Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Arab Andalusian physician, surgeon and chemist (936–1013)}} [1] => {{Distinguish|Ayman al-Zawahiri|text=Al-Qaeda terrorist [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] (1951–2022)}} [2] => {{lowercase title}} [3] => {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} [4] => {{Infobox academic [5] => | occupation = {{hlist|Physician}} [6] => | era = [[Islamic Golden Age]] [7] => | image = Al-Zahrawi Portrait.jpg [8] => | caption = Imaginary drawing of al-Zahrawi, from a 1964 Syrian postage stamp [9] => | name = Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrāwī [10] => | birth_date = 936 [11] => | birth_place = [[Medina Azahara]], al-Andalus (near present-day [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]], Spain) [12] => | death_date = {{death year and age|1013|936}} [13] => | influenced = [[Abu Muhammad bin Hazm]], [[Guy de Chauliac]], [[Jacques Daléchamps]] [14] => | known_for = {{hlist|Pioneer of [[surgery]]| author of medical encyclopedia {{lang|ar|[[Kitab al-Tasrif]]}}}} [15] => | native_name = أبو القاسم الزهراوي [16] => | native_name_lang = ar [17] => }} [18] => [19] => '''Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-AnsariHamarneh, Sami Khalaf; Sonnedecker, Glenn Allen (1963). A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī in Moorish Spain: With Special Reference to the "Adhān,". Brill Archive. p. 15.''' ({{lang-ar|أبو القاسم خلف بن العباس الزهراوي}};‎ 936–1013), popularly known as '''al-Zahrawi''' ({{lang|ar|الزهراوي}}), [[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] as '''Albucasis''' or '''Abulcasis''' (from Arabic ''Abū al-Qāsim''), was a [[physician]], [[surgeon]] and [[chemist]] from [[al-Andalus]].{{cite book|last=Hamarneh|first=Sami Khalaf|title=A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī Moorish Spain: With a Special Reference to the "Adhān"|year=1963|publisher=Brill Archive|author2=Sonnedecker, Glenn|page=15}}"Al-Zahrawi's ancestry then, one might infer, goes back to the Arabian Peninsula, to the inhabitants of "al-Madinah," the first city that accepted the message of Islam." He is considered one of the greatest surgeons of the [[Middle Ages]].*Meri, Josef W. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 783."The greatest surgeon of the medieval ages was Abu'l-Qasim az Zahrawi (d. 1010), a most important representative of the Andalusian school." [20] => *Weinberg, Steven (2015). To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science. Penguin Books Limited."al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) was born in 936 near Cَrdoba, the metropolis of Andalusia, and worked there until his death in 1013. He was the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages, and highly influential in Christian Europe." [21] => *Gerli, E. Michael (2017). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 12."Book 30, on surgery, was translated in the twelfth century by Gerard of Cremona (Liber Alsahravi de cirurgia) and it established the reputation of Abulcasis as the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages."Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 95." Al-Zahrawi (930 or 963–1013 C.E.), also known as Abu-Al Quasim Khalaf ibn'Abbas al-Zahrawi, was a [[court physician]]. [22] => [23] => Al-Zahrawi's principal work is the ''[[Al-Tasrif|Kitab al-Tasrif]]'', a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.{{cite book|last1=al-Zahrāwī|first1=Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās|last2=Studies|first2=Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern|title=Albucasis on surgery and instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjVra87nRScC&pg=PR8|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01532-6}} The surgery chapter of this work was later translated into [[Latin]], attaining popularity and becoming the standard textbook in Europe for the next five hundred years.{{cite web |title=Abū al-Qāsim {{!}} Muslim physician and author |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abu-al-Qasim |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}} Al-Zahrawi's pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to this day.{{cite book | title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World | first1=Madeleine Pelner | last1=Cosman | first2=Linda Gale | last2=Jones | publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] | year=2008 |series=Handbook to Life Series |volume=2 | isbn=978-0-8160-4887-8 | pages=528–530}} He pioneered the use of [[catgut]] for internal stitches, and his surgical instruments are still used today to treat people. [24] => [25] => He was the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of [[haemophilia]] and describe an [[abdominal pregnancy]], a subtype of [[ectopic pregnancy]] that in those days was a fatal affliction, and was first to discover the root cause of [[paralysis]]. He also developed surgical devices for [[Caesarean section]]s and [[Cataract surgery|cataract surgeries]]. He has also been described by some as the first ever [[plastic surgeon]].{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x | doi=10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x | title=Sh08Al-Zahrawi – the Father of Surgery | date=2007 | last1=Ahmad | first1=Z. | journal=Anz Journal of Surgery | volume=77 | s2cid=57308997 }} [26] => [27] => == Biography == [28] => Al-Zahrawi was born in the city of [[Medina Azahara|Azahara]], 8 kilometers northwest of [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], [[Andalusia]]. His birth date is not known for sure, however, scholars agree that it was after 936, the year his birthplace city of [[Medina Azahara|Azahara]] was founded. The [[nisbat (onomastics)|nisba]] (attributive title), ''Al-Ansari'', in his name, suggests origin from the [[Medinian]] tribe of [[Ansar (Islam)|Al-Ansar]],{{cite book|last=Hamarneh|first=Sami Khalaf|title=A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī Moorish Spain: With a Special Reference to the "Adhān"|year=1963|publisher=Brill Archive|author2=Sonnedecker, Glenn|page=15"The incipit to the seventeenth treatise in these manuscripts gives al–Zahrawi the additional title of "al–Ansari," the physician. From this, one could infer that al–Zahrawi is the scion of "al–Ansar, the people of "al–Madinah". and hence the nickname "al–Ansari."}} thus, tracing his ancestry back to [[Medina]] in the [[Arabian peninsula]]. [29] => [30] => He lived most of his life in Cordoba. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of Azahara. [31] => [32] => Few details remain regarding his life, aside from his published work, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during later Castillian-Andalusian conflicts. His name first appears in the writings of [[Abu Muhammad bin Hazm]] (993–1064), who listed him among the greatest physicians of Moorish Spain. But we have the first detailed biography of al-Zahrawī from [[Al-Humaydī|al-Ḥumaydī]]'s ''Jadhwat al-Muqtabis'' (''On Andalusian Savants''), completed six decades after al-Zahrawi's death. [33] => [34] => Al-Zahrawi was a court physician to the [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] caliph [[Al-Hakam II]]. He was a contemporary of [[Andalusian people|Andalusian]] [[Alchemy (Islam)|chemists]] such as [[Ibn al-Wafid]], [[al-Majriti]] and [[Artephius]]. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. As a court physician, Zahrawi had access to the most advanced medical knowledge and resources of the time, allowing him to develop new techniques and instruments for surgical procedures. Zahrawi's time as a court physician to Al-Hakam II allowed him to develop his skills and knowledge as a physician and surgeon, and to make significant contributions to the field of medicine. His work helped to lay the foundation for modern surgical techniques and has had a lasting impact on the [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|practice of medicine]].Azzedine M. Layachi, ''Abulcasis: The Father of Modern Surgery'', The Muslim World, Vol. 89, No. 2 (April 1999), pp. 91-105.Michael H. Morgan, ''Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists'', National Geographic Society, 2007, pp. 42-45 [35] => [36] => == Surgical career == [37] => Al-Zahrawi specialized in curing disease by [[cauterization]]. He invented several [[surgical instruments|devices used during surgery]], for purposes such as inspection of the interior of the [[urethra]] and also inspection, applying and removing foreign bodies from the [[throat]], the [[ear]] and other body organs. He was also the first to illustrate the various [[cannulae]] and the first to treat a [[wart]] with an iron tube and caustic metal as a boring instrument.{{cite journal|last=Missori|first=Paolo|author2=Brunetto, Giacoma M.|author3=Domenicucci, Maurizio|title=Origin of the Cannula for Tracheotomy During the Middle Ages and Renaissance|journal=World Journal of Surgery|date=7 February 2012|volume=36|issue=4|pages=928–934|doi=10.1007/s00268-012-1435-1|pmid=22311135|s2cid=3121262}} [38] => [39] => While al-Zahrawi never performed the surgical procedure of [[tracheotomy]], he did treat a slave girl who had cut her own [[throat]] in a suicide attempt. Al-Zahrawi sewed up the wound and the girl recovered, thereby proving that an [[Surgical incision|incision]] in the [[larynx]] could heal. In describing this important case-history he wrote:{{cite book|last1=Rāshid|first1=Rushdī|last2=Morelon|first2=Régis|title=Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Technology, alchemy and life sciences|date=1996|publisher=CRC Press|pages=945|language=en}} [40] => [41] => {{blockquote|A slave-girl seized a knife and buried it in her throat and cut part of the [[trachea]]; and I was called to attend her. I found her bellowing like a sacrifice that has had its throat cut. So I laid the wound bare and found that only a little [[haemorrhage]] had come from it; and I assured myself that neither an [[artery]] nor [[jugular vein]] had been cut, but air passed out through the wound. So I hurriedly sutured the wound and treated it until healed. No harm was done to the slave-girl except for a [[hoarseness]] in the voice, which was not extreme, and after some days she was restored to the best of health. Hence we may say that [[laryngotomy]] is not dangerous.}} [42] => [43] => Al-Zahrawi also pioneered [[neurosurgery]] and [[neurological]] diagnosis. He is known to have performed surgical treatments of [[head injuries]], [[skull fractures]], [[spinal injuries]], [[hydrocephalus]], [[subdural effusion]]s and [[headache]]. The first clinical description of an operative procedure for [[hydrocephalus]] was given by Al-Zahrawi who clearly describes the evacuation of superficial [[intracranial]] fluid in [[hydrocephalic]] children.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s101430050035 |pmid=10547004 |title=The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment |journal=Neurosurgical Review |volume=22 |issue=2–3 |pages=67–93; discussion 94–5 |year=1999 |last1=Aschoff |first1=A |last2=Kremer |first2=Paul |last3=Hashemi |first3=Bahram |last4=Kunze |first4=Stefan |s2cid=10077885 }} [44] => [45] => == ''Kitab al-Tasrif'' == [46] => [47] => {{Main|Kitab al-Tasrif}} [48] => [49] => [[File:Treatise on Surgery of al-Zahrawi (CBL Ar 3172, ff. 49b-50a).jpg|thumb|Two pages from the Arabic manuscript of the ''Kitab al-Tasrif''. Middle East, 13th century, [[Chester Beatty Library]].]] [50] => [[File:Al-zahrawi great surgeon 03.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Frontispiece of the [[Latin translations of the 12th century|Latin translation]] of al-Zahrawi's ''Kitab al-Tasrif''.]] [51] => Al-Zahrawi's thirty-volume medical encyclopedia, ''Kitāb al-Taṣrīf'', completed in the year 1000, covered a broad range of medical topics, including on [[surgery]], [[medicine]], [[orthopaedics]], [[ophthalmology]], [[pharmacology]], [[nutrition]], [[dentistry]], [[childbirth]], and [[pathology]].{{cite web|title=Theoretical and Practical Book by Al-Zahrawi|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/9552/|language=en|date=1519}} [52] => The first volume in the encyclopedia is concerned with general principles of [[medicine]], the second with [[pathology]], while much of the rest discuss topics regarding [[pharmacology]] and [[drugs]]. The last treatise and the most celebrated one is about [[surgery]]. Al-Zahrawi stated that he chose to discuss [[surgery]] in the last volume because surgery is the highest form of [[medicine]], and one must not practice it until he becomes well-acquainted with all other branches of [[medicine]]. [53] => [54] => The work contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. In it he also wrote of the importance of a positive [[doctor-patient relationship]] and wrote affectionately of his students, whom he referred to as "my children". He also emphasized the importance of treating patients irrespective of their social status. He encouraged the close observation of individual cases in order to make the most accurate diagnosis and the best possible treatment. [55] => [56] => Not always properly credited, modern evaluation of ''Kitab al-Tasrif'' manuscript{{cite web|title=Al-tasreef liman ajiza an al-taaleef (The method of medicine)|url=https://digital.onb.ac.at/RepViewer/viewer.faces?doc=DTL_6854919&order=1&view=SINGLE|language=ar|date=1699}} has revealed on early descriptions of some medical procedures that were ascribed to later physicians.Karagِzoğlu, Bahattin (2017). Science and Technology from Global and Historical Perspectives. Springer. p. 155."This last volume is a surgical manual describing surgical instruments, supplies, and procedures. Scholars studying this manual are discovering references to procedures previously believed to belong to more modern times." For example, Al-Zahrawi's ''Kitab al-Tasrif'' described both what would later become known as "[[Shoulder reduction#Kocher's method|Kocher's method]]" for treating a dislocated shoulder and "Walcher position" in [[obstetrics]]. Moreover, the ''Kitab al-Tasrif'' described how to [[Ligature (medicine)|ligature]] blood vessels almost 600 years before [[Ambroise Paré]], and was the first recorded book to explain the hereditary nature of [[haemophilia]]. It was also the first to describe a surgical procedure for ligating the temporal artery for [[migraine]], also almost 600 years before [[Ambroise Paré|Pare]] recorded that he had ligated his own temporal artery for headache that conforms to current descriptions of [[migraine]].{{cite journal|last=Shevel|first=E|author2=Spierings, EH|title=Role of the extracranial arteries in migraine headache: a review.|journal=Cranio: The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice|date=April 2004|volume=22|issue=2|pages=132–6|pmid=15134413|doi=10.1179/crn.2004.017|s2cid=12318511}} Al-Zahrawi was, therefore, the first to describe the [[migraine surgery]] procedure that is enjoying a revival in the 21st century, spearheaded by [[Elliot Shevel]] a South African surgeon. [57] => [58] => === ''On Surgery and Instruments'' === [59] => [[File:Al-zahrawi surgical tools.png|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Page from a 1531 Latin translation by Peter Argellata of Al-Zahrawi's treatise on surgical and medical instruments.]] [60] => [61] => ''On Surgery and Instruments'' is the 30th and last volume of the ''Kitab al-Tasrif''. It was without a doubt his most important work and the one which established his authority in Europe for centuries to come. [62] => ''On Surgery and Instruments'' is the first illustrated surgical guide ever written. Its contents and descriptions has contributed in many technological innovations in [[medicine]], notably which tools to use in specific surgeries. In his book, al-Zahrawi draws diagrams of each tool used in different procedures to clarify how to carry out the steps of each treatment. The full text consists of three books, intended for medical students looking forward to gaining more knowledge within the field of surgery regarding procedures and the necessary tools. [63] => [64] => The book was translated into [[Latin]] in the 12th century by [[Gerard of Cremona]]. It soon found popularity in Europe and became a standard text in all major Medical universities like those of [[Salerno]] and [[Montpellier]].Fleischer, Aylmer von. Moorish Europe. Aylmer von Fleischer."His work, Al-Tasrif, later translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona, became the standard medical text for European Universities such as those at Salerno and Montpellier. This work was widely used by European medical practitioners for centuries." It remained the primary source on surgery in Europe for the next 500 years, and as the historian of medicine, [[Arturo Castiglioni]], has put it: al-Zahrawi's treatise "in surgery held the same authority as did the [[the Canon of Medicine|Canon]] of [[Avicenna]] in medicine".Castiglioni, Arturo (1958). A history of medicine. A. A. Knopf. p. 274."Abulcasis (Alsaharavius or Abu'l-Qasim) (d. c. 1013) was the author of a surgical treatise which in surgery held the same authority as did the Canon of Avicenna in medicine." [65] => [66] => Al-Zahrawi claims that his knowledge comes from careful reading of previous medical texts as well as his own experience: “...whatever skill I have, I have derived for myself by my long reading of the books of the Ancients and my thirst to understand them until I extracted the knowledge of it from them. Then through the whole of my life I have adhered to experience and practice... I have made it accessible for you and rescued it from the abyss of prolixity".Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (676) [67] => [68] => In the beginning of his book, al-Zahrawi states that the reason for writing this treatise was the degree of underdevelopment [[surgery]] had reached in the Islamic world, and the low status it held amongst physicians at the time. Al-Zahrawi ascribed such decline to a lack of [[anatomical]] knowledge and a misunderstanding of the human [[physiology]]. [69] => {{Quote box [70] => |quote = He who devoted himself to surgery
must be versed in the science of
anatomy.{{cite news|title=Abulcasis, the pharmacist surgeon {{!}} Hektoen International|url=http://hekint.org/2017/01/22/abulcasis-the-pharmacist-surgeon/|website=hekint.org|date=22 January 2017|language=en}} [71] => |author = al-Zahrawi [72] => |source = ''[[Kitab al-Tasrif]]''. [73] => |quoted = 1 [74] => }} [75] => Noting the importance of [[anatomy]] he wrote:Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1545. {{Blockquote [76] => |text="Before practicing surgery one should gain knowledge of anatomy and the function of organs so that he will understand their shape, connections and borders. He should become thoroughly familiar with nerves muscles bones arteries and veins. If one does not comprehend the anatomy and physiology one can commit a mistake which will result in the death of the patient. I have seen someone incise into a swelling in the neck thinking it was an abscess, when it was an aneurysm and the patient dying on the spot."}} [77] => [78] => In [[urology]], al-Zahrawi wrote about taking stones out of the bladder. By inventing a new instrument, an early form of the [[lithotrite]] which he called "Michaab", he was able to crush the stone inside the bladder without the need for a surgical incision.{{cite book|last1=Butt|first1=Arthur J.|title=Etiologic Factors in Renal Lithiasis|date=1956|publisher=Thomas|isbn=978-0-398-04374-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FF5PwaBz7sEC&q=%22an+improved+lithotrite%22|language=en}} His technique was important for the development of [[lithotomy]], and an improvement over the existing techniques in Europe which caused severe pain for the patient, and came with high death rates. [79] => [80] => In [[dentistry]] and [[periodontics]], al-Zahrawi had the most significant contribution out of all Muslim physicians, and his book contained the earliest illustrations of dental instruments. He was known to use gold and silver wires to ligate loosened teeth,Becker, Marshall Joseph; [[Turfa, Jean MacIntosh]] (2017). The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry: The Golden Smile Through the Ages. Taylor & Francis. p. 146. and has been credited as the first to use replantation in the [[history]] of [[dentistry]].Ingle, John Ide; Baumgartner, J. Craig (2008). Ingle's Endodontics. PMPH-USA. p. 1281."The individual first credited with the principle of extraction and replantation was an Arabian physician by the name of Abulcasis who practiced in the eleventh century."Ingle, John Ide; Bakland, Leif K. (2002). Endodontics. PMPH-USA. p. 727."Abulcasis, an Arabian physician practicing in the eleventh century, is the first credited with recording the principle of extraction/replantation." He also invented instruments to [[Periodontal scaler|scale]] the [[Calculus (dental)|calculus]] from the teeth, a procedure he recommended as a prevention from [[periodontal disease]].Andrews, Esther K. (2007). Practice Management for Dental Hygienists. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 6."Abu al-Qasim, also known as Abulcasis, wrote an encyclopedia of medicine and surgery (al-Tasrif) that is now kept at Oxford University. His unique contribution to dentistry reported the relationship between calculus and periodontal disease. He promoted prevention by recommending scaling calculus above and below the gums until all accretions were removed even if it takes multiple visits." [81] => [82] => [[File:Abulcassis Instruments01.jpg|thumb|right|Surgical instruments described by al-Zahrawi.]] [83] => [84] => Al-Zahrawi introduced over 200 [[surgical instruments]],{{cite book|last=Holmes-Walker|first=Anthony|title=Life-enhancing plastics : plastics and other materials in medical applications|year=2004|publisher=Imperial College Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-86094-462-8|page=176}} which include, among others, different kinds of [[scalpels]], [[retractor (medical)|retractors]], [[curette]]s, [[Pincers (tool)|pincers]], [[Speculum (medical)|specula]], and also instruments designed for his favoured techniques of [[cauterization]] and [[Ligature (medicine)|ligature]]. He also invented hooks with a double tip for use in surgery. Many of these instruments were never used before by any previous surgeons. [85] => [86] => His use of [[catgut]] for internal stitching is still practised in modern surgery. The catgut appears to be the only natural substance capable of dissolving and is acceptable by the body. An observation Al-Zahrawi discovered after his monkey ate the strings of his [[oud]]. Al-Zahrawi also invented the forceps for extracting a dead [[fetus]], as illustrated in the ''Kitab al-Tasrif''.Ingrid Hehmeyer and Aliya Khan (2007). "Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science", ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'' '''176''' (10). [87] => [88] => === Tone === [89] => [[File:Albucasis blistering a patient in the hospital at Cordova. Wellcome L0015000.jpg|thumb|right|Albucasis blistering a patient in the hospital at [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordova]].]] [90] => Throughout the text, Al-Zahrawi assumes an authoritative tone. In "On [[cauterization]] for [[numbness]]", he declares the procedure "should not be attempted except by one who has a good knowledge of the anatomy of the limbs and of the exits of the [[nerve]]s that move the body".Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (146) He warns that another procedure should not be attempted by any surgeon lacking "long training and practice in the use of cautery".Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (8) He is not afraid to depart from old practice, disparaging the opinions that [[cauterization]] should only be used in the springAbū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (10) or that [[gold]] is the best material for cauterization: "cauterization is swifter and more successful with [[iron]]".Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (14) In "On cauterization for [[pleurisy]]", he notes that the introduction of a red-hot probe into the [[intercostal space]] to evacuate [[pus]] from an [[abscess]] could result in the creation of "an incurable [[fistula]]" or even the immediate death of the patient.Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (90) [91] => [92] => == Pharmacology and Cosmetics == [93] => In [[pharmacy]] and [[pharmacology]], Al-Zahrawi pioneered the preparation of medicines by [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] and [[distillation]]. He dedicated the 28th chapter of his book to pharmacy and pharmaceutical techniques. The chapter was later translated into Latin under the title of ''Liber Servitoris'', where it served as an important source for European herbalists. The book is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used.Levey M. (1973), ''Early Arabic Pharmacology'', E. J. Brill, Leiden.{{page needed|date=April 2012}}{{cite book|title=A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-zahrawi in Moorish Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v88UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19|publisher=Brill Archive|page=19|year = 1963}}See:[[Luisa Arvide]] [94] => [95] => Al-Zahrawi also touched upon the subject of [[cosmetics]] and dedicated a chapter for it in his medical encyclopedia. As the [[treatise]] was translated into [[Latin]], the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered [[cosmetics]] a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (''Adwiyat al-Zinah'').Epstein, Samuel; Fitzgerald, Randall (2011). Healthy Beauty: Your Guide to Ingredients to Avoid and Products You Can Trust. BenBella Books, Inc. He deals with [[perfumes]], scented [[aromatics]] and [[incense]]. He also invented a perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-day [[lipstick]]s and solid [[deodorant]]s.Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. p. 153. [96] => [97] => == Legacy == [98] => [[File:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-40-17.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Calle [[Albucasis]] street at [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordova]].]] [99] => [100] => Al-Zahrawi was the "most frequently cited surgical authority of the [[Middle Ages]]".{{cite book|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-337-8|editor=Mikaberidze, Alexander|page=586}} [101] => Donald Campbell, a historian of [[Arabic medicine]], described Al-Zahrawi's influence on Europe as follows:{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Donald|title=Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages: Trubner's Oriental Series|year=2001|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-24462-6|page=88}} [102] => [103] =>
The chief influence of Albucasis on the medical system of Europe was that his lucidity and method of presentation awakened a prepossession in favour of Arabic literature among the scholars of the West: the methods of Albucasis eclipsed those of Galen and maintained a dominant position in medical Europe for five hundred years, i.e long after it had passed its usefulness. He, however, helped to raise the status of surgery in Christian Europe; in his book on fractures and luxations, he states that 'this part of surgery has passed into the hands of vulgar and uncultivated minds, for which reason it has fallen into contempt.' The surgery of Albucasis became firmly grafted on Europe after the time of Guy de Chauliac (d.1368).
[104] => [105] => In the 14th century, the [[medieval France|French]] surgeon [[Guy de Chauliac]] quoted ''[[al-Tasrif]]'' over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described Al-Zahrawi as "without doubt the chief of all surgeons". Al-Zahrawi's influence continued for at least five centuries, extending into the [[Renaissance]], evidenced by ''[[al-Tasrif]]'''s frequent reference by French surgeon [[Jacques Daléchamps]] (1513–1588).{{cite book|title=The Genius of Arab civilization: source of Renaissance|year=1983|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-58063-2|author1=Badeau, John Stothoff |author2=Hayes, John Richard |edition=2nd|editor=Hayes, John Richard|page=200}} [106] => [107] => The street in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] where he lived is named in his honor as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where Al-Zahrawi lived." [108] => [109] => == De Chirurgia gallery == [110] => [111] => File:Albucasis, Chirurgia Albucasum, 14th C Wellcome M0004106.jpg [112] => File:Albucasis, Chirurgia Albucasum. Wellcome M0004100.jpg [113] => File:Albucasis, Chirurgia Albucasum. Wellcome M0004101.jpg [114] => File:Albucasis, Chirurgia Albucasum. Wellcome M0004103.jpg [115] => File:Dental instruments, from 'Chirurgia' Wellcome L0016868.jpg [116] => File:Scalpels, from 'Chirurgia' Wellcome L0016869.jpg [117] => File:Albucasis, Chirurgia Albucasum; Cauteries various. Wellcome M0006553.jpg [118] => File:Trepanation, from, 'Chirurgia' Wellcome L0016870.jpg [119] => [120] => [121] => == See also == [122] => {{Wikisource1911Enc|Abu-l-Qasim}} [123] => *[[Islamic medicine]] [124] => *[[Islamic science]] [125] => *[[List of Arab scientists and scholars]] [126] => *[[Islamic Golden Age]] [127] => *[[Islamic scholars]] [128] => *[[Muslim inventions]] [129] => *[[Timeline of historic inventions]] [130] => *[[Avicenna]] [131] => [132] => == Notes == [133] => {{reflist}} [134] => [135] => == Sources == [136] => *{{cite journal|last=Al-Benna|first=Sammy|title=Albucasis, a tenth-century scholar, physician and surgeon: His role in the history of plastic and reconstructive surgery|journal=European Journal of Plastic Surgery|date=29 September 2011|volume=35|issue=5|pages=379–387|doi=10.1007/s00238-011-0637-3|s2cid=7297102}} [137] => *{{cite book|last=al-Zahrāwī|first=Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās|title=مقالة في العمل باليد: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjVra87nRScC&pg=PR5|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01532-6}} [138] => *{{cite book|last=Arvide Cambra|first=Luisa Maria|title=Un tratado de polvos medicinales en Al-Zahrawi |year=1994|publisher=University of Almeria|isbn= 978-8482400020}} [139] => *{{cite book|last=Arvide Cambra|first=Luisa Maria|title=Tratado de pastillas medicinales segْn Abulcasis|year=1996|publisher=Junta de Andalucia|isbn= 978-8460554851}} [140] => *{{cite book|last=Arvide Cambra|first=Luisa Maria|title=Un tratado de oftalmologيa en Abulcasis|year=2000|publisher=University of Almeria|isbn= 978-8482402413}} [141] => *{{cite book|last=Arvide Cambra|first=Luisa Maria|title=Un tratado de odontoestomatologيa en Abulcasis|year=2003|publisher=University of Almeria|isbn= 978-8482406367}} [142] => *{{cite book|last=Arvide Cambra|first=Luisa Maria|title=Un tratado de estética y cosmética en Abulcasis|year=2010|publisher=Grupo Editorial Universitario (GEU)|isbn= 9788499153421}} [143] => *{{cite book|last=Pormann|first=Peter E.|title=The Oriental Tradition of Paul of Aegina's Pragmateia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SszCRRlW5asC|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004137578}} [144] => *{{cite book|last1=Hamarneh|first1=Sami Khalaf|last2=Sonnedecker|first2=Glenn Allen|title=A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī in Moorish Spain: With Special Reference to the "Adhān,"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v88UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17|year=1963|publisher=Brill Archive}} [145] => * Facsimile of codex: Abu´l Qasim Halaf ibn Abbas al-Zahraui – Chirurgia; Vienna, Austrian National Library, Cod. Vindob. S. N. 2641, Southern Italy, second half of the 14th century, Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA) Graz 1979, Complete colour facsimile edition of the 166 pp. (78 fol. + 8 pp. + 2 pp.) in original size 405 x 280 mm. 227 smaller golden initial letters, 1 ornamental page, 1 pen drawing and 68 miniatures with illustrations from the medical sphere; text in Gothic Rotunda. Binding: Leather. All folios are cut according to the original. Commentary volume: E. Irblich, Vienna. 70 pp. text and 11 illustrations, cloth. Facsimile and commentary in a solid slip case. Limited edition: 960 numbered copies. CODICES SELECTI, Vol. LXVI [146] => [147] => == External links == [148] => {{Commons category|Abulcasis}} [149] => [150] => {{Islamic medicine|state=expanded}} [151] => {{Islamic alchemy and chemistry}} [152] => {{ancient anaesthesia-footer}} [153] => [154] => {{Authority control}} [155] => [156] => {{DEFAULTSORT:Zahrawi}} [157] => [[Category:936 births]] [158] => [[Category:1013 deaths]] [159] => [[Category:10th-century Arab people]] [160] => [[Category:11th-century Arab people]] [161] => [[Category:10th-century physicians]] [162] => [[Category:Anatomists]] [163] => [[Category:Physicians from al-Andalus]] [164] => [[Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world]] [165] => [[Category:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world]] [166] => [[Category:Medieval surgeons]] [167] => [[Category:10th-century agronomists]] [] => )
good wiki

Al-Zahrawi

Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (أبو القاسم خلف بن العباس الزهراوي;‎ 936-1013), popularly known as al-Zahrawi , Latinised as Albucasis or Abulcasis (from Arabic Abū al-Qāsim), was a physician, surgeon and chemist from al-Andalus. He is considered one of the greatest surgeons of the Middle Ages.

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