convergence]]. [6] => [7] => In 1876, [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was the first to be granted a United States [[patent]] for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device.{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/technology/item/who-is-credited-with-inventing-the-telephone|title=Who Is Credited With Inventing the Telephone|website=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=2020-10-14|archive-date=2020-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018233922/https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/technology/item/who-is-credited-with-inventing-the-telephone|url-status=live}} This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in [[business]], [[government]], and in [[household]]s. [8] => [9] => The essential elements of a telephone are a [[microphone]] (''transmitter'') to speak into and an [[earphone]] (''receiver'') which reproduces the voice at a distant location.{{Cite web|url=https://media.defense.gov/2017/Mar/16/2001717399/-1/-1/0/CIM_9430_1.PDF|title=United States Coast Guard ''Sound-Powered Telephone Talkers Manual'', 1979, p. 1|access-date=2018-05-13|archive-date=2018-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065758/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Mar/16/2001717399/-1/-1/0/CIM_9430_1.PDF|url-status=dead}} The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a [[handset]] which is held up to the ear and mouth during conversation. The transmitter converts the [[sound wave]]s to [[Signal (information theory)|electrical signals]] which are sent through the telecommunication system to the receiving telephone, which converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver or sometimes a [[loudspeaker]]. Telephones permit transmission in both directions simultaneously. [10] => [11] => Most telephones also contain an alerting feature, such as a ''ringer'' or a visual indicator, to announce an incoming telephone call. Telephone calls are initiated most commonly with a keypad or dial, affixed to the telephone, to enter a [[telephone number]], which is the address of the call recipient's telephone in the telecommunication system, but other methods existed in the early history of the telephone. [12] => [13] => The first telephones were directly connected to each other from one customer's office or residence to another customer's location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located [[Telephone switchboard|switchboards]]. These exchanges were soon connected together, eventually forming an automated, worldwide [[public switched telephone network]] (PSTN). For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the mid-20th century. Hand-held [[mobile phone]]s were introduced for personal service starting in 1973. In later decades, their analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with greater capability and lower cost. [14] => [15] => == Early history == [16] => {{Main|History of the telephone}} [17] => {{Further|Invention of the telephone|Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy}} [18] => [[File:Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Patent Drawing and Oath - NARA - 302052 (page 2).jpg|thumb|Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Patent Drawing]] [19] => [[File:Telefono di Meucci - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 02148-02147 dia.jpg|thumb|Replica of the ''telettrofono'', invented by [[Antonio Meucci]] and credited by several sources as the first telephone{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews|title=Bell did not invent telephone, US rules|first=Rory|last=Carroll|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 17, 2002|via=www.theguardian.com|access-date=August 24, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731091627/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews|url-status=live}}]] [20] => [[File:Alexander Graham Telephone in Newyork.jpg|thumb|Bell placing the first New York to Chicago telephone call in 1892]] [21] => [22] => Before the development of the electric telephone, the term ''telephone'' was applied to other inventions, and not all early researchers of the electrical device used the term. Perhaps the earliest use of the word for a communications system was the ''telephon'' created by [[Johann Sigismund Gottfried Huth]] in 1796. Huth proposed an alternative to the [[optical telegraph]] of [[Claude Chappe]] in which the operators in the signaling towers would shout to each other by means of what he called "speaking tubes", but would now be called giant [[megaphone]]s.Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, ''The Early History of Data Networks'', pp. 90–91, Wiley, 1995 {{isbn|0818667826}}. A communication device for sailing vessels, called ''telephone'', was invented by Captain John Taylor in 1844. This instrument used four [[air horn]]s to communicate with vessels in foggy weather.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin27timbgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin27timbgoog/page/n63 55]|title=The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art|date=July 6, 1845|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, and Company|via=Internet Archive}}[https://archive.org/stream/telephoneandtel00kinggoog/#page/n8/mode/2up "The Telephone and Telephone Exchanges"] by J. E. Kingsbury published in 1915. [23] => [24] => [[Johann Philipp Reis]] used the term in reference to his invention, commonly known as the [[Reis telephone]], in {{Circa|1860}}. His device appears to be the first device based on the conversion of sound into electrical impulses. [25] => [26] => The term ''telephone'' was adopted into the vocabulary of many languages. It is derived from the {{lang-el|τῆλε}}, ''tēle'', "far" and φωνή, ''phōnē'', "voice", together meaning "distant voice". [27] => [28] => Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed. As with other influential [[invention]]s such as [[Invention of radio|radio]], [[History of television|television]], the [[Incandescent light bulb#History|light bulb]], and the [[History of computing hardware|computer]], several inventors pioneered experimental work on ''voice transmission over a wire'' and improved on each other's ideas. New controversies over the issue still arise from time to time. [[Charles Bourseul]], [[Antonio Meucci]], [[Johann Philipp Reis]], [[Alexander Graham Bell]], and [[Elisha Gray]], amongst others, have all been credited with the invention of the telephone.{{cite book |last= Coe |first= Lewis |title= The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History |year= 1995 |publisher= McFarland & Company, Inc. |location= Jefferson, NC |isbn= 978-0-7864-2609-6 |page= [https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/5 5] |url= https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/5 }}{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Telephone|volume=26|pages=547–557|first1=Harry Robert|last1=Kempe|first2=Emile|last2=Garcke}} [29] => [30] => Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO) in March 1876.{{cite book [31] => | last = Brown | first = Travis [32] => | title = Historical first patents: the first United States patent for many everyday things [33] => | publisher = Scarecrow Press [34] => | location = University of Michigan [35] => | year = 1994 |edition = illustrated [36] => | page = [https://archive.org/details/historicalfirstp0000brow/page/179 179] [37] => | isbn = 978-0-8108-2898-8 [38] => | url = https://archive.org/details/historicalfirstp0000brow [39] => | url-access = registration }} Before Bell's patent, the telephone transmitted sound in a way that was similar to the telegraph. This method used vibrations and circuits to send electrical pulses, but was missing key features. Bell found that this method produced a sound through intermittent currents, but in order for the telephone to work a fluctuating current reproduced sounds the best. The fluctuating currents became the basis for the working telephone, creating Bell's patent.{{Cite journal|last=Beauchamp|first=Christopher|date=2010|title=Who Invented the Telephone?: Lawyers, Patents, and the Judgments of History|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=39|pages=858–859|via=Project MUSE}} That first patent by Bell was the ''master patent'' of the telephone, from which other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed.{{Patent|US|174465|Alexander Graham Bell: "Improvement in Telegraphy" filed on February 14, 1876, granted on March 7, 1876.}} [40] => [41] => In 1876, shortly after Bell's patent application, Hungarian engineer [[Tivadar Puskás]] proposed the telephone switch, which allowed for the formation of [[telephone exchange]]s, and eventually networks.{{cite web [42] => | url = http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/puskas_t.htm [43] => | title = Puskás, Tivadar [44] => | publisher = Omikk.bme.hu [45] => | access-date = 2010-05-23 [46] => | archive-date = 2017-10-18 [47] => | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018160522/http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/puskas_t.htm [48] => | url-status = live [49] => }} [50] => [51] => In the United Kingdom, ''the blower'' is used as a slang term for a telephone. The term came from navy slang for a [[speaking tube]].{{cite book|author=Rick Jolly|title=Jackspeak: A guide to British Naval slang & usage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4xaDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|page=46|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1472834140}} In the U.S., a somewhat dated slang term refers to the telephone as "the horn", as in "I couldn't get him on the horn", or "I'll be off the horn in a moment."{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/on%20the%20horn |title=on the horn |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=25 August 2021 }} [52] => [53] => ===Timeline of early development=== [54] => {{For timeline}} [55] => [[File:Johann Philipp Reis telephone.jpg|thumb|right|[[Reis telephone|Reis's telephone]], the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone.{{Cite book|title=The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History|last=Coe|first=Lewis|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|isbn=9780786426096|pages=[https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/16 16–24]|url=https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/16}}{{Cite book|title=Nineteenth-century Scientific Instruments|last1=Turner|first1=Gerard L'Estrange|last2=Weston|first2=Margaret|publisher=University of California Press|year=1983|isbn=9780520051607|pages=140}} Reis also coined the term.{{cite web | url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/003517/johann-philipp-reis/ueber-telephonie-durch-den-galvanischen-strom-in-jahres-bericht-des-physikalischen-vereins-zu | title=Ueber Telephonie durch den galvanischen Strom. In: Jahres-Bericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main für das Rechnungsjahr 1860-1861, pp. 57-64 by Johann Philipp REIS on Milestones of Science Books }}]] [56] => [[File:Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in an AT&T promotional film (1926).jpg|thumb|Bell's first telephone transmitter, {{circa|1876}}, reenacted 50 years later]] [57] => [[File:Consolidated Telephone Co. ad 1886.jpg|thumb|Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886]] [58] => [[File:1896 telephone.jpg|thumb|upright|1896 telephone from Sweden]] [59] => [[File:Wall Hanging Telephone with Detachable Earpiece - Communication Gallery - BITM - Calcutta 2000 211.JPG|thumb|upright|Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked [[telephone magneto|magneto]] generator]] [60] => * 1844: [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] first mooted the idea of a "speaking telegraph" or telephone. Use of the "speaking telegraph" and "sound telegraph" monikers would eventually be replaced by the newer, distinct name, "telephone". [61] => * 26 August 1854: [[Charles Bourseul]] published an article in the magazine ''[[L'Illustration]]'' (Paris): "Transmission électrique de la parole" (electric transmission of speech), describing a "make-and-break" type telephone transmitter later created by Johann Reis. [62] => * 26 October 1861: [[Johann Philipp Reis]] (1834–1874) publicly demonstrated the [[Reis telephone]] before the Physical Society of Frankfurt. Reis's telephone was not limited to musical sounds. Reis also used his telephone to transmit the phrase "Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat" ("The horse does not eat cucumber salad"). [63] => * 22 August 1865, ''La Feuille d'Aoste'' reported "It is rumored that English technicians to whom Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines".{{cn|date=November 2022}} However, telephones would not be demonstrated there until 1876, with a set of telephones from Bell. [64] => * 28 December 1871: [[Antonio Meucci]] files [[patent caveat]] [[Antonio Meucci#Patent caveat|No. 3335]] in the U.S. Patent Office, titled "Sound Telegraph", describing communication of voice between two people by wire. A patent caveat was not an invention [[patent]] award, but only an unverified notice filed by an individual that he or she intends to file a patent application in the future. [65] => * 1874: Meucci, after having renewed the caveat for two years does not renew it again, and the caveat lapses. [66] => * 6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-break circuits. [67] => * 11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with the telephone but does not build one. [68] => * 14 February 1876: Gray files a [[patent caveat]] for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit. [69] => * 14 February 1876: [[Alexander Graham Bell]] applies for the patent "Improvements in Telegraphy", for electromagnetic telephones using what is now called amplitude modulation (oscillating current and voltage) but which he referred to as "undulating current". [70] => * 19 February 1876: Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his caveat. [71] => * 7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 "Improvement in Telegraphy" is granted, covering "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically…by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound." [72] => * 10 March 1876: The first successful telephone transmission of clear speech using a liquid transmitter when Bell spoke into his device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson heard each word distinctly. [73] => * 30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell. [74] => * 27 April 1877: [[Thomas Edison]] files a patent application for a carbon (graphite) transmitter. It was published as No. 474,230 on 3 May 1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879. [75] => [76] => ==Early commercial instruments== [77] => Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a [[water microphone]], some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were [[Dynamic microphone|dynamic]] – their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The sound-powered dynamic variants survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner [[carbon transmitter]], which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an [[induction coil]] which was an [[impedance matching]] transformer to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument. [78] => [79] => Early telephones were locally powered, using either a dynamic transmitter or by the powering of a transmitter with a local battery. One of the jobs of [[outside plant]] personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, telephones powered from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals became common. [80] => [81] => Early telephones used a single wire for the subscriber's line, with [[Single wire earth return|ground return]] used to complete the circuit (as used in [[telegraph]]s). The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one port opening for sound, with the user alternately listening and speaking (or rather, shouting) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive. [82] => [83] => At first, the benefits of a telephone exchange were not exploited. Instead, telephones were leased in pairs to a [[subscriber]], who had to arrange for a telegraph contractor to construct a line between them, for example, between a home and a shop. Users who wanted the ability to speak to several different locations would need to obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. [[Western Union]], already using telegraph exchanges, quickly extended the principle to its telephones in [[New York City]] and [[San Francisco]], and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential. [84] => [85] => [[Signaling (telecommunications)|Signalling]] began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end, or the exchange [[Switchboard operator|operator]], by [[whistling]] into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell in a [[ringer box]], first operated over a second wire, and later over the same wire, but with a condenser ([[capacitor]]) in series with the bell coil to allow the [[Alternating current|AC]] ringer signal through while still blocking [[Direct current|DC]] (keeping the phone "[[on hook]]"). Telephones connected to the earliest [[Strowger switch]] automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the [[Changeover switch|knife switch]], one for each [[telegraph key]], one for the bell, one for the [[push-button]] and two for speaking. Large wall telephones in the early 20th century usually incorporated the bell, and separate [[bell box]]es for desk phones dwindled away in the middle of the century. [86] => [87] => Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had a [[telephone magneto|magneto]] hand-cranked generator to produce a high voltage alternating signal to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the operator. Some local farming communities that were not connected to the main networks set up [[barbed wire telephone lines]] that exploited the existing system of field fences to transmit the signal. [88] => [89] => In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as a "[[Candlestick telephone|candlestick]]" for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known as a "switchhook". Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to leave the phone "off the hook". In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil, battery and magneto were in a separate bell box or "[[ringer box]]".{{cite web [90] => |url=http://www.telephonymuseum.com/ringer_boxes.htm [91] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011012231415/http://www.telephonymuseum.com/ringer_boxes.htm [92] => |url-status=dead [93] => |archive-date=2001-10-12 [94] => |title=Ringer Boxes [95] => |publisher=Telephonymuseum.com [96] => |access-date=2010-05-23 [97] => }} In phones connected to common battery exchanges, the ringer box was installed under a desk, or other out-of-the-way place, since it did not need a battery or magneto. [98] => [99] => Cradle designs were also used at this time, having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached, now called a [[handset]], separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts. They were larger than the "candlestick" and more popular. [100] => [101] => Disadvantages of single-wire operation such as crosstalk and [[Mains hum|hum from nearby AC power wires]] had already led to the use of twisted pairs and, for long-distance telephones, [[four-wire circuit]]s. Users at the beginning of the 20th century did not place [[long-distance call]]s from their own telephones but made an appointment and were connected with the assistance of a telephone operator.{{Cite web |last=DiPirro |first=Peggy |title=The beginning of long distance telephone service |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2018/03/12/the-beginning-long-distance-telephone/7121125007/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=The Palm Beach Post |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065058/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2018/03/12/the-beginning-long-distance-telephone/7121125007/ |url-status=live }} [102] => [103] => What turned out to be the most popular and longest-lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the early 20th century, including Bell's [[Model 202 telephone|202-type]] desk set. A carbon granule transmitter and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when not in use was secured in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram of the model 202 shows the direct connection of the transmitter to the line, while the receiver was inductively coupled. In local battery configurations, when the local loop was too long to provide sufficient current from the exchange, the transmitter was powered by a local battery and inductively coupled, while the receiver was included in the local loop.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070616083345/http://www.porticus.org/bell/images/we-102.jpg Circuit Diagram, Model 102], Porticus Telephone website. The coupling transformer and the ringer were mounted in a separate enclosure, called the subscriber set. The dial switch in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line one to ten times for each digit, and the hook switch (in the center of the circuit diagram) disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle. [104] => [105] => In the 1930s, telephone sets were developed that combined the bell and induction coil with the desk set, obviating a separate ringer box. The [[rotary dial]] becoming commonplace in the 1930s in many areas enabled customer-dialed service, but some magneto systems remained even into the 1960s. After World War II, the telephone networks saw rapid expansion and more efficient telephone sets, such as the [[model 500 telephone]] in the United States, were developed that permitted larger local networks centered around central offices. A breakthrough new technology was the introduction of Touch-Tone signaling using [[push-button telephone]]s by [[American Telephone & Telegraph Company]] (AT&T) in 1963.{{Cite web |title=Tone dialing telephones are introduced, November 18, 1963 |url=https://www.edn.com/tone-dialing-telephones-are-introduced-november-18-1963/ |url-status=live |website=EDN |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107053607/https://www.edn.com/tone-dialing-telephones-are-introduced-november-18-1963/ }} [106] => [107] => [108] => File:Ericsson bakelittelefon 1931 sv.jpg|[[Ericsson DBH 1001 telephone|Ericsson DBH 1001]] ({{circa|1931}}), the first combined telephone made with a Bakelite housing and handset [109] => File:Minalinpampangajf2520 02.JPG|Telephone used by American soldiers (WWII, [[Minalin, Pampanga]], [[Philippines]]) [110] => File:Oldphone.ogv|Video shows the operation of an [[Ericofon]]. [111] => File:Sound-Powered Telephone Systems.jpg|Modern [[Sound-powered telephone|sound-powered emergency telephone]] [112] => [113] => [114] => == Digital telephones and voice over IP == [115] => {{Main|Digital telephony|Voice over IP}} [116] => [[File:CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg|thumb|An IP desktop telephone attached to a computer network|upright=1]] [117] => [118] => The invention of the [[transistor]] in 1947 dramatically changed the technology used in telephone systems and in the long-distance transmission networks, over the next several decades. With the development of [[stored program control]] and [[MOS integrated circuit]]s for [[electronic switching system]]s, and new transmission technologies such as [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM), [[telephony]] gradually evolved towards [[digital telephony]], which improved the capacity, quality, and cost of the network.{{cite book |last1=Allstot |first1=David J. |chapter=Switched Capacitor Filters |editor-last1=Maloberti |editor-first1=Franco |editor-last2=Davies |editor-first2=Anthony C. |title=A Short History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing |date=2016 |publisher=[[IEEE Circuits and Systems Society]] |isbn=978-8793609860 |pages=105–110 |url=https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=2021-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930151716/https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf |url-status=dead }} [119] => [120] => [[Integrated Services Digital Network|Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)]] was launched in the 1980s, providing businesses and consumers with access to digital telephony services such as data, voice, [[Videotelephony|video]], and [[fax]] services.{{Cite web |title=What is ISDN – Essentials Guide » Electronics Notes |url=https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/isdn/what-is-isdn.php |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.electronics-notes.com |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828000053/https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/isdn/what-is-isdn.php |url-status=live }} [121] => [122] => The development of digital data communications methods made it possible to digitize voice and transmit it as real-time data across [[computer network]]s and the [[Internet]], giving rise to the field of Internet Protocol (IP) telephony, also known as [[voice over Internet Protocol]] (VoIP). VoIP has proven to be a [[disruptive technology]] that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone network infrastructure.{{Cite web |title=VoIP is winning over a variety of phone users |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2006-09-18-cover18-story.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Orlando Sentinel |date=18 September 2006 |archive-date=2022-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830210203/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2006-09-18-cover18-story.html |url-status=live }} [123] => [[File:Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997-2007 ITU.png|thumb|upright=1|Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007|right]] [124] => By January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and [[South Korea]] had switched to this digital telephone service. A January 2005 [[Newsweek]] article suggested that Internet telephony may be "the next big thing."{{cite web|last=Sheridan |first=Barrett |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6831938/site/newsweek/ |title=Newsweek – National News, World News, Health, Technology, Entertainment and more... |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=2010-05-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118033848/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6831938/site/newsweek/ |archive-date=January 18, 2005 }} The technology has spawned a new industry comprising many VoIP companies that offer services to [[consumer]]s and [[business]]es. The reported global VoIP market in October 2021 was $85.2 billion with a projection of $102.5 billion by 2026.{{Cite journal|date=October 2021|title=Global VoIP Services Market 2021–2026|url=https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5457497/global-voip-services-market-2021-2026|journal=Research and Markets|via=|access-date=2021-12-04|archive-date=2021-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204200158/https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5457497/global-voip-services-market-2021-2026|url-status=live}} [125] => [126] => IP telephony uses high-bandwidth Internet connections and specialized customer premises equipment to transmit telephone calls via the Internet, or any modern private data network. The customer equipment may be an [[analog telephone adapter]] (ATA) which translates the signals of a conventional analog telephone; an [[IP Phone]], a dedicated standalone device; or a computer [[softphone]] application, utilizing the microphone and headset devices of a personal computer or smartphone.{{Cite web |title=VoIP Equipment Guide 2022: Types of Hardware + Top Manufacturers |url=https://getvoip.com/blog/2020/10/27/voip-equipment/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=getvoip.com |language=en-US}} [127] => [128] => While traditional analog telephones are typically powered from the central office through the telephone line, digital telephones require a local power supply.{{Cite web |date=2011-09-15 |title=VoIP Phone System Battery Backups {{!}} voipreview.org |url=https://www.voipreview.org/blog/voip-phone-system-battery-backups |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=VoipReview |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808093927/https://www.voipreview.org/blog/voip-phone-system-battery-backups |url-status=live }} Internet-based digital service also requires special provisions to provide the service location to the emergency services when an [[emergency telephone number]] is called.{{Cite web |date=2011-05-26 |title=VoIP and 911 Service |url=https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/voip-and-911-service |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Federal Communications Commission |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811094019/https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/voip-and-911-service |url-status=live }} [129] => [130] => ==Cordless telephones== [131] => {{main|Cordless telephone}} [132] => [[File:Motorola 4050a-2.jpg|thumb|A cordless telephone system consisting of a handset resting on a base station (left) and a second handset resting on a battery charger unit (right)]] [133] => A '''[[cordless telephone]]''' or '''portable telephone''' consists of a [[base station]] unit and one or more portable cordless [[handset]]s. The base station connects to a telephone line, or provides service by voice over IP (VOIP). The handset communicates with the base station via [[radio frequency]] signals. A handset's operational range is limited, usually to within the same building or within a short distance from the base station. [134] => [135] => ===Base station=== [136] => Base stations include a radio transceiver which enables full-duplex, outgoing and incoming signals and speech with the handsets. The base station often includes a microphone, [[audio amplifier]], and a loudspeaker to enable hands-free [[speakerphone]] conversations, without needing to use a handset. The base station may also have a numeric keypad for dialing, and a display for [[caller ID]]. In addition, answering machine function may be built in.{{Cite web|url= http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cordless-telephone3.htm|title= How Cordless Telephones Work|last= Freudenrich|first= Craig|website= HowStuffWorks|publisher= InfoSpace Holdings|date= 2000-12-11|access-date= 2022-08-07|language= en|archive-date= 2022-08-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220808123301/https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cordless-telephone3.htm|url-status= live}} [137] => [138] => The cordless handset contains a [[rechargeable battery]], which the base station recharges when the handset rests in its cradle. Muilt-handset systems generally also have additional charging stands. A cordless telephone typically requires a constant [[mains electricity|electricity supply]] to power the base station and charger units by means of a DC transformer which plugs into a wall AC power outlet. [139] => [140] => ==Mobile phones== [141] => {{main|Mobile phone}}{{multiple image [142] => | width = 110 [143] => | image1 = Motorola L71 on the China Mobile network 20100521.jpg [144] => | caption1 = A cellular mobile phone (cell phone). This model is a [[Motorola Slvr]] L71, released in 2006. [145] => | image2 = SMS test.jpg [146] => | caption2 = An SMS message written on a [[Motorola RAZR V3]] [147] => | footer = [148] => }} [149] => [[File:Mobile Phone Evolution 1992 - 2014.jpg|thumb|Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992 [[Motorola MicroTAC#International GSM|Motorola 8900X-2]] to the 2014 [[iPhone 6 Plus]]]] [150] => A [[mobile phone]] or cellphone or hand phone is a handheld telephone which connects via radio transmissions to a [[cellular network|cellular telephone network]]. The cellular network consists of a network of ground based transmitter/receiver stations with antennas – which are usually located on towers or on buildings – and infrastructure connecting to land-based telephone lines.{{cite journal |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/355146.355149 |title=Cellular Networks: Past, Present, and Future |last1=Walters |first1=Lourens O |last2=Kritzinger |first2=PS |journal=XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students |volume=7 |issue=2 |date=December 2000 |pages=4–ff35 |doi=10.1145/355146.355149 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |s2cid=16237742 |access-date=2022-10-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105223501/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/355146.355149 |archive-date=2022-11-05 }} Analog cellular networks first appeared in 1979, with the first digital cellular networks appearing in the early 1990s.{{cite web |url=https://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/ |title=From 1G to 5G: The History of Cell Phones and their Cellular Generations |last=Galazzo |first=Richard |date=2022-01-24 |website=CENGN.ca |access-date=2022-10-07 |quote= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005154815/https://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/ |archive-date=2022-10-05 }} [151] => [152] => Mobile phones generally incorporate an [[LCD display|LCD]] or [[OLED]] display, with some types, such as smartphones, having touch screens. Since the 1990s, mobile phones have gained other features which are not directly related to their primary function as telephones. These include text messaging, calendars, alarm clocks, personal schedulers, cameras, music players, games and later, internet access and [[smartphone]] functionality. Nearly all mobile phones have the ability to send text messages to other users via the [[SMS]] (Short Message Service) protocol. The [[multimedia messaging service]] (MMS) protocol enables users to send and receive multimedia content, such as photos, audio files and video files. As their functionality has increased over the years, many types of mobile phone, notably smartphones, require an [[operating system]] to run. Popular mobile phone operating systems in the past have included [[Symbian]], [[Palm OS]], [[BlackBerry OS]] and [[Windows Mobile|mobile phone versions of Windows]]. As of 2022, the most used operating systems are Google's [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and Apple's [[iOS]].{{cite web |url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/smartphones-market |title=Smartphones Market – Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022–2027) |date=2022 |website=Mordor Intelligence |access-date=8 August 2022 |quote= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130043/https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/smartphones-market |archive-date=8 August 2022 }} [153] => [154] => Before the era of smartphones, mobile phones were generally manufactured by companies specializing in telecommunications equipment, such as [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], and [[Ericsson]]. Since the advent of smartphones, consumer electronics companies, such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Samsung]], and [[Xiaomi]], have become mobile phone manufacturers. [155] => [156] => ===Mobile phone usage=== [157] => In 2002, only 10% of the world's population used [[mobile phone]]s and by 2005 that percentage had risen to 46%.{{cite web|url=http://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/09/16/are-cell-phones-ruining-our-social-skills|title=Are Cell Phones Ruining Our Social Skills? – SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy|website=sites.psu.edu|access-date=2017-11-16|archive-date=2017-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120115256/https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/09/16/are-cell-phones-ruining-our-social-skills/|url-status=live}} By the end of 2009, there were a total of nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers.[http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007/20.html Next-Generation Networks Set to Transform Communications], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214415/http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007/20.html |date=2016-03-03 }} International Telecommunication Union website, 4 September 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2009. [158] => [159] => ===Smartphones=== [160] => {{main|Smartphone}} [161] => [[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone with a touchscreen user interface, held in [[landscape orientation]]]] [162] => As of 2022, most mobile phones are smartphones, being a combination of a mobile phone and a personal computing device in the same unit. Most smartphones are primarily operated using a [[graphical user interface]] and a touch screen. Many phones have a secondary voice user interface, such as [[Siri]] on Apple [[iPhones]], which can operate many of the device's functions, as well as enabling users to use spoken commands to interact with the internet. Typically alphanumeric text input is accomplished via an on-screen virtual keyboard, although some smartphones have a small physical keyboard. Smartphones offer the ability to access internet data through the cellular network and via wi-fi, and usually allow direct connectivity to other devices via [[Bluetooth]] or a wired interface, such as [[USB]] or [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] connectors. Smartphones, being able to run [[Mobile app|apps]], have vastly expanded functionality compared to previous mobile phones. Having internet access and built in cameras, smartphones have made [[video calling]] readily accessible via IP connections. Smartphones also have access to a large number of web services and web apps, giving them functionality similar to traditional computers, although smartphones are often limited by their relatively small screen size and the size of their keyboards. Typically, smartphones feature such tools as cameras, media players, web browsers, email clients, interactive maps, satellite navigation and a variety of sensors, such as a [[compass]], [[accelerometers]] and [[GPS receivers]]. In addition to voice calls, smartphone users commonly communicate using a wide variety of messaging formats, including SMS, MMS, email, and various proprietary messaging services, such as [[iMessage]] and various social media platforms. [163] => [164] => == Satellite phones == [165] => {{Main|Satellite phone}} [166] => [[File:Iridium Satellite Phone.jpg|thumb|First generation late 1990s Iridium satellite phone|upright]] [167] => A satellite telephone, or satphone, is a type of mobile phone that connects to other phones or the [[Public switched telephone network|telephone network]] by radio link through [[satellite]]s orbiting the [[Earth]] instead of terrestrial [[cell site]]s, as [[cellphone]]s do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite is provided. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth or only specific regions. Satellite phones provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones; [[Telephone call|voice calling]], [[text messaging]], and low-bandwidth [[Internet]] access are supported through most systems. The advantage of a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as [[landline]] and [[Cellular network|cellular]] networks, are not available. [168] => [169] => Satellite phones are popular on expeditions into remote locations, hunting, fishing, maritime sector, humanitarian missions, business trips, and mining in hard-to-reach areas, where there is no reliable cellular service.{{Cite web |last=ruge.axessnet |date=2018-08-28 |title=Satellite phone: know the 5 sectors that use them the most |url=https://axessnet.com/en/satellite-phone-know-the-5-sectors-that-use-them-the-most/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=axessnet |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113024754/https://axessnet.com/en/satellite-phone-know-the-5-sectors-that-use-them-the-most/ |url-status=live }} Satellite telephones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters on Earth or human actions such as war, so they have proven to be [[Dependability|dependable]] communication tools in emergency situations, when the local communications system can be compromised.{{Cite web |title=Everything That You Need to Know About a Satellite Phone |url=https://www.satellitephonereview.com/everything-to-know-satellite-phone/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Satellite Phone Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112034942/https://www.satellitephonereview.com/everything-to-know-satellite-phone/ |url-status=live }} [170] => [171] => == See also == [172] => {{Portal|Telephones}} [173] => {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} [174] => * [[Telephone in United States history]] [175] => * [[Bell System]] [176] => * [[Bell Telephone Memorial]] [177] => * [[Cellular network]] [178] => * [[Cordless telephone]] [179] => * [[Extension bell]] [180] => * [[Harvard sentences]] [181] => * [[Index of telephone-related articles]] [182] => * [[Jipp curve]] [183] => * [[List of telephone operating companies]] [184] => * [[Mobile operating system]] [185] => * [[Multimedia messaging service]] (MMS) [186] => * [[Party line (telephony)]] [187] => * [[Phone hacking]] [188] => * [[Radiotelephone]] [189] => * [[Satellite phone]] [190] => * [[SIM card]] [191] => * [[Spamming]] [192] => * [[Telephone keypad]] [193] => * [[Telephone jack and plug]] [194] => * [[Telephone tapping]] [195] => * [[Tip and ring]] [196] => * [[Videophone]] [197] => {{colend}} [198] => [199] => == References == [200] => {{reflist}} [201] => [202] => == Further reading == [203] => * Brooks, John (1976). ''Telephone: The first hundred years''. HarperCollins. [204] => * {{cite book|author=Bruce, Robert V. |title=Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC|year=1990|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9691-2}} [205] => * Casson, Herbert Newton. (1910) ''The history of the telephone'' [https://archive.org/details/historytelephon00goog/page/n29 online]. [206] => * Coe, Lewis (1995). ''The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History.'' Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. [207] => * Evenson, A. Edward (2000). ''The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray – Alexander Bell Controversy.'' Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. [208] => * Fischer, Claude S. (1994) ''America calling: A social history of the telephone to 1940'' (Univ of California Press, 1994) [209] => * Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). ''The Worldwide History of Telecommunications'' Hoboken: NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press. [210] => * [[Richard R. John|John, Richard R.]] (2010). ''Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [211] => * MacDougall, Robert. ''The People's Network: The Political Economy of the Telephone in the Gilded Age.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [212] => * Mueller, Milton. (1993) "Universal service in telephone history: A reconstruction." ''Telecommunications Policy'' 17.5 (1993): 352–69. [213] => * Todd, Kenneth P. (1998), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080711065530/http://www.porticus.org/bell/capsule_bell_system.html ''A Capsule History of the Bell System'']. American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T). [214] => [215] => == External links == [216] => {{Commons}} [217] => {{Wikivoyage|Telephone service for travel}} [218] => {{Wiktionary|telephone|cordless telephone}} [219] => * [http://galbithink.org/telcos/early-telephone-data.htm Early U.S. Telephone Industry Data] [220] => * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Telephone|short=x}} [221] => * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Telephone |volume=26 |pages=547–557 |first1=Harry Robert |last1=Kempe |first2=Emile |last2=Garcke |short=x}} [222] => * [http://www.sparkmuseum.com/TELEPHONE.HTM Virtual museum of early telephones] [223] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828132509/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Articles/294346/July+1877+The+Telephone.htm The Telephone, 1877] [224] => * {{Internet Archive short film|id=now_youre_talking_1927|name="Now You're Talking (1927)"}} [225] => * {{Internet Archive short film|id=history_of_communication|name="Communication (1928)"}} [226] => * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.89089.r1|name="Telephone Memories (Reel 1 of 2) (1931)"}} [227] => * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.89089.r2|name="Telephone Memories (Reel 2 of 2) (1931)"}} [228] => * {{Internet Archive short film|id=FarSpeak1935|name="Far Speaking (ca. 1935)"}} [229] => * {{cite web|title=US 174,465|url=http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00174465&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft1.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0174,465.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0174,465%2526RS%3DPN%2F0174,465&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|website=pdfpiw.uspto.gov}}{{snd}}''Telegraphy'' (Bell's first telephone patent){{snd}}Alexander Graham Bell [230] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123744/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0186787 US 186,787]{{snd}}''Electric Telegraphy'' (permanent magnet receiver){{snd}}Alexander Graham Bell [231] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207125332/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0474230 US 474,230]{{snd}}''Speaking Telegraph'' (graphite transmitter){{snd}}Thomas Edison [232] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123141/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0203016 US 203,016]{{snd}}''Speaking Telephone'' (carbon button transmitter){{snd}}Thomas Edison [233] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207131626/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0222390 US 222,390]{{snd}}''Carbon Telephone'' (carbon granules transmitter){{snd}}Thomas Edison [234] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207130558/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0485311 US 485,311]{{snd}}''Telephone'' (solid back carbon transmitter){{snd}}Anthony C. White (Bell engineer) This design was used until 1925 and installed phones were used until the 1940s. [235] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207121651/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3449750 US 3,449,750]{{snd}}''Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Apparatus''{{snd}}G. H. Sweigert [236] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207124409/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3663762 US 3,663,762]{{snd}}''Cellular Mobile Communication System''{{snd}}Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs) [237] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207130341/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3906166 US 3,906,166]{{snd}}''Radio Telephone System'' (DynaTAC [[Mobile phone|cell phone]]){{snd}}Martin Cooper et al. (Motorola) [238] => [239] => {{Telecommunications}} [240] => {{Authority control}} [241] => [242] => [[Category:1876 introductions]] [243] => [[Category:American inventions]] [244] => [[Category:Canadian inventions]] [245] => [[Category:Discovery and invention controversies]] [246] => [[Category:German inventions]] [247] => [[Category:Scottish inventions]] [248] => [[Category:Office equipment]] [249] => [[Category:Telecommunications equipment]] [250] => [[Category:Telephony| ]] [251] => [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [252] => [[Category:Home appliances]] [253] => [[Category:19th-century inventions]] [] => )
good wiki

Telephone

Telephone, commonly referred to as phone, is a telecommunications device used for transmitting voice and sound signals over long distances. The device converts sound waves into electrical signals, which are then transmitted through a network of wires or wirelessly to enable communication between two or more individuals.

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The device converts sound waves into electrical signals, which are then transmitted through a network of wires or wirelessly to enable communication between two or more individuals. The invention of the telephone is attributed to Alexander Graham Bell, who was awarded the first patent for the device in 1876. However, there were earlier versions and attempts at developing telegraphic communication systems as early as the 18th century. Bell's telephone used an electromagnetic system to convert sound into electrical signals and vice versa, revolutionizing communication by allowing people to communicate instantly over long distances. Over time, there have been numerous advancements in telephone technology, including the introduction of rotary dial systems, touch-tone dialing, and the replacement of analog networks with digital systems. The development of cellular telephony in the late 20th century further transformed communication, allowing individuals to use mobile phones for wireless communication without the need for physical connections. Today, telephones have become an integral part of our daily lives, and with the advent of smartphones, they have taken on a multitude of additional functions, such as internet browsing, video conferencing, and multimedia capabilities. Moreover, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology has further expanded telephone communication by allowing voice calls to be made over the internet, eliminating the need for traditional telephony infrastructure. Telephony has not only revolutionized personal communication but has also become a crucial tool for businesses and organizations, enabling efficient internal and external communication. It has had significant societal impacts, breaking barriers of distance and time, and fostering global connectivity. The telephone continues to evolve and innovate, shaping the way we communicate and connect with one another.

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