Array ( [0] => {{short description|U.S. state}} [1] => {{About|the U.S. state}} [2] => {{redirect|Badger State}} [3] => {{pp-move}} [4] => {{pp|vandalism|small=yes|expiry=indef}} [5] => {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Use American English|date=July 2022}} [6] => {{Infobox U.S. state [7] => | name = Wisconsin [8] => | image_flag = Flag of Wisconsin.svg [9] => | flag_link = Flag of Wisconsin [10] => | image_seal = Seal of Wisconsin.svg [11] => | seal_link = Seal of Wisconsin [12] => | image_map = Wisconsin in United States.svg [13] => | nicknames = Badger State, America's Dairyland{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PRqCCp3svlwC&pg=PA5 |page= 5 |title= Wisconsin: It's my state! |first1= Margaret |last1= Dornfeld |first2= Richard |last2= Hantula |publisher= Marshall Cavendish |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-1-60870-062-2 |access-date= June 10, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174046/https://books.google.com/books?id=PRqCCp3svlwC&pg=PA5 |archive-date= September 7, 2015 |url-status= live }}{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E9bt2QhyFIsC |title= Names and Nicknames of Places and Things |publisher= Penguin Group USA |first= Laurence |last= Urdang |year= 1988 |isbn= 9780452009073 |page= 8 |quote= "America's Dairyland" A nickname of Wisconsin |access-date= May 25, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150036/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9bt2QhyFIsC |archive-date= September 6, 2015 |url-status= live }}{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fVoYAAAAIAAJ |title= Nicknames and sobriquets of U.S. cities, States, and counties |first1= Joseph Nathan |last1= Kane |first2= Gerard L. |last2= Alexander |publisher= Scarecrow Press |year= 1979 |page= 412 |isbn= 9780810812550 |quote= Wisconsin—America's Dairyland, The Badger State{{nbsp}}...The Copper State|access-date= May 25, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906161709/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVoYAAAAIAAJ |archive-date= September 6, 2015 |url-status= live }}{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iCEl1sqlZLQC&pg=PA10 |title= Wisconsin Encyclopedia, American Guide |first= Jennifer L. |last= Herman |publisher= North American Book Dist LLC |year= 2008 |page= 10 |isbn= 9781878592613 |quote= Nicknames Wisconsin is generally known as The Badger State, or America's Dairyland, although in the past it has been nicknamed The Copper State. |access-date= May 25, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165221/https://books.google.com/books?id=iCEl1sqlZLQC&pg=PA10 |archive-date= September 6, 2015 |url-status= live }}[https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue_book/2005_2006/975_symbols.pdf "Wisconsin State Symbols"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222160612/http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue_book/2005_2006/975_symbols.pdf |date=February 22, 2017 }} in ''Wisconsin Blue Book 2005–2006'', p. 966. [14] => | motto = Forward [15] => | anthem = "[[On, Wisconsin!]]"{{break}}{{center|[[File:On Wisconsin.ogg]]}} [16] => | Former = Wisconsin Territory [17] => | seat = [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] [18] => | population_demonym = [[List of U.S. state residents names|Wisconsinite]], [[Cheesehead]] (colloquial) [19] => | OfficialLang = None [20] => | Languages = [21] => * English 91.32% [22] => * Spanish 4.64% [23] => * Other 8.68%{{cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/wisconsin-population|title=Wisconsin Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|website=wisconsinpopulationreview.com|access-date=November 18, 2022|archive-date=November 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118072226/https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/wisconsin-population|url-status=live}} [24] => | LargestCity = [[Milwaukee]] [25] => | LargestCounty = [[Milwaukee County]] [26] => | LargestMetro = [[Milwaukee metropolitan area|Milwaukee]] [27] => | Governor = [[Tony Evers]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) [28] => | Lieutenant Governor = [[Sara Rodriguez]] (D) [29] => | Legislature = [[Wisconsin Legislature]] [30] => | Upperhouse = [[Wisconsin Senate|Senate]] [31] => | Lowerhouse = [[Wisconsin State Assembly|Assembly]] [32] => | Judiciary = [[Wisconsin Supreme Court]] [33] => | Senators = {{plainlist| [34] => * [[Ron Johnson]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) [35] => * [[Tammy Baldwin]] (D)}} [36] => | Representative = {{plainlist| [37] => * 5 Republicans [38] => * 2 Democrats [39] => * 1 vacant}} [40] => | area_rank = 23rd{{Cite web |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |date=2010 |website=US Census Bureau }} [41] => | area_total_sq_mi = 65,498.37 [42] => | area_total_km2 = [43] => | area_land_sq_mi = 54,153.1 [44] => | area_land_km2 = [45] => | area_water_percent = 17 [46] => | Latitude = 42° 30' N to 47° 05′ N [47] => | Longitude = 86° 46′ W to 92° 54′ W [48] => | population_as_of = 2020 [49] => | population_rank = 20th [50] => | population_note = [51] => | population_density_rank = 27th{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=US Census |title=Historical Apportionment Data Map |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/historical-apportionment-data-map.html |website=Census.gov |access-date=October 5, 2021 |language=EN-US |archive-date=October 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004102035/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/historical-apportionment-data-map.html |url-status=live }} [52] => | 2010Pop = 5,893,718{{cite web |last1=Schneider |first1=Mike |title=Census: Wisconsin retains its 8 seats in Congress as South gains, Midwest loses |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/census-wisconsin-retains-its-8-seats-in-congress-as-south-gains-midwest-loses/article_1db6cae7-5f0a-5f89-9854-6884b353c3b6.html |website=madison.com |publisher=[[Wisconsin State Journal]] |access-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426215055/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/census-wisconsin-retains-its-8-seats-in-congress-as-south-gains-midwest-loses/article_1db6cae7-5f0a-5f89-9854-6884b353c3b6.html |url-status=live }} [53] => | 2010DensityUS = 108.8 [54] => | 2010Density = [55] => | MedianHouseholdIncome = $64,168{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0400000US55 |website=data.census.gov |access-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005154331/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0400000US55 |url-status=live }} [56] => | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|21st]] [57] => | AdmittanceOrder = 30th [58] => | AdmittanceDate = May 29, 1848 [59] => | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]] [60] => | utc_offset1 = – 06:00 [61] => | timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] [62] => | utc_offset1_DST = – 05:00 [63] => | width_km = 427 [64] => | width_mi = 260 [65] => | length_km = 507 [66] => | length_mi = 311 [67] => | elevation_max_point = [[Timms Hill]]{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]. [68] => | elevation_max_m = 595 [69] => | elevation_max_ft = 1,951 [70] => | elevation_m = 320 [71] => | elevation_ft = 1,050 [72] => | elevation_min_point = [[Lake Michigan]] [73] => | elevation_min_m = 176 [74] => | elevation_min_ft = 579 [75] => | iso_code = US-WI [76] => | postal_code = WI [77] => | TradAbbreviation = Wis., Wisc. [78] => | website = https://www.wisconsin.gov [79] => | Capital = [80] => | Representatives = [81] => | module = {{Infobox region symbols [82] => | embedded = yes [83] => | country = United States [84] => | state = Wisconsin [85] => | bird = {{unbulleted list|[[American robin]]|''Turdus migratorius''}} [86] => | fish = {{unbulleted list|[[Muskellunge]]|''Esox masquinongy''}} [87] => | flower = {{unbulleted list|[[Viola sororia|Wood violet]]|''Viola sororia''}} [88] => | insect = {{unbulleted list|[[Western honey bee]]|''Apis mellifera''}} [89] => | tree = {{unbulleted list|[[Sugar maple]]|''Acer saccharum''}} [90] => | beverage = Milk [91] => | dance = [[Polka]] [92] => | food = {{unbulleted list|Corn|''Zea mays''}} [93] => | fossil = {{unbulleted list|[[Trilobite]]|''Calymene celebra''}} [94] => | mineral = [[Galena]] [95] => | rock = [[Granite|Red granite]] [96] => | tartan = [[Wisconsin tartan]] [97] => }} [98] => }} [99] => [100] => '''Wisconsin''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Wisconsin.ogg|w|ᵻ|ˈ|s|k|ɒ|n|s|ᵻ|n}} {{respell|wiss|KON|sin}}){{Cite Merriam-Webster|Wisconsin|accessdate=2024-03-08}} is a state in the [[Upper Midwest|Upper]] [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the United States. It borders [[Minnesota]] to the west, [[Iowa]] to the southwest, [[Illinois]] to the south, [[Lake Michigan]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northeast, and [[Lake Superior]] to the north. Wisconsin is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|25th-largest state by land area]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|20th-most populous]]. [101] => [102] => The bulk of Wisconsin's population live in areas situated along the shores of Lake Michigan. The largest city, [[Milwaukee]], anchors its largest [[Milwaukee metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], followed by [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] and [[Kenosha]], the third- and fourth-most-populated Wisconsin cities, respectively. The state capital, [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], is currently the second-most-populated and fastest-growing city in the state.{{cite news |title=Census: Madison, suburbs top list of fastest-growing cities in Wisconsin |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/census-madison-suburbs-top-list-of-fastest-growing-cities-in-wisconsin/article_c079b92b-1f18-5ac4-8538-0c74e004e018.html |access-date=July 24, 2020 |work=[[Wisconsin State Journal]] |language=en |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725033154/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/census-madison-suburbs-top-list-of-fastest-growing-cities-in-wisconsin/article_c079b92b-1f18-5ac4-8538-0c74e004e018.html |url-status=live }} Wisconsin is divided into [[List of counties in Wisconsin|72 counties]] and as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] had a population of nearly 5.9 million.{{cite web |title=QuickFacts Wisconsin; United States |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/WI,US/PST045219 |website=census.gov |access-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517044542/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/WI,US/PST045219 |url-status=live }} [103] => [104] => [[Geography of Wisconsin|Wisconsin's geography]] is diverse, having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the [[Last glacial period|Ice Age]] with the exception of the [[Driftless Area]]. The [[Northern Highland]] and [[Western Upland]] along with a part of the [[Central Plain (Wisconsin)|Central Plain]] occupy the western part of the state, with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan. Wisconsin is third to [[Ontario]] and Michigan in the length of its [[Great Lakes]] coastline. The northern portion of the state is home to the [[Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest]]. At the time of European contact, the area was inhabited by [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] and [[Siouan]] nations, and today it is home to [[List of federally recognized tribes by state#Wisconsin|eleven]] federally recognized [[Tribe (Native American)|tribes]].{{cite web |title=American Indians in Wisconsin – Overview |url=https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/minority-health/population/amind-pop.htm |website=[[Wisconsin Department of Health Services]] |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817205053/https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/minority-health/population/amind-pop.htm |url-status=live }} During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many European settlers entered the state, most of whom emigrated from Germany and [[Scandinavia]].{{cite web |title=Germans in Wisconsin |url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2041 |website=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]] |date=August 3, 2012 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817205035/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2041 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Gordon |first1=Scott |title=How Scandinavians Transformed The Midwest, And The Midwest Transformed Them Too |url=https://www.wiscontext.org/how-scandinavians-transformed-midwest-and-midwest-transformed-them-too |website=[[PBS Wisconsin|WisContext]] |access-date=August 17, 2021 |date=November 4, 2016 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817205046/https://www.wiscontext.org/how-scandinavians-transformed-midwest-and-midwest-transformed-them-too |url-status=live }} Wisconsin remains a center of [[German American]] and [[Scandinavian American]] culture,{{cite web |title=German and Scandinavian Immigrants in the American Midwest |url=http://digitalexhibits.libraries.wsu.edu/exhibits/show/2016sphist417/immigration/germans-and-scandinavians |website=[[Washington State University]] |publisher=Washington State University |access-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812190315/http://digitalexhibits.libraries.wsu.edu/exhibits/show/2016sphist417/immigration/germans-and-scandinavians |url-status=live }} particularly in respect to its [[Cuisine of Wisconsin|cuisine]], with foods such as [[bratwurst]] and [[kringle]]. Wisconsin is home to one [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], comprising [[The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright|two of the most significant buildings]] designed by Wisconsin-born architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]: his studio at [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]] near [[Spring Green, Wisconsin|Spring Green]] and his [[Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House|Jacobs I House]] in Madison.{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1496 |title=The 20th-century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=July 7, 2019 |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709141412/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1496 |url-status=live }} [105] => [106] => The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] was founded in Wisconsin in 1854. In more recent years, Wisconsin has been a [[battleground state]] in [[United States presidential election|presidential elections]], notably in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] and [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]. [107] => [108] => Wisconsin is one of the nation's leading [[Dairy farming|dairy producers]] and is known as "America's Dairyland"; it is particularly famous for [[Wisconsin cheese|its cheese]].{{cite web | url=http://www.wisconsin.uk/ | title=wisconsin.uk | access-date=October 25, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025193722/https://wisconsin.uk/ | archive-date=October 25, 2019 | url-status=dead }}{{Cite book|title=Our Fifty States}} The state is also famous for [[List of breweries in Wisconsin|its beer]], particularly and historically [[Beer in Milwaukee|in Milwaukee]], most notably as the headquarters of the [[Miller Brewing Company]]. Wisconsin has some of the most permissive [[Alcohol laws of Wisconsin|alcohol laws]] in the country and is well known for its [[drinking culture]].{{Cite magazine|last=Matthews|first=Christopher|title=The 3 Best and 3 Worst States in America for Drinking|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://business.time.com/2013/12/05/the-3-best-and-3-worst-states-in-america-for-drinking/|url-status=live|access-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901203759/http://business.time.com/2013/12/05/the-3-best-and-3-worst-states-in-america-for-drinking/|archive-date=September 1, 2019|issn=0040-781X}}{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Laurel |title=High Tolerance: How State's Drinking Culture Developed |url=https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2019/05/19/high-tolerance-how-states-drinking-culture-developed/ |website=urbanmilwaukee.com |publisher=[[Wisconsin Public Radio]] |access-date=December 8, 2021 |date=May 19, 2019 |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208184253/https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2019/05/19/high-tolerance-how-states-drinking-culture-developed/ |url-status=live }} Its economy is dominated by manufacturing, healthcare, information technology, and agriculture—specifically dairy, [[cranberries]], and [[ginseng]].{{Cite news|url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/ginseng-continues-rebound-in-central-wisconsin/article_5dd63657-78ac-5cfe-ac88-419af3e9bf09.html|title=Ginseng continues rebound in central Wisconsin|last=Adams|first=Barry |work=Wisconsin State Journal |access-date=August 11, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195428/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/ginseng-continues-rebound-in-central-wisconsin/article_5dd63657-78ac-5cfe-ac88-419af3e9bf09.html|archive-date=August 11, 2018|url-status=live}} Tourism is also a major contributor to the state's economy.{{cite news |title=Evers announces $10M to promote tourism industry in Wisconsin |url=https://www.cbs58.com/news/evers-announces-10m-to-promote-tourism-industry-in-wisconsin |access-date=August 17, 2021 |agency=[[WDJT-TV]] |date=August 3, 2021 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817205037/https://www.cbs58.com/news/evers-announces-10m-to-promote-tourism-industry-in-wisconsin |url-status=live }} The [[List of states and territories of the United States by GDP|gross domestic product]] in 2020 was $348 billion.{{cite web |title=Wisconsin |url=https://www.forbes.com/places/wi/?sh=9db899823a16 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817205041/https://www.forbes.com/places/wi/?sh=9db899823a16 |url-status=live }} [109] => [110] => ==Etymology== [111] => The word ''Wisconsin'' originates from the name given to the [[Wisconsin River]] by one of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]].{{cite web |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/wisconsin-name/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028075712/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/wisconsin-name/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 28, 2005 |title=Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means |access-date=July 24, 2008 |publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society}} The French explorer [[Jacques Marquette]] was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673 and calling the river {{lang|fr|Meskousing}} (likely ᒣᔅᑯᐤᓯᣙ ''meskowsin'') in his journal.{{Cite book | last = Marquette | first = Jacques | author-link = Jacques Marquette | year = 1673 | contribution = The Mississippi Voyage of Jolliet and Marquette, 1673 | contribution-url = http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-051/ | editor-last = Kellogg | editor-first = Louise P. | title = Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699 | place = New York | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | page = 235 | oclc = 31431651 | access-date = July 25, 2008 | archive-date = January 25, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210125212847/https://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-051/ | url-status = live }} Subsequent French writers changed the spelling from {{lang|fr|Meskousing}} to {{lang|fr|Ouisconsin}}, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers [[anglicized]] the spelling from {{lang|fr|Ouisconsin}} to ''Wisconsin'' when they began to arrive in large numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of [[Wisconsin Territory]] made the current spelling official in 1845.{{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Alice E. | title = Stephen H. Long and the Naming of Wisconsin | journal = Wisconsin Magazine of History | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–71 | date = September 1942 | url = http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,14413 | access-date = July 24, 2008 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525200450/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/14413 | archive-date = May 25, 2017 | url-status = dead }} [112] => [113] => The [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. While interpretations vary, most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks. One leading theory holds that the name originated from the [[Miami-Illinois language|Miami]] word {{lang|mia|Meskonsing}}, meaning {{gloss|it lies red}}, a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin River as it flows through the reddish sandstone of the [[Dells of the Wisconsin River|Wisconsin Dells]].McCafferty, Michael. 2003. ''[http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2002552&journal_code=ONO On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911183554/http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2002552&journal_code=ONO |date=September 11, 2017 }}''. Onoma 38: 39–56 Other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of [[Ojibwa]] words meaning {{gloss|red stone place}}, {{gloss|where the waters gather}}, or {{gloss|great rock}}.{{cite journal | last = Vogel | first = Virgil J. | title = Wisconsin's Name: A Linguistic Puzzle | journal = Wisconsin Magazine of History | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–186 | year = 1965 | url = http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,23263 | access-date = July 24, 2008 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525200457/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/23263 | archive-date = May 25, 2017 | url-status = dead }} [114] => [115] => ==History== [116] => [117] => {{Main|History of Wisconsin}} [118] => [119] => ===Early history=== [120] => [121] => [[File:Wisconsin in 1718.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Wisconsin in 1718, [[Guillaume de L'Isle]] map, with the approximate state area highlighted]] [122] => [123] => Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past 14,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the [[Wisconsin Glaciation]]. These early inhabitants, called [[Paleo-Indians]], hunted now-extinct [[Pleistocene#Fauna|ice age animals]] such as the [[Boaz mastodon]], a prehistoric [[mastodon]] skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin.{{Cite book | last1=Theler | first1=James | last2=Boszhardt | first2=Robert | title=Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley | year=2003 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |location= Iowa City, Iowa |isbn=978-0-87745-847-0|page=59 }} After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic period]] lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants. Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the [[Woodland period]] between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of this period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the "[[Effigy Mound]] culture", which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds across the landscape.{{Cite book|last1=Birmingham|first1=Robert|last2=Eisenberg|first2=Leslie|title=Indian Mounds of Wisconsin|year=2000 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-299-16870-4|pages=100–110}} Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]] and [[Oneota]] cultures built substantial settlements including the fortified village at [[Aztalan]] in southeast Wisconsin.Birmingham 2000, pp. 152–56 The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern [[Ioway]] and [[Ho-Chunk]] nations who shared the Wisconsin region with the [[Menominee]] at the time of European contact.Birmingham 2000, pp. 165–67 Other Native American groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included the [[Ojibwa]], [[Sauk people|Sauk]], [[Fox people|Fox]], [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]], and [[Pottawatomie]], who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700.{{cite book|last=Boatman|first=John|editor-first=Donald| editor-last=Fixico|title=An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indian History|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee|year=1987|chapter=Historical Overview of the Wisconsin Area: From Early Years to the French, British, and Americans|oclc=18188646}} [124] => [125] => ===European settlements=== [126] => [127] => {{Main|New France|Canada (New France)|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Indian Reserve (1763)}} [128] => [129] => [[File:Jean Nicolet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2| [[Jean Nicolet]], depicted in a 1910 painting by Frank Rohrbeck, was probably the first European to explore Wisconsin. The mural is located in the [[Brown County Courthouse (Wisconsin)|Brown County Courthouse]] in Green Bay.]] [130] => [131] => The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer [[Jean Nicolet]]. He canoed west from [[Georgian Bay]] through the [[Great Lakes]] in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came ashore near [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] at [[Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin|Red Banks]].{{cite web|title=Jean Nicolet|url=http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/library/articles/nicolet.htm|author=Rodesch, Gerrold C.|year=1984|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Green Bay]]|access-date=March 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084337/http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/library/articles/nicolet.htm|archive-date=January 17, 2013|url-status=dead}} [[Pierre Radisson]] and [[Médard des Groseilliers]] visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and [[Chequamegon Bay]] in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans.{{cite web|title=Turning Points in Wisconsin History: Arrival of the First Europeans|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-006/?action=more_essay|publisher=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]]|access-date=March 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319211019/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-006/?action=more_essay|archive-date=March 19, 2022|url-status=live}} In 1673, Jacques Marquette and [[Louis Jolliet]] became the first to record a journey on the [[Fox-Wisconsin Waterway]] all the way to the [[Mississippi River]] near [[Prairie du Chien]].{{cite journal|last=Jaenen|first=Cornelius|year=1973|title=French colonial attitudes and the exploration of Jolliet and Marquette|journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History|volume=56|issue=4|pages=300–310|url=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/26553|access-date=January 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202080523/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/26553|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=dead}} [[Frenchmen]] like [[Nicholas Perrot]] continued to ply the [[fur trade]] across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries, but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before [[British Empire|Great Britain]] won control of the region following the [[French and Indian War]] in 1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after the war, and some, beginning with [[Charles de Langlade]] in 1764, settled in Wisconsin permanently, rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.{{cite web|title=Dictionary of Wisconsin History: Langlade, Charles Michel|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2266&search_term=Langlade%2C+Charles+Michel|publisher=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]]|access-date=March 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204150014/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2266&search_term=Langlade%2C+Charles+Michel|archive-date=December 4, 2010|url-status=live}} [132] => [133] => [[File:3c Wisconsin Tercentenary Nicolet's Landing, 1934 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The 300th anniversary of Nicolet's landing in 1634 is commemorated on a U.S. stamp, issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1934]] [134] => [135] => The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present-day [[Marinette, Wisconsin|Marinette]]. The first permanent settlers, mostly [[French Canadian]]s, some Anglo-[[New England]]ers and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764. Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as "La Baye". However, British fur traders referred to it as "Green Bay", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of "Green Bay" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and to French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities.Wisconsin, a Guide to the Badger State page 188 [136] => [137] => Joseph Roi built the [[Tank Cottage]] in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] in 1776. Located in [[Heritage Hill State Historical Park]], it is the [[List of the oldest buildings in Wisconsin|oldest standing building]] from Wisconsin's early years and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=D. N.|title=Tank Cottage|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/70000028_text|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=[[NRHP]] Inventory-Nomination Form|publisher=National Park Service|date=March 23, 1970|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225163106/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/70000028_text|url-status=live}} [138] => [139] => ===U.S. territory=== [140] => [141] => {{Main|American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory|Indiana Territory|Illinois Territory|Michigan Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Wisconsin Territory}} [142] => [143] => Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the [[American Revolutionary War]]. In 1787, it became part of the [[Northwest Territory]]. As territorial boundaries subsequently developed, it was then part of [[Indiana Territory]] from 1800 to 1809, [[Illinois Territory]] from 1809 to 1818, and [[Michigan Territory]] from 1818 to 1836. However, the British remained in control until after the [[War of 1812]], the outcome of which finally established an American presence in the area.{{cite book|title=Wisconsin: A History|last=Nesbit|first=Robert|year=1973|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison, WI|isbn=978-0-299-06370-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/62 62–64]|url=https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/62}} Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the lead deposits located at [[Mineral Point, Wisconsin|Mineral Point]], [[Dodgeville, Wisconsin|Dodgeville]], and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug, and earned the nickname "badgers", leading to Wisconsin's identity as the "Badger State".{{cite web|title=Badger Nickname|url=http://www.uwbadgers.com/trads/nickname.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323002815/http://www.uwbadgers.com/trads/nickname.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 23, 2011|publisher=University of Wisconsin|access-date=March 14, 2010}} The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population. The [[Winnebago War]] of 1827 and the [[Black Hawk War]] of 1832 culminated in the forced [[Indian removal|removal of Native Americans]] from most parts of the state.{{cite book|last=Nesbit|year=1973|isbn=978-0-299-06370-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/95 95–97]|title=Wisconsin: a history|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |url=https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/95}} [144] => [145] => Following these conflicts, [[Wisconsin Territory]] was created by an act of the [[United States Congress]] on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding what is now Milwaukee were occupied by farmers from the [[New England]] states.Wisconsin, a Guide to the Badger State page 197 [146] => [147] => ===Statehood=== [148] => [149] => {{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}} [150] => [151] => The [[Erie Canal]] facilitated the travel of both [[Yankee]] settlers and European immigrants to Wisconsin Territory. Yankees from New England and [[upstate New York]] seized a dominant position in law and politics, enacting policies that marginalized the region's earlier Native American and French-Canadian residents.{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 9781107052864| last = Murphy| first = Lucy Eldersveld| title = Great Lakes Creoles: a French-Indian community on the northern borderlands, Prairie du Chien, 1750–1860| location = New York| date = 2014| pages=108–147}} Yankees also speculated in real estate, platted towns such as Racine, Beloit, Burlington, and Janesville, and established schools, civic institutions, and [[Congregationalist]] churches.The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865 by Lois Kimball Mathews page 244New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 77"When is Daddy Coming Home?": An American Family During World War II By Richard Carlton Haney page 8 At the same time, many [[Germans]], Irish, [[Norwegians]], and other immigrants also settled in towns and farms across the territory, establishing [[Catholic]] and [[Lutheran]] institutions. [152] => [153] => [[File:3c Wisconsin Statehood Centennial, 1948 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|On May 29, 1948, the U.S.Post Office issued a [[commemorative stamp]] celebrating the 100th anniversary of Wisconsin statehood, featuring the state capitol building and map of Wisconsin.]] [154] => The growing population allowed Wisconsin to gain statehood on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state. Between 1840 and 1850, Wisconsin's non-Indian population had swollen from 31,000 to 305,000. More than a third of residents (110,500) were foreign born, including 38,000 Germans, 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales, and 21,000 Irish. Another third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. Only about 63,000 residents in 1850 had been born in Wisconsin.Robert C. Nesbit. ''Wisconsin: A History''. 2nd ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, p. 151. [155] => [156] => [[Nelson Dewey]], the first [[governor of Wisconsin]], was a [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government.{{cite book |last=Toepel |first=M. G. |editor-first=Hazel L. |editor-last=Kuehn |title=The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1960 |year=1960 |url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=header&id=WI.WIBlueBk1960&isize=M |chapter=Wisconsin's Former Governors, 1848–1959 |chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=turn&entity=WI.WIBlueBk1960.p0087&isize=M |publisher=Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library |access-date=September 17, 2008 |pages=71–74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152221/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=header&id=WI.WIBlueBk1960&isize=M |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=dead }} He encouraged the development of the state's infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the [[Fox River (Illinois River tributary)|Fox]] and [[Wisconsin River]]s. During his administration, the [[Wisconsin Board of Public Works|State Board of Public Works]] was organized. Dewey, an [[abolitionist]], was the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of [[slavery in the United States|slavery]] into new states and territories. [157] => {{Further|Pioneer Women in Wisconsin}} [158] => [159] => ===Civil War=== [160] => {{Main article|Wisconsin in the American Civil War}} [161] => [162] => [[File:Little White Schoolhouse Ripon Wisconsin Feb 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Little White Schoolhouse]] in [[Ripon, Wisconsin]], held the nation's first meeting of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].]] [[File:WIS-8th@Viclsburg.jpg|thumb|192x192px|The [[8th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment|Wisconsin 8th Volunteer Eagle Regiment]] with [[Old Abe]]]] [163] => [164] => Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center of northern [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]]. The debate became especially intense in 1854 after [[Joshua Glover]], a runaway slave from [[Missouri]], was captured in [[Racine, Wisconsin|Racine]]. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850|Fugitive Slave Law]], but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. In a trial stemming from the incident, the [[Wisconsin Supreme Court]] ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional.{{cite book|title=Leading Events of Wisconsin History|last=Legler|first=Henry|year=1898|publisher=Sentinel|location=Milwaukee, Wis.|pages=226–229|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/WIReader/WER1124.html|chapter=Rescue of Joshua Glover, a Runaway Slave|access-date=October 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018071024/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/WIReader/WER1124.html|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=dead}} The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], founded on March 20, 1854, by anti-slavery expansion activists in [[Ripon, Wisconsin]], grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events.{{cite book|last=Nesbit|year=1973|isbn=978-0-299-06370-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/238 238–239]|title=Wisconsin: a history|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |url=https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/238}} During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].{{cite web|title=Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Iron Brigade, Old Abe and Military Affairs|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-023/?action=more_essay|publisher=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]]|access-date=March 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204150829/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-023/?action=more_essay|archive-date=December 4, 2010|url-status=live}} [165] => [166] => {{clear}} [167] => [168] => ===Economic progress=== [169] => [170] => [[File:Looking over Milwaukee from Bay View in 1882.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Drawing of Industrial [[Milwaukee]] in 1882]] [171] => [172] => Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market, and industries like [[Case Corporation|J.I. Case & Company]] in Racine were founded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsin briefly became one of the nation's leading producers of wheat during the 1860s.{{cite book|last=Nesbit|year=1973|isbn=978-0-299-06370-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/273 273]|title=Wisconsin: a history|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |url=https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/273}} Meanwhile, the lumber industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities like [[La Crosse]], [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]], and [[Wausau, Wisconsin|Wausau]]. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.{{cite book|last=Nesbit|year=1973|isbn=978-0-299-06370-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/281 281, 309]|title=Wisconsin: a history|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |url=https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0000nesb/page/281}} These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline. [173] => [[File:Chase Stone Barn - Green Grass.jpg|thumb|The [[Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn]] in [[Chase, Wisconsin|Chase]] was built in 1903, as dairy farming spread across the state.]] [174] => [175] => Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by [[Stephen Babcock]] at the [[University of Wisconsin]], helped the state build a reputation as "America's Dairyland".{{cite book|title= The Progressive Era, 1893–1914|series=History of Wisconsin|volume=4|first=John|last=Buenker|publisher=State Historical Society of Wisconsin|location=Madison, WI|year=1998|editor-first=William Fletcher|editor-last=Thompson|isbn=978-0-87020-303-9|pages=25, 40–41, 62}} Meanwhile, conservationists including [[Aldo Leopold]] helped re-establish the state's forests during the early 20th century,{{cite web|title=Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Modern Environmental Movement|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-048/?action=more_essay|publisher=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]]|access-date=March 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204150526/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-048/?action=more_essay|archive-date=December 4, 2010|url-status=live}} paving the way for a more renewable lumber and [[paper mill]]ing industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and tool-making, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910.{{cite book|title= The Progressive Era, 1893–1914|series=History of Wisconsin|volume=4|first=John|last=Buenker|publisher=State Historical Society of Wisconsin|location=Madison, WI|year=1998|editor-first=William Fletcher|editor-last=Thompson|isbn=978-0-87020-303-9|pages=80–81}} [176] => [177] => ===20th century=== [178] => [179] => [[File:Robert M. La Follette, Sr as Senator2.jpg|left|thumb|Wisconsin Governor [[Robert M. La Follette|Robert La Follette]] addresses an assembly, 1905]] [180] => [181] => The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] politics championed by [[Robert M. La Follette]]. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide [[primary election]] system,{{cite book|title=The American direct primary: party institutionalization and transformation in the North |last=Ware|first=Alan|year=2002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-81492-8|page=118}} the first effective [[workers' compensation|workplace injury compensation]] law,{{cite web|last=Ranney|first=Joseph|title=Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace|url=http://www.wisbar.org/AM/TemplateRedirect.cfm?template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=35854|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918150059/http://www.wisbar.org/AM/TemplateRedirect.cfm?template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=35854|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 18, 2012|access-date=March 13, 2010}} and the first state [[income tax]],{{cite journal|last=Stark|first=John|year=1987|title=The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax|journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History|volume=71|issue=1|pages=27–45|url=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/36669|access-date=January 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202080527/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/36669|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=dead}} making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive [[Wisconsin Idea]] also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the [[UW-Extension]] system at this time.{{cite book|last=Stark|first=Jack|chapter=The Wisconsin Idea: The University's Service to the State|title=The State of Wisconsin Blue Book, 1995–1996|location=Madison|publisher=Legislative Reference Bureau|year=1995|pages=99–179|oclc=33902087|chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=article&did=WI.WIBlueBk1995.i0009&id=WI.WIBlueBk1995&isize=L|access-date=January 31, 2017|archive-date=October 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001801/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=article&did=WI.WIBlueBk1995.i0009&id=WI.WIBlueBk1995&isize=L|url-status=live}} Later, UW economics professors [[John R. Commons]] and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first [[unemployment compensation]] program in the United States in 1932.{{cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Daniel|year=1968|title=The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin|journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History|volume=51|issue=2|pages=109–21|url=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/31447|access-date=January 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202080531/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/31447|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=dead}} [182] => [183] => ==== World War I ==== [184] => During [[World War I]], due to the neutrality of Wisconsin and many [[Republican Party of Wisconsin|Wisconsin Republicans]], [[Progressivism in the United States|progressives]], and [[German Americans|German immigrants]] which made up 30 to 40 percent of the state population, Wisconsin would gain the nickname "Traitor State" which was used by many "hyper patriots".{{Cite journal |last=Cary |first=Lorin Lee |date=1969 |title=The Wisconsin Loyalty Legion, 1917–1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4634484 |journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |jstor=4634484 |issn=0043-6534}}{{Cite web |date=2012-10-10 |title=Expression Leads to Repression |url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS3418 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Wisconsin Historical Society |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Falk |first=Karen |date=1942 |title=Public Opinion in Wisconsin during World War I |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4631476 |journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=389–407 |jstor=4631476 |issn=0043-6534}}{{Cite web |date=2013-08-21 |title=ODD WISCONSIN: State denounced as 'traitor' in 1917 |url=https://lacrossetribune.com/courierlifenews/lifestyles/odd-wisconsin-state-denounced-as-traitor-in-1917/article_6c65843a-0ad5-11e3-8caa-001a4bcf887a.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=La Crosse Tribune |language=en}} [185] => [186] => As the war raged on in Europe, [[Robert M. La Follette]], leader of the anti-war movement in Wisconsin. led a group of progressive senators in blocking a bill by president [[Woodrow Wilson]] which would have armed merchant ships with guns. Many Wisconsin politicians such as [[Emanuel L. Philipp|Governor Phillipp]] and senator [[Irvine Lenroot|Irvine Lernroot]] were accused of having divided loyalties.''The History of Wisconsin 1914–1940'' by Paul W. Glad, 1990. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, p.309-310. Even with outspoken opponents to the war, at the onset of the war many Wisconsinites would abandon neutrality. Businesses, labor and farms all enjoyed prosperity from the war. With over 118,000 going into military service, Wisconsin was the first state to report for the national drafts conducted by the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]].{{Cite web |date=2012-08-03 |title=World War I |url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS422 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Wisconsin Historical Society |language=en}} [187] => [188] => ==== Cold war ==== [189] => [[File:ISS030-E-147656.jpg|thumb|Wisconsin, from an altitude of 206 [[nautical mile]]s (237 statute miles; {{nowrap|382 [[km]]}}) at 7:43:39 am [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] on {{nowrap|March 11, 2012}} during [[Expedition 30]] of the International Space Station.]] [190] => In the immediate aftermath of World War II, citizens of Wisconsin were divided over issues such as creation of the United Nations, support for the European recovery, and the growth of the Soviet Union's power. However, when Europe divided into Communist and capitalist camps and the Communist revolution in China succeeded in 1949, public opinion began to move towards support for the protection of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion.A Short History of Wisconsin By Erika Janik page 149 [191] => [192] => Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the [[McCarthyism|anti-communist]] crusades of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the [[Sterling Hall bombing]] in August 1970. The state undertook [[welfare reform]] under Republican Governor [[Tommy Thompson]] during the 1990s.{{cite web|title=Tommy Thompson: Human Services Reformer|website = [[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122179&page=1|date=September 4, 2004|access-date=March 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130132917/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122179&page=1|archive-date=January 30, 2011|url-status=live}} The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a [[service economy]] based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism. [193] => [194] => Two U.S. Navy battleships, [[BB-9]] and [[BB-64]], were named for the state. [195] => [196] => ===21st century=== [197] => {{Expand section|date=April 2024}} [198] => Wisconsin has been a swing state for much of the 21st century, with both Republicans and Democrats being elected statewide. The state voted for [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 Presidential Election]], and [[Joe Biden]] in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]].{{Cite web |last=Rakich |first=Nathaniel |date=October 16, 2020 |title=Wisconsin Was Never A Safe Blue State |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/wisconsin-was-never-a-safe-blue-state/ |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=FiveThirtyEight |language=en-US |archive-date=January 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115223612/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/wisconsin-was-never-a-safe-blue-state/ |url-status=live }} [199] => [200] => ==Geography== [201] => {{Main|Geography of Wisconsin}} [202] => {{stack| [203] => [[File:Wisconsin geographic provinces.svg|thumb|Wisconsin is divided into five geographic regions.]] [204] => [[File:Bluff.jpg|thumb|The [[Driftless Area]] of southwestern Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs carved in [[sedimentary]] rock by water from melting [[Ice age]] glaciers.]] [205] => [[File:Timms Hill, Wisconsin.JPG|thumb|[[Timms Hill]] is the highest natural point in Wisconsin at {{convert|1951.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}; it is located in the Town of [[Hill, Wisconsin|Hill]], [[Price County]].]] [206] => }} [207] => Wisconsin is bordered by the [[Montreal River (Wisconsin–Michigan)|Montreal River]]; [[Lake Superior]] and [[Michigan]] to the north; by [[Lake Michigan]] to the east; by [[Illinois]] to the south; and by [[Iowa]] to the southwest and [[Minnesota]] to the northwest. A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases, both [[Wisconsin v. Michigan]], in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the [[Mississippi River]] and [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)|St. Croix River]] in the west, and the [[Menominee River]] in the northeast.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} [208] => [209] => With its location between the [[Great Lakes]] and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the [[Lake Superior Lowland]] occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the [[Northern Highland]] has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the {{convert|1500000|acre|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest]], as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, [[Timms Hill]]. In the middle of the state, the [[Central Plain (Wisconsin)|Central Plain]] has some unique [[sandstone]] formations like the [[Dells of the Wisconsin River]] in addition to rich farmland. The [[Eastern Ridges and Lowlands]] region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the [[Niagara Escarpment]] that stretches from New York, the [[Black River Escarpment (Wisconsin)|Black River Escarpment]] and the [[Magnesian Escarpment]].{{cite book|isbn=978-0-299-03475-7|url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograph0000mart|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograph0000mart/page/247 247]|quote=Black River Escarpment.|title=The physical geography of Wisconsin|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|year=1965|author=Lawrence Martin|access-date=September 14, 2010}}{{cite news|url=http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/easternridges.html|title=The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands of Wisconsin|publisher=Wisconsin Online|access-date=September 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010209021338/http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/easternridges.html|archive-date=2001-02-09 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010209021338/http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/easternridges.html |archivedate=2001-02-09 |url=http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/easternridges.html |title=The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands of Wisconsin |first=Lawrence |last=Martin |work=Wisconline.com |accessdate=2010-09-14 |date=1965 }} [210] => [211] => In the southwest, the [[Western Upland]] is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River. This region is part of the [[Driftless Area]], which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by [[glacier]]s during the most recent ice age, the [[Wisconsin Glaciation]]. Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. [[Langlade County]] has a soil rarely found outside the county called [[Antigo (soil)|Antigo silt loam]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_019841.pdf|title=Wisconsin State Soil: Antigo Silt Loam|author=United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service|date=April 1999|access-date=October 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516155048/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_019841.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2017}} [212] => [213] => Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with Germany's [[Hesse]], Japan's [[Chiba Prefecture]], Mexico's [[Jalisco]], China's [[Heilongjiang]], and [[Nicaragua]]. [214] => [215] => ===Climate=== [216] => [[File:Wisconsin Köppen.svg|thumb|right|Köppen climate types of Wisconsin]] [217] => {{further|Climate change in Wisconsin}} [218] => [219] => Most of Wisconsin is classified as warm-summer [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb''), while southern and southwestern portions are classified as hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen ''Dfa''). The highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of [[Couderay]], where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging around {{convert|40|in|cm}} in the southern portions with up to {{convert|160|in|cm}} annually in the Lake Superior [[snowbelt]] each year.{{cite web|url=http://www.uwex.edu/sco/stateclimate.html|title=Climate of Wisconsin|access-date=March 16, 2007|last=Benedetti|first=Michael|publisher=The University of Wisconsin–Extension|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117094615/http://www.uwex.edu/sco/stateclimate.html|archive-date=January 17, 2013}} [220] => [221] => {{sort under}} [222] => {| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" "text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [223] => |+ '''Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected Wisconsin cities''' [°F (°C)] [224] => |- [225] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" | City [226] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Jan [227] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Feb [228] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Mar [229] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Apr [230] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | May [231] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Jun [232] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Jul [233] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Aug [234] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Sep [235] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Oct [236] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Nov [237] => ! style="background-color: #e5afaa;" data-sort-type="number" | Dec [238] => |- style="background: #f8f3ca;" [239] => ! style="background: #f8f3ca;" | [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] [240] => | 25/10
(−4/−12) [241] => | 29/13
(−2/−11) [242] => | 40/23
(5/−5) [243] => | 55/35
(13/1) [244] => | 67/45
(19/7) [245] => | 76/55
(25/13) [246] => | 81/59
(27/15) [247] => | 79/58
(26/14) [248] => | 71/49
(22/10) [249] => | 58/38
(14/4) [250] => | 43/28
(6/−2) [251] => | 30/15
(−1/−9) [252] => |- style="background: #c5dfe1;" [253] => ! style="background: #c5dfe1;" | [[Hurley, Wisconsin|Hurley]] [254] => | 19/0
(−7/−18) [255] => | 26/4
(−4/−16) [256] => | 36/16
(2/−9) [257] => | 49/29
(9/−2) [258] => | 65/41
(18/5) [259] => | 73/50
(23/10) [260] => | 76/56
(25/13) [261] => | 75/54
(24/12) [262] => | 65/46
(18/8) [263] => | 53/35
(12/2) [264] => | 36/22
(2/−6) [265] => | 24/8
(−5/−14) [266] => |- style="background: #f8f3ca;" [267] => ! style="background: #f8f3ca;" | [[La Crosse]] [268] => | 26/6
(−3/−14) [269] => | 32/13
(0/−11) [270] => | 45/24
(7/−4) [271] => | 60/37
(16/3) [272] => | 72/49
(22/9) [273] => | 81/58
(27/14) [274] => | 85/63
(29/17) [275] => | 82/61
(28/16) [276] => | 74/52
(23/11) [277] => | 61/40
(16/4) [278] => | 44/27
(7/−3) [279] => | 30/14
(−1/−10) [280] => |- style="background: #c5dfe1;" [281] => ! style="background: #c5dfe1;" | [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] [282] => | 27/11
(−3/−12) [283] => | 32/15
(0/−9) [284] => | 44/25
(7/−4) [285] => | 58/36
(14/2) [286] => | 69/46
(21/8) [287] => | 79/56
(26/13) [288] => | 82/61
(28/16) [289] => | 80/59
(27/15) [290] => | 73/50
(23/10) [291] => | 60/39
(15/3) [292] => | 45/28
(7/−2) [293] => | 31/16
(−1/−9) [294] => |- style="background: #f8f3ca;" [295] => ! style="background: #f8f3ca;" | [[Milwaukee]] [296] => | 29/16
(−2/−9) [297] => | 33/19
(0/−7) [298] => | 42/28
(6/−2) [299] => | 54/37
(12/3) [300] => | 65/47
(18/8) [301] => | 75/57
(24/14) [302] => | 80/64
(27/18) [303] => | 79/63
(26/17) [304] => | 71/55
(22/13) [305] => | 59/43
(15/6) [306] => | 46/32
(8/0) [307] => | 33/20
(0/−7) [308] => |- style="background: #c5dfe1;" [309] => ! style="background: #c5dfe1;" | [[Superior, Wisconsin|Superior]]{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/54880 |title=Monthly Averages for Superior, WI (54880)—weather.com |access-date=May 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103190315/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/54880 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live }} [310] => | 21/2
(−6/−17) [311] => | 26/6
(−3/−14) [312] => | 35/17
(2/−8) [313] => | 46/29
(8/-2) [314] => | 56/38
(13/3) [315] => | 66/47
(19/8) [316] => | 75/56
(24/13) [317] => | 74/57
(23/14) [318] => | 65/47
(18/8) [319] => | 52/36
(11/2) [320] => | 38/23
(3/−5) [321] => | 25/9
(−4/−13) [322] => |} [323] => [324] => {{Weather box [325] => |single line = y [326] => |location = Wisconsin (normals 1981–2010) [327] => |Jan record high F = 66 [328] => |Feb record high F = 69 [329] => |Mar record high F = 89 [330] => |Apr record high F = 97 [331] => |May record high F = 109 [332] => |Jun record high F = 106 [333] => |Jul record high F = 114 [334] => |Aug record high F = 108 [335] => |Sep record high F = 104 [336] => |Oct record high F = 95 [337] => |Nov record high F = 84 [338] => |Dec record high F = 70 [339] => [340] => |Jan high F = 23.9 [341] => |Feb high F = 29.2 [342] => |Mar high F = 40.6 [343] => |Apr high F = 55.5 [344] => |May high F = 67.3 [345] => |Jun high F = 76.3 [346] => |Jul high F = 80.4 [347] => |Aug high F = 78.2 [348] => |Sep high F = 69.8 [349] => |Oct high F = 56.9 [350] => |Nov high F = 41.2 [351] => |Dec high F = 27.5 [352] => |year high F = 52.9 [353] => [354] => |Jan mean F = 15.0 [355] => |Feb mean F = 19.6 [356] => |Mar mean F = 30.5 [357] => |Apr mean F = 44.0 [358] => |May mean F = 55.3 [359] => |Jun mean F = 64.7 [360] => |Jul mean F = 69.1 [361] => |Aug mean F = 67.1 [362] => |Sep mean F = 58.7 [363] => |Oct mean F = 46.5 [364] => |Nov mean F = 33.1 [365] => |Dec mean F = 19.4 [366] => [367] => |Jan low F = 3.7 [368] => |Feb low F = 6.3 [369] => |Mar low F = 18.3 [370] => |Apr low F = 31.6 [371] => |May low F = 42.6 [372] => |Jun low F = 52.4 [373] => |Jul low F = 57.2 [374] => |Aug low F = 55.0 [375] => |Sep low F = 47.1 [376] => |Oct low F = 36.2 [377] => |Nov low F = 23.7 [378] => |Dec low F = 10.6 [379] => |year low F = 31.8 [380] => [381] => |Jan record low F = −54 [382] => |Feb record low F = −55 [383] => |Mar record low F = −48 [384] => |Apr record low F = −20 [385] => |May record low F = 7 [386] => |Jun record low F = 20 [387] => |Jul record low F = 27 [388] => |Aug record low F = 22 [389] => |Sep record low F = 10 [390] => |Oct record low F = −7 [391] => |Nov record low F = −34 [392] => |Dec record low F = −52 [393] => [394] => |precipitation colour = green [395] => |Jan precipitation inch = 1.15 [396] => |Feb precipitation inch = 1.03 [397] => |Mar precipitation inch = 1.80 [398] => |Apr precipitation inch = 2.63 [399] => |May precipitation inch = 3.54 [400] => |Jun precipitation inch = 4.17 [401] => |Jul precipitation inch = 3.79 [402] => |Aug precipitation inch = 3.78 [403] => |Sep precipitation inch = 3.75 [404] => |Oct precipitation inch = 2.38 [405] => |Nov precipitation inch = 2.00 [406] => |Dec precipitation inch = 1.27 [407] => |year precipitation inch = [408] => [409] => |Jul snow inch = 0.0 [410] => |Aug snow inch = 0.0 [411] => |Sep snow inch = 0.0 [412] => |Oct snow inch = 0.8 [413] => |Nov snow inch = 4.9 [414] => |Dec snow inch = 10.2 [415] => |Jan snow inch = 11.4 [416] => |Feb snow inch = 9.5 [417] => |Mar snow inch = 8.7 [418] => |Apr snow inch = 3.2 [419] => |May snow inch = 0.4 [420] => |Jun snow inch = 0.0 [421] => |year snow inch = 48.7 [422] => |source = {{cite web|url=http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~sco/clim-history/state/index.html|title=Wisconsin State Climatology Office}} [423] => }} [424] => [425] => ===Cities=== [426] => {{Further|List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population|Administrative divisions of Wisconsin}} [427] => [[File:Wisconsin-counties-map.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Wisconsin counties]] [428] => [429] => Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the [[Greater Milwaukee]] area home to roughly one-third of the state's population.{{cite web|url=http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=418|title=Number and Percent of Total Population by Urban/Rural Categories for Wisconsin Counties: April 1, 2000|access-date=March 16, 2007|last=Naylor|format=PDF|publisher=State of Wisconsin, Department of Administration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311091426/http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=418|archive-date=March 11, 2007}} With more than 590,000 residents, Milwaukee is the 30th-largest city in the country.{{cite web|title=Milwaukee (city), Wisconsin|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/5553000.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207151149/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/5553000.html|archive-date=February 7, 2014}} The string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a [[megalopolis]]. [430] => [431] => With a population of nearly 260,000, Madison is consistently ranked as one of the most livable cities in both the state and country and is the [[population growth|fastest-growing]] city in Wisconsin.{{cite news |title=Census: Madison, suburbs top list of fastest-growing cities in Wisconsin |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/census-madison-suburbs-top-list-of-fastest-growing-cities-in-wisconsin/article_c079b92b-1f18-5ac4-8538-0c74e004e018.html |access-date=July 24, 2020 |work=Madison.com |language=en |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029202910/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/census-madison-suburbs-top-list-of-fastest-growing-cities-in-wisconsin/article_c079b92b-1f18-5ac4-8538-0c74e004e018.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Kevin |title=Three Wisconsin cities ranked in top-100 best places to live, per Livability |url=https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/three-wisconsin-cities-ranked-in-top-100-best-places-to-live-per-livability |access-date=February 24, 2021 |agency=[[WTMJ-TV]] |date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118101812/https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/three-wisconsin-cities-ranked-in-top-100-best-places-to-live-per-livability |url-status=live }} [432] => [433] => Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.Wisconsin Department of Revenue, "Wisconsin's Metropolitan Statistical Areas", Summer 2011. [434] => [435] => Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns. [[City (Wisconsin)|Cities]] and [[Village (Wisconsin)|villages]] are incorporated urban areas. [[Town (Wisconsin)|Towns]] are unincorporated [[minor civil division]]s of [[Political subdivisions of Wisconsin#County|counties]] with limited self-government. [436] => [437] => {{anchor|Major cities}} [438] => {{Largest cities [439] => | country = Wisconsin [440] => | stat_ref ={{cite web |title=Top 100 Biggest Wisconsin Cities By Population |url=https://www.biggestuscities.com/wi |website=biggestuscities.com |access-date=March 3, 2021 |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124035/https://www.biggestuscities.com/wi |url-status=live }} [441] => | list_by_pop = [442] => | div_name = [443] => | div_link = Counties of Wisconsin{{!}}County [444] => | city_1 = Milwaukee [445] => | div_1 = Milwaukee County, Wisconsin{{!}}Milwaukee [446] => | pop_1 = 577,222 [447] => | img_1 = Milwaukee Skyline 2023.jpg [448] => | city_2 = Madison, Wisconsin{{!}}Madison [449] => | div_2 = Dane County, Wisconsin{{!}}Dane [450] => | pop_2 = 269,840 [451] => | img_2 = Madison 05-26-2012 012 (7398591826).jpg [452] => | city_3 = Green Bay, Wisconsin{{!}}Green Bay [453] => | div_3 = Brown County, Wisconsin{{!}}Brown [454] => | pop_3 = 107,395 [455] => | img_3 = Downtown Green Bay CityDeck along the Fox River.jpg [456] => | city_4 = Kenosha, Wisconsin{{!}}Kenosha [457] => | div_4 = Kenosha County, Wisconsin{{!}}Kenosha [458] => | pop_4 = 99,986 [459] => | img_4 = Kenosha's Lakefront.jpg [460] => | city_5 = Racine, Wisconsin{{!}}Racine [461] => | div_5 = Racine County, Wisconsin{{!}}Racine [462] => | pop_5 = 77,816 [463] => | city_6 = Appleton, Wisconsin{{!}}Appleton [464] => | div_6 = Outagamie County, Wisconsin{{!}}Outagamie [465] => | pop_6 = 75,644 [466] => | city_7 = Waukesha, Wisconsin{{!}}Waukesha [467] => | div_7 = Waukesha County, Wisconsin{{!}}Waukesha [468] => | pop_7 = 71,158 [469] => | city_8 = Eau Claire, Wisconsin{{!}}Eau Claire [470] => | div_8 = Eau Claire County, Wisconsin{{!}}Eau Claire [471] => | pop_8 = 69,421 [472] => | city_9 = Oshkosh, Wisconsin{{!}}Oshkosh [473] => | div_9 = Winnebago County, Wisconsin{{!}}Winnebago [474] => | pop_9 = 66,816 [475] => | city_10 = Janesville, Wisconsin{{!}}Janesville [476] => | div_10 = Rock County, Wisconsin{{!}}Rock [477] => | pop_10 = 65,615 [478] => | city_11 = West Allis, Wisconsin{{!}}West Allis [479] => | div_11 = Milwaukee County, Wisconsin{{!}}Milwaukee [480] => | pop_11 = 60,325 [481] => | city_12 = La Crosse, Wisconsin{{!}}La Crosse [482] => | div_12 = La Crosse County, Wisconsin{{!}}La Crosse [483] => | pop_12 = 52,680 [484] => | city_13 = Sheboygan, Wisconsin{{!}}Sheboygan [485] => | div_13 = Sheboygan County, Wisconsin{{!}}Sheboygan [486] => | pop_13 = 49,929 [487] => | city_14 = Wauwatosa, Wisconsin{{!}}Wauwatosa [488] => | div_14 = Milwaukee County, Wisconsin{{!}}Milwaukee [489] => | pop_14 = 46,396 [490] => | city_15 = Fond du Lac, Wisconsin{{!}}Fond du Lac [491] => | div_15 = Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin{{!}}Fond du Lac [492] => | pop_15 = 44,678 [493] => | city_16 = Brookfield, Wisconsin{{!}}Brookfield [494] => | div_16 = Waukesha County, Wisconsin{{!}}Waukesha [495] => | pop_16 = 41,464 [496] => | city_17 = New Berlin, Wisconsin{{!}}New Berlin [497] => | div_17 = Waukesha County, Wisconsin{{!}}Waukesha [498] => | pop_17 = 40,451 [499] => | city_18 = Wausau, Wisconsin{{!}}Wausau [500] => | div_18 = Marathon County, Wisconsin{{!}}Marathon [501] => | pop_18 = 39,994 [502] => | city_19 = Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin{{!}}Menomonee Falls [503] => | div_19 = Waukesha County, Wisconsin{{!}}Waukesha [504] => | pop_19 = 38,527 [505] => | city_20 = Greenfield, Wisconsin{{!}}Greenfield [506] => | div_20 = Milwaukee County, Wisconsin{{!}}Milwaukee [507] => | pop_20 = 37,803 [508] => }} [509] => [510] => ==Demographics{{anchor|Ethnicity}}== [511] => ===Population=== [512] => {{US Census population [513] => |1820= 1444 [514] => |1830= 3635 [515] => |1840= 30945 [516] => |1850= 305391 [517] => |1860= 775881 [518] => |1870= 1054670 [519] => |1880= 1315457 [520] => |1890= 1693330 [521] => |1900= 2069042 [522] => |1910= 2333860 [523] => |1920= 2632067 [524] => |1930= 2939006 [525] => |1940= 3137587 [526] => |1950= 3434575 [527] => |1960= 3951777 [528] => |1970= 4417731 [529] => |1980= 4705767 [530] => |1990= 4891769 [531] => |2000= 5363675 [532] => |2010= 5686986 [533] => |2020= 5893718 [534] => |align-fn=center [535] => |footnote=Source: 1910–2020{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }} [536] => }} [537] => [538] => [[File:Wisconsin 2020 Population Density.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Wisconsin 2020 Population Density Map]] [539] => [[File:Ethnic Origins in Wisconsin.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Ethnic origins in Wisconsin]]The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates that the population of Wisconsin was 5,822,434 on July 1, 2019, a 2.4% increase since the [[2010 United States census]].{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/wi,US/PST045218|title=QuickFacts Wisconsin; UNITED STATES|website=2018 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 8, 2019|access-date=February 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815114553/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/WI,US/PST045218|archive-date=August 15, 2019|url-status=live}} This includes a natural increase since the last census of 150,659 people (i.e., 614,771 births minus 464,112 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 12,755 people. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 59,251 people, and migration from within the U.S. resulted in a net decrease of 72,006 people.{{cite web|url = https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html|title = Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: July 1, 2018 to July 1, 2019|access-date = June 10, 2020|archive-date = January 26, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200126071436/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html|url-status = live}} [540] => [541] => According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 4,775 [[homeless]] people in Wisconsin.{{Cite web |title=2007–2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314020239/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311234217/https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |url-status=live }} [542] => [543] => {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" [544] => |+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] [545] => |- [546] => ! Race and Ethnicity{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author= |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }} [547] => ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone [548] => ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total [549] => |- [550] => | [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] [551] => |align=right| {{bartable|78.6|%|2||background:gray}} [552] => |align=right| {{bartable|81.9|%|2||background:gray}} [553] => |- [554] => | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}} [555] => |align=right| {{bartable}} [556] => |align=right| {{bartable|7.6|%|2||background:green}} [557] => |- [558] => | [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]] [559] => |align=right| {{bartable|6.2|%|2||background:mediumblue}} [560] => |align=right| {{bartable|7.3|%|2||background:mediumblue}} [561] => |- [562] => | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] [563] => |align=right| {{bartable|3.0|%|2||background:purple}} [564] => |align=right| {{bartable|3.6|%|2||background:purple}} [565] => |- [566] => | Native American [567] => |align=right| {{bartable|0.8|%|2||background:gold}} [568] => |align=right| {{bartable|2.0|%|2||background:gold}} [569] => |- [570] => | [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] [571] => |align=right| {{bartable|0.03|%|2||background:pink}} [572] => |align=right| {{bartable|0.1|%|2||background:pink}} [573] => |- [574] => | Other [575] => |align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:brown}} [576] => |align=right| {{bartable|1.1|%|2||background:brown}} [577] => |} [578] => [579] => {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="font-size: 90%;" [580] => |+ '''Wisconsin historical population by race''' [581] => |- [582] => ! Racial composition !! 1990{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |author=Population Division, Laura K. Yax |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }} !! 2000{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/state/WI|title=Population of Wisconsin—Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts—CensusViewer|access-date=July 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323174812/http://censusviewer.com/state/WI|archive-date=March 23, 2016|url-status=dead}} !! 2010{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|author=Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO)|access-date=February 18, 2018|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}!! 2020{{cite web |title=2020 Decennial Census, Wisconsin, Table P1: Race |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US55&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708180347/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US55&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |url-status=live }} [583] => |- [584] => | [[White American|White]] || 92.2% || 88.9% || 86.2% || 80.4% [585] => |- [586] => | [[African American|Black]] || 5.0% || 5.7% || 6.3% || 6.4% [587] => |- [588] => | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 1.1% || 1.7% || 2.3% || 3.0% [589] => |- [590] => | Native || 0.8% || 0.9% || 1.0% || 1.0% [591] => |- [592] => | [[Native Hawaiian]] and
[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || – || – [593] => |- [594] => | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.9% || 1.6% || 2.4% || 3.1% [595] => |- [596] => | [[Two or more races]] || – || 1.3% || 1.8% || 6.1% [597] => |} [598] => [599] => According to the 2016 [[American Community Survey]], 6.5% of Wisconsin's population were of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] origin (of any race): [[Mexican American|Mexican]] (4.7%), [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (0.9%), [[Cuban American|Cuban]] (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (0.7%).{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US55 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005630/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US55 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }} The five largest ancestry groups were: [[German American|German]] (40.5%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (10.8%), [[Polish American|Polish]] (8.8%), [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]] (7.7%), and [[English American|English]] (5.7%).{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US55 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005518/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US55 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }} German is the most common ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau, and Vernon.{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.state.wi.us/LRB/bb/03bb/128-133.pdf|title=Wisconsin Blue Book 2003–2004|access-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325105850/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/LRB/bb/03bb/128-133.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009}} Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 20, 2004 |title="Ancestry: 2000", U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 25, 2010 }} [600] => [601] => Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of whom were [[Cornish American|Cornish]], who settled the southwestern area of the state. The next wave was dominated by "Yankees", migrants of [[English American|English descent]] from [[New England]] and [[upstate New York]]; in the early years of statehood, they dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics, and education. Between 1850 and 1900, the immigrants were mostly [[German Americans|Germans]], [[Scandinavian Americans|Scandinavians]] (the largest group being [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]]), [[Irish Americans|Irish]], and [[Polish Americans|Poles]]. In the 20th century, a number of African Americans and [[Mexican Americans|Mexicans]] settled in [[Milwaukee]]; and after the end of the [[Vietnam War]] came an influx of [[Hmong Americans|Hmongs]]. [602] => [603] => The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state. Although German immigrants settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegian immigrants settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settled primarily in urban areas.Miller, Frank H., [http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=14489 "The Polanders in Wisconsin"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829135614/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Ftp&CISOPTR=14489 |date=August 29, 2009 }}, Parkman Club Publications No. 10. Milwaukee, Wis.: Parkman Club, 1896; retrieved January 29, 2008. [[Menominee County, Wisconsin|Menominee County]] is the only county in the eastern United States with a Native American majority. [604] => [605] => African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. 86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: [[Milwaukee]], [[Racine, Wisconsin|Racine]], [[Beloit, Wisconsin|Beloit]], [[Kenosha]], with Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the [[Great Lakes]] region, only Detroit and [[Cleveland]] have a higher percentage of African-American residents.{{Cite web |last=Slesinger |first=Doris P. |title=African Americans in Wisconsin |url=https://cdn.apl.wisc.edu/publications/African_American_Chartbook.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629174407/https://cdn.apl.wisc.edu/publications/African_American_Chartbook.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |access-date=June 29, 2023}} [606] => [607] => About 33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is [[Hmong people|Hmong]], with significant communities in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wausau, Wisconsin|Wausau]], [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]], [[Sheboygan, Wisconsin|Sheboygan]], [[Appleton, Wisconsin|Appleton]], [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], [[La Crosse]], [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]], [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin|Oshkosh]], and [[Manitowoc, Wisconsin|Manitowoc]].{{cite web|url=http://www.apl.wisc.edu/publications/HmongChartbook.pdf|title=Wisconsin's Hmong Population|access-date=April 26, 2010|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison Applied Population Laboratory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331124635/https://cdn.apl.wisc.edu/publications/HmongChartbook.pdf|archive-date=March 31, 2022|url-status=dead}} [608] => [609] => Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born.[https://www.census.gov U.S. Census website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/http://www.census.gov/ |date=December 27, 1996 }} . Factfinder2.census.gov; retrieved August 2, 2013. [610] => [611] => In 2018, the countries of origin for Wisconsin's immigrants came from Mexico, India, China, [[Laos]] and the [[Philippines]].{{cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_wisconsin.pdf|title=Immigrants in Wisconsin}} [612] => [613] => ;Birth data [614] => [615] => [[File:Wisconsin counties by race.svg|thumb|214x214px|Map of counties in Wisconsin by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census{{Collapsible list [616] => | title = Legend|{{col-begin}}{{col-2}} [617] => [618] => '''Non-Hispanic White''' [619] => [620] => {{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}} [621] => [622] => {{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}} [623] => [624] => {{legend|#85200c|70–80%}} [625] => [626] => {{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}} [627] => [628] => {{legend|#410b00|90%+}} [629] => [630] => {{col-2}} [631] => [632] => '''Native American''' [633] => [634] => {{legend|#274e13|80–90%}} [635] => [636] => {{col-end}} [637] => }}]] [638] => ''Note: Births in table add to over 100%, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.'' [639] => {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" [640] => |+ Live births by single race or ethnicity of mother [641] => |- [642] => ! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]] [643] => ! 2013{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2013 |journal=[[National Vital Statistics System|National Vital Statistics Reports]] |volume=64 |issue=1 |date=January 15, 2015 |id=CS253166 |author1=Joyce A. Martin |author2=Brady E. Hamilton |author3=Michelle J. K. Osterman |author4=Sally C. Curtin |author5=T. J. Mathews |display-authors=1 |publisher=[[National Center for Health Statistics|NCHS]] |access-date=June 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |url-status=live }} [644] => ! 2014{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2014 |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=64 |issue=12 |date=December 23, 2015 |id=CS260962 |author1=Joyce A. Martin |author2=Brady E. Hamilton |author3=Michelle J. K. Osterman |author4=Sally C. Curtin |author5=T. J. Mathews |display-authors=1 |publisher=NCHS |access-date=June 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }} [645] => ! 2015{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2015 |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=66 |issue=1 |date=January 5, 2017 |id=CS272653 |author1=Joyce A. Martin |author2=Brady E. Hamilton |author3=Michelle J. K. Osterman |author4=Anne K. Driscoll |author5=T. J. Mathews |display-authors=1 |publisher=NCHS |access-date=June 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }} [646] => ! 2016{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2016 |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=67 |issue=1 |date=January 31, 2018 |id=CS287854 |author1=Joyce A. Martin |author2=Brady E. Hamilton |author3=Michelle J. K. Osterman |author4=Anne K. Driscoll |author5=Patrick Drake |display-authors=1 |publisher=NCHS |access-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }} [647] => ! 2017{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2017 |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=67 |issue=8 |date=November 7, 2018 |id=CS296610 |author1=Joyce A. Martin |author2=Brady E. Hamilton |author3=Michelle J. K. Osterman |author4=Anne K. Driscoll |author5=Patrick Drake |display-authors=1 |publisher=NCHS |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }} [648] => ! 2018{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2018 |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=68 |issue=13 |date=November 27, 2019 |id=CS310999 |author1=Joyce A. Martin |author2=Brady E. Hamilton |author3=Michelle J. K. Osterman |author4=Anne K. Driscoll |display-authors=1 |publisher=NCHS |access-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |url-status=live }} [649] => ! 2019{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2019 |journal=National Vital Statistics Reports |volume=70 |issue=2 |date=March 23, 2021 |id=CS322077 |author1=Joyce A. Martin |author2=Brady E. Hamilton |author3=Michelle J. K. Osterman |author4=Anne K. Driscoll |display-authors=1 |publisher=NCHS |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324160631/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |url-status=live }} [650] => ! 2020{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210175206/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf |url-status=live }} [651] => ! 2021{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201003942/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |url-status=live }} [652] => ! 2022 [653] => {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05}} [654] => |- [655] => | [[White Americans|White]]: [656] => | 55,485 (83.2%) [657] => | 55,520 (82.7%) [658] => | 55,350 (82.6%) [659] => | ... [660] => | ... [661] => | ... [662] => | ... [663] => | ... [664] => | ... [665] => | ... [666] => |- [667] => | > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]] [668] => | 49,357 (74.0%) [669] => | 49,440 (73.6%) [670] => | 49,024 (73.1%) [671] => | 47,994 (72.0%) [672] => | 46,309 (71.3%) [673] => | 45,654 (71.2%) [674] => | 44,784 (70.8%) [675] => | 42,715 (70.5%) [676] => | 43,991 (71.2%) [677] => | 42,455 (70.7%) [678] => |- [679] => | [[African Americans|Black]] [680] => | 6,956 (10.4%) [681] => | 7,328 (10.9%) [682] => | 7,386 (11.0%) [683] => | 6,569 (9.9%) [684] => | 6,864 (10.6%) [685] => | 6,622 (10.3%) [686] => | 6,859 (10.8%) [687] => | 6,429 (10.6%) [688] => | 5,964 (9.6%) [689] => | 5,688 (9.5%) [690] => |- [691] => | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] [692] => | 3,197 (4.8%) [693] => | 3,333 (5.0%) [694] => | 3,276 (4.9%) [695] => | 3,220 (4.8%) [696] => | 3,017 (4.6%) [697] => | 3,155 (4.9%) [698] => | 2,942 (4.6%) [699] => | 2,870 (4.7%) [700] => | 2,692 (4.3%) [701] => | 2,661 (4.4%) [702] => |- [703] => | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] [704] => | 1,011 (1.5%) [705] => | 980 (1.5%) [706] => | 1,029 (1.5%) [707] => | 689 (1.0%) [708] => | 745 (1.1%) [709] => | 707 (1.1%) [710] => | 664 (1.0%) [711] => | 573 (0.9%) [712] => | 546 (0.9%) [713] => | 533 (0.9%) [714] => |- [715] => | ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race) [716] => | ''6,398'' (9.6%) [717] => | ''6,375'' (9.5%) [718] => | ''6,604'' (9.9%) [719] => | ''6,504'' (9.8%) [720] => | ''6,368'' (9.8%) [721] => | ''6,365'' (9.9%) [722] => | ''6,463'' (10.2%) [723] => | ''6,438'' (10.6%) [724] => | ''6,923'' (11.2%) [725] => | ''6,971'' (11.6%) [726] => |- [727] => | '''Total Wisconsin''' [728] => | '''66,649''' (100%) [729] => | '''67,161''' (100%) [730] => | '''67,041''' (100%) [731] => | '''66,615''' (100%) [732] => | '''64,975''' (100%) [733] => | '''64,098''' (100%) [734] => | '''63,270''' (100%) [735] => | '''60,594''' (100%) [736] => | '''61,781''' (100%) [737] => | '''60,049''' (100%) [738] => |} [739] => [740] => * Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. [741] => [742] => ===Religion=== [743] => [744] => {{bar box [745] => |title = Religion in Wisconsin (2014){{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/wisconsin/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=May 11, 2015|access-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015611/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/wisconsin/|archive-date=December 10, 2017|url-status=live}} [746] => |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right [747] => |bars = [748] => {{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|dodgerblue|44}} [749] => {{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|purple|25}} [750] => {{bar percent|Unaffiliated|grey|25}} [751] => {{bar percent|Jewish|blue|1}} [752] => {{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodox]]|blue|1}} [753] => {{bar percent|[[Jehovah's Witness]]|blue|1}} [754] => {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1}} [755] => {{bar percent|Other faith|pink|1}} [756] => }} [757] => The percentage of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations as of 2014 were:{{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Brett E.|title=The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America|series=Routledge Atlases of American History|date=December 28, 2000|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-92137-4}} Christian 81% ([[Protestant]] 50%, [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]] 29%), Mormon 0.5%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.5%, and unaffiliated 15%. [758] => [759] => Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of 2008, the three largest denominational groups in Wisconsin were Catholic, [[Evangelical Protestant]], and [[Mainline Protestant]].The Pew Forum. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130705151143/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf U.S. Religious Landscape Survey], (Archived July 5, 2013), Appendix 1, p. 97. Pew Research Center, 2008. As of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in Wisconsin (at 1,425,523), followed by the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 414,326 members, and the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] with 223,279 adherents.{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/55/rcms2010_55_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209194518/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/55/rcms2010_55_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |url-status=dead }} The [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]], the namesake synod with the fourth highest numbers of adherents in Wisconsin, has their headquarters in Waukesha, Wisconsin.{{cite web|title=National Headquarters|url=http://www.wels.net/about-wels/national-headquarters|access-date=October 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018203039/http://www.wels.net/about-wels/national-headquarters|archive-date=October 18, 2014|url-status=dead}} [760] => [761] => ===Crime=== [762] => [763] => {{main|Crime in Wisconsin}} [764] => [765] => Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/non-negligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850 robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.{{cite web |url=http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_05.html |title=Table 5—Crime in the United States 2009 |publisher=.fbi.gov |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014044856/http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_05.html |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |url-status=dead }} Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics through the Bureau of Justice Information and Analysis.[https://www.doj.state.wi.us/dles/bjia/bureau-justice-information-and-analysis Bureau of Justice Information and Analysis], formerly this was done by the Office of Justice Assistance, see {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723032703/http://oja.state.wi.us/index.asp?locid=97 |date=July 23, 2012 }} The state reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance rate (% solved) of 50%.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081731/http://oja.wi.gov/docview.asp?docid=19873&locid=97 Oja.wi.gov] (Archived April 26, 2012) The state reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults of 57%. [766] => [767] => ==Government== [768] => [769] => [[File:Wisconsin State Capitol, Christmas Eve, 2012.jpg|thumb|The [[Wisconsin State Capitol]] is located on the [[isthmus]] between [[Lake Mendota]] and [[Lake Monona]], in the city of [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]].]] [770] => [771] => [[Wisconsin Constitution|Wisconsin's Constitution]] outlines the structure and function of state government, which is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The [[Wisconsin Blue Book]] is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state. Re-published every two years, copies are available from state legislators. [772] => [773] => In a 2020 study, Wisconsin was ranked as the 25th easiest state for citizens to vote in.{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }} [774] => [775] => ===Executive=== [776] => [[File:Privy Seal of Wisconsin.svg|left|thumb|175x175px|[[Governor of Wisconsin|Privy Seal]] of Wisconsin]] [777] => The executive branch is headed by the [[Governor of Wisconsin|governor]]. The current governor, [[Tony Evers]], assumed office on January 7, 2019. In addition to the governor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional officers: [[Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin|Lieutenant Governor]], [[Wisconsin Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], [[Wisconsin Attorney General|Attorney General]], [[List of State Treasurers of Wisconsin|Treasurer]], and [[Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin|State Superintendent of Public Instruction]]. Four members of the Wisconsin executive branch are Democrats. The [[Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin]] is a non-partisan position. [778] => [779] => ===Legislative=== [780] => [781] => The [[Wisconsin State Legislature]] is Wisconsin's legislative branch. The Legislature is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of the [[Wisconsin State Assembly|Assembly]] and the [[Wisconsin State Senate|Senate]]. [782] => [783] => [[File:Secretary Pompeo Delivers Remarks in the Senate Chamber of the Wisconsin State Capitol (50378281008).jpg|thumb|The Senate Chamber of the Wisconsin State Capitol]] [784] => [785] => ===Judicial=== [786] => [787] => Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving [[local ordinance]] matters. The [[Wisconsin Circuit Court|circuit courts]] are Wisconsin's [[trial courts]], they have [[original jurisdiction]] in all civil and criminal cases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the [[Wisconsin Court of Appeals]], consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the [[Wisconsin Supreme Court]] may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, the [[Supreme Court]] is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in Wisconsin.{{cite web|url=http://www.wicourts.gov/courts/overview/overview.htm|title=Wisconsin Court System—court system overview|publisher=Wicourts.gov|date=September 28, 2011|access-date=February 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214080934/http://www.wicourts.gov/courts/overview/overview.htm|archive-date=February 14, 2012|url-status=live}} [788] => [789] => ===Agencies=== [790] => [791] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Administration|Department of Administration]] [792] => *[[Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection]] [793] => *[[Wisconsin Department of Children and Families|Department of Children and Families]] [794] => *[[Wisconsin Department of Corrections]] [795] => *Employee Trust Fund [796] => *[[Wisconsin Department of Financial Institutions]] [797] => *[[Wisconsin Department of Health Services]] [798] => * [[Wisconsin Historical Society]] [799] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Justice]] [800] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs]] [801] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]] [802] => * Office of the State Public Defender [803] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Tourism]] [804] => * Department of Safety and Professional Services [805] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction]] [806] => * [[Public Service Commission of Wisconsin]] [807] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Revenue]] [808] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Transportation]] [809] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs]] [810] => * [[Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development]] [811] => * [[Wisconsin Educational Communications Board]] [812] => * Office of the Commissioner of Insurance [813] => * Board on Aging and Long Term care [814] => * [[Wisconsin Technical College System]] [815] => {{cite web|url=https://dpm.wi.gov/Documents/BEI/Description%20of%20Wisconsin%20State%20Agencies.pdf}} [816] => [817] => ===Federal=== [818] => [819] => In the [[United States Senate]] Wisconsin is represented by [[Ron Johnson]] and [[Tammy Baldwin]]. Wisconsin is divided into eight [[Wisconsin Congressional Districts|congressional districts]]. [820] => [821] => ===Taxes=== [822] => [[File:Wisconsin Budget (2021).webp|thumb|upright=1.25|Wisconsin Budget (2021)]] [823] => {{main|Sales taxes in the United States|Property tax in the United States|State income tax}} [824] => [825] => Wisconsin collects personal [[income tax]]es (based on five [[income bracket]]s) which range from 4% to 7.65%. The state [[sales tax|sales]] and [[use tax]] rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.{{cite web|url=http://www.revenue.wi.gov/esd/cotax07.html|title=County Sales Tax Distribution-2007|access-date=March 24, 2007|date=March 6, 2007|publisher=Wisconsin Department of Revenue|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513134039/http://www.revenue.wi.gov/esd/cotax07.html|archive-date=May 13, 2008}} [[Milwaukee County]] and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the [[Miller Park]] baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001. [826] => [827] => The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real [[property tax]], or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. To provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities. [828] => [829] => Wisconsin does not assess a tax on [[intangible property]]. Wisconsin does not collect [[inheritance tax]]es. Until January 1, 2008, Wisconsin's [[estate tax]] was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.{{cite web|url=http://www.revenue.wi.gov/faqs/ise/estate.html#ret3|title=Wisconsin Department of Revenue|publisher=Revenue.wi.gov|access-date=July 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722063948/http://www.revenue.wi.gov/faqs/ise/estate.html#ret3|archive-date=July 22, 2010|url-status=dead}} [830] => [831] => There are no [[toll road]]s in Wisconsin; highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by [[motor fuel tax]] revenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties). [832] => [833] => ===International relations=== [834] => [835] => A [[Mexican consulate]] opened in Milwaukee on July 1, 2016.{{cite web|url=http://archive.jsonline.com/business/mexican-consulate-to-open-in-milwaukee-on-july-1-b99750361z1-384305021.html|title=Mexican Consulate to open in Milwaukee on July 1|website=jsonline.com|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303110303/http://archive.jsonline.com/business/mexican-consulate-to-open-in-milwaukee-on-july-1-b99750361z1-384305021.html|archive-date=March 3, 2018|url-status=live}} Wisconsin has had a diplomatic relationship with the Japanese prefecture of [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]] since 1990.{{cite web|url=http://international.wi.gov/SisterStates.html|title=Sister-States and Cities|access-date=February 23, 2012|date=February 4, 2010|publisher=International Wisconsin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204165758/http://international.wi.gov/SisterStates.html|archive-date=February 4, 2010}} [836] => [837] => ==Politics== [838] => {{main|Politics of Wisconsin}} [839] => {{More citations needed|section|date=May 2019}} [840] => {{PresHead|place=Wisconsin|whig=yes|source={{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=55&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Wisconsin|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=October 26, 2022|author=Leip, David|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027023506/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=55&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|url-status=live}}}} [841] => [842] => {{PresRow|2020|Democratic|1,610,184|1,630,866|56,991|Wisconsin}} [843] => {{PresRow|2016|Republican|1,405,284|1,382,536|188,330|Wisconsin}} [844] => {{PresRow|2012|Democratic|1,407,966|1,620,985|39,483|Wisconsin}} [845] => {{PresRow|2008|Democratic|1,262,393|1,677,211|43,813|Wisconsin}} [846] => {{PresRow|2004|Democratic|1,478,120|1,489,504|29,383|Wisconsin}} [847] => {{PresRow|2000|Democratic|1,237,279|1,242,987|118,341|Wisconsin}} [848] => {{PresRow|1996|Democratic|845,029|1,071,971|279,169|Wisconsin}} [849] => {{PresRow|1992|Democratic|930,855|1,041,066|559,193|Wisconsin}} [850] => {{PresRow|1988|Democratic|1,047,499|1,126,794|17,315|Wisconsin}} [851] => {{PresRow|1984|Republican|1,198,800|995,847|17,369|Wisconsin}} [852] => {{PresRow|1980|Republican|1,088,845|981,584|202,792|Wisconsin}} [853] => {{PresRow|1976|Democratic|1,004,987|1,040,232|56,117|Wisconsin}} [854] => {{PresRow|1972|Republican|989,430|810,174|53,286|Wisconsin}} [855] => {{PresRow|1968|Republican|809,997|748,804|132,737|Wisconsin}} [856] => {{PresRow|1964|Democratic|638,495|1,050,424|2,896|Wisconsin}} [857] => {{PresRow|1960|Republican|895,175|830,805|3,102|Wisconsin}} [858] => {{PresRow|1956|Republican|954,844|586,768|8,946|Wisconsin}} [859] => {{PresRow|1952|Republican|979,744|622,175|5,451|Wisconsin}} [860] => {{PresRow|1948|Democratic|590,959|647,310|38,531|Wisconsin}} [861] => {{PresRow|1944|Republican|674,532|650,413|14,207|Wisconsin}} [862] => {{PresRow|1940|Democratic|679,206|704,821|21,495|Wisconsin}} [863] => {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|380,828|802,984|74,748|Wisconsin}} [864] => {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|347,741|707,410|59,657|Wisconsin}} [865] => {{PresRow|1928|Republican|544,205|450,259|22,367|Wisconsin}} [866] => {{PresRow|1924|Progressive|311,614|68,115|461,097|Wisconsin}} [867] => {{PresRow|1920|Republican|498,576|113,422|89,282|Wisconsin}} [868] => {{PresRow|1916|Republican|220,822|191,363|34,949|Wisconsin}} [869] => {{PresRow|1912|Democratic|130,596|164,230|105,149|Wisconsin}} [870] => {{PresRow|1908|Republican|247,747|166,662|40,032|Wisconsin}} [871] => {{PresRow|1904|Republican|280,315|124,205|38,921|Wisconsin}} [872] => {{PresRow|1900|Republican|265,760|159,163|17,578|Wisconsin}} [873] => {{PresRow|1896|Republican|268,135|165,523|13,751|Wisconsin}} [874] => {{PresRow|1892|Democratic|171,101|177,325|23,155|Wisconsin}} [875] => {{PresRow|1888|Republican|176,553|155,232|22,829|Wisconsin}} [876] => {{PresRow|1884|Republican|161,135|146,453|12,247|Wisconsin}} [877] => {{PresRow|1880|Republican|144,398|114,644|8,145|Wisconsin}} [878] => {{PresRow|1876|Republican|130,067|123,926|3,184|Wisconsin}} [879] => {{PresRow|1872|Republican|104,994|86,477|834|Wisconsin}} [880] => {{PresRow|1868|Republican|108,900|84,703|0|Wisconsin}} [881] => {{PresRow|1864|Republican|83,458|65,884|0|Wisconsin}} [882] => {{PresRow|1860|Republican|86,113|65,021|1,049|Wisconsin}} [883] => {{PresRow|1856|Republican|66,090|52,843|579|Wisconsin}} [884] => {{PresRow|1852|Democratic|22,210|33,658|8,814|Wisconsin}} [885] => {{PresFoot|1848|Democratic|13,747|15,001|10,418|Wisconsin}} [886] => During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Wisconsin was a [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]] state; in fact, it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the coalition. The [[Bennett Law]] campaign of 1890 dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. Many Germans switched to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] because of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party's]] support of the law.{{cite journal|last1=Kellogg|first1=Louise Phelps|title=The Bennett Law in Wisconsin|journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History|date=September 1918|volume=2|issue=1|pages=3–25|jstor=4630124}} [887] => [888] => Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, [[Robert La Follette]] and the [[Progressive movement]], and on the other, the Republican and anti-Communist [[Joe McCarthy]]. From the early 20th century, the [[Socialist Party of America]] had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was referred to as "[[sewer socialism]]" because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). Its influence faded in the late 1950s largely because of the [[Second Red Scare|red scare]] and racial tensions.{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Kevin D.|date=Spring 2003|title=From Socialism to Racism: The Politics of Class and Identity in Postwar Milwaukee|journal=Michigan Historical Review|volume=29|issue=1|pages=71–95|doi=10.2307/20174004|jstor=20174004}} The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was [[Emil Seidel]], elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, [[Daniel Hoan]], was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, [[Frank P. Zeidler]], from 1948 to 1960. Succeeding Frank Zeidler, the last of Milwaukee's Socialist mayors, [[Henry Maier]], a former Wisconsin State Senator and member of the Democratic Party was elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1960. Maier remained in office for 28 years, the longest-serving mayor in Milwaukee history. Socialist [[newspaper editor]] [[Victor Berger]] was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War. [889] => [890] => Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived [[Progressive Party (United States, 1924)|Progressive Party]]. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and [[Democratic Party of Wisconsin|Democrats]]. Recent leading Republicans include former Governor [[Tommy Thompson]] and Congressman [[Jim Sensenbrenner]]; prominent Democrats include Senators [[Herb Kohl]] and [[Russ Feingold]], the only [[United States Senate|Senator]] to vote against the [[Patriot Act]] in 2001, and Congressman [[David Obey]].{{cite book|last=Conant|first=James K.|title=Wisconsin Politics and Government: America's Laboratory of Democracy|date=March 1, 2006|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-1548-1|chapter=1}} [891] => [892] => Some have argued the state has experienced [[democratic backsliding]] since 2011.{{Cite book |last1=Ginsburg |first1=Tom |title=How to Save a Constitutional Democracy |last2=Huq |first2=Aziz |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=9780226564388 |pages=7–11, 13, 16, 22, 31 |quote=Wisconsin's elections can be criticized along the third of these criteria, China's along all three. The result is a series of "blurred and imperfect" boundaries between democracy and its alternatives, in addition to myriad pathways away from democratic ordering toward one of a range of alternatives.}}{{Cite news |last=Levine |first=Sam |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Liberal judge's Wisconsin supreme court race win shows a shake-up in US politics |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/apr/05/wisconsin-supreme-court-election-results-janet-protasiewicz-win |access-date=April 5, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031220/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/apr/05/wisconsin-supreme-court-election-results-janet-protasiewicz-win |url-status=live }} Some political scientists classify Wisconsin as a [[hybrid regime]]; the state's [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representative]] and [[State legislature (United States)|legislature]] elections are considered to be [[Free and fair election|free but not fair]], with districts undergoing "extreme [[Gerrymandering|partisan gerrymanders]]" to entrench Republicans "beyond [[Elections in the United States|electoral rotation]]".{{Cite journal |last=Grumbach |first=Jacob M. |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=117 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=967–984 |doi=10.1017/S0003055422000934 |s2cid=234000893 |issn=0003-0554 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=November 8, 2022 |title=U.S. democracy slides toward 'competitive authoritarianism' |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/11/08/american-democracy-backsliding-competitive-authoritarianism/ |access-date=April 5, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330111007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/11/08/american-democracy-backsliding-competitive-authoritarianism/ |url-status=live }} [893] => [894] => Dan Kaufman writes that Wisconsin has been transformed:{{Cite magazine |date=March 28, 2023 |title=A High-Stakes Election in the Midwest's "Democracy Desert" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/a-high-stakes-election-in-the-midwests-democracy-desert |access-date=April 6, 2023 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406040104/https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/a-high-stakes-election-in-the-midwests-democracy-desert |url-status=live }}
...into what the journalist [[David Daley]] calls a 'democracy desert'—a place where voters stand little chance of effecting political change.
[895] => [896] => and that: [897] => [898] =>
In its most recent biannual report, the ''Electoral Integrity Project'', which measures the democratic attributes of electoral systems, gave Wisconsin's district maps twenty-three points out of a hundred, the worst rating of any state in the country. The score is on par with that of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]."
''Ginsburg and Huq (2018)'' write that Wisconsin's political system compromises a [[mixed regime]] and is a:
..."blurred and imperfect" [boundary] between democracy and its alternatives.
while noting that:
In Wisconsin, even accepting the most extreme assertations of partisan gerrymandering, it remains the case that [it] can lead to ''some'' measure of democratic rotation of power. Among these are primary elections, which can be competitive even if a general election is [intentionally designed to be] not, as well as municipal and statewide ballots.
[899] => [900] => ===Federal elections=== [901] => {{See also|United States presidential elections in Wisconsin}} [902] => [[File:Paul Ryan Carroll University 3.jpg|thumb|left|Wisconsin congressman [[Paul Ryan]] was the 2012 Republican Party nominee for vice president, and later served as the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House of Representatives]] from 2015 to 2019.|alt=A middle-aged man in a white shirt and black and yellow striped tie speaks into a microphone on stage in front of a crowd.]] [903] => [904] => In 2020, Wisconsin leaned back in the Democratic party's direction as Joe Biden won the state by an even narrower margin of 0.7%. Biden's win was largely carried by Milwaukee and Dane counties with the rural areas of the state being carried by Trump.{{Cite web|title=Live election results: 2020 Wisconsin results|url=https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/wisconsin/|access-date=January 18, 2021|website=www.politico.com|language=en|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119162934/https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/wisconsin/|url-status=live}} [905] => [906] => Wisconsin has leaned [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] in recent presidential elections, although [[Donald Trump]] managed to win the state in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] by a narrow margin of 0.8%. This marked the first time Wisconsin voted for a Republican presidential candidate since [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]], when every state except Minnesota and Washington, D.C., went Republican. In [[2012 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|2012]], Republican presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] chose Wisconsin Congressman [[Paul Ryan]], a native of [[Janesville, Wisconsin|Janesville]], as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Vice President [[Joe Biden]]. Obama nevertheless carried Wisconsin by a margin of 53% to 46%. Both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were quite close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising, in accord with its status as a "swing", or pivot, state. [[Al Gore]] carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and [[John Kerry]] won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. [[Barack Obama]] carried the state in 2008 by 381,000 votes (56%). [907] => [908] => Republicans had a stronghold in the [[Fox River (Wisconsin)|Fox Valley]], but elected a Democrat, [[Steve Kagen]], of [[Appleton, Wisconsin|Appleton]], for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced by Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010, the first time the Republican Party had taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American [[Indian reservations|reservations]]. Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th, had voted Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the powerful House Appropriations Committee.{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400300|title=David Obey, former U.S. Representative|publisher=GovTrack.us|access-date=February 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303180914/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400300|archive-date=March 3, 2012|url-status=live}} However, Obey retired and the once-Democratic seat was taken by Republican [[Sean Duffy]] in November 2010. The 2010 elections saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of the governor's office and both houses of the state legislature. Republican [[Ron Johnson]] defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator [[Russ Feingold]] and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House seats, creating a 5–3 Republican majority House delegation. [909] => [910] => ===State elections=== [911] => [[File:2011 Wisconsin Budget Protests 1 JO.jpg|thumb|The [[2011 Wisconsin Act 10]] led to large protests around the state capitol building in Madison.{{cite news|url=https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-wisconsin-protests-20110227,0,3378088.story|author=Abby Sewell|title=Protesters out in force nationwide to oppose Wisconsin's anti-union bill|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 27, 2011|access-date=February 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303124853/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-wisconsin-protests-20110227,0,3378088.story|archive-date=March 3, 2011|url-status=live}}]] [912] => [913] => At the statewide level, Wisconsin is competitive, with control regularly alternating between the two parties. In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent Governor [[Jim Doyle]]. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first Democratic governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly, Republicans retained a five-vote majority. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the State Assembly by a 52–46 margin, marking the first time since 1986 that the governor and state legislature were both Democratic.{{Cite news|title=ELECTION 2008 Darling Wins Despite Tough Day for GOP Democrats to Control Assembly for First Time in 14 Years|last1=Walters|first1=S.|date=November 9, 2008|work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|last2=Marley|first2=P.|page=Z3|via=ProQuest}} [914] => [915] => With the election of [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]] in 2010, Republicans won both chambers of the legislature and the governorship, the first time all three changed partisan control in the same election. His first year in office saw the introduction of the [[2011 Wisconsin Act 10]], which removed collective bargaining rights for state employees. On February 14, 2011, the [[Wisconsin State Capitol]] [[2011 Wisconsin protests|erupted with protests]] when the Legislature took up a bill that would end most collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to address the $3.6 billion deficit. The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day for months and garnered international attention. The Assembly passed the bill 53–42 on March 10 after the State Senate passed it the night before, and sent it to the Governor for his signature.{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/10/wisconsin.budget/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1|title=Wisconsin Assembly passes bill to curb collective bargaining|publisher=CNN|date=March 10, 2011|access-date=April 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219092853/http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/10/wisconsin.budget/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1|archive-date=February 19, 2013|url-status=live}} In response to the [[2011 Wisconsin Act 10|bill]], enough signatures were gathered to force a [[Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election|recall election]] against [[Scott Walker (politician)|Governor Walker]]. [[Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)|Tom Barrett]], the mayor of Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent, won the Democratic primary and faced Walker again. Walker won the election by 53% to 46% and became the first governor in United States history to retain his seat after a recall election. Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a [[right-to-work law]],[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/10/us/gov-scott-walker-of-wisconsin-signs-right-to-work-bill.html Governor Walker of Wisconsin signs right-to-work bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083330/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/10/us/gov-scott-walker-of-wisconsin-signs-right-to-work-bill.html|date=February 23, 2017}}, nytimes.com, March 10, 2015. abortion restrictions,{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Jason |date=July 20, 2015 |title=Scott Walker Signs 20-Week Abortion Ban, Trooper Pay Raise |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |url=http://archive.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/scott-walker-signs-bill-banning-abortions-after-20-weeks-b99540949z1-317539131.html |url-status=dead |access-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122172619/http://archive.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/scott-walker-signs-bill-banning-abortions-after-20-weeks-b99540949z1-317539131.html |archive-date=November 22, 2016}} and legislation removing certain gun controls.{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Jason |date=July 8, 2011 |title=Walker Signs Concealed-Carry Measure Into Law |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |url=http://archive.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/125235719.html |url-status=dead |access-date=October 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031085116/http://archive.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/125235719.html |archive-date=October 31, 2016}}{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Jason |date=December 7, 2011 |title=Walker Signs 'Castle Doctrine' Bill, Other Measures |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |url=http://archive.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/walker-to-sign-castle-doctrine-bill-wednesday-bh3brej-135197918.html |url-status=dead |access-date=October 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031085016/http://archive.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/walker-to-sign-castle-doctrine-bill-wednesday-bh3brej-135197918.html |archive-date=October 31, 2016}}{{cite web |last1=Strauss |first1=Daniel |date=June 24, 2015 |title=Scott Walker Signs Two Pro-Gun Bills |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/scott-walker-two-gun-bills-119380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024337/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/scott-walker-two-gun-bills-119380 |archive-date=October 31, 2016 |access-date=October 30, 2016 |publisher=[[Politico]]}} [916] => [917] => Following the 2014 general election on November 4, 2014, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Attorney General and State Treasurer were all Republicans, while the Secretary of State was a Democrat.[http://wisconsinvote.org Wisconsin 2014 election results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102143923/https://www.wisconsinvote.org/ |date=January 2, 2018 }}, wisconsinvote.org; accessed November 5, 2014. However, Walker was defeated for a third term in [[Wisconsin gubernatorial election, 2018|2018]] by Democrat [[Tony Evers]]. Democratic U.S. Senator [[Tammy Baldwin]] was also elected to a second term and Democrats won all constitutional statewide offices on the ballot including Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, and State Treasurer, the first time this happened in Wisconsin since 1982. When Walker lost re-election in 2018, he collaborated with the gerrymandered Republican legislature to strip powers from the incoming Governor and Attorney General.{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Shawn |date=January 17, 2023 |title=Lawsuit challenging Wisconsin 'lame duck' law persists more than 4 years after it was passed |work=[[Wisconsin Public Radio]] |url=https://www.wpr.org/lawsuit-challenging-wisconsin-lame-duck-law-persists-attorneys-general |accessdate=February 6, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206232237/https://www.wpr.org/lawsuit-challenging-wisconsin-lame-duck-law-persists-attorneys-general |url-status=live }} [918] => [919] => ==Economy== [920] => {{See also|Wisconsin locations by per capita income}} [921] => [922] => [[File:U.S. Bank Center (50144125176).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[U.S. Bank Center (Milwaukee)|U.S. Bank Center]] in downtown [[Milwaukee]] is home to the headquarters of [[Foley & Lardner]], [[Robert W. Baird & Company]], [[Sensient Technologies Corporation]], and is the Milwaukee office for [[U.S. Bank]], [[IBM]], and [[CBRE Group|CBRE]].]] [923] => [924] => In 2019 Wisconsin's gross state product was $349.416 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.{{cite web|title=GDP by State|date=January 1997|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WINGSP|publisher=Fred Reserve of St. Louis|access-date=October 2, 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=August 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811223201/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WINGSP}} The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic output from manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic product.EconPost, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120625085243/http://econpost.com/industry/manufacturing-industry-top-10-states-gdp Manufacturing industry top 10 states by GDP] (Archived June 25, 2012) Manufacturing accounts for about 20% of the state's gross domestic product, a proportion that is third among all states.EconPost, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120625064025/http://econpost.com/industry/manufacturing-industry-top-states-percentage-state-economy Manufacturing industry top states by percentage of state economy] (Archived June 25, 2012) The [[Per capita personal income in the United States|per capita personal income]] was $35,239 in 2008. In March 2017, the state's unemployment rate was 3.4% (seasonally adjusted).Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development. [http://www.wistatedocuments.org/utils/getdownloaditem/collection/p267601coll4/id/16162/filename/16255.pdf/mapsto/pdf Wisconsin County Unemployment Rates: March 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220155623/http://www.wistatedocuments.org/utils/getdownloaditem/collection/p267601coll4/id/16162/filename/16255.pdf/mapsto/pdf |date=February 20, 2021 }}. Retrieved May 19, 2017 Since 2009, Wisconsin's [[minimum wage]] has been $7.25, the same as the federal rate.{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Hope Karnopp / Wisconsin |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Does Wisconsin have the worst minimum wage to cost-of-living ratio in the country? |url=http://wisconsinwatch.org/2022/12/does-wisconsin-have-the-worst-minimum-wage-to-cost-of-living-ratio-in-the-country/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=Wisconsin Watch |language=en-US}} [925] => [926] => In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in Wisconsin were: [927] => # [[Walmart]] [928] => # [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] [929] => # [[Milwaukee Public Schools]] [930] => # [[U.S. Postal Service]] [931] => # [[Wisconsin Department of Corrections]] [932] => # [[Menards]] [933] => # [[Marshfield Clinic]] [934] => # Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs [935] => # [[Target Corporation]], and [936] => # [[Milwaukee|City of Milwaukee]].{{cite web|url=http://worknet.wisconsin.gov/worknet/largemp.aspx?menuselection=ed|title=WORKnet—Major Employer|access-date=November 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812171236/http://worknet.wisconsin.gov/worknet/largemp.aspx?menuselection=ed|archive-date=August 12, 2007|url-status=dead}} [937] => [938] => ===Agriculture=== [939] => {{Main|Agriculture in Wisconsin}} [940] => {{see also|Wisconsin dairy industry}} [941] => [[File:Corn planting in Wisconsin.jpg|thumb|Corn planting in Wisconsin]] [942] => [943] => Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production."Total Cheese Production Excluding Cottage Cheese—States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United States Department of Agriculture, [http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf ''Dairy Products''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113150907/http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf |date=January 13, 2012 }}, p. 13."American Cheese Production—States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United States Department of Agriculture, [http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf ''Dairy Products''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113150907/http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf |date=January 13, 2012 }}, p. 14. It is second in milk production, after California,"Milk Cows and Production—23 Selected States: March 2011 and 2012" in United States Department of Agriculture, [http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/current/MilkProd/MilkProd-04-19-2012.pdf ''Milk Production'']{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=Beta7 |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 3. and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and [[Vermont]]."Table 6: Per Capita Milk Production by State, 2003" in CITEC, [http://www.citec.org/test/dairy_industry_study_020105.pdf ''The Dairy Industry in the U.S. and Northern New York''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081730/http://www.citec.org/test/dairy_industry_study_020105.pdf |date=April 26, 2012 }}, p. 25. Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board, [https://archive.today/20130105104124/http://www.wisdairy.com/Upload/statistics/wi_rank_nation_dairy_industry_2007.gif Wisconsin's Rank in the Nations's Dairy Industry: 2007] The state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for [[silage]], [[cranberries]],U.S. Department of Agriculture. [https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Wisconsin/Publications/Crops/2022/WI-Cranberries-Annual-05-22.pdf ''Wisconsin Ag News– Cranberries''], May 4, 2022, p. 1. [[ginseng]],United States Department of Agriculture. ''[https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf 2012 Census of Agriculture: United States Summary and State Data, Vol. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206190206/https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf |date=December 6, 2017 }}''. Washington, DC: 2014, pp. 475–476. and [[snap beans]] for processing. It grows more than half the national crop of cranberries. and 97% of the nation's ginseng. Wisconsin is also a leading producer of [[oat]]s, potatoes, carrots, tart [[cherries]], [[maple syrup]], and [[sweet corn]] for processing. The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's [[state quarter]] design.{{cite news| url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=173693| title=Doyle flips decision, puts cow on quarter| last=Walters| first=Steven| work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel| access-date=March 30, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070321031237/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=173693|archive-date = March 21, 2007}} The state annually selects an "[[Alice in Dairyland]]" to promote the state's agricultural products around the world.Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. [https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Growing_WI/AliceInDairyland.aspx Alice in Dairyland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200457/https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Growing_WI/AliceInDairyland.aspx |date=May 25, 2017 }}. [944] => [945] => A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-known brands such as [[Oscar Mayer]], [[Tombstone (pizza)|Tombstone]] frozen pizza, [[Johnsonville Foods|Johnsonville]] [[bratwurst|brats]], and [[Fred Usinger|Usinger's sausage]]. [[Kraft Foods]] alone employs more than 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for [[Miller Brewing Company]]—the nation's second-largest brewer—until it merged with Coors. Formerly, [[Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company|Schlitz]], [[Valentin Blatz Brewing Company|Blatz]], and [[Pabst Brewing Company|Pabst]] were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee. [946] => [947] => {| class="toccolours floatright" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:95%" [948] => |- [949] => | colspan="2" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"| '''''Badger State''''' [950] => |- [951] => | [[State animal]]: [952] => | [[Badger]] [953] => |- [954] => | State Domesticated
Animal: [955] => | [[Cow|Dairy cow]] [956] => |- [957] => | State Wild Animal: [958] => | [[White-tailed deer]] [959] => |- [960] => | [[State beverage]]: [961] => | Milk [962] => |- [963] => | State Dairy Product: [964] => | Cheese{{cite web|last1=Sherman|first1=Elisabeth|title=Wisconsin Finally Gets Around to Naming Cheese Their Official State Dairy Product|url=http://www.foodandwine.com/news/wisconsin-finally-gets-around-naming-cheese-their-official-state-dairy-product|website=Food & Wine|publisher=Time Inc.|access-date=July 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718180055/http://www.foodandwine.com/news/wisconsin-finally-gets-around-naming-cheese-their-official-state-dairy-product|archive-date=July 18, 2017|url-status=dead}} [965] => |- [966] => | State Fruit: [967] => | [[Cranberry]] [968] => |- [969] => | [[List of U.S. state birds|State Bird]]: [970] => | [[American robin|Robin]] [971] => |- [972] => | State Capital: [973] => | [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] [974] => |- [975] => | State Dog: [976] => | [[American water spaniel]] [977] => |- [978] => | State pro football team: [979] => | [[Green Bay Packers]] [980] => |- [981] => | State pro baseball team: [982] => | [[Milwaukee Brewers]] [983] => |- [984] => |State pro basketball team: [985] => |[[Milwaukee Bucks]] [986] => |- [987] => |State pro hockey team: [988] => |[[Milwaukee Admirals]] [989] => |- [990] => | [[State Fish]]: [991] => | [[Muskellunge]] [992] => |- [993] => | [[List of U.S. state flowers|State Flower]]: [994] => | [[Viola sororia|Wood violet]] [995] => |- [996] => | [[State Fossil]]: [997] => | [[Trilobite]] [998] => |- [999] => | State Grain: [1000] => | Corn [1001] => |- [1002] => | [[State Insect]]: [1003] => | [[European honey bee]] [1004] => |- [1005] => | [[List of U.S. state mottos|State Motto]]: [1006] => | ''Forward'' [1007] => |- [1008] => | [[List of U.S. state songs|State Song]]: [1009] => | "[[On, Wisconsin!]]" [1010] => |- [1011] => | [[List of U.S. state trees|State Tree]]: [1012] => | [[Sugar maple]] [1013] => |- [1014] => | [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|State Mineral]]: [1015] => | [[Galena]] (Lead sulfide) [1016] => |- [1017] => | [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|State Rock]]: [1018] => | [[Granite|Red granite]] [1019] => |- [1020] => | [[List of U.S. state soils|State Soil]]: [1021] => | [[Antigo (soil)|Antigo silt loam]] [1022] => |- [1023] => | [[List of U.S. state dances|State Dance]]: [1024] => | [[Polka]] [1025] => |- [1026] => | State Symbol of
Peace: [1027] => | [[Mourning dove]] [1028] => |- [1029] => | [[State microbe]] [1030] => | ''[[Lactococcus lactis]]'' [1031] => |- [1032] => | [[Pastry|State Pastry]]: [1033] => | [[Kringle]] [1034] => |- [1035] => |} [1036] => [1037] => ===Manufacturing=== [1038] => [1039] => Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified manufacturing economy, with special focus on transportation and capital equipment. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the [[Kohler Company]]; [[Mercury Marine]]; [[Rockwell Automation]]; [[Johnson Controls]]; [[John Deere]]; [[Briggs & Stratton]]; [[Milwaukee Electric Tool Company]]; [[Miller Electric]]; [[Caterpillar Inc.]]; [[Joy Global]]; [[Oshkosh Corporation]]; [[Harley-Davidson]]; [[Case IH]]; [[S. C. Johnson & Son]]; [[Ashley Furniture]]; [[Ariens]]; and [[Evinrude Outboard Motors]]. [1040] => [1041] => ===Consumer goods=== [1042] => [1043] => Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and other consumer goods. Major consumer products companies based in the state include SC Johnson & Co., and Diversey, Inc. Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from [[Lake Winnebago]] to [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] has 24 [[paper mill]]s along its {{convert|39|mi|km}} stretch. [1044] => [1045] => The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy, with key players such as [[GE Healthcare]], [[Epic Systems]], and [[TomoTherapy]]. [1046] => [1047] => ===Tourism=== [1048] => {{Further|Economy of Door County, Wisconsin}} [1049] => [[File:Wisconsin welcome sign.JPG|thumb|State welcome sign]] [1050] => [1051] => Tourism is a major industry in Wisconsin—the state's third largest, according to the Department of Tourism. Tourist destinations such as the [[House on the Rock]] near [[Spring Green, Wisconsin|Spring Green]], [[Circus World Museum]] in [[Baraboo]], and The [[Dells of the Wisconsin River]] draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as [[Summerfest]] and the [[Oshkosh Airshow|EAA Oshkosh Airshow]] draw international attention, along with hundreds of thousands of visitors.Birgit Leisen, "Image segmentation: the case of a tourism destination". ''Journal of services marketing'' (2001) 15#1 pp: 49–66 on Oshkosh. [1052] => [1053] => Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation is very popular. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.Aaron Shapiro, ''The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest'' (University of Minnesota Press, 2015). [1054] => [1055] => The distinctive [[Door Peninsula]], which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, [[Door County]]. Door County is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number of natural harbors, bays, and boat launches on both the Green Bay and Lake Michigan sides of the peninsula that forms the county. The area draws more than two million visitors yearly[https://web.archive.org/web/20141029161327/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Completed/Town%20of%20Sevasopol%20Comprehensive%20Plan.pdf Town of Sevastopol Comprehensive Plan 2028], November 2008, Chapter 4, page 11, (page 64 of the pdf) (Archived October 29, 2014) to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and [[fish boil]]s.William H. Tishler, ''Door County's Emerald Treasure: A History of Peninsula State Park'' (Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2006) [1056] => [1057] => ===Film industry=== [1058] => [1059] => On January 1, 2008, a new [[tax incentive]] for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to take advantage was [[Michael Mann]]'s [[Public Enemies (2009 film)|''Public Enemies'']]. While the producers spent $18 million on the film, it was reported that most of it went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's making.{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2009/03/30/daily29.html |title="Commerce study slams film incentives law" ''The Business Journal of Milwaukee'' March 31, 2009 |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=March 31, 2009 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609210524/http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2009/03/30/daily29.html |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |url-status=live }} During this period, the movie [[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]] also used Milwaukee as a filming location.{{cite web | title='Transformers 3' takes over Milwaukee Art Museum | website=archive.jsonline.com | date=July 12, 2010 | url=http://www.jsonline.com/entertainment/movies/98266574.html | access-date=March 1, 2023 | archive-date=November 29, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040054/http://www.jsonline.com/entertainment/movies/98266574.html | url-status=live }} This incentive was eliminated in 2013.{{cite web | website=bizjournals.com | title=Wisconsin state budget eliminates film credits | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2013/06/21/wisconsin-state-budget-eliminates-film.html | access-date=October 10, 2022 | archive-date=November 12, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043408/http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2013/06/21/wisconsin-state-budget-eliminates-film.html | url-status=live }} [1060] => [1061] => ===Energy=== [1062] => [1063] => {{See also|Focus on Energy|Wind power in Wisconsin|Solar power in Wisconsin}} [1064] => [1065] => Wisconsin has no production of oil, gas, or coal.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=WI#tabs-3|title=U.S. Energy Information Administration—EIA—Independent Statistics and Analysis|access-date=December 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220173535/http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=WI#tabs-3|archive-date=December 20, 2014|url-status=live}} Its in-state electrical generation is mostly from coal. Other important electricity sources are natural gas and nuclear. [1066] => [1067] => The state has a mandate that ten percent of its electrical energy come from renewable sources by the end of 2015.[http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/06/13/3448779/wisconsin-hits-renewable-goal-early/]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220172307/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/06/13/3448779/wisconsin-hits-renewable-goal-early/|date=December 20, 2014}} Thinkprogress—Wisconsin hits renewable goal This goal has been met, but not with in-state sources. {{As of|2014}}, a third of that ten percent comes from out-of-state sources, mostly wind-generated electricity from Minnesota and Iowa. The state has agnostic policies for developing wind power in state.{{cite web|url=http://union-bulletin.com/news/2014/sep/08/wind-power-industry-grows-so-does-opposition/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220161722/http://union-bulletin.com/news/2014/sep/08/wind-power-industry-grows-so-does-opposition/|url-status=dead|title=As wind power industry grows, so does opposition—Walla Walla Union|date=December 20, 2014|archive-date=December 20, 2014}} [1068] => [1069] => ==Transportation== [1070] => ===Airports=== [1071] => [1072] => {{See also|List of airports in Wisconsin}} [1073] => [1074] => Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition to a number of [[general aviation]] airports. [[Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport]] is the largest international commercial airport located in Wisconsin. [1075] => [1076] => ===Intercity bus service=== [1077] => [1078] => {{See also|List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin}} [1079] => [1080] => Wisconsin is served by multiple [[intercity bus]] operators, which provide service to 71 stops and 53 cities. The following carriers provide scheduled bus service: [[Amtrak Thruway]], [[Badger Bus]], [[Flixbus]], [[Greyhound Lines]], [[Indian Trails]], [[Jefferson Lines]], [[Lamers Bus Lines]], [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]], [[Van Galder Bus Company]], and [[Wisconsin Coach Lines]].{{cite web|url=https://wisconsindot.gov/Documents/travel/pub-transit/icbus-map.pdf|title=2023 Wisconsin Intercity Bus Map|access-date=September 29, 2023}} [1081] => [1082] => ===Major highways=== [1083] => [1084] => {{See also|List of state trunk highways in Wisconsin}} [1085] => [1086] => The [[Wisconsin Department of Transportation]] is responsible for planning, building and maintaining the [[Wisconsin State Trunk Highway System|state's highways]]. Eight [[List of Interstate Highways in Wisconsin|Interstate Highways]] are located in the state. [1087] => [1088] => ===Rail service=== [1089] => [1090] => [[File:Map Showing Lines of The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company c 1907.png|thumb|Map Showing Lines of The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company c 1907]] [1091] => [1092] => {{Wisconsin rail network|collapse=y}} [1093] => [1094] => {{See also|List of Wisconsin railroads}} [1095] => [1096] => [[Amtrak]] provides daily passenger rail service between Chicago and Milwaukee through the ''[[Hiawatha Service]]''. Also provided is cross-country service via the ''[[Empire Builder]]'' with stops in several cities across Wisconsin.{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/empire-builder-train|title=Empire Builder|access-date=July 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709193823/http://www.amtrak.com/empire-builder-train|archive-date=July 9, 2015|url-status=live}} Commuter rail provider [[Metra]]'s [[Union Pacific / North Line|Union Pacific North (UP-N) line]] has its northern terminus in [[Kenosha]], the only Metra line and station in the state of Wisconsin.{{Cite web|url=https://metrarail.com/maps-schedules/train-lines/UP-N/map|title=Line Map {{!}} Metra|website=metrarail.com|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113030823/https://metrarail.com/maps-schedules/train-lines/UP-N/map|archive-date=November 13, 2019|url-status=dead}} [[The Hop]], a modern streetcar system in Milwaukee, began service in 2018. The 2.1 mile (3.4 km) initial line runs from [[Milwaukee Intermodal Station]] to [[Burns Commons]]. The system is expected to be expanded in the future. [1097] => [1098] => ==Education== [1099] => [1100] => {{See also|List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin|List of high schools in Wisconsin|List of school districts in Wisconsin}} [1101] => [1102] => Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the [[Midwestern]] leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, education in the state advocated the "[[Wisconsin Idea]]", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.{{cite book|last=Rudolph|first=Frederick|title=The American College and University: A History|publisher=The [[University of Georgia Press]], Athens and London|year=1990}} [1103] => [1104] => [[File:Wisconsin private colleges.webp|thumb|290px|Wisconsin private universities & colleges map]] [1105] => Today, public post-secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus [[University of Wisconsin System]], with the flagship university [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], and the 16-campus [[Wisconsin Technical College System]]. Private colleges and universities include Alverno College, [[Beloit College]], [[Cardinal Stritch University]], [[Carroll University]], [[Carthage College]], [[Concordia University Wisconsin]], [[Edgewood College]], [[Lakeland College (Wisconsin)|Lakeland College]], [[Lawrence University]], [[Marquette University]], [[Medical College of Wisconsin]], [[Milwaukee School of Engineering]], [[Ripon College (Wisconsin)|Ripon College]], [[St. Norbert College]], [[Wisconsin Lutheran College]], [[Viterbo University]], and others. [1106] => [1107] => ==Culture== [1108] => [1109] => [[File:Summerfest Pabst Showcase 1994.jpg|right|thumb|Music stage at [[Summerfest]], 1994]] [1110] => [[File:MilwaukeeArtMuseum Interior.jpg|thumb|The [[Milwaukee Art Museum]]]] [1111] => [[File:Taliesin Exterior 63.jpg|thumb|Frank Lloyd Wright's [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]] in Spring Green]] [1112] => [1113] => Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional prominence of references to [[dairy farming]] and [[cheesemaking]] in Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's [[license plates]] have read "America's Dairyland" since 1940)Christopulos, Mike and Joslyn, Jay. "Legislators took license with ideas for slogan on plate" ''Milwaukee Sentinel'' 12–27–85; pg. 5, part 1 have led to the nickname (sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of "[[cheesehead]]s", and to the creation of "cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese. [1114] => [1115] => Numerous [[ethnic]] festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate the heritage of its citizens. Such festivals include [[Summerfest]], [[Oktoberfest celebrations|Oktoberfest]], [[Polish Fest]], [[Festa Italiana]], [[Irish Fest]], Bastille Days, [[Syttende Mai]] (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in [[Sheboygan, Wisconsin|Sheboygan]], [[Pulaski, Wisconsin#Pulaski Polka Days|Polka Days]], Cheese Days in [[Monroe, Wisconsin|Monroe]] and [[Mequon]], African World Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest, Wisconsin Highland Games, and many others.{{cite web|url=http://www.travelwisconsin.com/things-to-do/entertainment-attractions/fairs-festivals#/directory/108?CurrentPage=108&ContentPageId=407555&ContentPage_WidgetId=136852&BaseContentId=136055&Keyword=&StartDate=&EndDate=&CityId=0&CountyId=0&City=&MileRange=0&CategoryId=0&RegionId=0|title=Wisconsin Fairs and Festivals—Travel Wisconsin|website=TravelWisconsin|access-date=May 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514154010/http://www.travelwisconsin.com/things-to-do/entertainment-attractions/fairs-festivals#/directory/108?CurrentPage=108&ContentPageId=407555&ContentPage_WidgetId=136852&BaseContentId=136055&Keyword=&StartDate=&EndDate=&CityId=0&CountyId=0&City=&MileRange=0&CategoryId=0&RegionId=0|archive-date=May 14, 2015|url-status=dead}} [1116] => [1117] => ===Art=== [1118] => ====Music==== [1119] => [1120] => {{Main|Music of Wisconsin}} [1121] => [1122] => Wisconsin's music festivals include Eaux Claires,{{cite web|title=Wisconsin Country Music Festivals|url=http://eauxclaires.com/|website=Eaux Claires|access-date=June 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623161504/http://eauxclaires.com/|archive-date=June 23, 2017|url-status=dead}} [[Country Fest]], Country Jam USA, the [[Hodag Country Festival]], Porterfield Country Music Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes, and Country USA. Milwaukee hosts [[Summerfest]], dubbed "The World's Largest Music Festival", every year. This festival is held at the lakefront [[Henry Maier Festival Park]] just south of downtown, as are a summer-long array of [[ethnic]] musical festivals. The [[Wisconsin Area Music Industry]] provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists.{{cite web|url=http://wamimusic.com/|title=WAMI—Wisconsin Area Music Industry|access-date=May 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423150452/http://wamimusic.com/|archive-date=April 23, 2015|url-status=dead}} [1123] => [1124] => ====Architecture==== [1125] => [1126] => The [[Milwaukee Art Museum]], with its ''[[brise soleil]]'' designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]], is known for its interesting architecture. [[Monona Terrace]] in Madison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Wisconsin native [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].[http://www.purecontemporary.com/Interview/article/11 Pure Contemporary interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012181448/http://purecontemporary.com/Interview/article/11 |date=October 12, 2007 }} with Anthony Puttnam Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]], south of Spring Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers. [1127] => [1128] => With the immigration of [[Nordic and Scandinavian Americans|northern Europeans]] into Wisconsin and the [[upper Midwest]], they brought the techniques of building [[Log homes]] with them.{{Cite web|date=April 27, 2016|title=The History of the American Log Home|url=https://hankeringforhistory.com/the-history-of-the-american-log-home/|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=Hankering for History|language=en-US|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190344/https://hankeringforhistory.com/the-history-of-the-american-log-home/|url-status=live}} [1129] => [1130] => ===Alcohol culture=== [1131] => [1132] => Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, consumption of alcohol per state, and proportion of drinkers. Consumption per-capita per-event, however, ranks low among the nation; number of events (number of times alcohol is involved) is significantly higher or highest, but consumption at each event smaller, marking Wisconsin's consumption as frequent and moderate.{{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/31237904.html|author=Rick Romell|title=Drinking deeply ingrained in Wisconsin's culture|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|date=October 19, 2008|access-date=August 18, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114133501/http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/31237904.html|archive-date=January 14, 2012}} Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, the long-standing presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin. [1133] => [1134] => In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer, brewpub, wholesaler, or producer of alcohol fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no exceptions.{{cite web|url=http://www.dor.state.wi.us/faqs/ise/atundrg.html|work=Wisconsin Department of Revenue|title=Alcohol Beverage Laws for Retailers, Underage Alcohol Questions|date=November 25, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022814/http://www.dor.state.wi.us/faqs/ise/atundrg.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014}} The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age (currently 21) may not drive after consuming alcohol.{{Cite web |url=https://www.uwplatt.edu/files/police/absolutesobriety.pdf |title=Wisconsin's Absolute Sobriety Law, What It Means And Its Consequences |work=University of Wisconsin |location=Platteville, WI |date=2012 |access-date=March 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109083553/https://www.uwplatt.edu/files/police/absolutesobriety.pdf |archive-date=January 9, 2017 |url-status=dead }} [1135] => [1136] => On September 30, 2003, the [[Wisconsin State Legislature|state legislature]], reluctant to lower a DUI offense from BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal government pressure.{{cite web|url=http://legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/pubs/wb/03wb9.pdf |title=Prohibited Blood Alcohol Concentration Reduced to .08 |work=Wisconsin Briefs from the Legislative Reference Bureau |id=Brief 03–9 |date=December 2003 |access-date=May 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130185021/http://legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/pubs/wb/03wb9.pdf |archive-date=January 30, 2015 }} The [[Tavern League of Wisconsin|Wisconsin Tavern League]] opposes raising the alcoholic beverage tax. The ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]'' series "Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this situation.{{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/30565984.html|title=Wasted in Wisconsin|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|access-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715143944/http://www.jsonline.com/news/30565984.html|archive-date=July 15, 2010}} [1137] => [1138] => ==Recreation== [1139] => [1140] => {{see also|List of Wisconsin amusement parks}} [1141] => [1142] => The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and [[World Championship Snowmobile Derby|snowmobile derbies]]. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains {{convert|11188|sqmi|km2}} of water, more than all but three other states—[[Alaska]], Michigan, and Florida.{{cite book|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0358.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017210726/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0358.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2011 |access-date=November 23, 2012 |year=2012 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=223 }} The [[Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary]] was established in 2021 in the waters of Lake Michigan off Wisconsin and is the site of a large number of historically significant [[shipwreck]]s.{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/06/23/2021-12846/wisconsin-shipwreck-coast-national-marine-sanctuary-designation-final-regulations|title=Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary Designation; Final Regulations|publisher=NOAA via Federal Register|date=June 23, 2021|access-date=June 29, 2021|archive-date=October 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023012203/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/06/23/2021-12846/wisconsin-shipwreck-coast-national-marine-sanctuary-designation-final-regulations|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/media/docs/wisconsin-shipwreck-coast-national-marine-sanctuary.pdf |title=National Marine Sanctuaries media document: Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary Accessed 29 June 2021 |access-date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911180736/https://nmssanctuaries.blob.core.windows.net/sanctuaries-prod/media/docs/wisconsin-shipwreck-coast-national-marine-sanctuary.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/noaa-designates-new-national-marine-sanctuary-in-wisconsin-s-lake-michigan |title=NOAA News "NOAA designates new national marine sanctuary in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan," June 22, 2021 Accessed 29 June 2021 |date=June 22, 2021 |access-date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603142508/https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/noaa-designates-new-national-marine-sanctuary-in-wisconsin-s-lake-michigan |url-status=live }} [1143] => [1144] => Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the [[whitetail deer]]. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer-hunting licenses are sold.{{cite press release|title=A Chronology Of Wisconsin Deer Hunting From Closed Seasons To Antlerless Permits|publisher=[[Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]]|date=November 12, 2005|url=http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/rbnews/2005/111205scr4.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211061345/http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/rbnews/2005/111205scr4.htm|archive-date=February 11, 2007|access-date=March 16, 2007}} In 2008, the [[Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]] projected the pre-hunt deer population to be between 1.5 and 1.7 million. [1145] => [1146] => ==Sports== [1147] => [1148] => {{Main|Sports in Wisconsin}} [1149] => [[File:Lambeau Field panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Lambeau Field]] in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] is home to the [[National Football League|NFL's]] [[Packers]].]] [1150] => [1151] => Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. [[Lambeau Field]], located in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]], is home to the [[National Football League]]'s [[Green Bay Packers]]. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname "Titletown USA". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by "Curly" Lambeau, who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games ([[Super Bowl]]s [[Super Bowl I|I]] and [[Super Bowl II|II]]), [[Super Bowl XXXI]] and [[Super Bowl XLV]]. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field.Green Bay Packers, Inc., [http://www.packers.com/fan_zone/faq/ Fan Zone FAQ], accessed February 28, 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318031051/http://www.packers.com/fan_zone/faq/ |date=March 18, 2010 }} [1152] => [[File:20070606 13 Miller Park, Milwaukee, WI (23364994734).jpg|thumb|left|[[American Family Field]] is the home stadium of Major League Baseball's Milwaukee Brewers.]] [1153] => [1154] => The [[Milwaukee Brewers]], the state's only major league baseball team, play in [[American Family Field]] in Milwaukee, the successor to [[Milwaukee County Stadium]] since 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the [[American League]] Championship, marking their most successful season. The team switched from the American League to the National League starting with the 1998 season. Before the Brewers, Milwaukee had two prior Major League teams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season in the newly founded American League in 1901 before moving to St. Louis and becoming the Browns, who are now the [[Baltimore Orioles]]. Milwaukee was also the home of the [[Braves]] franchise when they moved from Boston from 1953 to 1965, winning the [[World Series]] in 1957 and the National League pennant in 1958, before they moved to Atlanta.{{cite web|url=http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/atl/history/story_of_the_braves.jsp|title=Story of the Braves—History|website=Atlanta Braves|access-date=May 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030062629/http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/atl/history/story_of_the_braves.jsp|archive-date=October 30, 2015|url-status=live}} [1155] => [1156] => The [[Milwaukee Bucks]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] play home games at the [[Fiserv Forum]]. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971 and 2021.NBA Hoops Online [http://nbahoopsonline.com/teams/MilwaukeeBucks/Articles/1.html Bucks History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200112/http://nbahoopsonline.com/teams/MilwaukeeBucks/Articles/1.html |date=May 25, 2017 }}, accessed February 17, 2015. [1157] => [1158] => The state also has minor league teams in hockey ([[Milwaukee Admirals]]) and baseball (the [[Wisconsin Timber Rattlers]], based in [[Appleton, Wisconsin|Appleton]] and the [[Beloit Sky Carp]] of the [[High-A]] minor leagues). In addition to these affiliated minor league teams, Wisconsin has two [[American Association of Professional Baseball]] teams, one being the 2020 Championship team [[Milwaukee Milkmen]], based in [[Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Franklin]],{{Cite web|date=September 18, 2020|title=Milkmen Bring Home the Championship For Milwaukee|url=https://www.milwaukeemag.com/milkmen-bring-home-the-championship-for-milwaukee/|access-date=June 19, 2021|website=Milwaukee Magazine|language=en-US|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613180204/https://www.milwaukeemag.com/milkmen-bring-home-the-championship-for-milwaukee/|url-status=live}} and starting in 2022, the [[Lake Country DockHounds]], based in [[Oconomowoc, Wisconsin|Oconomowoc]].{{Cite web|last=Reichard|first=Kevin|date=June 10, 2021|title=New for 2022: Lake Country DockHounds|url=https://ballparkdigest.com/2021/06/10/new-for-2022-lake-country-dockhounds/|access-date=June 19, 2021|website=Ballpark Digest|language=en-US|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613150632/https://ballparkdigest.com/2021/06/10/new-for-2022-lake-country-dockhounds/|url-status=live}} Wisconsin is also home to nine [[Northwoods League]] teams. The [[Madison Mallards]], the [[La Crosse Loggers]], the [[Lakeshore Chinooks]], the [[Eau Claire Express]], the [[Fond du Lac Dock Spiders]], the [[Green Bay Rockers]], the [[Kenosha Kingfish]], the [[Wausau Woodchucks]], and the [[Wisconsin Rapids Rafters]], all play in a collegiate all-star summer league. In addition to the Packers, Green Bay is also the home to an [[indoor American football|indoor football]] team, the [[Green Bay Blizzard]] of the [[Indoor Football League|IFL]]. The state is home to the seven-time MISL/MASL Champion [[Milwaukee Wave]].{{cite web|url=http://www.milwaukeewave.com/|title=Milwaukee Wave Professional Indoor Soccer|access-date=May 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060229/http://www.milwaukeewave.com/|archive-date=March 16, 2015|url-status=dead}} [1159] => [1160] => Wisconsin is also home to [[Forward Madison FC]], which is a professional soccer team that plays in the [[USL League One]]. [1161] => [1162] => Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the [[Wisconsin Badgers]], of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the [[Milwaukee Panthers|Panthers]] of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The [[Wisconsin Badgers football]] former head coach [[Barry Alvarez]] led the Badgers to three [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] championships, including back-to-back victories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in [[1941 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1941]] and made trips to college basketball's [[Final Four]] in [[2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2000]], [[2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2014]], and [[2015 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2015]]. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when both the [[NCAA Women's Ice Hockey Championship|women's]] and [[NCAA Men's Division I hockey Championship|men's]] hockey teams won national titles. [1163] => [1164] => The [[Marquette Golden Eagles]] of the [[Big East Conference (1979–2013)|Big East Conference]], the state's other major collegiate program, is known for its [[Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball|men's basketball team]], which, under the direction of [[Al McGuire]], won the NCAA National Championship in [[1977 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1977]]. The team returned to the Final Four in [[2003 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2003]]. [1165] => [1166] => Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the [[Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] at the [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]] level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 107 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of March 30, 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.wiacsports.com/sports/2010/7/23/GEN_0723103641.aspx|title=Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference|access-date=April 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104023738/http://www.wiacsports.com/sports/2010/7/23/GEN_0723103641.aspx|archive-date=November 4, 2013|url-status=dead}} [1167] => [1168] => The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league is made up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The Green Bay Gladiators from [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]], The Fox Valley Force in [[Appleton, Wisconsin|Appleton]], The Kimberly Storm in [[Kimberly, Wisconsin|Kimberly]], The Central Wisconsin Spartans in [[Wausau, Wisconsin|Wausau]], The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators from [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]], and the Lake Superior Rage from [[Superior, Wisconsin|Superior]]. The league also has teams in Michigan and Minnesota. Teams play from May until August. [1169] => [1170] => Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The [[Milwaukee Mile]], located in [[Wisconsin State Fair Park]] in [[West Allis, Wisconsin]], held races there that considerably predate the [[Indy 500]].{{cite web |url=http://www.milwaukeemile.com/History-2010.asp |title=Milwaukee Mile Website—History |publisher=Milwaukeemile.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607234936/http://www.milwaukeemile.com/History-2010.asp |archive-date=June 7, 2010 }} [1171] => [1172] => Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating [[velodrome]] in [[Kenosha]] where races have been held every year since 1927.{{cite web |url=http://www.333m.com/ |title=Kenosha Velodrome Association |publisher=333m.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128215649/http://www.333m.com/ |archive-date=January 28, 2011 |url-status=dead }} [1173] => [1174] => [[Sheboygan, Wisconsin|Sheboygan]] is home to [[Whistling Straits]] golf club which has hosted [[PGA Championship]]s in 2004, 2010 and 2015 and the [[Ryder Cup]] golf competition between USA and Europe in 2020.{{cite web|url=http://www.cybergolf.com/golf_news/whistling_straits_named_as_site_for_pga_championships_ryder_cup_matches|title=Whistling Straits Named as Site for PGA Championships & Ryder Cup Matches|website=Cybergolf.com a CBS Sports partner|access-date=September 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826234353/http://www.cybergolf.com/golf_news/whistling_straits_named_as_site_for_pga_championships_ryder_cup_matches|archive-date=August 26, 2014|url-status=dead}} The [[Greater Milwaukee Open]], later named the [[U.S. Bank Championship in Milwaukee]], was a PGA Tour tournament from 1968 to 2009 held annually in [[Brown Deer]]. In 2017, [[Erin Hills]], a golf course in [[Erin, Wisconsin]], approximately 30 miles northwest of Milwaukee, hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]].{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-07-05/sports/ct-erin-hills-us-open-spt-0706-20140705_1_usga-tee-point-man |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |last=Greenstein |first=Teddy |title=Erin Hills making changes in advance of 2017 U.S. Open |date=July 5, 2014 |access-date=June 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809135304/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-07-05/sports/ct-erin-hills-us-open-spt-0706-20140705_1_usga-tee-point-man |archive-date=August 9, 2016 |url-status=live }} [1175] => [1176] => == See also == [1177] => [1178] => {{portal|Wisconsin|United States}} [1179] => * [[Index of Wisconsin-related articles]] [1180] => * [[List of people from Wisconsin]] [1181] => * [[Outline of Wisconsin]] [1182] => *[[Impeachment in Wisconsin]] [1183] => [1184] => == Notes == [1185] => {{notelist}} [1186] => [1187] => == References == [1188] => {{reflist}} [1189] => [1190] => == Further reading == [1191] => * {{Cite book|last1=Barone|first1=Michael|first2=Richard E.|last2=Cohen|title=The Almanac of American Politics, 2006|year=2005|location=Washington, DC|work=National Journal|isbn=978-0-89234-112-2|url=https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00mich_5}} [1192] => * Cross, John A. and Kazimierz J. Zaniewski. ''The Geography of Wisconsin'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 2022) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58289 online review] [1193] => * {{Cite book|last=Current|first=Richard|title=Wisconsin: A History|year=2001|location=Urbana, IL|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07018-1}} [1194] => * {{Cite book|last=Gara|first=Larry|title=A Short History of Wisconsin|year=1962|location=Madison, WI|publisher=State Historical Society of Wisconsin}} [1195] => * {{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Fred L.|title=Wisconsin |others=5 vols|location=Chicago, IL|year=1946}} Detailed popular history and many biographies. [1196] => * {{Cite book|last=Nesbit|first=Robert C.|title=Wisconsin: A History|edition=Rev.|year=1989|location=Madison|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-10800-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/wisconsinhistory0002nesb}} [1197] => * {{Cite book|last=Pearce|first=Neil|title=The Great Lakes States of America|year=1980|location=New York|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-05619-8|url=https://archive.org/details/greatlakesstates00peir}} [1198] => * {{Cite book|last=Quaife|first=Milo M.|title=Wisconsin, Its History and Its People, 1634–1924 |others=4 vols|year=1924}} Detailed popular history & biographies. [1199] => * {{Cite book|last=Raney|first=William Francis|title=Wisconsin: A Story of Progress|year=1940|location=New York |publisher=Prentice-Hall}} [1200] => * {{Cite book|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=Arthur H. |editor2-first=J. B.|editor2-last=Culver|title=The Atlas of Wisconsin|year=1974}} [1201] => * {{Cite book|editor-last=Sisson|editor-first=Richard|title=The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia|year=2006|location=Bloomington, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34886-9}} [1202] => * {{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jBCvxBTJQHYC&q=An+Illustrated+History+of+the+State+of+Wisconsin | title = An Illustrated History of the State of Wisconsin: Being a Complete Civil, Political, and Military History of the State from its First Exploration down to 1875 | first1 = Charles R | last1 = Tuttle | place = Madison, WI | year= 1875 | publisher = B. B. Russell}}. [1203] => * {{Cite book|last=Van Ells|first=Mark D.|title=Wisconsin [On-The-Road Histories]|year=2009|location=Northampton, MA|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1-56656-673-5|url=https://archive.org/details/wisconsin00vane}} [1204] => * {{Cite book|last=Vogeler|first=I.|title=Wisconsin: A Geography|year=1986|location=Boulder|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-86531-492-4 }} [1205] => * {{Cite book|author=Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild|title=Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas|year=2002}} [1206] => * {{Cite book |author=Works Progress Administration|title=Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger State|year=1941}} Detailed guide to every town and city, and cultural history. [1207] => :''See additional books at [[History of Wisconsin]]'' [1208] => [1209] => ==External links== [1210] => [1211] => {{Sister project links|voy =Wisconsin}} [1212] => * {{official website|https://www.wisconsin.gov}} [1213] => * {{Cite book|url=https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/printable/images/pdf/reference/pagegen_wi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212163404/https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/printable/images/pdf/reference/pagegen_wi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |type=map|work=National Atlas|title=Wisconsin|publisher=United States Government}} (Archived December 12, 2019) [1214] => * {{Cite web|url=https://dnr.wi.gov/eek/nature/state/|title=Wisconsin state symbols|publisher=State of Wisconsin|access-date=December 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220072943/https://dnr.wi.gov/eek/nature/state/|archive-date=December 20, 2014|url-status=dead}} [1215] => * {{Cite web|url=https://legis.wisconsin.gov/|title=Wisconsin State Legislature}} [1216] => * {{Cite web|url=https://www.wicourts.gov|publisher=Wisconsin|title=Court System}} [1217] => * {{Cite web|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=55&StateName=Wisconsin#.U859T_ldVu0|title=Wisconsin State Facts|publisher=USDA}} [1218] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511063816/https://www.lmhscscorecard.com/sc/brief.cgi?s=1 Wisconsin Health and Demographic Data] La Crosse Medical Health Science Consortium [1219] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229213558/https://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WI Energy Profile for Wisconsin—Economic, environmental, and energy data] [1220] => * [https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/ Wisconsin Historical Society] [1221] => * [https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI The State of Wisconsin Collection] from the [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/ UW Digital Collections Center] [1222] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515184143/https://faculty.uwstout.edu/shiellt/freespeech1/ Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy] [1223] => * [https://www.travelwisconsin.com/ Wisconsin Department of Tourism] [1224] => * {{Citation | contribution-url = https://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/travel/transit/ | title = Travel Information | contribution = Traveling by public transit | publisher = Wisconsin Department of Transportation | access-date = July 31, 2011 | archive-date = August 8, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110808190327/http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/travel/transit/ | url-status = dead }}. [1225] => * {{osmrelation-inline |165466}} [1226] => * {{Curlie |Regional/North_America/United_States/Wisconsin}} [1227] => * {{Citation | url = https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=Wisconsin&CISOFIELD1=statep&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=wisconsin+--+maps&CISOFIELD2=subjec&CISOROOT=/agdm&t=s | type = Maps | title = Wisconsin | publisher = The American Geographical Society Library}}. [1228] => [1229] => {{s-start}} [1230] => {{s-bef|before=[[Iowa]]}} [1231] => {{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]|years=Admitted on May 29, 1848 (30th)}} [1232] => {{s-aft|after=California}} [1233] => {{s-end}} [1234] => [1235] => {{Navboxes [1236] => |title = Topics related to Wisconsin
''America's Dairyland'' [1237] => |list = [1238] => {{Wisconsin|expanded}} [1239] => {{Protected areas of Wisconsin}} [1240] => {{Midwestern United States}} [1241] => {{New France}} [1242] => {{United States political divisions}} [1243] => |state=expanded}} [1244] => [1245] => {{Authority control}} [1246] => {{coord|44|-90|dim:300000_region:US-WI_source:enwiki_type:adm1st|name=State of Wisconsin|display=title}} [1247] => [1248] => [[Category:Wisconsin| ]] [1249] => [[Category:States of the United States]] [1250] => [[Category:States and territories established in 1848]] [1251] => [[Category:1848 establishments in the United States]] [1252] => [[Category:Midwestern United States]] [1253] => [[Category:Contiguous United States]] [] => )
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Wisconsin

Wisconsin is a state located in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. It is bordered by Lake Superior and Michigan to the north, Lake Michigan to the east, Illinois to the south, and Iowa and Minnesota to the west.

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It is bordered by Lake Superior and Michigan to the north, Lake Michigan to the east, Illinois to the south, and Iowa and Minnesota to the west. With a diverse landscape that includes forests, farmland, and a vast number of lakes, Wisconsin is often known as "America's Dairyland" due to its prominent dairy farming industry. The area that is now Wisconsin was inhabited by various Native American tribes for thousands of years before European exploration and colonization. French fur traders were the first Europeans to establish a presence in the region in the 17th century. Wisconsin became a territory of the United States in the early 19th century and achieved statehood in 1848. The state's early economy was based on fur trading and mining, but eventually evolved into agriculture, manufacturing, and a growing service sector. Today, Wisconsin is known for its strong manufacturing industry, producing a wide range of products including vehicles, machinery, paper, and food products. The state is also home to a number of well-known brands and companies, such as Harley-Davidson motorcycles and Miller Brewing Company. In addition to its industrial and agricultural sectors, Wisconsin has a vibrant cultural scene, with a rich tradition in dairy farming, cheese making, brewing, and festivals like the annual Summerfest in Milwaukee, one of the largest music festivals in the world. Wisconsin is also famous for its natural beauty and outdoor recreational opportunities. It has numerous state parks, forests, and lakes, as well as the famous Door County peninsula and the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, which are popular tourist destinations. The state is governed by a unique blend of liberal and conservative ideologies, with a history of political activism and progressive policies. Wisconsin has been a battleground state in U. S. presidential elections and has produced notable political figures, such as Robert La Follette, the founder of the Progressive Party. Overall, Wisconsin is a state that combines natural beauty, a strong agricultural and manufacturing economy, a rich cultural heritage, and a diverse political landscape.

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