Array ( [0] => {{short description|Human-directed movement of things or people between locations}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{Redirect|Transportation}} [3] => {{More citations needed|date=March 2020}} [4] => {{pp-move-indef}} [5] => [[File:Main transport domains.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Main [[Mode of transport|modes of transportation]]: [[aviation|air]], [[land transport|land]], [[ship transport|water]], and [[spaceflight|space]].]] [6] => {{Transport}} [7] => [8] => '''Transport''' (in [[British English]]) or '''transportation''' (in [[American English]]) is the intentional [[Motion|movement]] of humans, animals, and [[cargo|goods]] from one location to another. [[Mode of transport|Modes of transport]] include [[aviation|air]], [[land transport|land]] ([[rail transport|rail]] and [[road transport|road]]), [[ship transport|water]], [[cable transport|cable]], [[pipeline transport|pipelines]], and [[space transport|space]]. The field can be divided into [[infrastructure]], [[vehicle]]s, and [[business operations|operations]]. Transport enables human [[trade]], which is essential for the development of [[civilization]]s. [9] => [10] => Transport infrastructure consists of both fixed installations, including [[road]]s, [[railway]]s, [[airway (aviation)|airways]], [[waterway]]s, [[canal]]s, and [[pipeline transport|pipelines]], and terminals such as [[airport]]s, [[train station|railway stations]], [[bus station]]s, [[warehouse]]s, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fuel docks and [[fuel station]]s), and [[seaport]]s. Terminals may be used both for the interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. [11] => [12] => [[Means of transport]] are any of the different kinds of transport facilities used to carry people or cargo. They may include vehicles, [[riding animal]]s, and [[pack animals]]. Vehicles may include [[wagons]], [[automobiles]], [[bicycles]], [[buses]], [[train]]s, [[truck]]s, [[helicopter]]s, [[watercraft]], [[spacecraft]], and [[fixed-wing aircraft|aircraft]]. [13] => [14] => ==Modes== [15] => {{Main|Mode of transport}} [16] => [[File:Manchester Transport Montage.jpg|thumb|right|Various modes of transport]] [17] => [18] => A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a certain type of vehicle, infrastructure, and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, with the latter case being called inter-modal or multi-modal transport. Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen on the basis of cost, capability, and route. [19] => [20] => Governments deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose, including financing, legalities, and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. [21] => [22] => Passenger transport may be [[public transport|public]], where operators provide scheduled services, or [[private transport|private]]. Freight transport has become focused on [[containerization]], although [[Bulk material handling|bulk transport]] is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and [[globalization]], but most types cause [[air pollution]] and [[Land use|use large amounts of land]]. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make [[traffic flow]] and restrain [[urban sprawl]]. [23] => [24] => ===Human-powered=== [25] => {{Main|Human-powered transport}} [26] => [[File:Sherpa carrying woods.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Human-powered transport]] remains common in developing countries.]] [27] => Human-powered transport, a form of [[sustainable transport]], is the transport of people or goods using [[human]] muscle-power, in the form of [[walking]], [[running]], and [[human swimming|swimming]]. Modern [[technology]] has allowed [[machine]]s to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, [[leisure]], [[physical exercise]], and [[environmentalism]]; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. [28] => [29] => Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as [[bicycle]]s and [[inline skates]]. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by [[watercraft rowing]] and [[skiing]]; even the air can be entered with [[human-powered aircraft]]. [30] => [31] => ===Animal-powered=== [32] => {{Main|Animal-powered transport}} [33] => Animal-powered transport is the use of [[working animal]]s for the movement of people and commodities. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as [[pack animal]]s for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in [[team]]s, to pull [[sled]]s or wheeled [[vehicle]]s. [34] => [35] => ===Air=== [36] => {{Main|Aviation}} [37] => [[File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpg|thumb|An [[Air France]] [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A318]] landing at [[London Heathrow Airport]]|alt=White jet aircraft coming into land, undercarriage fully extended. Under each wing is a turbofan engine]] [38] => A [[fixed-wing aircraft]], commonly called an airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from [[rotorcraft|rotary-wing aircraft]], where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A [[gyroplane]] is both fixed-wing and rotary wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large [[airliner]]s and military cargo aircraft. [39] => [40] => Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for [[lift (soaring)|lift]] and an area for [[landing]]. The majority of aircraft also need an [[airport]] with the infrastructure for maintenance, restocking, and refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo, and passengers.{{Cite web|last=Crawford|first=Amy|date=2021-10-25|title=Could flying electric 'air taxis' help fix urban transportation?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/25/could-flying-electric-air-taxis-help-fix-urban-transportation|access-date=2021-11-19|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119165753/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/25/could-flying-electric-air-taxis-help-fix-urban-transportation|url-status=live}} While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take-off and landing on ice, snow, and calm water. [41] => [42] => The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the [[rocket]]. Commercial jets can reach up to {{convert|955|km/h|mph}}, single-engine aircraft {{convert|555|km/h|mph}}. Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incurs high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places, [[helicopter]]s can be used.{{Sfn|Cooper|Shepherd|1998|p=281}} As of April 28, 2009, ''The Guardian'' article notes that "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time."[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8477508 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926073442/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8477508 |date=2015-09-26 }}. ''The Guardian.'' April 28, 2009. [43] => [44] => ===Land=== [45] => {{Main|Land transport}} [46] => Land transport covers all land-based transport systems that provide for the movement of people, goods, and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in [[urban planning]]. It consists of two kinds, rail and road. [47] => [48] => ====Rail==== [49] => {{Main|Rail transport}} [50] => [[File:ICE1 Schellenberg.jpg|thumb|[[Intercity Express]], a German [[high-speed rail|high-speed]] passenger train|alt=White electric train with red cheatline emerging from tunnel in the countryside]] [51] => [[File:Monday morning rush at Xi'erqi Station, southbound (20170904084423).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Beijing Subway]] is one of the world's largest and busiest rapid transit networks.]] [52] => Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel [[steel]] rails, known as a railway or railroad. The [[rail tracks#Railway rail|rails]] are anchored [[perpendicular]] to [[railroad tie|ties]] (or sleepers) of timber, concrete, or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or [[rail gauge|gauge]]. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed [[soil|earth]] and [[gravel]] in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include [[monorail]] and [[maglev (transport)|maglev]]. [53] => [54] => A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that operate on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a [[locomotive]], that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by [[steam locomotive|steam]], by [[diesel locomotive|diesel]], or by [[electric locomotive|electricity]] supplied by [[railway electrification system|trackside systems]]. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a [[multiple unit]]. Also, a train can be powered by [[horsecar|horses]], [[funicular|cables]], [[gravity]], [[pneumatics]], and [[gas turbine]]s. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more [[Energy conversion efficiency|energy efficient]], though not as efficient as ships. [55] => [56] => [[Inter-city rail|Intercity]] trains are long-haul services connecting cities;{{Sfn|Cooper|Shepherd|1998|p=279}} modern [[high-speed rail]] is capable of speeds up to {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, but this requires specially built track. [[Regional rail|Regional]] and [[commuter rail|commuter]] trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity [[tram]]ways and [[rapid transit]]s, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. [[Freight trains]] traditionally used [[box car]]s, requiring manual loading and unloading of the [[cargo]]. Since the 1960s, [[container train]]s have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [57] => [58] => ====Road==== [59] => {{Main|Road transport}} [60] => [[File:High Five.jpg|thumb|right|[[Road transport]]]] [61] => [62] => A road is an identifiable [[route number|route]], way, or [[trail|path]] between two or more [[location (geography)|places]].{{cite web |title=Major Roads of the United States |publisher=United States Department of the Interior |date=2006-03-13 |url=http://nationalatlas.gov/mld/roadtrl.html |access-date=24 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413153426/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/mld/roadtrl.html |archive-date=13 April 2007 }} Roads are typically smoothed, [[pavement (material)|paved]], or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;{{cite web|title=Road Infrastructure Strategic Framework for South Africa |publisher=National Department of Transport (South Africa) |url=http://www.transport.gov.za/library/docs/rifsa/infor.html |access-date=24 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063243/http://www.transport.gov.za/library/docs/rifsa/infor.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal [[construction]] or [[maintenance, repair and operations|maintenance]].{{Sfn|Lay|1992|pages=6–7}} In [[urban area]]s, roads may pass through a [[city]] or [[village]] and be named as [[street]]s, serving a dual function as urban space [[easement]] and route.{{cite web |title=What is the difference between a road and a street? |work=Word FAQ |publisher=Lexico Publishing Group |year=2007 |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/d01.html |access-date=24 March 2007 |archive-date=5 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405124704/http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/d01.html |url-status=live }} [63] => [64] => The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a [[wheel]]ed passenger vehicle that carries its own [[car engine|motor]]. Other users of roads include [[bus]]es, [[truck]]s, [[motorcycles]], [[bicycles]], and [[pedestrians]]. As of 2010, there were 1.015 billion automobiles worldwide. [65] => Road transport offers complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door-to-door service only by road transport. [66] => [67] => Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity, but require high energy and area use, and are the main source of harmful [[noise pollution|noise]] and [[air pollution]] in cities;{{Cite news|last=Harvey|first=Fiona|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/05/one-in-five-europeans-exposed-to-harmful-noise-pollution-study|title=One in five Europeans exposed to harmful noise pollution – study|date=2020-03-05|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-05|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2020-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305064317/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/05/one-in-five-europeans-exposed-to-harmful-noise-pollution-study|url-status=live}} buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.{{Sfn|Cooper|Shepherd|1998|p=279}} Road transport by truck is often the initial and [[Last mile (transportation)|final stage]] of freight transport. [68] => [69] => ===Water=== [70] => {{Main|Maritime transport}} [71] => [[File:Jadrolinija supetar ferry.JPG|thumb|right|Automobile ferry in [[Croatia]]]] [72] => [73] => Water transport is movement by means of a [[watercraft]]—such as a [[barge]], [[boat]], [[ship]], or [[sailboat]]—over a body of water, such as a [[sea]], [[ocean]], [[lake]], [[canal]], or [[river]]. The need for buoyancy is common to watercraft, making the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance, and appearance. [74] => [75] => In the 19th century, the first [[steam ships]] were developed, using a [[steam engine]] to drive a [[paddle wheel]] or [[propeller]] to move the ship. The [[steam]] was produced in a [[boiler]] using wood or [[coal]] and fed through a steam [[external combustion engine]]. Now most ships have an [[internal combustion engine]] using a slightly refined type of [[petroleum]] called [[bunker fuel]]. Some ships, such as [[submarine]]s, use [[nuclear power]] to produce the steam. [[Recreation]]al or [[education]]al craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use [[internal combustion engines]] to drive one or more [[propeller]]s or, in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, [[hovercraft]] are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. (See [[Marine propulsion]].) [76] => [77] => Although it is slow compared to other transport, modern [[sea transport]] is a highly efficient method of transporting large quantities of goods. [[Commercial vessel]]s, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.The [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) 2007, pp. ''x'', 32. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental [[shipping]];{{Sfn|Stopford|1997|pages=4–6}} [[short sea shipping]] and [[ferry|ferries]] remain viable in coastal areas.{{Sfn|Stopford|1997|pages=8–9}}{{Sfn|Cooper|Shepherd|1998|p=280}} [78] => [79] => ===Other modes=== [80] => [[File:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Luca Galuzzi 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Trans-Alaska Pipeline]] for [[crude oil]]|alt=Oil pipeline winding through cold Alaskan country-side. In the background are mountains, partly snow-capped]] [81] => [[Pipeline transport]] sends goods through a [[pipe (material)|pipe]]; most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but [[pneumatic tube]]s can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for [[sewage]], [[slurry]], [[water]], and [[beer]], while long-distance networks are used for [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]]. [82] => [83] => [[Cable transport]] is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by [[Wire rope|cables]] instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep [[gradient]]. Typical solutions include [[aerial tramway]]s, [[elevator]]s, and [[ski lift]]s; some of these are also categorized as [[conveyor belt|conveyor]] transport. [84] => [85] => [[Space transport|Spaceflight]] is transport outside Earth's atmosphere by means of a [[spacecraft]]. It is most frequently used for [[satellite]]s placed in Earth orbit. However, [[human spaceflight]] mission have landed on the Moon and are occasionally used to rotate crew-members to [[space station]]s. [[Uncrewed spacecraft]] have also been sent to all the planets of the Solar System. [86] => [87] => [[Suborbital spaceflight]] is the fastest of the existing and planned transport systems from a place on Earth to a distant "other place" on Earth. Faster transport could be achieved through part of a [[low Earth orbit]] or by following that trajectory even faster, using the propulsion of the rocket to steer it. [88] => [89] => ==Elements== [90] => [91] => ===Infrastructure=== [92] => {{Main|Infrastructure}} [93] => [[File:GoldenGateBridge BakerBeach MC.jpg|thumb|Bridges, such as [[Golden Gate Bridge]], allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water.]] [94] => [[File:Tampereen rantatunneli.jpg|thumb|Tunnels, such as the [[Tampere Tunnel]], allow traffic to pass underground or through rock formations.]] [95] => Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a roadway, a terminal, and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road, and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be constructed. Air and watercraft are able to avoid this, since the [[Airway (aviation)|airway]] and [[sea lane|seaway]] do not need to be constructed. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. [96] => [97] => Terminals such as airports, ports, and stations, are locations where passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders, who are interchanging between modes, to take advantage of each mode's benefits. For instance, [[airport rail link]]s connect airports to the city centres and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are [[parking lot]]s, while buses and coaches can operate from simple stops.{{Sfn|Cooper|Shepherd|1998|pages=275–276}} For freight, terminals act as [[transshipment]] points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. [98] => [99] => The [[transport finance|financing]] of infrastructure can either be [[government|public]] or [[private enterprise|private]]. Transport is often a [[natural monopoly]] and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports, are funded through [[taxation]]. New infrastructure projects can have high costs and are often financed through [[debt]]. Many infrastructure owners, therefore, impose usage fees, such as [[landing fees]] at airports or [[toll plaza]]s on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose [[tax]]es on the purchase or use of vehicles. Because of poor forecasting and overestimation of passenger numbers by planners, there is frequently a benefits shortfall for transport infrastructure projects.Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette K. Skamris Holm, and Søren L. Buhl, "How (In)Accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects", ''Journal of the American Planning Association'' '''71''':2, pp. 131–146. [100] => [101] => ===Means of transport=== [102] => [103] => ====Animals==== [104] => Animals used in transportation include [[pack animals]] and [[riding animal]]s. [105] => [106] => ====Vehicles==== [107] => {{Main|Vehicle}} [108] => [[File:1992 Fiat Uno IE 1.0 Front.jpg|thumb|A [[Fiat Uno]] in 2018]] [109] => A vehicle is a non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled/pushed by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a [[steam engine]], [[Internal combustion engine|combustion engine]], [[electric motor]], [[jet engine]], or [[rocket]], though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through [[wheel]]s, [[propeller]]s, and [[pressure]]. [110] => [111] => Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a [[driving|driver]]. However, some systems, such as [[people mover]]s and some rapid transits, are fully [[automation|automated]]. For [[passenger]] transport, the vehicle must have a compartment, seat, or platform for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles, or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. Recently, the progress related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution has brought a lot of new emerging technologies for transportation and automotive fields such as Connected Vehicles and Autonomous Driving. These innovations are said to form future mobility, but concerns remain on safety and cybersecurity, particularly concerning connected and autonomous mobility.{{cite journal|last=Hamid |first=Umar Zakir Abdul |title=Facilitating a Reliable, Feasible, and Comfortable Future Mobility |journal=SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles |date=2021|volume=4 |issue=1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350972711 |display-authors=etal|access-date=5 September 2022}} [112] => [113] => ===Operation=== [114] => [[File:Incheon International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Incheon International Airport]], South Korea|alt=Tilted aerial view of modern airport. Aircraft are parked next to "arms" that extend from the central building]] [115] => Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through [[private enterprise]] or by [[government]]s. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a [[flag carrier|national airline]] and [[railway company|national railway]]. Since the 1980s, many of these have been [[privatization|privatized]]. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,{{Sfn|Stopford|1997|p=422}} but ports can be public-owned.{{Sfn|Stopford|1997|p=29}} [116] => [117] => ===Policy=== [118] => {{see|List of ministries of transport by country|Traffic management}} [119] => {{Missing information|section|most of what constitutes official traffic management and planning, how it integrates with other fields of politics and how it is enforced|date=December 2021}} [120] => As the [[world population|population of the world]] increases, [[urbanization|cities grow in size]] and population—according to the United Nations, 55% of the world's population live in cities, and by 2050 this number is expected to rise to 68%.{{cite news |last=Meredith |first=Sam |date=2018-05-17 |title=Two-thirds of global population will live in cities by 2050, UN says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/17/two-thirds-of-global-population-will-live-in-cities-by-2050-un-says.html |work=CNBC |access-date=2018-11-20 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041309/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/17/two-thirds-of-global-population-will-live-in-cities-by-2050-un-says.html |url-status=live }} [[Public transport]] policy must evolve to meet the changing priorities of the urban world.{{cite journal |title=The evolution of urban mobility: The interplay of academic and policy perspectives |last=Jones |first=Peter |date=July 2014 |journal=IATSS Research |volume=38 |pages=7–13 |doi=10.1016/j.iatssr.2014.06.001 |doi-access=free }} The institution of policy enforces order in transport, which is by nature chaotic as people attempt to travel from one place to another as fast as possible. This policy helps to reduce accidents and save lives. [121] => [122] => ==Functions== [123] => Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical [[military logistics|relocation]] of [[armed force]]s during [[warfare]], or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. [124] => [125] => ===Passenger=== [126] => [127] => {{Main|Travel|Public transit}} [128] => [[File:ACTION Bus-467.jpg|thumb|A local transit bus operated by [[ACTION]] in [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]|alt=Light green, orange, and white bus stopping in front of multi-story building.]] [129] => Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into [[public transport|public]] and [[private transport]]. Public transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily [[commuting]] or for [[business travel|business]], leisure, or [[human migration|migration]]. [130] => [131] => Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of [[bus]]es in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams, and [[rapid transit]] in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, [[coach (vehicle)|coaches]], and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. [[Intermodal passenger transport]] is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a [[transport hub]], such as a [[bus station|bus]] or [[railway station]]. [132] => [133] => Taxis and buses can be found on both ends of the public transport spectrum. Buses are the cheapest mode of transport but are not necessarily flexible, and taxis are very flexible but more expensive. In the middle is [[demand-responsive transport]], offering flexibility whilst remaining affordable. [134] => [135] => [[International travel]] may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and [[visa (document)|visa]] requirements. [136] => [137] => ===Medical=== [138] => [[File:World War I ambulance Pittsburgh 20th Century Club.png|thumb|An ambulance from World War I]]An ambulance is a vehicle used to transport people from or between places of treatment,[[Henry Alan Skinner|Skinner, Henry Alan]]. 1949, "The Origin of Medical Terms". Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins and in some instances will also provide out-of-hospital medical care to the patient. The word is often associated with road-going "emergency ambulances", which form part of [[emergency medical service]]s, administering [[emergency medicine|emergency care]] to those with acute medical problems. [139] => [140] => ''Air medical services'' is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transport to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes. Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations, aboard helicopters, propeller aircraft, or jet aircraft.{{cite journal|vauthors=Branas CC, [[Ellen J. MacKenzie|MacKenzie EJ]], Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC | title=Access to trauma centers in the United States. | journal=JAMA | year= 2005 | volume= 293 | issue= 21 | pages= 2626–2633 | pmid=15928284 | doi=10.1001/jama.293.21.2626 |display-authors=etal| doi-access=free }}{{cite journal|vauthors=Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R | title=Variation in air medical outcomes by crew composition: a two-year follow-up. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1995 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 187–192 | pmid=7832345 | doi= 10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5|doi-access=free}} [141] => [142] => ===Freight=== [143] => {{Main|Shipping}} [144] => [[File:BW Fjord an Glameyer Stack 2007-12-15.JPG|thumb|A [[bulk carrier]], ''[[BW Group|BW]] Fjord'']] [145] => [146] => Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the [[value chain]] in manufacturing.{{Sfn|Chopra|Meindl|2007|p=3}} With increased specialization and [[globalization]], production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.{{Sfn|Chopra|Meindl|2007|pages=63–64}} Transport creates place utility by moving the goods from the place of production to the place of consumption.{{Cite journal|last1=McLeod|first1=Sam|last2=Curtis|first2=Carey|date=2020-03-14|title=Understanding and Planning for Freight Movement in Cities: Practices and Challenges|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660|journal=Planning Practice & Research|volume=35|issue=2|pages=201–219|doi=10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660|s2cid=214463529|issn=0269-7459|access-date=2021-01-14|archive-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730093942/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660?cookieSet=1|url-status=live}} While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.{{Sfn|Chopra|Meindl|2007|p=54}} [[Logistics]] refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling, and packaging, with associated exchange of information.{{Sfn|Bardi|Coyle|Novack|2006|p=4}} [[Incoterm]] deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of [[risk]] during transport.{{Sfn|Bardi|Coyle|Novack|2006|p=473}} [147] => [148] => [[File:WCML freight train.jpg|thumb|[[Freight train]] with [[shipping container]]s in the [[United Kingdom]]]] [149] => [[Containerization]], with the standardization of [[ISO container]]s on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized [[International trade|international]] and [[domestic trade]], offering a huge reduction in [[transshipment]] costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in [[economy of scale]] in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.{{Sfn|Bardi|Coyle|Novack|2006|pages=211–214}} [150] => [151] => [[Bulk material handling|Bulk transport]] is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are [[ore]], coal, [[cereals]], and [[petroleum]]. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that [[economies of scale]] become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. [152] => [153] => [[Cargo airline|Air freight]] has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as [[postponement]] and [[just in time (business)|just-in-time]] within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.{{Sfn|Chopra|Meindl|2007|p=328}} In addition to mail, common items sent by air include [[electronics]] and [[fashion]] clothing. [154] => [155] => ==Industry== [156] => {{main|Transport industry}} [157] => [158] => ==Impact== [159] => {{Main|Sustainable transport}} [160] => [161] => ===Economic=== [162] => {{Main|Transport economics}} [163] => [[File:SeattleI5Skyline.jpg|thumb|Transport is a key component of growth and globalization, such as in [[Seattle, Washington]], United States.|alt=Skyline of city at dawn. A major highway winds itself into the downtown area.]] [164] => [165] => Transport is a key necessity for [[Departmentalization|specialization]]—allowing production and consumption of products to occur at different locations. Throughout history, transport has been a spur to expansion; better transport allows more [[trade]] and a greater spread of people. [[Economic growth]] has always been dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport.{{Sfn|Stopford|1997|p=2}} But the infrastructure and operation of transport have a great impact on the land, and transport is the largest drainer of energy, making [[transport sustainability]] a major issue. [166] => [167] => Due to the way modern cities and communities are planned and operated, a physical distinction between home and work is usually created, forcing people to transport themselves to places of work, study, or leisure, as well as to temporarily relocate for other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence of [[tourism]], a major part of [[recreation]]al transport. Commerce requires the transport of people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face communication for important decisions or to move specialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed. [168] => [169] => In [[lean thinking]], transporting materials or [[work in process]] from one location to another is seen as one of the seven wastes (Japanese term: ''[[Muda (Japanese term)|muda]]'') which do not add value to a product.EKU Online, [https://safetymanagement.eku.edu/blog/the-seven-wastes-of-lean-manufacturing/ The Seven Wastes of Lean Manufacturing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307053738/https://safetymanagement.eku.edu/blog/the-seven-wastes-of-lean-manufacturing/ |date=2023-03-07 }}, ''Eastern Kentucky University'', accessed 6 March 2023 [170] => [171] => ===Planning=== [172] => {{Main|Transport planning}} [173] => [174] => Transport planning allows for high use and less impact regarding new infrastructure. Using models of [[transport forecasting]], planners are able to predict future transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to plan transport as part of the [[supply chain]]. Transport as a field is also studied through [[transport economics]], a component for the creation of regulation policy by authorities. [[Transport engineering]], a sub-discipline of [[civil engineering]], must take into account [[trip generation]], [[trip distribution]], [[mode choice]], and [[route assignment]], while the operative level is handled through [[traffic engineering (transportation)|traffic engineering]]. [175] => [176] => [[File:Old Market Roundabout, Bristol.jpg|thumb|The engineering of this [[roundabout]] in [[Bristol]], United Kingdom, attempts to make traffic flow free-moving.|alt=Aerial view of roundabout, a junction of several streets. Vehicles traverse around the roundabout, which is surrounded by buildings, mostly multi-storey]] [177] => Because of the negative impacts incurred, transport often becomes the subject of controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity. Automotive transport can be seen as a [[tragedy of the commons]], where the flexibility and comfort for the individual deteriorate the natural and urban environment for all. [[land use|Density of development]] depends on mode of transport, with public transport allowing for better spatial use. Good land use keeps common activities close to people's homes and places higher-density development closer to transport lines and hubs, to minimize the need for transport. There are [[economies of agglomeration]]. Beyond transport, some land uses are more efficient when clustered. Transport facilities consume land, and in cities pavement (devoted to streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste. [178] => [179] => Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput mean that in many cities there is too much traffic and many—if not all—of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places; as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on—spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociology, and economics—the viability of the old mobility solutions is increasingly being questioned. [180] => {{clear}} [181] => [182] => ===Environment=== [183] => {{Pie chart [184] => | caption =Global [[greenhouse gas emissions]] from transportation:[[International Council on Clean Transportation]], [https://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/a-world-of-thoughts-on-phase-2 A world of thoughts on Phase 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119010824/https://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/a-world-of-thoughts-on-phase-2 |date=2018-11-19 }}, 16 September 2016 (page visited on 18 November 2018). [185] => | label1 = [[Car#Environmental effects|Cars]] [186] => | value1 = 40 | color1 = red [187] => | label2 = [[Truck#Environmental effects|Trucks]] [188] => | value2 = 34 | color2 = orange [189] => | label3 = [[Environmental effects of aviation|Planes]] [190] => | value3 = 11 | color3 = navy [191] => | label4 = [[Environmental effects of shipping|Boats]] [192] => | value4 = 11 | color4 = teal [193] => | label5 = [[Train]]s [194] => | value5 = 4 | color5 = silver [195] => }} [196] => {{Main|Environmental impact of transport}} [197] => [198] => [[File:Traffic jam Sao Paulo 09 2006 30.JPG|thumb|right|[[Traffic congestion]] persists in [[São Paulo]], Brazil, despite the no-drive days based on license numbers.|alt=Looking down a busy road, which is banked on both sides by tall buildings, some of which are covered in advertisement billboards]] [199] => [200] => Transport is a major use of [[energy (society)|energy]] and burns most of the world's [[petroleum]]. This creates air pollution, including [[nitrous oxide]]s and [[particulate]]s, and is a significant contributor to [[global warming]] through emission of [[carbon dioxide]],{{cite journal |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0702958104v1.pdf |title=Climate forcing from the transport sectors |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=454–458 |author=Fuglestvet |display-authors=etal |publisher=[[Center for International Climate and Environmental Research]] |year=2007 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105..454F |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702958104 |pmid=18180450 |pmc=2206557 |doi-access=free |access-date=2008-01-14 |archive-date=2008-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625061523/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0702958104v1.pdf |url-status=live }} for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5579 |title=Analysis: Nano Hypocrisy? |author=Worldwatch Institute |date=16 January 2008 |access-date=17 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013141752/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5579 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |author-link=Worldwatch Institute }} By sub-sector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.{{cite journal |last1=Jan Fuglestvedt |display-authors=etal |title=Climate forcing from the transport sectors |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=454–458 |date=Jan 15, 2008 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702958104 |pmid=18180450 |pmc=2206557 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/105/2/454.full.pdf |bibcode=2008PNAS..105..454F |doi-access=free |access-date=November 20, 2018 |archive-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504111438/http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/105/2/454.full.pdf |url-status=live }} [[Environmental regulation]]s in developed countries have reduced individual vehicles' emissions; however, this has been offset by increases in the numbers of vehicles and in the use of each vehicle. Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied.{{cite web |url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/carbon-pathways-analysis-informing-development-of-a-carbon-reduction-strategy-for-the-transport-sector.html |title=Claverton-Energy.com |publisher=Claverton-Energy.com |date=2009-02-17 |access-date=2010-05-23 |archive-date=2021-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318033332/https://claverton-energy.com/carbon-pathways-analysis-informing-development-of-a-carbon-reduction-strategy-for-the-transport-sector.html |url-status=live }}Data on the barriers and motivators to more sustainable transport behaviour is available in the UK Department for Transport study "[http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/scienceresearch/social/climatechangetransportchoices/ Climate Change and Transport Choices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530124709/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/scienceresearch/social/climatechangetransportchoices/ |date=2011-05-30 }}" published in December 2010. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, as well as increased [[transport electrification]] and [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]]. [201] => [202] => Other environmental impacts of transport systems include [[traffic congestion]] and automobile-oriented [[urban sprawl]], which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transport emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's [[air quality]], [[acid rain]], [[smog]], and climate change.{{cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Transportation-WS800CCAF9-1_En.htm |title=Transportation |author=Environment Canada |access-date=30 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713192836/http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Transportation-WS800CCAF9-1_En.htm |archive-date=July 13, 2007 |author-link=Environment Canada }} [203] => [204] => While [[electric car]]s are being built to cut down [[CO2 emission|CO2 emission]] at the point of use, an approach that is becoming popular among cities worldwide is to prioritize public transport, bicycles, and [[Pedestrian|pedestrian movement]]. Redirecting vehicle movement to create 20-minute neighbourhoods{{Cite web|last=Planning|date=2020-09-09|title=20-minute neighbourhoods|url=https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/plan-melbourne/20-minute-neighbourhoods|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Planning|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920083131/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/plan-melbourne/20-minute-neighbourhoods|url-status=live}} that promotes [[exercise]] while greatly reducing vehicle dependency and pollution. Some policies are levying a congestion charge{{Cite web|title=Congestion Charge (Official)|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Transport for London|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309190237/https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge|url-status=live}} to cars for travelling within congested areas during peak time. [205] => [206] => [[Airplane]] emissions change depending on the flight distance. It takes a lot of energy to take off and land, so longer flights are more efficient per mile traveled. However, longer flights naturally use more fuel in total. Short flights produce the most {{CO2}} per passenger mile, while long flights produce slightly less.{{cite web |title=How We Calculate Your Carbon Footprint |url=http://www.carbonfund.org/site/pages/carbon_calculators/category/Assumptions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103051501/http://www.carbonfund.org/site/pages/carbon_calculators/category/Assumptions |archive-date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2011-12-29}}{{Cite web |title=[SafeClimate] measuring and reporting | tools |url=http://safeclimate.net/business/measuring/tools.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327021143/http://www.safeclimate.net/business/measuring/tools.php |archive-date=2008-03-27 |access-date=2010-04-23}} Things get worse when planes fly high in the [[atmosphere]].{{Cite book |last=I |first=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZC_NciKps0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA112&dq=aircraft+emissions+at+stratospheric+altitudes+have+a+greater+contribution+to+radiative+forcing+than+do+emissions&hl=vi |title=Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC 1992 IS92 Emission Scenarios |date=1995-05-04 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55962-1 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Dempsey |first=Paul Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZnDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT271&dq=aircraft+emissions+at+stratospheric+altitudes+have+a+greater+contribution+to+radiative+forcing+than+do+emissions&hl=vi |title=Routledge Handbook of Public Aviation Law |last2=Jakhu |first2=Ram S. |date=2016-07-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-29775-0 |language=en}} Their emissions trap much more heat than those released at ground level. This isn't just because of {{CO2}}, but a mix of other greenhouse gases in the exhaust.{{Cite web |last=Schumann |first=Ulrich |date=2011 |title=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: Potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation by flight level changes |url=https://www.dlr.de/pa/en/Portaldata/33/Resources/dokumente/cocip/Schumann_etal_AIAA_2011_3376.pdf |access-date=2022-06-30}}Lee D.S., Pitari G., Grewe V., Gierens K., [[Joyce E. Penner|Penner J.E.]], Petzold A., Prather M.J., Schumann U., Bais A., Berntsen T., Iachetti D., Lim L.L., Sausen R. (2010). [http://elib.dlr.de/59672/1/scientdir.pdf Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation]. In – Atmospheric Environment Transport Impacts on Atmosphere and Climate: The ATTICA Assessment Report. 44:37:pp.4678-4734. City buses produce about 0.3 kg of {{CO2}} for every mile traveled per passenger. For long-distance bus trips (over 20 miles), that pollution drops to about 0.08 kg of {{CO2}} per passenger mile.{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112035414/http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls |archive-date=2016-01-12 |access-date=2010-04-23}}{{cite web |title=How We Calculate Your Carbon Footprint |url=http://www.carbonfund.org/site/pages/carbon_calculators/category/Assumptions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103051501/http://www.carbonfund.org/site/pages/carbon_calculators/category/Assumptions |archive-date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2011-12-29}} On average, commuter trains produce around 0.17 kg of {{CO2}} for each mile traveled per passenger. Long-distance trains are slightly higher at about 0.19 kg of {{CO2}} per passenger mile.{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112035414/http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls |archive-date=2016-01-12 |access-date=2010-04-23}}{{cite web |title=How We Calculate Your Carbon Footprint |url=http://www.carbonfund.org/site/pages/carbon_calculators/category/Assumptions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103051501/http://www.carbonfund.org/site/pages/carbon_calculators/category/Assumptions |archive-date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2011-12-29}}>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title='Dramatically more powerful': world's first battery-electric freight train unveiled |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/16/battery-electric-freight-train-wabtec-rail-transport-emissions |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}} The fleet emission average for delivery vans, trucks and big rigs is {{cvt|10.17|kg}} {{CO2}} per gallon of diesel consumed. Delivery vans and trucks average about 7.8 mpg (or 1.3 kg of {{CO2}} per mile) while big rigs average about 5.3 mpg (or 1.92 kg of {{CO2}} per mile).{{cite web |title=403 - Forbidden: Access is denied. |url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2004/session6/2004_deer_kodjak.pdf}}{{Cite journal |last1=Endresen |first1=Øyvind |last2=Sørgård |first2=Eirik |last3=Sundet |first3=Jostein K. |last4=Dalsøren |first4=Stig B. |last5=Isaksen |first5=Ivar S. A. |last6=Berglen |first6=Tore F. |last7=Gravir |first7=Gjermund |date=2003-09-16 |title=Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=108 |issue=D17 |page=4560 |bibcode=2003JGRD..108.4560E |doi=10.1029/2002JD002898 |issn=2156-2202 |doi-access=free}} [207] => [208] => === Sustainable development === [209] => The United Nations first formally recognized the role of transport in [[sustainable development]] in the 1992 [[United Nations Earth Summit 2012|United Nations Earth summit]]. In the 2012 United Nations World Conference, global leaders unanimously recognized that transport and mobility are central to achieving the sustainability targets. In recent years, data has been collected to show that the transport sector contributes to a quarter of the global [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas emissions]], and therefore [[sustainable transport]] has been mainstreamed across several of the [[Sustainable Development Goals|2030 Sustainable Development Goals]], especially those related to food, security, health, energy, economic growth, infrastructure, and cities and human settlements. Meeting sustainable transport targets is said to be particularly important to achieving the [[Paris Agreement]].{{Cite web|title=Sustainable transport |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabletransport|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009215804/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabletransport|url-status=live}} [210] => [211] => There are various [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs) that are promoting sustainable transport to meet the defined goals. These include [[Sustainable Development Goal 3|SDG 3]] on health (increased road safety), [[Sustainable Development Goal 7|SDG 7]] on energy, [[Sustainable Development Goal 8|SDG 8]] on decent work and economic growth, [[Sustainable Development Goal 9|SDG 9]] on resilient infrastructure, [[Sustainable Development Goal 11|SDG 11]] on sustainable cities (access to transport and expanded public transport), [[Sustainable Development Goal 12|SDG 12]] on sustainable consumption and production (ending [[fossil fuel subsidies]]), and SDG 14 on oceans, seas, and marine resources.{{Cite web|title=Sustainable transport at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=20000&nr=802&menu=2993|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |archive-date=2020-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015052731/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=20000&nr=802&menu=2993|url-status=live}} [212] => [213] => == History == [214] => {{Main|History of transport}} [215] => {{further|Timeline of transportation technology}} [216] => [[File:Bronocice drawn.png|thumb|[[Bronocice pot]] with the earliest known image of a wheeled vehicle in the world, found in [[Poland]]]] [217] => [[File:Bullock team.jpg|thumb|A [[Cattle|bullock]] team hauling [[wool]] in [[Australia]]]] [218] => [219] => ===Natural=== [220] => Humans' first ways to move included walking, running, and swimming. The [[domestication]] of animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and the sled (U.K. sledge) helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of [[vehicle]]s. [221] => [222] => The first forms of [[road transport]] involved animals, such as [[horse]]s ([[Domestication of the horse|domesticated]] in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BCE), [[ox]]en (from about 8000 BCE), [223] => {{cite book|last1=Watts|first1=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u86yjr-J-hAC|title=Working Oxen|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1999|isbn=978-0747804154|series=Shire Album|volume=342|location=Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire|publication-date=1999|page=4|quote=[...] tamed aurochs became the first domestic oxen. The earliest evidence for domestication is found in the Middle East around ten thousand years ago.|access-date=2016-02-08}} [224] => or humans carrying goods over [[dirt]] tracks that often followed [[game (food)|game]] [[trail]]s. [225] => [226] => ===Infrastructure=== [227] => Many early civilizations, including those in [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]], constructed paved roads. In [[classical antiquity]], the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath kept such roads dry. The medieval [[Caliphate]] later built [[Tarmacadam|tar-paved]] roads. [228] => [229] => ===Water transport=== [230] => Water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to [[time immemorial]] and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The first watercraft were [[canoe]]s cut out from [[tree trunk]]s. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the [[wind]] for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities that grew up as sites for trading being located on rivers or on the sea-shore, often at the intersection of two bodies of water. [231] => [232] => ===Mechanical=== [233] => Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption gravitated as close to each other as feasible.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The [[Industrial Revolution]] in the 19th century saw several inventions fundamentally change transport. With [[telegraphy]], communication became instant and independent of the transport of physical objects. The invention of the [[steam engine]], closely followed by its application in [[rail transport]], made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased, allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independently of natural resources. The 19th century also saw the development of the [[steam ship]], which sped up global transport. [234] => [235] => With the development of the [[Internal combustion engine|combustion engine]] and the automobile around 1900, road transport became more competitive again, and mechanical private transport originated. The first "modern" highways were constructed during the 19th century{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} with [[macadam]]. Later, [[Tarmacadam|tarmac]] and [[concrete]] became the dominant paving materials. [236] => [237] => [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The [[Wright brothers]]' first flight in 1903]] [238] => In 1903 the [[Wright brothers]] demonstrated the first successful controllable [[airplane]], and after World War I (1914–1918) aircraft became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances.{{Sfn|Bardi|Coyle|Novack|2006|p=158}} [239] => [240] => After World War II (1939–1945) the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger services.{{Sfn|Cooper|Shepherd|1998|p=277}} Scientific spaceflight began in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the 1950s the introduction of [[containerization]] gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, fostering [[globalization]].{{Sfn|Bardi|Coyle|Novack|2006|pages=211–214}} International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s with the commercialization of the [[jet engine]]. Along with the growth in automobiles and motorways, rail and water transport declined in relative importance. After the introduction of the [[Shinkansen]] in Japan in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started attracting passengers on long-haul routes away from the airlines.{{Sfn|Cooper|Shepherd|1998|p=277}} [241] => [242] => Early in [[U.S. history]],{{when|date=February 2016}} [[privately held company|private]] [[joint-stock]] [[corporations]] owned most [[Navigable aqueduct|aqueducts]], [[bridge]]s, [[canals]], [[railroads]], [[roads]], and [[tunnels]]. Most such transport infrastructure came under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the [[nationalization]] of inter-city passenger rail-service with the establishment of [[Amtrak]]. Recently,{{when|date=February 2016}} however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some{{quantify|date=February 2016}} ground and adherents. [243] => Clifford Winston, ''Last Exit: Privatization and Deregulation of the U.S. Transportation System'' (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2010). [244] => [245] => [246] => ==See also== [247] => {{Portal|Transport}} [248] => {{colbegin}} [249] => * [[Environmental impact of aviation]] [250] => * [[Energy efficiency in transport]] [251] => * [[Free public transport]] [252] => * [[Green transport hierarchy]] [253] => * [[IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society]] [254] => * [[List of emerging technologies#Transport|List of emerging transportation technologies]] [255] => * ''[[Journal of Transport and Land Use]]'' [256] => * [[Outline of transport]] [257] => * [[Personal rapid transit]] [258] => * [[Public transport]] [259] => * [[Rail transport by country]] [260] => * [[Speed record]] [261] => * [[Taxicabs by country]] [262] => * [[Transportation engineering]] [263] => {{colend}} [264] => [265] => ==References== [266] => {{reflist}} [267] => [268] => ==Bibliography== [269] => * {{cite book |author1-last=Bardi |author1-first=Edward |author2-first=John |author2-last=Coyle |author3-first=Robert |author3-last=Novack |name-list-style=amp |title=Management of Transportation |publisher=Thomson South-Western |year=2006 |location=Australia |oclc=62259402 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62259402 |isbn=0-324-31443-4}} [270] => * {{cite book |author1-last=Chopra |author1-first=Sunil |author2-first=Peter |author2-last=Meindl |name-list-style=amp |title=Supply chain management : strategy, planning, and operation |publisher=Pearson |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63808135 |year=2007 |edition=3rd |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |oclc=63808135 |isbn=978-0-13-208608-0}} [271] => * {{cite book|author1-first=Christopher P. |author1-last=Cooper |author2-first=Rebecca |author2-last=Shepherd |title=Tourism: Principles and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzpnQgAACAAJ|access-date=22 December 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Financial Times Prent. Int|isbn=978-0-582-31273-9 |edition=2nd |location=Harlow, England |oclc=39945061}} [272] => * {{cite book |last=Lay |first=Maxwell G |title=Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/waysofworldhisto00laym |url-access=registration |isbn=0-8135-2691-4 |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |oclc=804297312}} [273] => * {{cite book|first=Martin |last=Stopford |year=1997 |title=Maritime Economics |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-15310-7 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36824728 |edition=2nd |oclc=36824728}} [274] => [275] => ==Further reading== [276] => * [[Bill McKibben|McKibben, Bill]], "Toward a Land of Buses and Bikes" (review of Ben Goldfarb, ''Crossings: How Road Ecology Is Shaping the Future of Our Planet'', Norton, 2023, 370 pp.; and Henry Grabar, ''Paved Paradise: How Parking Explains the World'', Penguin Press, 2023, 346 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXX, no. 15 (5 October 2023), pp. 30-32. "Someday in the not impossibly distant future, if we manage to prevent a [[global warming]] catastrophe, you could imagine a post-[[automobile|auto]] world where [[bicycle|bikes]] and [[bus]]es and [[train]]s are ever more important, as seems to be happening in [[Europe]] at the moment." (p. 32.) [277] => [278] => ==External links== [279] => {{commons category}} [280] => {{Wiktionary|transport|transportation}} [281] => {{wikiquote}} [282] => {{Wikivoyage|Transportation|Transportation|travel related information}} [283] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212816/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/trnsprt.htm Transportation] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' [284] => * {{curlie|Science/Technology/Transportation|Transportation}} [285] => * [http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/ America On the Move] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805005405/http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/ |date=2011-08-05 }} An online transportation exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution [286] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130604022027/http://www.transport.org/ World Transportation Organization] The world transportation organization (The non-profit Advisory Organization) [287] => {{Public transport}} [288] => {{Tourism}} [289] => {{Supply chain Drivers}} [290] => {{Technology topics}} [291] => {{Authority control}} [292] => [293] => [[Category:Transport| ]] [294] => [[Category:Economics of transport and utility industries]] [295] => [[Category:Logistics]] [] => )
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Transport

Transport is the movement of people, animals, goods, or materials from one place to another. It plays a crucial role in the economy and development of societies.

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It plays a crucial role in the economy and development of societies. Various modes of transport exist, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, and pipelines. The history of transport dates back to ancient times when humans used simple tools to aid their movement. Over the centuries, advancements in technology have led to the evolution of more efficient and sophisticated means of transportation. In the modern era, transport systems have become highly complex, connecting people and communities across large distances. Road transport is the most common and often the most accessible mode of transport. It involves the use of vehicles such as cars, buses, and trucks to carry passengers and goods. Roads have been constructed extensively in many countries, facilitating the movement of people and goods efficiently. However, traffic congestion and environmental concerns are some challenges associated with road transport. Railway transport is another significant mode, particularly for long-distance travel and transporting bulky goods. Trains are known for their capacity to carry large quantities of cargo, and they are often considered more environmentally friendly than other modes of transport. However, railway networks and infrastructure require substantial investment and maintenance. Air transport has revolutionized global connectivity, enabling people to travel quickly and conveniently across long distances. Airplanes transport millions of passengers worldwide each day and facilitate the transportation of time-sensitive goods, like perishable items and important documents. Nonetheless, air travel contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and requires significant infrastructure and security measures. Waterways, including rivers, canals, and oceans, have been used as natural transport routes since ancient civilizations. Ships and boats transport goods and people over long distances, playing a crucial role in international trade. Water transport is cost-effective for carrying heavy goods but may lack speed compared to other modes. Pipelines are primarily used for conveying liquids or gases, such as oil, natural gas, or water. They are essential for the energy sector, enabling the transportation of resources from extraction sites to processing facilities or distribution centers. Pipelines are considered a safe and efficient means of transport, although they face challenges related to maintenance and safety. Transportation systems are essential for the movement of goods, supporting economic activities and trade. They also provide vital access to social services, such as healthcare and education. However, transport infrastructure development and maintenance require substantial financial investments and planning, as well as addressing environmental and safety concerns. Overall, transport is essential for connecting people, goods, and ideas globally. It continues to evolve and adapt to meet the ever-changing demands of societies, making the world more interconnected and accessible.

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