Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Multidisciplinary field of engineering}} [1] => {{redirect|Electro-mechanical|the use of electromechanics in arcade games|Electro-mechanical game}} [2] => [3] => [[File:Relay.jpg|thumb|A relay is a common electro-mechanical device.]] [4] => [5] => In [[engineering]], '''electromechanics'''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fbdAAAAAYAAJ Course in Electro-mechanics], for Students in Electrical Engineering, 1st Term of 3d Year, Columbia University, Adapted from Prof. F.E. Nipher's "Electricity and Magnetism". By Fitzhugh Townsend. 1901.{{cite journal | author1=Szolc, T. |author2=Konowrocki, Robert |author3=Michajłow, M. |author4=Pregowska, A. |title=An investigation of the dynamic electromechanical coupling effects in machine drive systems driven by asynchronous motors |journal=Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=118–134 | publisher= Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.49, pp.118-134 |date=2014 |doi=10.1016/j.ymssp.2014.04.004|bibcode=2014MSSP...49..118S }}[https://archive.org/details/elementsofelectr00robi The Elements of Electricity], "Part V. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w47OAAAAMAAJ/page/433 Electro-Mechanics]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." By Wirt Robinson. John Wiley & sons, Incorporated, 1922.{{cite journal | author1=Konowrocki, Robert |author2=Szolc, T. |author3=Pochanke, A. |author4=Pregowska, A. |title=An influence of the stepping motor control and friction models on precise positioning of the complex mechanical system| publisher= Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.70-71, pp.397-413 |issn=0888-3270 |date=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.09.030 |volume=70-71 |journal=Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing |pages=397–413 |bibcode=2016MSSP...70..397K }} combines processes and procedures drawn from [[electrical engineering]] and [[mechanical engineering]]. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical process ([[Electric generator|generator]]) or used to power a mechanical effect ([[Electric motor|motor]]). Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses [[electronic engineering|electronics engineering]]. [6] => [7] => Electromechanical devices are ones which have both electrical and mechanical processes. Strictly speaking, a manually operated switch is an electromechanical component due to the mechanical movement causing an electrical output. Though this is true, the term is usually understood to refer to devices which involve an electrical signal to create mechanical movement, or vice versa mechanical movement to create an electric signal. Often involving electromagnetic principles such as in [[relay]]s, which allow a [[voltage]] or current to control another, usually isolated circuit voltage or current by mechanically switching sets of contacts, and [[solenoid]]s, by which a voltage can actuate a moving linkage as in solenoid valves. [8] => [9] => Before the development of modern electronics, electromechanical devices were widely used in complicated subsystems of parts, including [[electric typewriter]]s, [[teleprinter]]s, [[Shortt-Synchronome clock|clocks]], initial [[television]] systems, and the very early electromechanical [[digital computer]]s. [[Solid-state electronics]] have replaced electromechanics in many applications. [10] => [11] => == History == [12] => The first electric motor was invented in 1822 by [[Michael Faraday]]. The motor was developed only a year after [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] discovered that the flow of electric current creates a proportional magnetic field.{{Cite news|url=http://www.rigb.org/our-history/iconic-objects/iconic-objects-list/faradays-motor|title=Michael Faraday's electric magnetic rotation apparatus (motor)|access-date=2018-04-14|language=en}} This early motor was simply a wire partially submerged into a glass of mercury with a magnet at the bottom. When the wire was connected to a battery a magnetic field was created and this interaction with the magnetic field given off by the magnet caused the wire to spin. [13] => [14] => Ten years later the first electric generator was invented, again by Michael Faraday. This generator consisted of a magnet passing through a coil of wire and inducing current that was measured by a galvanometer. Faraday's research and experiments into electricity are the basis of most of modern electromechanical principles known today.{{Cite news|url=http://www.rigb.org/our-history/iconic-objects/iconic-objects-list/faraday-generator|title=Michael Faraday's generator|access-date=2018-04-14|language=en}} [15] => [16] => Interest in electromechanics surged with the research into long distance communication. The [[Industrial Revolution]]'s rapid increase in production gave rise to a demand for intracontinental communication, allowing electromechanics to make its way into public service. [[Relay]]s originated with [[telegraphy]] as electromechanical devices were used to [[Signal regeneration|regenerate]] telegraph signals. The [[Strowger switch]], the [[Panel switch]], and similar devices were widely used in early automated [[telephone exchange]]s. [[Crossbar switch]]es were first widely installed in the middle 20th century in [[Sweden]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[Great Britain]], and these quickly spread to the rest of the world. [17] => [18] => Electromechanical systems saw a massive leap in progress from 1910-1945 as the world was put into global war twice. [[World War I]] saw a burst of new electromechanics as spotlights and radios were used by all countries.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncpedia.org/wwi-technology-and-weapons-war|title=WWI: Technology and the weapons of war {{!}} NCpedia|website=www.ncpedia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-22}} By [[World War II]], countries had developed and centralized their military around the versatility and power of electromechanics. One example of these still used today is the [[alternator]], which was created to power military equipment in the 1950s and later repurposed for automobiles in the 1960s. Post-war America greatly benefited from the military's development of electromechanics as household work was quickly replaced by electromechanical systems such as microwaves, refrigerators, and washing machines. The [[electromechanical television]] systems of the late 19th century were less successful. [19] => [20] => [[Typewriter|Electric typewriter]]s developed, up to the 1980s, as "power-assisted typewriters". They contained a single electrical component, the motor. Where the keystroke had previously moved a typebar directly, now it engaged mechanical linkages that directed mechanical power from the motor into the typebar. This was also true of the later IBM [[Selectric]]. At [[Bell Labs]], in the 1946, the Bell [[Model V]] computer was developed. It was an electromechanical relay-based device; cycles took seconds. In 1968 electromechanical systems were still under serious consideration for an aircraft [[flight control computer]], until a device based on [[large scale integration]] electronics was adopted in the [[Central Air Data Computer]]. [21] => [22] => === Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) === [23] => {{Main|Microelectromechanical systems}} [24] => {{See also|Nanoelectromechanical systems}} [25] => [26] => [[Microelectromechanical systems]] (MEMS) have roots in the [[silicon revolution]], which can be traced back to two important [[silicon]] [[semiconductor]] inventions from 1959: the [[monolithic integrated circuit]] (IC) chip by [[Robert Noyce]] at [[Fairchild Semiconductor]], and the [[metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor]] (MOSFET) by [[Mohamed M. Atalla]] and [[Dawon Kahng]] at [[Bell Labs]]. [[MOSFET scaling]], the miniaturisation of MOSFETs on IC chips, led to the miniaturisation of [[electronics]] (as predicted by [[Moore's law]] and [[Dennard scaling]]). This laid the foundations for the miniaturisation of mechanical systems, with the development of micromachining technology based on silicon [[semiconductor devices]], as engineers began realizing that silicon chips and MOSFETs could interact and communicate with the surroundings and process things such as [[chemicals]], [[motions]] and [[light]]. One of the first silicon [[pressure sensor]]s was isotropically micromachined by [[Honeywell]] in 1962.{{cite book |last1=Rai-Choudhury |first1=P. |title=MEMS and MOEMS Technology and Applications |date=2000 |publisher=[[SPIE Press]] |isbn=9780819437167 |pages=ix, 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6KOTaI2DhAC&pg=PR9}} [27] => [28] => An early example of a MEMS device is the resonant-gate transistor, an adaptation of the MOSFET, developed by [[Harvey C. Nathanson]] in 1965.{{cite journal|vauthors=Nathanson HC, Wickstrom RA|date=1965|title=A Resonant-Gate Silicon Surface Transistor with High-Q Band-Pass Properties|journal=[[Applied Physics Letters|Appl. Phys. Lett.]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=84–86|doi=10.1063/1.1754323|bibcode=1965ApPhL...7...84N}} During the 1970s to early 1980s, a number of MOSFET [[microsensor]]s were developed for measuring [[physics|physical]], [[chemistry|chemical]], [[biological]] and [[Biophysical environment|environmental]] parameters.{{cite journal |last1=Bergveld |first1=Piet |author1-link=Piet Bergveld |title=The impact of MOSFET-based sensors |journal=Sensors and Actuators |date=October 1985 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=109–127 |doi=10.1016/0250-6874(85)87009-8 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11473091.pdf |issn=0250-6874 |bibcode=1985SeAc....8..109B |access-date=2019-10-19 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426192332/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11473091.pdf |url-status=dead }} In the early 21st century, there has been research on [[nanoelectromechanical systems]] (NEMS). [29] => [30] => == Modern practice == [31] => Today, electromechanical processes are mainly used by power companies. All fuel based generators convert mechanical movement to electrical power. Some renewable energies such as [[Wind power|wind]] and [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] are powered by mechanical systems that also convert movement to electricity. [32] => [33] => In the last thirty years of the 20th century, equipment which would generally have used electromechanical devices became less expensive. This equipment became cheaper because it used more reliably integrated [[microcontroller]] circuits containing ultimately a few million transistors, and a [[computer program|program]] to carry out the same task through logic. With electromechanical components there were only moving parts, such as mechanical [[electric actuator]]s. This more reliable logic has replaced most electromechanical devices, because any point in a system which must rely on mechanical movement for proper operation will inevitably have mechanical wear and eventually fail. Properly designed electronic circuits without moving parts will continue to operate correctly almost indefinitely and are used in most simple feedback control systems. Circuits without moving parts appear in a large number of items from [[traffic light]]s to [[washing machine]]s. [34] => [35] => Another electromechanical device is [[Piezoelectricity|Piezoelectric devices]], but they do not use electromagnetic principles. Piezoelectric devices can create sound or vibration from an electrical signal or create an electrical signal from sound or mechanical vibration. [36] => [37] => To become an electromechanical engineer, typical college courses involve mathematics, engineering, computer science, designing of machines, and other automotive classes that help gain skill in troubleshooting and analyzing issues with machines. To be an electromechanical engineer a bachelor's degree is required, usually in electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical engineering. As of April 2018, only two universities, [[Michigan Tech|Michigan Technological University]] and [[Wentworth Institute of Technology]], offer the major of electromechanical engineering {{Citation needed|reason=Just in the USA or worldwide?|date=December 2021}}. To enter the electromechanical field as an entry level technician, an associative degree is all that is required. [38] => [39] => As of 2016, approximately 13,800 people work as electro-mechanical technicians in the US. The job outlook for 2016 to 2026 for technicians is 4% growth which is about an employment change of 500 positions. This outlook is slower than average.Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Electro-mechanical Technicians, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/electro-mechanical-technicians.htm (visited April 13, 2018). [40] => [41] => == See also == [42] => {{div col|colwidth=22em}} [43] => * [[Electromechanical modeling]] [44] => * [[Adding machine]] [45] => * [[Automation]] [46] => * [[Automatic transmission system]] [47] => * [[Electric machine]] [48] => * [[Electric power conversion]] [49] => * [[Electricity meter]] [50] => * [[Enigma machine]] [51] => * [[Kerrison Predictor]] [52] => * [[Mechatronics]] [53] => * [[Power engineering]] [54] => * [[Relay]] [55] => * [[Robotics]] [56] => * [[SAW filter]] [57] => * [[Stepping switch]] [58] => * [[Solenoid valve]] [59] => * [[Thermostat]] [60] => * [[Torpedo Data Computer]] [61] => * [[Unit record equipment]] [62] => {{div col end}} [63] => [64] => == References== [65] => ;Citations [66] => {{Reflist}} [67] => [68] => ;Sources [69] => * Davim, J. Paulo, editor (2011) ''Mechatronics'', [[John Wiley & Sons]] {{ISBN|978-1-84821-308-1}} . [70] => * {{cite book |first=Edward P. |last=Furlani |title=Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis and Applications |series=Academic Press Series in Electromagnetism |date=August 15, 2001 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-269951-1 |location=San Diego |oclc=47726317}} [71] => * {{cite book |last1=Krause |first1=Paul C. |last2=Wasynczuk |first2=Oleg |title=Electromechanical Motion Devices |series=McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-07-035494-4 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |location=New York |oclc=18224514}} [72] => * Szolc T., Konowrocki R., Michajlow M., Pregowska A., An Investigation of the Dynamic Electromechanical Coupling Effects in Machine Drive Systems Driven by Asynchronous Motors, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, {{ISSN|0888-3270}}, Vol.49, pp. 118–134, 2014 [73] => * "WWI: Technology and the weapons of war | NCpedia". ''www.ncpedia.org''. Retrieved 2018-04-22. [74] => [75] => ==Further reading== [76] => * A first course in electromechanics. By Hugh Hildreth Skilling. Wiley, 1960. [77] => * Electromechanics: a first course in electromechanical energy conversion, Volume 1. By Hugh Hildreth Skilling. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., Jan 1, 1979. [78] => * Electromechanics and electrical machinery. By J. F. Lindsay, M. H. Rashid. Prentice-Hall, 1986. [79] => * Electromechanical motion devices. By Hi-Dong Chai. Prentice Hall PTR, 1998. [80] => * Mechatronics: Electromechanics and Contromechanics. By Denny K. Miu. Springer London, Limited, 2011. [81] => [82] => {{Engineering fields}} [83] => [84] => [[Category:Electromechanical engineering| ]] [] => )
good wiki

Electromechanics

In engineering, electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other.

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