Array ( [0] => {{about|the photograph of Earth}} [1] => {{short description|Photograph of Earth taken by astronaut Bill Anders during the Apollo 8 mission}} [2] => {{italic title}} [3] => {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}} {{Use American English|date=November 2023}} [4] => [[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|300px|''Earthrise'', taken on December 24, 1968, by [[Apollo 8]] astronaut [[William Anders]]]] [5] => '''''Earthrise''''' is a [[photograph]] of [[Earth]] and part of the [[Moon]]'s surface that was taken from [[lunar orbit]] by astronaut [[William Anders]] on December 24, 1968, during the [[Apollo 8]] mission.{{cite web |title=Chasing the Moon: Transcript, Part Two |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/chasing-moon/#transcript |website=American Experience |publisher=PBS |access-date=24 July 2019 |date=10 July 2019}}{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |date=21 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 December 2018 }}{{cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |title=We Are All Riders on the Same Planet – Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |date=24 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 December 2018 }} Nature photographer [[Galen Rowell]] described it as "the most influential environmental photograph ever taken".{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/moon/earthrise.htm |title=The Earthrise Photograph |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |last=Rowell |first=Galen}} [6] => [7] => Anders's color image had been preceded by a crude black-and-white 1966 [[Raster graphics|raster]] image taken by the [[Lunar Orbiter 1]] robotic probe, the first American spacecraft to orbit the Moon. [8] => [9] => == Details == [10] => [[File:AS08-14-2383.jpg|thumb|Color-calibrated version]] [11] => [[File:AS08-13-2329.jpg|thumb|The first photograph taken by a human of Earth from the Moon, just before ''Earthrise'' was taken|left]][[File:Earthrise conversation.ogg|thumb|The conversation between Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders, during the taking of the ''Earthrise'' photograph|left]] [12] => [13] => ''Earthrise'' was taken by astronaut William Anders during the Apollo 8 mission, the first crewed voyage to orbit the [[Moon]].{{Cite APOD |date=December 14, 2005 |title=Earthrise |access-date=}} Before Anders found a suitable [[70 mm film|70 mm color film]], mission commander [[Frank Borman]] took a black-and-white photograph of the scene, with the Earth's [[Terminator (solar)|terminator]] touching the horizon. The land mass position and cloud patterns in this image are the same as those of the color photograph entitled ''Earthrise''.{{Cite book |last=Poole |first=Robert |title=Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth |year=2008 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, Connecticut, US |isbn=978-0-300-13766-8}} [14] => [15] => The photograph was taken from [[lunar orbit]] on December 24, 1968, 16:39:39.3 [[UTC]],{{cite web | last=Wright | first=Ernie|last2=Kaplan|first2=Eytan| title=SVS: Earthrise: The 45th Anniversary | website=NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio|publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center| date=October 15, 2018 | url=https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4129 | access-date=August 26, 2023}}The mission transcript (day 4, p. 114) shows the shot taken at 03 03 49 (mission time 3d3h49), and the launch was on 1968-12-21 12:51 UTC. However, the 2013 reconstruction by Ernie Wright mentioned below as well as in the previous reference yielded a mission time of 3d3h48m39.3s, meaning 16:39:39.3 UTC. with a highly modified [[Hasselblad]] 500 EL with an electric drive. The camera had a simple sighting ring rather than the standard reflex viewfinder and was loaded with a 70 mm film magazine containing custom Ektachrome [[photographic film|film]] developed by [[Kodak]]. Immediately prior, Anders had been photographing the lunar surface with a 250 mm [[lens (optics)|lens]]; the lens was subsequently used for the ''Earthrise'' images.{{cite magazine |last=Chaikin |first=Andrew |date=January–February 2018 |title=Who Took the Legendary Earthrise Photo From Apollo 8? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/who-took-legendary-earthrise-photo-apollo-8-180967505/ |magazine=Smithsonian}} [16] => [17] => [[File:Hasselblad 500 EL-M camera with motor drive used in the Apollo space program.jpg|thumb|A copy of the modified Hasselblad 500 EL camera used.|right]] [18] => {{poemquote| [19] => Anders: Oh my God! Look at that picture over there! There's the Earth coming up. Wow, that's pretty. [20] => Borman: Hey, don't take that, it's not scheduled. (joking) [21] => Anders: (laughs) You got a color film, Jim? [22] => {{spaces|12}}Hand me that roll of color quick, would you... [23] => Lovell: Oh man, that's great! [24] => |char=|sign=|title=|source=}}[[File:AS08-14-2383 (21713574299).jpg|thumb|right|AS08-14-2383 (21713574299), from which ''Earthrise'' was cropped. The photo is displayed here in its original orientation as seen by the crew of Apollo 8. Lunar north is up.{{cite web|title=Earthrise – Apollo 8|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasacommons/9460163430/|website=NASA on The Commons|date=24 December 1968 |publisher=NASA|via=Flickr}}]] [25] => [26] => There were many images taken at that point. The mission audio tape establishes several photographs were taken, on Borman's orders, with the enthusiastic concurrence of [[Jim Lovell]] and Anders. Anders took the first color shot, then Lovell who notes the setting (1/250th of a second at {{f/|11|link=yes}}), followed by Anders with another very similar shot ([https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/frame/?AS08-14-2384 AS08-14-2384]). [27] => [28] => A black and white reproduction of Borman's image appeared in his 1988 autobiography, captioned, "One of the most famous pictures in photographic history – taken after I grabbed the camera away from Bill Anders". Borman noted that this was the image "the Postal Service used on a stamp, and few photographs have been more frequently reproduced".{{Cite book |last=Borman |first=Frank |title=Countdown: An Autobiography |year=1988 |publisher=Morrow (Silver Arrow Books) |location=New York, NY, US |isbn=0-688-07929-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/countdownautobio0000borm }}{{rp|212}} The photograph reproduced is not the same image as the Anders photograph; aside from the orientation, the cloud patterns differ. Borman later recanted this story and agreed that the black and white shot was also taken by Anders, based on evidence presented by transcript and a video produced by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio employee, Ernie Wright. [29] => [30] => After Apollo 8's return, NASA technicians – not able to wait for normal film processing – drove four hours from Houston to [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] to the family-owned R&R Photo Studio & Color Labs (later known as R&R PhotoTechnics) which at that time was the first and only place in South Texas with color photo processing equipment. More importantly, R&R featured the rare four-hour Ektachrome slide processing capability for the professional 220-size film used by the astronauts' Hasselblad, making R&R a convenient same-day trip for NASA's critical need.{{cn|date=April 2023}} [31] => [32] => There, the owner Raul Rodriguez took the film, which had traveled {{convert|500000|mi|-4}} to the far side of the Moon and back. He personally developed the slides and copied them to regular 220 negatives, which he then also had to develop. Then he exposed and printed the requested photos in quick 8" x 10" glossy size, one of which would eventually be known as ''Earthrise''. Rodriguez then returned the slides, negatives and photos to the appreciative NASA technicians to rush back to Houston.{{cn|date=April 2023}} [33] => [34] => For the ''Earthrise'' slides, then later the ''Earthrise'' negatives, Rodriguez used a German-made Merz S2A dual-rocking-drum developer. To print the first ''Earthrise'' photo, he used an Auto-focus Chromega D4 enlarger that had modern dial-in color filters. It sat on a motorized-drive, lightproof, 11" wide, roll-paper carrier. The images were fully defined via Rodriguez's then-state-of-the-art, self-replenishing, Mylar-leader, continuous-feed roll-photo paper processor produced by the Nord photo company then based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.{{cn|date=April 2023}} [35] => [36] => The stamp issue reproduces the cloud, color, and crater patterns of the Anders picture. Anders is described by Borman as holding "a masters degree in nuclear engineering"; Anders was thus tasked as "the scientific crew member ... also performing the photography duties that would be so important to the Apollo crew who actually landed on the Moon".{{rp|193}} [37] => [38] => On the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 8 mission in 2018, Anders stated: "It really undercut my religious beliefs. The idea that things rotate around the pope and up there is a big supercomputer wondering whether Billy was a good boy yesterday? It doesn't make any sense. I became a big buddy of [atheist scientist] [[Richard Dawkins]]."[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/dec/24/earthrise-how-the-iconic-image-changed-the-world Earthrise: how the iconic image changed the world] The Guardian, 2018-12-24. [39] => [40] => === Geometry === [41] => The original image was rotated 95 degrees clockwise to produce the published ''Earthrise'' orientation to better convey the sense of the Earth rising over the moonscape. The published photograph shows Earth rotated clockwise approximately 135° from the typical north–south-Pole-oriented perspective, with south to the left.{{Cite web |last=staff |first=Seattle Times |date=2012-12-07 |title=See the Apollo 8 mission and learn more from the astronaut who lived it |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/see-the-apollo-8-mission-and-learn-more-from-the-astronaut-who-lived-it/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}} [42] => [43] => == Legacy == [44] => ''Earthrise'' was used as the cover photograph for the Spring 1969 issue of the ''[[Whole Earth Catalog]]''.{{Cite tweet |author=[[Stewart Brand]] |user=stewartbrand |number=1253032088636280834 |title=The Spring 1969 WHOLE EARTH CATALOG had the "Earthrise" photo on the cover.}} [45] => [46] => In ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''{{'}}s 2003 book ''[[100 Photographs that Changed the World]]'', wilderness photographer [[Galen Rowell]] called ''Earthrise'' "the most influential environmental photograph ever taken".{{cite news |url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm11.html |title=100 Photographs that Changed the World by Life |work=The Digital Journalist |author=Rowel, Galen}}{{cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |title=What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? – For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |date=24 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 December 2018 }} Another author called its appearance the beginning of the environmental movement.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/science/space/14mission.html?pagewanted=all |title=On Hand for Space History, as Superpowers Spar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 14, 2009 |access-date=April 24, 2011 |author=Wilford, John Noble}} Fifty years to the day after taking the photo, William Anders observed, "We set out to explore the moon and instead discovered the Earth."{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Anders |url=https://www.space.com/42848-earthrise-photo-apollo-8-legacy-bill-anders.html |title=50 Years After 'Earthrise,' a Christmas Eve Message from Its Photographer |author-link=William Anders |date=December 24, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2018|work=Space.com}} [47] => [48] => In October 2018, two of the craters seen in the photo were named [[Anders' Earthrise (crater)|Anders' Earthrise]] and [[8 Homeward (crater)|8 Homeward]] by the [[Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature]] (WGPSN) of the [[International Astronomical Union]]. The craters had previously been designated only with letters.{{cite web |last1=Schulz |first1=Rita |title=Lunar craters named in honor of Apollo 8 |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/iau-lcn100518.php |website=EurekAlert! |publisher=International Astronomical Union |access-date=October 7, 2018 |language=en}} [49] => [50] => [[Joni Mitchell]] sings on her 1976 song "[[Hejira (album)|Refuge of the Roads]]": "In a highway service station / Over the month of June / Was a photograph of the Earth / Taken coming back from the Moon / And you couldn't see a city / On that marbled bowling ball / Or a forest or a highway / Or me here least of all …" [51] => [52] => === Stamp === [53] => [[File:Scott 1371, Apollo 8.jpg|thumb|180px|upright=0.55|[[U.S. postage stamp]] ([[Scott catalogue|Scott]] #1371)]] [54] => [55] => In 1969, the [[U.S. Postal Service]] issued a stamp ([[Scott number|Scott#]] 1371) commemorating the Apollo 8 flight around the Moon. The stamp featured a detail (in color) of the ''Earthrise'' photograph, and the words, "In the beginning God...", recalling the [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading]].{{cite web|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2034281.html|title=Apollo 8 Issue – Postal Bulletin: March 27, 1969|publisher=[[National Postal Museum|Smithsonian National Postal Museum]]|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202224525/https://arago.si.edu/category_2034281.html|archive-date=February 2, 2016|url-status=live}} [56] => [57] => === 2013 simulation === [58] => In 2013, in commemoration of the 45th anniversary of the Apollo 8 mission, NASA issued a video about the taking of the photograph.{{cite web|author=NASA|title=45th anniversary of the ''Earthrise'' Photo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dE-vOscpiNc|website=YouTube}} This computer-generated visualization used data from the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] spacecraft, which had provided detailed images of the lunar surface that could be matched with those taken every 20 seconds by an automatic camera on Apollo 8. The resulting video, re-creating what the astronauts would have seen (rotated 90 degrees clockwise to match the perspective presented in the photograph), was synchronized with the recording of the crew's conversation as they became the first humans to witness an Earthrise. The video reconstruction team was led by Ernie Wright, and included explanatory narration written and read by [[Andrew Chaikin]].{{cite web|last=Steigerwald|first=Bill|date=December 20, 2013|title=NASA Releases New Earthrise Simulation Video|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-releases-new-earthrise-simulation-video/#.UrZ8DbR0k9g|access-date=December 22, 2013|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]}} Chaikin writes that all the photographs of the rising Earth on Apollo 8's fourth orbit were taken by Anders.{{Cite news|last=Chaikin|first=Andrew|title=Who Took the Legendary Earthrise Photo From Apollo 8?|language=en|work=Smithsonian|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/who-took-legendary-earthrise-photo-apollo-8-180967505/|access-date=July 27, 2018}} [59] => [60] => == Potential earthrises as seen from the Moon's surface == [61] => {{Main|Extraterrestrial sky#The Moon}} [62] => The Earth "rose" because the spacecraft was traveling over the Moon's surface. An earthrise that might be witnessed from the ''surface'' of the Moon would be quite unlike moonrises on Earth. Because the Moon is [[Tidal locking|tidally locked]] with the Earth, [[Near side of the Moon|one side of the Moon]] always faces toward Earth. Interpretation of this fact would lead one to believe that the Earth's position is fixed on the lunar sky and no earthrises can occur; however, the Moon [[Libration|librates]] slightly, which causes the Earth to draw a [[Lissajous curve|Lissajous figure]] on the sky. This figure fits inside a rectangle 15°48' wide and 13°20' high (in angular dimensions), while the [[angular diameter]] of the Earth as seen from Moon is only about 2°. This means that earthrises are visible near the edge of the Earth-observable surface of the Moon (about 20% of the surface). Since a full libration cycle takes about 27 days, earthrises are very slow, and it takes about 48 hours for Earth to clear its diameter.{{Cite book |last=Makowiecki |first=Piotr |title=Pomyśl zanim odpowiesz |year=1985 |publisher=Państwowe Wydawnictwo "Wiedza Powszechna" |location=Warszawa |isbn=83-214-0419-7 |language=pl}} During the course of the month-long [[Orbit of the Moon|lunar orbit]], an observer would additionally witness a succession of "Earth phases", much like the [[lunar phase]]s seen from Earth. That is what accounts for the half-illuminated globe, the [[ashen glow]], seen in the photograph. [63] => [64] => == See also == [65] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [66] => * ''[[The Blue Marble]]'' [67] => * [[First images of Earth from space]] [68] => * [[Earth phase]] [69] => * ''[[Pale Blue Dot]]'' [70] => * [[List of photographs considered the most important]] [71] => {{div col end}} [72] => [73] => == References == [74] => {{Reflist|30em}} [75] => [76] => == External links == [77] => {{Commons category|Earthrise}} [78] => * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dE-vOscpiNc ''Earthrise'': The 45th Anniversary (NASA Goddard, YouTube channel)] [79] => * [http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004129/ ''Earthrise'': The 45th Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060259/http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004100/a004129/ |date=March 4, 2016 }} – NASA Goddard webpage with various reconstruction videos [80] => * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jxevi3Mh3_g Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter], reconstruction video of the ''Earthrise'' photograph [81] => [82] => {{Apollo program}} [83] => {{NASA space program|state=expanded}} [84] => {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}} [85] => [86] => [[Category:1968 in art]] [87] => [[Category:1968 in spaceflight]] [88] => [[Category:1968 in the environment]] [89] => [[Category:1968 photographs]] [90] => [[Category:Apollo 8]] [91] => [[Category:Apollo program]] [92] => [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [93] => [[Category:Color photographs]] [94] => [[Category:History of environmentalism]] [95] => [[Category:Photographs of Earth from outer space]] [96] => [[Category:Works about the Moon]] [97] => [[Category:William Anders]] [] => )
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Earthrise

"Earthrise" is a photograph of the Earth taken during the Apollo 8 mission on December 24, 1968. Captured by astronaut William Anders, the image shows the Earth rising above the lunar horizon as seen from lunar orbit.

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Captured by astronaut William Anders, the image shows the Earth rising above the lunar horizon as seen from lunar orbit. It became iconic and is considered one of the most influential photographs in human history, marking the first time humans witnessed and captured the Earth in its entirety. The image had a profound impact on society, raising awareness about the fragility and beauty of our planet and the need for environmental stewardship. This photo also played a crucial role in inspiring the environmental movement and promoting the conservation of Earth's resources. Today, "Earthrise" continues to serve as a symbol of unity and the interconnectedness of all humanity on our small blue planet.

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