Cuneiform
Cuneiform is one of the earliest known systems of writing, developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia around 3200 BCE. It consists of a combination of wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets, using a stylus.
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It consists of a combination of wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets, using a stylus. Cuneiform was initially used for accounting and record-keeping purposes, but over time, it evolved to encompass various aspects of Sumerian civilization, including literature, religion, law, and scientific knowledge. The writing system is characterized by its use of pictographs that gradually evolved into abstract, wedge-shaped symbols. While initially complex and used only by trained scribes, cuneiform eventually became more accessible to the general public, with simplified versions used for everyday purposes. Over several centuries, cuneiform script spread throughout the ancient Near East and was adapted by different societies, such as the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The decipherment of cuneiform began in the 19th century, with British archaeologist Henry Rawlinson making significant contributions. Through the study of bilingual inscriptions and the royal library of Ashurbanipal, scholars were able to unravel the complex script and gain valuable insights into the history and culture of ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform texts provide valuable information about a wide range of topics, including myths and epic tales, administrative records, laws, medical texts, mathematical tables, and diplomatic correspondence. The vast number of surviving cuneiform tablets has allowed historians to reconstruct the social, political, and economic aspects of ancient Mesopotamian societies in great detail. Although cuneiform ceased to be used as a writing system by the 1st century CE, its legacy continued to influence later scripts such as the Phoenician alphabet, which later gave rise to the Greek and Latin alphabets. Today, cuneiform remains an essential source for understanding the development of human civilization and the origins of modern writing systems.
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