Array ( [0] => {{short description|Statistics of weather conditions in a given region over long periods}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{pp-pc1}} [3] => {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} [4] => {{atmospheric sciences}} [5] => [6] => '''Climate''' is the long-term [[weather]] pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years.{{cite web |last1=Matthews |first1=J.B. Robin |last2=Möller |first2=Vincent |last3=van Diemen |first3=Renée |last4=Fuglestvedt |first4=Jan S. |last5=Masson-Delmotte |first5=Valérie |last6=Méndez |first6=Carlos |last7=Semenov |first7=Sergey |last8=Reisinger |first8=Andy |title=Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf |date=2021 |work=[[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] |page=2222 |access-date=2022-05-18 |archive-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605175306/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Shepherd |first1=J. Marshall |last2=Shindell |first2=Drew |last3=O'Carroll |first3=Cynthia M. |title=What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate? |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html |date=1 February 2005 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922095736/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html/ |url-status=live }} More rigorously, it is the mean and [[Statistical dispersion|variability]] of [[Meteorology|meteorological]] variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the [[Meteorology|meteorological]] variables that are commonly measured are [[temperature]], [[humidity]], [[atmospheric pressure]], [[wind]], and [[precipitation]]. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the [[climate system]], including the [[atmosphere]], [[hydrosphere]], [[cryosphere]], [[lithosphere]] and [[biosphere]] and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its [[latitude]], [[longitude]], [[terrain]], [[altitude]], [[land use]] and nearby [[body of water|water bodies]] and their currents.{{Cite journal |last1=Gough |first1=William A. |last2=Leung |first2=Andrew C. W. |date=2022 |title=Do Airports Have Their Own Climate? |journal=Meteorology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=171–182 |doi=10.3390/meteorology1020012 |issn=2674-0494|doi-access=free }} [7] => [8] => Climates can be [[Climate classification|classified]] according to the average and typical variables, most commonly [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]. The most widely used classification scheme was the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The [[Thornthwaite climate classification|Thornthwaite system]],{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/210739|url=http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/geog/801/001/www/ET/Thornthwaite48-GeogrRev.pdf|first=C. W. |last=Thornthwaite|title=An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate|journal=Geographical Review|volume=38|issue=1|pages=55–94|year=1948|jstor=210739|access-date=2010-12-13|archive-date=Jan 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124194531/http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/geog/801/001/www/ET/Thornthwaite48-GeogrRev.pdf |url-status=dead }} in use since 1948, incorporates [[evapotranspiration]] along with temperature and [[precipitation]] information and is used in studying [[biological diversity]] and how [[climate change]] affects it. The major classifications in Thornthwaite's climate classification are microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal.{{Cite web |title=All About Climate |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/all-about-climate |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Education {{!}} National Geographic Society |language=en}} Finally, the Bergeron and [[Spatial Synoptic Classification system]]s focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region. [9] => [10] => [[Paleoclimatology]] is the study of ancient climates. [[Paleoclimatologists]] seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given [[Geology|geologic]] period, beginning with the time of the Earth's formation.{{Cite web |title=paleoclimatology {{!}} science |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/paleoclimatology |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901163506/https://www.britannica.com/science/paleoclimatology |url-status=live }} Since very few direct observations of climate were available before the 19th century, [[paleoclimate]]s are inferred from [[Proxy (climate)|proxy variables]]. They include non-biotic evidence—such as [[Sediment|sediments]] found in [[lake beds]] and [[ice core]]s—and [[Biotic component|biotic]] evidence—such as [[Dendrochronology|tree rings]] and coral. [[Climate model]]s are mathematical models of past, present, and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales due to various factors. Recent warming is discussed in terms of [[global warming]], which results in redistributions of [[Life|biota]]. For example, as climate scientist [[Lesley Ann Hughes]] has written: "a 3 °C [5 °F] change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately {{Convert|300|–|400|km|mi|disp=sqbr|abbr=on}} in latitude (in the temperate zone) or {{Convert|500|m|ft|disp=sqbr|abbr=on}} in elevation. Therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in [[latitude]] in response to shifting climate zones."{{Cite book|title=Biological consequences of globalwarming: is the signal already|last=Hughes|first=Lesley|year=2000|pages=56}}{{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Leslie |title=Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent? |url=http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(99)01764-4 |date=1 February 2000 |journal=[[Trends in Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=56–61 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4 |pmid=10652556 |access-date=November 17, 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012051437/http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(99)01764-4 |url-status=live }} [11] => [12] => ==Definition== [13] => Climate ({{etymology|grc|κλίμα|inclination}}) is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period.{{cite encyclopedia|title = Climate|encyclopedia = Glossary of Meteorology|publisher = [[American Meteorological Society]]|url = http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=climate1|access-date = 2008-05-14|archive-date = 2011-07-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113544/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=climate1|url-status = live}} The standard averaging period is 30 years,{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages |title=Climate averages |access-date=2008-05-17 |publisher=Met Office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706025040/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/ |archive-date=2008-07-06 }} but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|2001]] glossary definition is as follows: [14] => [15] => {{blockquote|"Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather", or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system."[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]. [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm Appendix I: Glossary.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126132100/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm |date=2017-01-26 }} Retrieved on 2007-06-01.}} [16] => [17] => The [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) describes "[[climate normal]]s" as "reference points used by [[Climatology|climatologists]] to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered typical. A climate normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period. A 30-year period is used as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies such as [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends."{{cite web|title=Climate Data and Data Related Products |website=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_data_and_products.php |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20141001233620/https%3A//www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_data_and_products.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2014 |access-date=1 September 2015 }} [18] => [19] => The WMO originated from the [[International Meteorological Organization]] which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934 [[Wiesbaden]] meeting, the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982, the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.{{cite web | title=Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service |year=2011 | publisher=World Meteorological Organization | url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/WMO1079_web.pdf |pages=6, 8, 10, 21, 26 | access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913033109/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/WMO1079_web.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2015}} The 1961–1990 climate normals serve as the baseline reference period. The next set of climate normals to be published by WMO is from 1991 to 2010.{{Cite web |title=WMO Climatological Normals |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |url=https://community.wmo.int/wmo-climatological-normals |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2022-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821010013/https://community.wmo.int/wmo-climatological-normals |url-status=live }} Aside from collecting from the most common atmospheric variables (air temperature, pressure, precipitation and wind), other variables such as humidity, visibility, cloud amount, solar radiation, soil temperature, pan evaporation rate, days with thunder and days with hail are also collected to measure change in climate conditions.{{Cite book |date=2017 |title=WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals |url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4166 |access-date=2022-08-20 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |format=PDF |isbn=978-92-63-11203-3 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808132316/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4166 |url-status=live }} [20] => [21] => The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get."National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona. [http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/ Main page.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312090813/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/ |date=2017-03-12 }} Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Over [[history|historical]] time spans, there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including [[latitude]], altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. All of these variables change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as [[plate tectonics]]. Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the [[thermohaline circulation]] of the ocean leads to a {{cvt|5|C}} warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins.{{cite web |first=Stefan |last=Rahmstorf |url=http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html |title=The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet |publisher=Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327151821/http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html |archive-date=2013-03-27 |url-status=live |access-date=2008-05-02}} Other [[ocean current]]s redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption,{{cite web |first1=Gertjan |last1=de Werk |first2=Karel |last2=Mulder |url=http://www.enhr2007rotterdam.nl/documents/W15_paper_DeWerk_Mulder.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households |series=Sustainable Urban Areas Rotterdam |date=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527223539/http://www.enhr2007rotterdam.nl/documents/W15_paper_DeWerk_Mulder.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-27 |access-date=2008-05-02}} water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric [[greenhouse gas]]es (particularly [[carbon dioxide]] and [[methane]] determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to [[global warming]] or [[global cooling]]. The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned.[https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change What Is Climate Change?]{{cite journal|author = Ledley, T.S.|year = 1999|title = Climate change and greenhouse gases|journal = [[Eos (journal)|EOS]]|volume = 80|issue = 39|page = 453|doi = 10.1029/99EO00325|last2 = Sundquist|first2 = E. T.|last3 = Schwartz|first3 = S. E.|last4 = Hall|first4 = D. K.|last5 = Fellows|first5 = J. D.|last6 = Killeen|first6 = T. L.|bibcode = 1999EOSTr..80Q.453L|hdl = 2060/19990109667|doi-access = free|hdl-access = free}} [22] => [23] => ==Climate classification{{anchor|Classification}}== [24] => {{Main|Climate classification}} [25] => [[File:Köppen-Geiger climate classification (1980-2016).png|alt=Map of world dividing climate zones, largely influenced by latitude. The zones, going from the equator upward (and downward) are Tropical, Dry, Moderate, Continental and Polar. There are subzones within these zones.|thumb|Worldwide [[Köppen climate classification]]s]] [26] => Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a [[biome]] classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. One of the most used is the [[Köppen climate classification]] scheme first developed in 1899.{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=5 |pages=180214 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988}} [27] => [28] => There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally, [[clime]]s were defined in [[Ancient Greece]] to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into ''genetic'' methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and ''empiric'' methods, which focus on the effects of climate. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the [[relative frequency]] of different [[air mass]] types or locations within [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic]] weather disturbances. Examples of [[Empirical|empiric]] classifications include [[climate zone]]s defined by [[plant hardiness]],[[United States National Arboretum]]. [http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704232205/http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html|date=2012-07-04}} Retrieved on 2008-03-09 evapotranspiration,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Thornthwaite Moisture Index |encyclopedia=Glossary of Meteorology |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=Thornthwaite&submit=Search |access-date=2008-05-21}} or more generally the [[Köppen climate classification]] which was originally designed to identify the climates associated with certain [[biome]]s. A common shortcoming of these [[classification scheme]]s is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature. [29] => [30] => ==Record== [31] => [32] => ===Paleoclimatology=== [33] => {{Main|Paleoclimatology}} [34] => [35] => Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the [[Earth]]'s history. It uses evidence with different time scales (from decades to millennia) from ice sheets, tree rings, sediments, pollen, coral, and rocks to determine the past state of the climate. It demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles.[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/paleo.html NOAA Paleoclimatology.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100042/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/paleo.html |date=2020-09-22 }} Retrieved on 2007-06-01. [36] => [37] => ===Modern=== [38] => {{see also|Instrumental temperature record|Satellite temperature measurements}} [39] => Details of the modern climate record are known through the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as [[thermometer]]s, [[barometer]]s, and [[anemometer]]s during the past few centuries. The instruments used to study weather over the modern time scale, their observation frequency, their known error, their immediate environment, and their exposure have changed over the years, which must be considered when studying the climate of centuries past.{{cite web |first=Spencer |last=Weart |url=http://www.aip.org/history/climate/20ctrend.htm |url-status=dead |title=The Modern Temperature Trend |publisher=American Institute of Physics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100047/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/20ctrend.htm |archive-date=2020-09-22 |access-date=2007-06-01}} Long-term modern climate records skew towards population centres and affluent countries.{{Citation |last1=Vose |first1=R. S. |last2=Schmoyer |first2=R. L. |last3=Steurer |first3=P. M. |last4=Peterson |first4=T. C. |last5=Heim |first5=R. |last6=Karl |first6=T. R. |last7=Eischeid |first7=J. K. |date=1992-07-01 |title=The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data |language=English |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information |doi=10.2172/10178730 |osti=10178730 |doi-access=free }} Since the 1960s, the launch of satellites allow records to be gathered on a global scale, including areas with little to no human presence, such as the Arctic region and oceans. [40] => [41] => ==Climate variability== [42] => {{Main||Climate variability and change}} [43] => Climate variability is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of [[extreme weather]], etc.) "on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events."{{Sfn|IPCC AR5 WG1 Glossary|2013|p=1451}} Some of the variability does not appear to be caused systematically and occurs at random times. Such variability is called ''random variability'' or ''[[Noise (signal processing)|noise]]''. On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns.{{Sfn|Rohli|Vega|2018|p=274}} [44] => [45] => There are close correlations between Earth's climate oscillations and astronomical factors ([[barycenter]] changes, [[solar variation]], [[cosmic ray]] flux, [[cloud albedo]] [[cloud feedback|feedback]], [[Milankovic cycle]]s), and modes of [[thermodynamics|heat distribution]] between the ocean-atmosphere climate system. In some cases, current, historical and [[paleoclimate|paleoclimatological]] natural oscillations may be masked by significant [[volcanic eruption]]s, [[impact event]]s, irregularities in [[climate proxy]] data, [[positive feedback]] processes or [[Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] [[Greenhouse gas#Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities|emissions]] of substances such as [[greenhouse gas]]es.{{cite journal|last=Scafetta|first=Nicola|title=Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|date=May 15, 2010|volume=72|issue=13 |pages=951–970|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015|url=http://www.fel.duke.edu/~scafetta/pdf/scafetta-JSTP2.pdf|access-date=20 July 2011|author-link=Nicola Scafetta|arxiv=1005.4639|bibcode=2010JASTP..72..951S|s2cid=1626621|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610074216/http://www.fel.duke.edu/~scafetta/pdf/scafetta-JSTP2.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2010|url-status=dead}} [46] => [47] => Over the years, the definitions of ''climate variability'' and the related term ''[[climate change]]'' have shifted. While the term ''climate change'' now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.{{Sfn|Rohli|Vega|2018|p=274}} [48] => [49] => ==Climate change== [50] => [[File:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years.{{Cite web |title=GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4) |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=NASA}}]] [51] => [[File:Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Observed temperature from NASA{{cite web |title=Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416074510/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ |url-status=live }}. vs the 1850–1900 average used by the IPCC as a pre-industrial baseline.{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014|page=124}}. The primary driver for increased global temperatures in the industrial era is human activity, with natural forces adding variability.{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 3|2017}} [https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3#fig-3-1 Figure 3.1 panel 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409042234/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/#fig-3-1 |date=2018-04-09 }}, [https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3#fig-3-3 Figure 3.3 panel 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409042234/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/#fig-3-3 |date=2018-04-09 }}.]] [52] => {{Main|Climate change}} [53] => {{See also|Global temperature record|List of weather records|Extreme event attribution}} [54] => Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.{{Cite web |title=Climate Change {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climate-change |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Education {{!}} National Geographic Society |archive-date=2022-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730092254/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climate-change/ |url-status=live }} It reflects changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the [[Earth]], external forces (e.g. variations in sunlight intensity) or human activities, as found recently.Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. [http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/climate_change.html Climate change.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118201820/http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/climate_change.html |date=2010-01-18 }} Retrieved on 2008-05-19.{{cite news |last=Gillis |first=Justin |title=Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/28/science/what-is-climate-change.html |date=28 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100003/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/28/science/what-is-climate-change.html/ |url-status=live }} Scientists have identified [[Earth's Energy Imbalance]] (EEI) to be a fundamental metric of the status of global change.{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckman |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. D. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. E. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N |last10=Mathieu |first10=P. P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=N. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=27 January 2016 |doi=10.1038/NCLIMATE2876 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V }} [55] => [56] => In recent usage, especially in the context of [[environmental policy]], the term "climate change" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface [[temperature]] known as [[global warming]]. In some cases, the term is also used with a presumption of human causation, as in the [[United Nations]] [[UNFCCC|Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC uses "climate variability" for non-human caused variations.{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm |title=Glossary |work=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=2008-05-22 |date=2001-01-20 |publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126132100/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm |archive-date=2017-01-26 }} [57] => [58] => Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major [[ice age]]s. These consist of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal, separated by [[interglacial]] periods. The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface [[albedo]], reflecting more of the Sun's energy into space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature. Increases in [[greenhouse gas]]es, such as by [[Volcanic impacts on the oceans|volcanic activity]], can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the [[continent]]s, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.Illinois State Museum (2002). [http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/ Ice Ages.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326000124/http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/ |date=2010-03-26 }} Retrieved on 2007-05-15. However, these naturally caused changes in climate occur on a much slower time scale than the present rate of change which is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases by human activities.{{Cite journal |last1=Joos |first1=Fortunat |last2=Spahni |first2=Renato |date=2008-02-05 |title=Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=1425–1430 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707386105 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2234160 |pmid=18252830|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.1425J |doi-access=free }} [59] => [60] => According to the EU's Copernicus Climate Change Service, average global air temperature has passed 1.5C of warming the period from February 2023 to January 2024.{{Cite news |date=2024-02-08 |title=World's first year-long breach of key 1.5C warming limit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68110310 |access-date=2024-02-10 |language=en-GB}} [61] => [62] => ==Climate models== [63] => [[Climate model]]s use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions and transfer of radiative energy between the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]],Eric Maisonnave. [http://www.cerfacs.fr/globc/research/variability/ Climate Variability.] Retrieved on 2008-05-02. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610145233/http://www.cerfacs.fr/globc/research/variability/ |date=June 10, 2008 }} [[ocean]]s, land surface and ice through a series of physics equations. They are used for a variety of purposes, from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the Earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the Earth. [64] => [65] => Climate models are available on different resolutions ranging from >100 km to 1 km. High resolutions in [[global climate model]]s require significant computational resources, and so only a few global datasets exist. Global climate models can be dynamically or statistically downscaled to regional climate models to analyze impacts of climate change on a local scale. Examples are ICON{{cite journal |last1=Dipankar |first1=A. |last2=Heinze |first2=Rieke |last3=Moseley |first3=Christopher |last4=Stevens |first4=Bjorn |last5=Zängl |first5=Günther |last6=Brdar |first6=Slavko |title=A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation |journal=Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems |date=2015 |volume=7 |doi=10.1002/2015MS000431|s2cid=56394756 |doi-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-9A35-F |hdl-access=free }} or mechanistically downscaled data such as CHELSA (Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas).{{cite journal |last1=Karger |first1=D. |last2=Conrad |first2=O. |last3=Böhner |first3=J. |last4=Kawohl |first4=T. |last5=Kreft |first5=H. |last6=Soria-Auza |first6=R.W. |last7=Zimmermann |first7=N.E. |last8=Linder |first8=P. |last9=Kessler |first9=M. |title=Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas |journal=Scientific Data |year=2017 |volume=4 |issue=4 170122 |page=170122 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2017.122|pmid=28872642 |pmc=5584396 |bibcode=2017NatSD...470122K |s2cid=3750792 }}{{cite journal |last1=Karger |first1=D.N. |last2=Lange |first2=S. |last3=Hari |first3=C. |last4=Reyer |first4=C.P.O. |last5=Zimmermann |first5=N.E. |title=CHELSA-W5E5 v1.0: W5E5 v1.0 downscaled with CHELSA v2.0. |journal=ISIMIP Repository |date=2021 |doi=10.48364/ISIMIP.836809}} [66] => [67] => The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily [[carbon dioxide]] (see [[greenhouse gas]]). These models predict an upward trend in the [[surface temperature record|global mean surface temperature]], with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [68] => [69] => Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex. Simple radiant heat transfer models treat the Earth as a single point and average outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (as in radiative-convective models), or horizontally. Finally, more complex (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–[[sea ice]] [[global climate model]]s discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.Climateprediction.net. [http://www.climateprediction.net/science/model-intro.php Modelling the climate.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204080827/http://www.climateprediction.net/science/model-intro.php |date=2009-02-04 }} Retrieved on 2008-05-02. [70] => [71] => ==See also== [72] => {{Div col}} [73] => * [[Climate inertia]] [74] => * [[Climate Prediction Center]] [75] => * [[Climatic map]] [76] => * [[Climograph]] [77] => * [[Ecosystem]] [78] => * [[Effect of Sun angle on climate]] [79] => * [[Greenhouse effect]] [80] => * [[List of climate scientists]] [81] => * [[List of weather records]] [82] => * [[Microclimate]] [83] => * [[National Climatic Data Center]] [84] => * [[Outline of meteorology]] [85] => * [[Tectonic–climatic interaction]] [86] => {{div col end}} [87] => [88] => ==References== [89] => {{Reflist}} [90] => [91] => ===Sources=== [92] => {{refbegin}} [93] => * {{cite book [94] => |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}} [95] => |author=IPCC [96] => |author-link=IPCC [97] => |year=2013 [98] => |title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis [99] => |series=Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [100] => |display-editors=4 [101] => |editor1-first=T. F. [102] => |editor1-last=Stocker [103] => |editor2-first=D. [104] => |editor2-last=Qin [105] => |editor3-first=G.-K. [106] => |editor3-last=Plattner [107] => |editor4-first=M. [108] => |editor4-last=Tignor [109] => |editor5-first=S. K. [110] => |editor5-last=Allen [111] => |editor6-first=J. [112] => |editor6-last=Boschung [113] => |editor7-first=A. [114] => |editor7-last=Nauels [115] => |editor8-first=Y. [116] => |editor8-last=Xia [117] => |editor9-first=V. [118] => |editor9-last=Bex [119] => |editor10-first=P. M. [120] => |editor10-last=Midgley [121] => |publisher=Cambridge University Press [122] => |place=Cambridge, UK & New York [123] => |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9 [124] => |url=http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf [125] => |access-date=2022-09-05 [126] => |archive-date=2019-09-25 [127] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925154911/http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf [128] => |url-status=live [129] => }}. [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – IPCC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202202632/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |date=2017-02-02 }} [130] => ** {{cite book [131] => |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Glossary|2013}} [132] => |chapter=Annex III: Glossary [133] => |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf [134] => |year=2013 [135] => |author=IPCC [136] => |author-link=IPCC [137] => |title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}} [138] => |access-date=2022-09-05 [139] => |archive-date=2019-03-13 [140] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313232733/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf [141] => |url-status=live [142] => }} [143] => * {{cite book [144] => |author=IPCC AR5 SYR [145] => |author-link=IPCC [146] => |year=2014 [147] => |title=Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report [148] => |series=Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [149] => |editor1=The Core Writing Team [150] => |editor-first2=R. K. [151] => |editor-last2=Pachauri [152] => |editor-first3=L. A. [153] => |editor-last3=Meyer [154] => |publisher=IPCC [155] => |place=Geneva, Switzerland [156] => |isbn= [157] => |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ [158] => |access-date=2022-09-05 [159] => |archive-date=2020-01-09 [160] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109221744/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ [161] => |url-status=live [162] => }} [163] => ** {{cite book [164] => |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014}} [165] => |chapter=Annex II: Glossary [166] => |chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_Annexes.pdf [167] => |year=2014 [168] => |author=IPCC [169] => |author-link=IPCC [170] => |title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR|2014}} [171] => |access-date=2022-09-05 [172] => |archive-date=2022-07-18 [173] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718055704/https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_Annexes.pdf [174] => |url-status=live [175] => }} [176] => * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|USGCRP Chapter 3|2017}} |title=Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change |url=https://science2017.globalchange.gov/downloads/CSSR_Ch3_Detection_and_Attribution.pdf |year=2017 |last1=Knutson |first1=T. |last2=Kossin |first2=J.P. |last3=Mears |first3=C. |last4=Perlwitz |first4=J. |last5=Wehner |first5=M.F |editor-first1=D.J |editor-first2=D.W |editor-first3=K.A |editor-first4=D.J |editor-first5=B.C |editor-first6=T.K |editor-last1=Wuebbles |editor-last2=Fahey |editor-last3=Hibbard |editor-last4=Dokken |editor-last5=Stewart |editor-last6=Maycock |doi=10.7930/J01834ND |access-date=2022-09-05 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163347/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/downloads/CSSR_Ch3_Detection_and_Attribution.pdf |url-status=live }} [177] => * {{cite book|title=Climatology|last1=Rohli|first1=Robert. V.|last2=Vega|first2=Anthony J.|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2018|isbn=978-1284126563|edition=4th}} [178] => {{refend}} [179] => [180] => ==Further reading== [181] => * {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Climate |volume= VI |last= Buchan |first= Alexander |author-link= Alexander Buchan (meteorologist)| pages=1-7 |short=1 }} [182] => * [http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/gto/gto_0048-PDF/gto_0048_69887.pdf Reumert, Johannes: "Vahls climatic divisions. An explanation"] (''[[Danish Journal of Geography|Geografisk Tidsskrift]]'', Band 48; 1946) [183] => * [http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2012/4/the-study-of-climate-on-alien-worlds The Study of Climate on Alien Worlds; Characterizing atmospheres beyond our Solar System is now within our reach] Kevin Heng July–August 2012 [[American Scientist]] [184] => [185] => ==External links== [186] => {{commons category|Climate}} [187] => {{NIE Poster|Climate}} [188] => * [http://www.climate.gov NOAA Climate Services Portal] [189] => * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/ NOAA State of the Climate] [190] => * [https://climate.nasa.gov/ NASA's Climate change and global warming portal] [191] => * [https://www.climateprediction.net/ Climate Prediction Project] [192] => * [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/climate.html Climate index and mode information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119201227/http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/climate.html |date=2016-11-19 }} – Arctic [193] => * [http://www.climate-charts.com/index.html Climate: Data and charts for world and US locations] [194] => * [http://www.ipcc-data.org IPCC Data Distribution Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519152028/http://www.ipcc-data.org/ |date=2016-05-19 }} – Climate data and guidance on use. [195] => * [http://historicalclimatology.com HistoricalClimatology.com] – Past, present and future climates – 2013. [196] => * [http://www.globalclimatemonitor.org Globalclimatemonitor] – Contains climatic information from 1901. [197] => * [https://climatecharts.net/ ClimateCharts] – Webapplication to generate climate charts for recent and historical data. [198] => * [http://www.emdat.be/ International Disaster Database] [199] => * [http://www.cop21paris.org/ Paris Climate Conference] [200] => [201] => {{Navboxes|list= [202] => {{Climate oscillations}} [203] => {{Meteorological variables}} [204] => {{Koppen}} [205] => {{Earth}} [206] => {{Nature nav}} [207] => {{global warming}} [208] => {{World topic|prefix = Climate of|noredlinks =y|title=Climate of the World}} [209] => }} [210] => [211] => {{good article}} [212] => {{Portal bar|Climate change|Weather}} [213] => {{Authority control}} [214] => {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=2023-05-18|Climate-Morrisjm-18May2023.ogg}} [215] => [[Category:Climate| ]] [216] => [[Category:Meteorological concepts]] [217] => [[Category:Climatology|*]] [] => )
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Climate

The Wikipedia page on climate provides a detailed overview of climate, including its definition, composition, and factors that influence it. The article explains that climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather conditions in a specific region or over the entire planet.

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The article explains that climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather conditions in a specific region or over the entire planet. It describes the components of the climate system, which include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, and explains how these interact to shape the climate. The page further explores various factors that influence climate, such as solar radiation, greenhouse gases, and ocean currents. It delves into the role of human activities in climate change, discussing how human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are leading to global warming and subsequent alterations in climate patterns. Additionally, the article discusses different types of climate and their characteristics, ranging from polar climates to desert and tropical climates. It explains how climate is measured and monitored using instruments, satellites, and historical records. The page also provides information on climate models and their use in predicting future climate scenarios. The page emphasizes the importance of understanding climate and its changes, as they have a significant impact on ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, and human health. It also highlights the efforts made by international organizations and governments to mitigate climate change and adapt to its consequences. In conclusion, the Wikipedia page on climate covers a wide range of topics related to climate science, including its definition, components, influences, measurements, and impacts. It provides a comprehensive resource for anyone seeking information on this vital subject.

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