Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Medical specialty concerned with anesthesia and perioperative care}} [1] => {{for-multi|the medical journals|Anesthesiology (journal)|and|Anaesthesia (journal)|the song "Anesthetist"|Enter Shikari}} [2] => {{Infobox medical speciality [3] => | title = Anesthesiology
Anaesthesiology
Anaesthesia
Anaesthetics [4] => | subdivisions = [[Intensive care medicine]]
[[Pain medicine]]
[[Critical emergency medicine]] [5] => | image = Physician_anesthesiologist.jpg [6] => | caption = An anesthesiologist controlling a patient's airway while inducing anesthesia [7] => | focus = [[Anesthesia]], [[perioperative medicine]] [8] => | diseases = [9] => | tests = [10] => | specialist = Anesthesiologist
Anaesthesiologist
Anaesthetist [11] => | education required = [[Medical degree]] [12] => }} [13] => {{Infobox Occupation [14] => | [15] => | caption= [16] => | type= [[Specialty (medicine)|Specialty]] [17] => | activity_sector= [[Medicine]] [18] => | competencies= [19] => | formation= [20] => * [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) [21] => * [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] (DO) [22] => * [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS, MBCHB, ''[[et al.]]'') [23] => | employment_field= [[Hospital]]s, [[Clinic]]s [24] => | related_occupation= [25] => }} [26] => '''Anesthesiology''', '''anaesthesiology''', or '''anaesthesia''' is the [[medical specialty]] concerned with the total [[perioperative medicine|perioperative]] care of patients before, during and after [[surgery]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.asahq.org/lifeline/types%20of%20anesthesia/what%20is%20anesthesiology|title=What is Anesthesiology| publisher = American Society of Anesthesiologists |access-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221095638/http://www.asahq.org/lifeline/types%20of%20anesthesia/what%20is%20anesthesiology|archive-date=2016-12-21|url-status = dead}} It encompasses [[anesthesia]], [[intensive care medicine]], [[critical emergency medicine]], and [[pain medicine]].{{cite web|url=https://www.esahq.org/~/media/ESA/Files/Downloads/Resources-PatientSafety-SignedHelsinkiDeclaration/Helsinki%20Declaration%20-%20signed.ashx|title=Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology|publisher=European Society of Anaesthesiology|date=12 June 2010|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902011918/https://www.esahq.org/~/media/ESA/Files/Downloads/Resources-PatientSafety-SignedHelsinkiDeclaration/Helsinki%20Declaration%20-%20signed.ashx|url-status=dead}} A [[physician]] specialized in anesthesiology is called an '''anesthesiologist''', '''anaesthesiologist''', or '''anaesthetist''', [[#Terminology|depending on the country]].{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anesthesiologist|title=Anesthesiologist|website=Merriam Webster|access-date=3 September 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wfsahq.org/images/UHC_Position_Statement_Final.pdf|title=WFSA Position Statement on Anaesthesiology and Universal Health Coverage|publisher=World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212111210/https://www.wfsahq.org/images/UHC_Position_Statement_Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/factsheet_Anesthesia.aspx|title=Science Education – Anesthesia|publisher=National Institute of General Medical Sciences|access-date=3 September 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/patientinfo/who-are-anaesthetists|title=Who are anaesthetists?|publisher=Royal College of Anaesthetists|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413193830/https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/patientinfo/who-are-anaesthetists|url-status=dead}} In some countries, the terms are synonymous, while in other countries, they refer to different positions and ''anesthetist'' is only used for non-physicians, such as [[nurse anesthetist]]s. [27] => [28] => The core element of the specialty is the prevention and mitigation of pain and distress using various anesthetic agents, as well as the monitoring and maintenance of a patient's vital functions throughout the perioperative period.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/969439509 |title=Basics of anesthesia |date=2018 | vauthors = Pardo Jr M, Miller RD |isbn=978-0-323-40115-9 |edition=Seventh |location=Philadelphia, PA |oclc=969439509}} Since the 19th century, anesthesiology has developed from an experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. In some countries anesthesiologists comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals,{{cite web|url=https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/considering-career-anaesthesia/what-do-anaesthetists-do|title=What do Anaesthetists do?|publisher=Royal College of Anaesthetists|access-date=13 April 2019}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilkinson DJ |title=Career Focus: Anaesthesia |journal=BMJ|volume=318 |pages=S2-7187 |date=27 March 1999 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/318/7187/S2-7187|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7187.2 |s2cid=220131561 }} and their role can extend far beyond the traditional role of anesthesia care in the [[operating room]], including fields such as providing [[pre-hospital emergency medicine]], running [[intensive care units]], transporting critically ill patients between facilities, management of hospice and palliative care units, and [[prehabilitation]] programs to optimize patients for surgery. [29] => [30] => ==Scope== [31] => As a specialty, the core element of anesthesiology is the practice of [[anesthesia]]. This comprises the use of various [[Injection (medicine)|injected]] and [[inhalation|inhaled]] medications to produce a loss of sensation in patients, making it possible to carry out procedures that would otherwise cause intolerable pain or be technically unfeasible.{{cite web | title = Anesthesia | date = 26 November 2019 | publisher = Johns Hopkins Medicine | url = https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/types-of-anesthesia-and-your-anesthesiologist | access-date = 11 September 2020}} Safe anesthesia requires in-depth knowledge of various invasive and non-invasive [[organ support]] techniques that are used to control patients' vital functions while under the effects of anaesthetic drugs; these include advanced [[airway management]], invasive and non-invasive [[hemodynamic]] monitors, and diagnostic techniques like [[ultrasonography]] and [[echocardiography]]. Anesthesiologists are expected to have expert knowledge of human [[physiology]], [[medical physics]], and [[pharmacology]] as well as a broad general knowledge of all areas of medicine and surgery in all ages of patients, with a particular focus on those aspects which may impact on a surgical procedure. In recent decades, the role of anesthesiologists has broadened to focus not just on administering anesthetics during the surgical procedure itself, but also beforehand in order to identify high-risk patients and optimize their fitness, during the procedure to maintain [[situational awareness]] of the surgery itself so as to improve safety, and afterwards to promote and enhance recovery. This has been termed "[[perioperative medicine]]". [32] => [33] => The concept of [[intensive care medicine]] arose in the 1950s and 1960s, with anesthesiologists taking organ support techniques that had traditionally been used only for short periods during surgical procedures (such as [[positive pressure ventilation]]) and applying these therapies to patients with [[organ failure]], who might require vital function support for extended periods until the effects of the illness could be reversed. The first [[intensive care unit]] was opened by [[Bjørn Aage Ibsen]] in [[Copenhagen]] in 1953, prompted by a [[polio]] epidemic during which many patients required prolonged artificial ventilation. In many countries, intensive care medicine is considered to be a [[subspecialty]] of anesthesiology, and anesthesiologists often rotate between duties in the operating room and the intensive care unit. This allows continuity of care when patients are admitted to the ICU after their surgery, and it also means that anesthesiologists can maintain their expertise at invasive procedures and vital function support in the controlled setting of the operating room, while then applying those skills in the more dangerous setting of the critically ill patient. In other countries, intensive care medicine has evolved further to become a separate medical specialty in its own right, or has become a "supra-specialty" which may be practiced by doctors from various base specialties such as anesthesiology, [[emergency medicine]], [[general medicine]], [[surgery]] or [[neurology]]. [34] => [35] => Anesthesiologists have key roles in [[major trauma]], [[resuscitation]], [[airway management]], and caring for other patients outside the operating theatre who have critical emergencies that pose an immediate threat to life, again reflecting [[transferable skill]]s from the operating room, and allowing continuity of care when patients are brought for surgery or intensive care. This branch of anesthesiology is collectively termed [[critical emergency medicine]], and includes provision of [[pre-hospital emergency medicine]] as part of [[air ambulance]] or [[emergency medical services]], as well as safe transfer of critically ill patients from one part of a hospital to another, or between healthcare facilities. Anesthesiologists commonly form part of [[cardiac arrest]] teams and [[Rapid response team (medicine)|rapid response teams]] composed of senior clinicians that are immediately summoned when a patient's heart stops beating, or when they deteriorate acutely while in hospital. Different models for [[emergency medicine]] exist internationally: in the Anglo-American model, the patient is rapidly transported by non-physician providers to definitive care such as an emergency department in a hospital. Conversely, the Franco-German approach has a physician, often an anesthesiologist, come to the patient and provide stabilizing care in the field. The patient is then triaged directly to the appropriate department of a hospital. [36] => [37] => The role of anesthesiologists in ensuring adequate pain relief for patients in the immediate postoperative period as well as their expertise in [[regional anesthesia]] and [[nerve block]]s has led to the development of [[pain medicine]] as a subspecialty in its own right. The field comprises individualized strategies for all forms of [[analgesia]], including [[pain management during childbirth]], [[neuromodulation (medicine)|neuromodulatory]] technological methods such as [[transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation]] or implanted [[spinal cord stimulator]]s, and specialized pharmacological regimens. [38] => [39] => Anesthesiologists often perform interhospital transfers of critically ill patients, both on short range [[helicopter]]{{cite web | url = https://www.akademiska.se/for-vardgivare/specialistsjukvard/luftburen-intensivvard/vara-team/ | title = Kompetent personal som räddar liv | trans-title = Competent Staff That Save Lives | website = Akademiska sjukhuset (Uppsala University Hospital) | access-date = 2023-03-22}}{{cite web | url = https://sfai.se/delforeningar/sflpa/lakarbemannade-enheter-i-sverige/ | title = Läkarbemannade prehospitala enheter i Sverige | trans-title = Physician Manned Prehospital Units in Sweden | website = SFAI | access-date = 2023-03-22}} or ground based missions,{{cite web | url = https://www.aisab.nu/sv-se/ambulanssjukvard/vara-ambulanser-och-fordon/intensivvardsambulans | title = Intensivvårdsambulans | trans-title = Intensive Care Ambulance | website = AISAB | access-date = 2023-03-22}} as well as longer range national transports{{cite web | url = https://svenskluftambulans.se/verksamhet/med-sla/ | title = Medicinska avdelningen vid SLA | trans-title = Medical Department at SLA | website = Svensk luftambulans (Swedish Air Ambulance) | access-date = 2023-03-22}} to [[Health care#Tertiary care|specialized centra]] or international missions to retrieve citizens injured abroad.{{cite news |last=Hamadé |first=Kassem |date=2009-11-12 |title=I natt lyfte svensk hjälp – med plants för intensivvård |trans-title=Last Night Swedish Help Took Off—With Intensive Care Capabilities |url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/i-natt-lyfte-svensk-hjalp-med-plats-for-intensivvard-9/ |language=Swedish |work=Expressen |location=Stockholm |access-date=2023-03-22}}{{cite web | url = https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2010/11/skadade-officeren-till-sverige/ | title = Skadade officeren till Sverige | trans-title = The Injured Officer to Sweden | website = Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces) | access-date = 2023-03-22}} Ambulance services employ units staffed by anesthesiologists that can be called out to provide advanced [[airway management]], [[blood transfusion]], [[thoracotomy]], [[ECMO]], and [[Medical ultrasound|ultrasound]] capabilities outside the hospital.{{cite journal |last1=Gellerfors |first1=Mikael |last2=Gryth |first2=Dan |last3=Lossius |first3=Hans Morten |last4=Linde |first4=Joacim |date=2016-03-23 |title=Snabb utveckling inom prehospital läkarbemannad intensivvård |trans-title=Rapid Development in Prehospital Physician Manned Intensive Care |url=https://lakartidningen.se/klinik-och-vetenskap-1/artiklar-1/klinisk-oversikt/2016/03/snabb-utveckling-pagar-inom-lakarbemannad-prehospital-vard/ |language=Swedish |journal=Läkartidningen |volume=113 |access-date=2023-03-22}} Anesthesiologists often (along with [[General surgery|general surgeons]] and [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeons]]) make up part of [[Military medicine|military medical teams]] to provide anesthesia and intensive care to [[Major trauma|trauma]] victims during [[War|armed conflicts]].{{cite web | url = https://jobb.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/utbildning/befattningsguiden/4-civil/lakare2/ | title = Läkare | trans-title = Medical Doctor | website = Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces) | access-date = 2023-03-22}} [40] => [41] => ==Terminology== [42] => Various names and spellings are used to describe this specialty and the individuals who practice it in different parts of the world.{{Cite web |title="Anesthesia" or "Anaesthesia"—What's the difference? {{!}} Sapling |url=https://sapling.ai/usage/anesthesia-vs-anaesthesia#:~:text=Anesthesia%20and%20anaesthesia%20are%20both%20English%20terms.&text=Anesthesia%20is%20predominantly%20used%20in,)%20(%20en-GB%20). |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=sapling.ai |language=en}} In North America, the specialty is referred to as ''anesthesiology'' (omitting the "ae" [[diphthong]]), and a physician of that specialty is therefore called an ''anesthesiologist''. In these countries, the term ''anesthestist'' is used to refer to non-physician providers of anesthesia services such as [[Nurse anesthetist|certified registered nurse anesthetists]] (CRNAs) and [[anesthesiologist assistant]]s (AAs).{{Cite web |title=Anesthetist vs. Anesthesiologist: Definitions and Differences |url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/anesthetist-vs-anesthesiologist |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Indeed Career Guide |language=en}} In other countries – such as United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa – the medical specialty is referred to as ''anaesthesia'' or ''anaesthetics'', with the "ae" diphthong. Contrary to the terminology in North America, ''anaesthetist'' is used only to refer to a physician practicing in the field; non-physicians use other titles such as ''[[physician assistant]]''. At this time, the spelling ''anaesthesiology'' is most commonly used in written English, and a physician practicing in the field is termed an anaesthesiologist. This is the spelling adopted by the [[World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists]] and the [[European Society of Anaesthesiology]], as well as the majority of their member societies.{{Cite web |title=Archives: Societies |url=https://wfsahq.org/member-focus/member-societies/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=WFSA |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=2021-02-17 |title=About the ESAIC {{!}} ESAIC |url=https://www.esaic.org/about/about-the-esaic/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |language=en-US}} It is the also the most commonly used spelling found in the titles of medical journals. In fact, many countries, such as Ireland and Hong Kong, which formerly used ''anaesthesia'' and ''anaesthetist'' have now transitioned to ''anaesthesiology'' and ''anaesthesiologist''. [43] => [44] => ==History== [45] => [[File:Ether Day, or The First Operation with Ether by Robert C. Hinckley.jpg|thumb|This painting by Robert C. Hinckley depicts the first successful public demonstration of using ether to induce anesthesia.]] [46] => Throughout human history, efforts have been made by almost every civilization to mitigate pain associated with surgical procedures, ranging from techniques such as acupuncture or phlebotomy to administration of substances such as mandrake, opium, or alcohol.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1158457283 |title=Anesthesia secrets |date=2021 | vauthors = Keech BM, Laterza R |isbn=978-0-323-64016-9 |edition=Sixth |location=Philadelphia, PA |oclc=1158457283}}{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/989077162 |title=Clinical anesthesia |date=2017 | vauthors = Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC, Ortega RA, Sharar SR, Holt NF |isbn=978-1-4963-3701-6 |edition=Eighth |location=Philadelphia, PA |oclc=989077162}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1039081701 |title=Morgan & Mikhail's clinical anesthesiology |date=2018 | vauthors = Butterworth IV JF, Mackey DC, Wasnick JD, Morgan GE, Mikhail MS |isbn=978-1-259-83443-1 |edition=Sixth |location=New York |oclc=1039081701}} However, by the mid-nineteenth century the study and administration of anesthesia had become far more complex as physicians began experimenting with compounds such as chloroform and nitrous oxide, albeit with mixed results. On October 16, 1846, a day that would thereafter be referred to as "Ether Day", in the Bullfinch Auditorium at Massachusetts General Hospital, which would later be nicknamed the "Ether Dome", New England Dentist William Morton successfully demonstrated the use of diethyl ether using an inhaler of his own design to induce general anesthesia for a patient undergoing removal of a neck tumor. Reportedly, following the quick procedure, operating surgeon John Warren affirmed to the audience that had gathered to watch the exhibition, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug!", although this report has been disputed.{{cite journal | vauthors = Haridas RP | title = "Gentlemen! This Is No Humbug": Did John Collins Warren, M.D., Proclaim These Words on October 16, 1846, at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston? | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 553–560 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26566280 | doi = 10.1097/aln.0000000000000944 | s2cid = 34711811 }} [47] => [[File:Anaesthetics; Morton's Ether Inhaler Wellcome L0018234.jpg|thumb|This is a recreation of the ether inhaler apparatus used by William Morton, a Boston-based dentist, on October 16, 1846, at Massachusetts General Hospital.]]The term ''Anaesthesia'' was first used by the Greek philosopher Dioscorides, derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] roots {{lang|grc|ἀν-}} ''[[wiktionary:ἀν-|an-]]'', "not", {{lang|grc|αἴσθησις}} ''[[wiktionary:αἴσθησις|aísthēsis]]'', "sensation" to describe the insensibility that accompanied the narcotic-like effect produced by the mandrake plant. However, following Morton's successful exhibition, [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]] sent a letter to Morton in which he first to suggested ''anesthesia'' to denote the medically induced state of amnesia, insensibility, and stupor that enabled physicians to operate with minimal pain or trauma to the patient. The original term had simply been "etherization" because at the time this was the only agent discovered that was capable of inducing such a state.{{cite journal | vauthors = Haridas RP | title = The etymology and use of the word 'anaesthesia' Oliver Wendell Holmes' letter to W. T. G. Morton | journal = Anaesthesia and Intensive Care | volume = 44 | issue = Suppl | pages = 38–44 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27456290 | doi = 10.1177/0310057X1604401S07 | doi-access = free }} [48] => [49] => Over the next one hundred-plus years the specialty of anesthesiology developed rapidly as further scientific advancements meant that physicians' means of controlling peri-operative pain and monitoring patients' vital functions grew more sophisticated.{{Cite web |title=History of Anesthesia |url=https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/history-of-anesthesia/ |access-date= 22 January 2023 |website=Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology |language=en-US}} With the isolation of [[cocaine]] in the mid-nineteenth century there began to be drugs available for local anesthesia. By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of pharmacological options had increased and had begun to be applied both peripherally and [[History of neuraxial anesthesia|neuraxially]]. Then in the twentieth century [[Neuromuscular-blocking drug|neuromuscular blockade]] allowed the anesthesiologist to completely paralyze the patient pharmacologically and breathe for him or her via mechanical ventilation. With these new tools, the anesthetist could intensively manage the patient's physiology, bringing about [[Intensive care medicine|critical care medicine]], which, in many countries, is intimately connected to anesthesiology. [50] => [51] => Historically anesthesia providers were almost solely utilized during surgery to administer [[general anesthesia]] in which a person is placed in a pharmacologic [[coma]]. This is performed to permit [[surgery]] without the individual responding to pain ([[analgesia]]) during surgery or remembering ([[amnesia]]) the surgery. [52] => [53] => ==Investigations== [54] => Effective practice of anesthesiology requires several areas of knowledge by the practitioner, some of which are: [55] => * [[Pharmacology]] of commonly used drugs including [[inhalational anaesthetic]]s, [[topical anesthetic]]s, and [[vasopressors]] as well as numerous other drugs used in association with anesthetics (e.g., [[ondansetron]], [[Glycopyrronium bromide|glycopyrrolate]]) [56] => * Monitors: [[electrocardiography]], [[electroencephalography]], [[electromyography]], [[entropy monitoring]], [[neuromuscular monitoring]], [[cortical stimulation mapping]], and [[neuromorphology]] [57] => * [[Mechanical ventilation]] [58] => * Anatomical knowledge of the [[nervous system]] for nerve blocks, etc. [59] => * Other areas of medicine (e.g., [[cardiology]], [[pulmonology]], [[obstetrics]]) to assess the risk of anesthesia to adequately have [[informed consent]], and knowledge of anesthesia regarding how it affects certain age groups (neonates, pediatrics, geriatrics) [60] => [61] => ==Treatments== [62] => [[File:Maquet Flow-I anesthesia machine.jpg|thumb|A typical anesthesia machine, which an anesthesiologist can use to store equipment, administer inhalational anesthetics, and properly ventilate an anesthetized patient]] [63] => Many procedures or diagnostic tests do not require "general anesthesia" and can be performed using various forms of sedation or [[regional anesthesia]], which can be performed to induce analgesia in a region of the body. For example, [[epidural administration]] of a [[local anesthetic]] is commonly performed on the mother during [[childbirth]] to reduce labor pain while permitting the mother to be awake and active in labor and delivery. [64] => [65] => In the United States, anesthesiologists may also perform non-surgical pain management (termed [[pain medicine]]) and provide care for patients in intensive care units (termed [[critical care medicine]]). [66] => [67] => ==Training== [68] => International standards for the safe practice of anesthesia, jointly endorsed by the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists]], define ''anesthesiologist'' as a graduate of a [[medical school]] who has completed a nationally recognized specialist anesthesia training program.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gelb AW, Morriss WW, Johnson W, Merry AF, Abayadeera A, Belîi N, Brull SJ, Chibana A, Evans F, Goddia C, Haylock-Loor C, Khan F, Leal S, Lin N, Merchant R, Newton MW, Rowles JS, Sanusi A, Wilson I, Velazquez Berumen A | display-authors = 6 | title = World Health Organization-World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WHO-WFSA) International Standards for a Safe Practice of Anesthesia | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 2047–2055 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29734240 | doi = 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002927 | s2cid = 13688396 | doi-access = free }} The length and format of anesthesiology training programs varies from country to country, as noted below. A candidate must first have completed [[medical school]] training to be awarded a [[medical degree]], before embarking on a program of postgraduate specialist training or [[residency (medicine)|residency]] which can range from four to nine years.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamamoto S, Tanaka P, Madsen MV, Macario A | title = Comparing Anesthesiology Residency Training Structure and Requirements in Seven Different Countries on Three Continents | journal = Cureus | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = e1060 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28367396 | pmc = 5364083 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.1060 | doi-access = free }} Anesthesiologists in training spend this time gaining experience in various different subspecialties of anesthesiology and undertake various advanced postgraduate examinations and skill assessments. These lead to the award of a specialist qualification at the end of their training indicating that they are an expert in the field and may be licensed to practice independently. [69] => [70] => ===Argentina=== [71] => In Argentina, specialized training in the field of anesthesiology is overseen by the Argentine Federation of Associations of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Reanimation (in Spanish, {{Lang|es|Federación Argentina de Asociaciones de Anestesia, Analgesia y Reanimación}} or FAAAAR).{{cite journal | vauthors = Pietrzyk WS | title = The role of Argentine Federation of Associations of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Reanimation | journal = Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 64–66 | date = 2016-03-11 | pmid = 26966116 | doi = 10.5603/AIT.2016.0012 | doi-access = free }} Residency programs are four{{Cite book |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/anestesiologia.pdf |title=PROGRAMA DE RESIDENCIA RESIDENCIA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA |publisher=Ministerio de Salud Argentino |year=2021 |pages=1 |language=es}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.ms.gba.gov.ar/ssps/residencias/programas/Anestesiologia.pdf |title=Anestesiología |publisher=Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires |year=2014 |language=es}} to five{{Cite web |date=2011-12-31 |title=Anestesiología {{!}} Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas {{!}} Universidad Austral |url=https://www.austral.edu.ar/cienciasbiomedicas,%20https://www.austral.edu.ar/cienciasbiomedicas/residencias-medicas-en-el-hospital-universitario-austral/residencias-basicas/anestesia/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.austral.edu.ar |language=es}} years long. [72] => [73] => ===Australia and New Zealand=== [74] => In Australia and New Zealand, the medical specialty is referred to as ''anaesthesia'' or ''anaesthetics''; note the extra "a" (or diphthong).{{cite web |date=2017 |title=What's in a name? |url=http://www.anzca.edu.au/about-anzca/anaesthesiology-time-for-change |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902012325/http://www.anzca.edu.au/about-anzca/anaesthesiology-time-for-change |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=1 September 2018 |publisher=Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists}}{{Cite web |title=Anaesthetics National Recruitment Office |url=https://anro.wm.hee.nhs.uk/ |access-date=1 September 2018 |publisher=Health Education England}} Specialist training is supervised by the [[Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists]] (ANZCA), while anaesthetists are represented by the [[Australian Society of Anaesthetists]] and the New Zealand Society of Anaesthetists. The ANZCA-approved training course encompasses an initial two-year long Pre-vocational Medical Education and Training (PMET), which may include up to 12 months training in anaesthesia or ICU medicine, plus at least five years of supervised clinical training at approved training sites.{{Cite web |last=Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) |title=Education and Training |url=https://www.anzca.edu.au/education-training/anaesthesia-training-program |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=ANZCA.edu}}{{Cite web | date = 17 August 2017 |title=Anesthesiology Training |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Anesthesiology-Training.aspx |access-date= 24 January 2023 |website=News-Medical.net |language=en}} Trainees must pass both the primary and final examinations which consist of both written (multiple choice questions and short-answer questions) and, if successful in the written exams, [[oral exam]]inations (''viva voce'').{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} [75] => [76] => In the final written examination, there are many questions of clinical scenarios (including interpretation of radiological exams, EKGs and other special investigations).{{Cite web |last=Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) |title=Anaesthesia Exams |url=https://www.anzca.edu.au/education-training/anaesthesia-training-program/anaesthesia-exams |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=ANZCA}} There are also two cases of real patients with complex medical conditions – for clinical examination and a following discussion. The course has a program of 12 modules such as obstetric anaesthesia, pediatric anaesthesia, cardiothoracic and vascular anaesthesia, [[Neurosurgical anesthesia|neurosurgical anaesthesia]] and pain management.{{Cite web |last=Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) |title=ANZCA and FPM CPD Program |url=https://www.anzca.edu.au/cpd-updates |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=ANZCA.edu.au}} Trainees also have to complete an advanced project, such as a research publication or paper. They also undergo an EMAC (Effective Management of Anaesthetic Crises) or EMST ([[Early Management of Severe Trauma]]) course. On completion of training, the trainees are awarded the Diploma of Fellowship and are entitled to use the qualification of FANZCA – Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshimura T, Mizuno J, Yunokawa S, Morita S, Davies M | title = [Anaesthesia training program in Australia] | journal = Masui. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology | volume = 58 | issue = 8 | pages = 1042–1044 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19702230 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19702230/ }} [77] => [78] => ===Brazil=== [79] => In Brazil, anesthesiology training is overseen by the National Commission for Medical Residency (CNRM) and the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA).{{cite journal | vauthors = Castedo JS, Carvalho VH | title = The anesthesiologist thoughts on medical residency in anesthesiology in Brazil | journal = Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–116 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35917845 | pmc = 9366517 | doi = 10.1016/j.bjane.2022.06.011 }} Approximately 650 physicians{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} are admitted yearly to a three-year specialization program with a duty hour limit of 60 hours per week. The residency programs can take place at training centers in university hospitals. These training centers are accredited by the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), or other referral hospitals accredited by the Ministry of Health. Most of the residents are trained in different areas, including ICU, pain management, and anesthesiology sub-specialties, including transplants and pediatrics. Residents may elect to pursue further specialization via a fellowship post-residency, but this is optional and only offered at few training centers. In order to be a certified anesthesiologist in Brazil, the residents must undergo exams (conducted by the SBA) throughout the residency program and at the end of the program.{{cite journal | vauthors = Vinagre R, Tanaka P, Tardelli MA | title = Competency-based anesthesiology teaching: comparison of programs in Brazil, Canada and the United States | journal = Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–170 | date = 3 March 2021 | pmid = 33781575 | pmc = 9373559 | doi = 10.1016/j.bjane.2020.12.026 }} In order to be an instructor of a residency program certified by the SBA, the anesthesiologists must have the superior title in anaesthesia, in which the specialist undergoes a multiple choice test followed by an oral examination conducted by a board assigned by the national society.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} [80] => [81] => ===Canada=== [82] => In Canada, training is supervised by 17 universities approved by the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/arps/anesthesia-e |title=Accredited residency programs – |access-date= 21 September 2019 |archive-date = 16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916175112/http://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/arps/anesthesia-e |url-status=dead | publisher = Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada }} Residency programs are typically five years long, consisting of 1.5 years of general medicine training followed by 3.5 years of anesthesia specific training. Canada, like the United States, uses a competency-based curriculum along with an evaluation method called "Entrustable Professional Activities" or "EPA" in which a resident is assessed based on their ability to perform certain tasks that are specific to the field of anesthesiology. Upon completion of a residency program, the candidate is required to pass a comprehensive objective examination consisting of a written component (two three-hour papers: one featuring 'multiple choice' questions, and the other featuring 'short-answer' questions) and an oral component (a two-hour session relating to topics on the clinical aspects of anesthesiology).{{Cite web |title=Format of the Examination in Anesthesiology |url=https://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/ibd/anesthesiology_examformat_fall_2021_e |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.royalcollege.ca |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124191624/https://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/ibd/anesthesiology_examformat_fall_2021_e |url-status=dead }} The examination of a patient is not required. Upon completion of training, the anaesthesia graduate is then entitled to become a "Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada" and to use the post-nominal letters "FRCPC".{{Cite web |title=Fellowship and Areas of Focused Competence (AFC) |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-medicine/postgraduate-medical-education/fellowship-areas-focused-competence-afc |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Faculty of Medicine |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=FRCPC |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/FRCPC |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=TheFreeDictionary.com}} [83] => [84] => ===Germany=== [85] => In Germany, after earning the right to practice medicine ({{Lang-de|Approbation}}),{{cite web | title = Persönliche Leistungserbringung | trans-title = Personal performance | language = de| work = Bundesärztekammer | trans-work = German Medical Association | url = http://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/downloads/Empfehlungen_Persoenliche_Leistungserbringung.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131112134640/http://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/downloads/Empfehlungen_Persoenliche_Leistungserbringung.pdf | archive-date = 12 November 2013 }} German physicians who want to become anaesthesiologists must undergo five years of additional training as outlined by the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, or DGAI).{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.dgai.de/ueber-die-dgai/aufgaben-und-ziele/about-us.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.dgai.de}} This specialist training consists of anaesthesiology, emergency medicine, intensive care and pain medicine, and also palliative care medicine. Similar to many other countries, the training includes rotations serving in the operation theatres to perform anaesthesia on a variety of patients being treated by various surgical subspecialties (e.g. [[general surgery]], [[neurosurgery]], invasive [[Urology|urological]] and [[Gynaecology|gynecological]] procedures), followed by a rotation through various [[Intensive care unit|intensive-care]] units.{{cite web | title = Facharzt für Anästhesiologie | trans-title = Specialist in anesthesiology | language = de | work = Bayerische Landesärztekamme | trans-work = Bavarian State Medical Association | url = https://www.blaek.de/weiterbildung/qualifikationen-nach-der-weiterbildungsordnung/facharzt-fuer-anaesthesiologie }} Many German anaesthesiologists choose to complete an additional curriculum in emergency medicine, which once completed, enables them to be referred to as {{Interlanguage link|Notarzt|de|vertical-align=sup}}, an emergency physician working pre-clinically with the [[Emergency Medical Service|emergency medical service]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Bey TA, Hahn SA, Moecke H | title = The current state of hospital-based emergency medicine in Germany | journal = International Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 273–277 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19384642 | pmc = 2657268 | doi = 10.1007/s12245-008-0076-5 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bollinger M, Mathee C, Shapeton AD, Thal SC, Russo SG | title = Differences in training among prehospital emergency physicians in Germany | journal = Notfall & Rettungsmedizin | volume = 25 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 23–30 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35431644 | pmc = 8990269 | doi = 10.1007/s10049-022-01021-z }} In pre-clinical settings the emergency physician is assisted by [[paramedic]]s.{{Cite web |url=http://www.blaek.de/weiterbildung/wbo_2004/download/WBO/C/notfall.pdf |title=Notfallmedizin | trans-title = Emergency medicine | language =de | work = Weiterbildungsordnung für die Ärzte Bayerns vom 24. April 2004 i. d. Fassung der Beschlüsse vom 14. Oktober 2007 Abschnitt C, 24. Notfallmedizin, Stand 01.01.2008 | trans-work = Further training regulations for doctors in Bavaria dated April 24, 2004 i. i.e. Version of the resolutions of October 14, 2007 Section C, 24. Emergency medicine, as of 01/01/2008 |access-date= 19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512210808/http://www.blaek.de/weiterbildung/wbo_2004/download/WBO/C/notfall.pdf |archive-date= 12 May 2011 |url-status=dead }} [86] => [87] => ===Netherlands=== [88] => In the Netherlands, anaesthesiologists must complete medical school training, which takes six years. After successfully completing medical school training, they start a five-year residency training in anaesthesiology. In their fifth year they can choose to spend the year doing research, or to specialize in a certain area, including general anaesthesiology, critical care medicine, pain and palliative medicine, paediatric anaesthesiology, cardiothoracic anaesthesiology, [[Neurosurgical anesthesia|neuroanaesthesiology]] or obstetric anaesthesiology. [89] => [90] => ===Guatemala=== [91] => {{More citations needed section|date=July 2013}} [92] => In Guatemala, a student with a medical degree must complete a residency of six years.{{Cite web |date=2020-05-02 |title=Guatemala |url=https://wfsahq.org/member-focus/member-societies/guatemala/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=WFSA |language=en-GB}} This consists of five years in residency and one year of practice with an expert anaesthetist.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} [93] => [94] => After residency, students take a board examination conducted by the college of medicine of Guatemala, the ''Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala'' (Medicine Faculty Examination Board), and a chief physician who represents the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala. The examination includes a written section, an oral section, and a special examination of skills and knowledge relating to anaesthetic instruments, emergency treatment, pre-operative care, post-operative care, intensive care units, and pain medicine. After passing the examination, the college of medicine of Guatemala, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala and the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala grants the candidate a special license to practice anaesthesia as well as a diploma issued by the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala granting the degree of physician with specialization in anaesthesia. Anaesthetists in Guatemala are also subject to yearly examinations and mandatory participation in yearly seminars on the latest developments in anaesthetic practice. [95] => [96] => ===Hong Kong=== [97] => To be qualified as an anesthesiologist in Hong Kong, medical practitioners must undergo a minimum of six years of postgraduate training and pass three professional examinations. Upon completion of training, the Fellowship of Hong Kong College of Anesthesiologists and subsequently the Fellowship of Hong Kong Academy of Medicine is awarded. Practicing anesthesiologists are required to register in the Specialist register of the Medical Council of Hong Kong and hence are under the regulation of the Medical Council.{{cite web|url=http://www.sahk.hk/Presssedation.htm |title=Press release on sedation for minor surgery |publisher=Sahk.hk |date= 1 March 2006 |access-date= 28 October 2012 }} [98] => [99] => ===Italy=== [100] => In Italy, a medical school graduate must complete an accredited five-year residency in anesthesiology.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Anesthesia training is overseen by the Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI).{{Cite web |title=SIAARTI |url=https://www.intensiva.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=319&Itemid=237&lang=en |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.intensiva.it}} [101] => [102] => ===The Nordic countries=== [103] => In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, anesthesiologists' training is supervised by the respective national societies of anesthesiology as well as the [[Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine]]. In the Nordic countries, anesthesiology is the medical specialty that is engaged in the fields of anesthesia, intensive care medicine, pain control medicine, pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medicine. Medical school graduates must complete a twelve-month internship, followed by a five-year residency program. SSAI currently hosts six training programs for anesthesiologists in the Nordics. These are Intensive care, Pediatric anesthesiology and intensive care, Advanced pain medicine, Critical care medicine, Critical emergency medicine, and Advanced obstetric anesthesiology. [104] => [105] => ====Sweden==== [106] => In Sweden one speciality entails both anesthesiology and intensive care, i.e. one cannot become and anesthetist without also becoming an intensivist and vice versa. The [[National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)|Swedish Board of Health and Welfare]] regulates specialization for medical doctors in the country and defines the speciality of anesthesiology and intensive care as being: [107] => [108] => {{blockquote [109] => |text="[…] characterized by a cross-professional approach and entailing [110] => * [[perioperative medicine]], [111] => * anesthesia and pain relief during [[Medical procedure|diagnostic and therapeutic procedures]], [112] => * intensive care, [113] => * [[Critical emergency medicine|urgent care of patients with serious diseases and injuries]], [114] => * [[Emergency medical services|prehospital care]] including [[Air medical services|transport]] and [[disaster medicine]], and [115] => * [[pain management]]."{{cite book |author=Socialstyrelsen [Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare] |date=2015 |title=Läkarnas specialiseringstjänstgöring, Målbeskrivningar |language=sv |trans-title=The doctors' specialization service: regulations and general advice; goal descriptions |url=https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/ovrigt/2015-4-5.pdf |location=Stockholm, Sweden |publisher=Sverige |page=521 |oclc=942540744 |isbn=9789175553047}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=py_0jwEACAAJ '''link to Google Books'''] [116] => |multiline=yes}} [117] => [118] => A medical doctor can enter training as a resident in anesthesiology and intensive care after obtaining a license to practice medicine, following an 18–24 month internship. The residency program then lasts at least five years, not including the internship. See also [[Residency (medicine)#Sweden|Residency (medicine), Sweden]]. [119] => [120] => ===United Kingdom=== [121] => In the United Kingdom, training is supervised by the [[Royal College of Anaesthetists]]. Following the completion of medical school training, doctors enter a two-year foundation program that consists of at least six, four-month rotations in various medical specialties. It is mandatory for all physicians to complete a minimum of three months of general medicine and general surgery training during this time. Following the foundation program, physicians compete for specialist training. [122] => [123] => The training program in the United Kingdom currently consists of three years of core training and four years of higher training. Before the end of core training, all trainees must have passed the primary examination for the diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA). Trainees wishing to hold dual accreditation in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine may enter anaesthesia training via the Acute Care Common Stem (ACCS) program which lasts four years and consists of experience in anaesthesia, emergency medicine, acute medicine and intensive care. Trainees in anaesthesia are called Specialty Registrars (StR) or Specialist Registrars (SpR). [124] => [125] => The Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in anaesthesia is divided into three levels: Basic, intermediate and advanced. During this time, physicians learn anaesthesia as applicable to all surgical specialties. The curriculum focuses on a modular format, with trainees primarily working in one special area during one module, for example: cardiac anaesthesia, [[Neurosurgical anesthesia|neuroanaesthesia]], ENT, maxillofacial, pain medicine, intensive care, and trauma. Traditionally (before the advent of the foundation program), trainees entered anaesthesia from other specialties, such as [[medicine]] or [[accident and emergency|accidents and emergencies]]. Specialist training takes at least seven years. On completion of specialist training, physicians are awarded CCT and are eligible for entry on the GMC Specialist register and are also able to work as consultant anaesthetist. A new consultant in anaesthetics must have completed a minimum of 14 years of training (including: five to six years of medical school training, two years of foundation training, and seven years of anaesthesia training). [126] => [127] => Those wishing for dual accreditation (in Intensive care and anaesthesia) are required to undergo approximately an additional year of training and also complete the fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM). Pain specialists give the Fellowship of the Faculty of Pain Medicine of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FFPMRCA) examination. [128] => [129] => ===United States=== [130] => [[File:Anesthesia Resident Simulation.jpg|thumb|Photo of prebriefing for mixed modality [[medical simulation|simulation]] being used for anesthesia resident training]] [131] => Following medical school training, anesthesiology residency programs in the United States require successful completion of four years of residency training at an [[ACGME]] approved program for board certification eligibility in the specialty of anesthesiology.{{cite journal | vauthors = Isaak RS, Chen F, Martinelli SM, Arora H, Zvara DA, Hobbs G, Stiegler MP | title = Validity of Simulation-Based Assessment for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestone Achievement | journal = Simulation in Healthcare | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 201–210 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29373383 | doi = 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000285 | s2cid = 25634686 }} Anesthesiology residents face multiple examinations during their residency, including exams encompassing physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and other medical sciences addressed in medical school, along with multiple anesthesia knowledge tests which assess progress during residency. Successful completion of both a written and oral board exam after completion of residency is required for board certification. [132] => [133] => Residency training in the U.S. encompasses the full scope of perioperative medicine, including pre-operative medical evaluation, management of pre-existing disease in the surgical patient, intraoperative life support, intraoperative pain control, intraoperative ventilation, post-operative recovery, intensive care medicine, and chronic and acute pain management. After residency, many anesthesiologists complete an additional fellowship year of sub-specialty training in areas such as pain management, sleep medicine, [[cardiothoracic anesthesiology]], pediatric anesthesiology, [[Neurosurgical anesthesia|neuroanesthesiology]], regional anesthesiology/ambulatory anesthesiology, [[Obstetric anesthesia (medical specialty)|obstetric anesthesiology]], or [[critical care medicine]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Eloy JD, Amin MD, Pashkova AA, Svider PF, Mauro KM, Eloy JA | title = Fellowships Represent a Logical Target for Cultivating Research in Academic Anesthesiology | journal = The Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = E607 | date = 2017 | pmid = 29600256 | pmc = 5868370 }} [134] => [135] => The majority of anesthesiologists in the United States are board-certified, either by the [[American Board of Anesthesiology]] (ABA) or the [[American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology]] (AOBA). D.O. anesthesiologists can be certified by the ABA. The ABA is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties, while the AOBA falls under the [[American Osteopathic Association]]. Both Boards are recognized by the major insurance underwriters in the U.S. as well as by all branches of the U.S. Uniformed Services. Board certification by the ABA involves both a written and an oral examination. AOBA certification requires the same exams, in addition to a practical examination with examining physicians observing the applicant actually administering anesthetics in the operating room.{{Cite web | title = Primary Certification In Anesthesiology | work=American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology | access-date = 22 January 2021 | url = https://certification.osteopathic.org/anesthesiology/certification-process/anesthesiology-certification-process/}} [136] => [137] => There are several non-physician anesthesia providers practicing in the United States. These include certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), anesthesiologist assistants (AAs), and dental anesthesiologists. CRNAs are the only type of non-physician anesthesia provider that have successfully lobbied for the ability to provide all types of anesthesia for any surgery or procedure independently in some states.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} AAs must work under the supervision of an anesthesiologist, and dental anesthesiologists are limited to dental cases. [138] => [139] => == References == [140] => {{reflist}} [141] => [142] => == External links == [143] => * {{Curlie|Health/Medicine/Medical_Specialties/Anesthesiology/|Anesthesiology}} [144] => * [https://www.openanesthesia.org/ OpenAnesthesia] — the Anesthesiology Wiki (presented by the [[International Anesthesia Research Society]]) [145] => [146] => {{Anesthesia}} [147] => {{Medicine}} [148] => [149] => {{Authority control}} [150] => [151] => [[Category:Anesthesiology| ]] [] => )
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Anesthesiology

Anesthesiology is a medical specialty focused on providing pain relief, sedation, and overall care for patients undergoing surgeries or other medical procedures. It involves the use of anesthesia, which refers to drugs or techniques that temporarily induce a loss of sensation or consciousness.

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It involves the use of anesthesia, which refers to drugs or techniques that temporarily induce a loss of sensation or consciousness. The Wikipedia page on anesthesiology provides an overview of the history, practice, and education involved in this field. It explains that anesthesiologists play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety and comfort during surgical procedures, as well as managing pain after the procedure. They are responsible for administering the appropriate type and amount of anesthesia, monitoring the patient's vital signs, and adjusting the anesthesia as needed. The page also discusses the various types of anesthesia, including general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, and sedation. It explains their effects on the body and the different techniques used to administer them. Additionally, it outlines the potential risks and complications associated with anesthesia, as well as the steps taken by anesthesiologists to minimize these risks. Furthermore, the page delves into the education and training required to become an anesthesiologist. It explains that after completing medical school, individuals must undergo a residency program specifically focused on anesthesiology. These programs typically involve a mixture of clinical rotations, didactic lectures, and hands-on experience in operating rooms. The page also provides information on the subspecialties within anesthesiology, such as pediatric anesthesia, obstetric anesthesia, and critical care medicine. It highlights the unique considerations and techniques involved in these specialized areas. Overall, the Wikipedia page on anesthesiology serves as a comprehensive resource for those seeking information on this medical specialty. It covers the fundamental concepts, procedures, and considerations that are vital to the practice of anesthesiology, making it a valuable reference for both medical professionals and the general public.

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