Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Antibiotic medication}} [1] => {{Redirect|Eryc|the local authority of the East Riding of Yorkshire|East Riding of Yorkshire Council}} [2] => {{Distinguish|Azithromycin}} [3] => {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} [4] => {{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}} [5] => {{Infobox drug [6] => | Watchedfields = changed [7] => | verifiedrevid = 464189839 [8] => | image = Erythromycin A skeletal.svg [9] => | width = 200 [10] => | alt = [11] => | image2 = Erythromycin_3d_structure.png [12] => | width2 = [13] => | alt2 = [14] => | caption = [15] => [16] => [17] => | pronounce = [18] => | tradename = Eryc, Erythrocin, others [19] => | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|erythromycin}} [20] => | MedlinePlus = a682381 [21] => | DailyMedID = Erythromycin [22] => | pregnancy_AU = A [23] => | pregnancy_AU_comment = [24] => | pregnancy_category = [25] => | routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[intravenous]], [[intramuscular]], [[Topical administration|topical]], [[Ophthalmic drug administration|eye drops]] [26] => | class = [[Macrolide antibiotic]] [27] => | ATC_prefix = D10 [28] => | ATC_suffix = AF02 [29] => | ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|J01|FA01}} {{ATC|S01|AA17}} {{ATCvet|J51|FA01}} [30] => [31] => [32] => | legal_AU = S4 [33] => | legal_AU_comment = [34] => | legal_BR = [35] => | legal_BR_comment = [36] => | legal_CA = [37] => | legal_CA_comment = [38] => | legal_DE = [39] => | legal_DE_comment = [40] => | legal_NZ = [41] => | legal_NZ_comment = [42] => | legal_UK = POM [43] => | legal_UK_comment = [44] => | legal_US = Rx-only [45] => | legal_US_comment = [46] => | legal_EU = [47] => | legal_EU_comment = [48] => | legal_UN = [49] => | legal_UN_comment = [50] => | legal_status = [51] => [52] => [53] => | bioavailability = Depends on the ester type; between 30% and 65% [54] => | protein_bound = 90% [55] => | metabolism = Liver (under 5% excreted unchanged) [56] => | metabolites = [57] => | onset = [58] => | elimination_half-life = 1.5 hours [59] => | duration_of_action = [60] => | excretion = Bile [61] => [62] => [63] => | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} [64] => | CAS_number = 114-07-8 [65] => | CAS_supplemental = [66] => | PubChem = 12560 [67] => | IUPHAR_ligand = 1456 [68] => | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} [69] => | DrugBank = DB00199 [70] => | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} [71] => | ChemSpiderID = 12041 [72] => | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} [73] => | UNII = 63937KV33D [74] => | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} [75] => | KEGG = D00140 [76] => | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} [77] => | ChEBI = 42355 [78] => | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} [79] => | ChEMBL = 532 [80] => | NIAID_ChemDB = [81] => | PDB_ligand = ERY [82] => | synonyms = [83] => [84] => [85] => | IUPAC_name = (3''R'',4''S'',5''S'',6''R'',7''R'',9''R'',11''R'',12''R'',13''S'',14''R'')-6-{[(2''S'',3''R'',4''S'',6''R'')-4-(Dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-4-{[(2''R'',4''R'',5''S'',6''S'')-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione [86] => | C=37 | H=67 | N=1 | O=13 [87] => | SMILES = CC[C@@H]1[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[C@@H](C[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]2C[C@@]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H](C[C@H](O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)C)O)(C)O [88] => | Jmol = none [89] => | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} [90] => | StdInChI = 1S/C37H67NO13/c1-14-25-37(10,45)30(41)20(4)27(39)18(2)16-35(8,44)32(51-34-28(40)24(38(11)12)15-19(3)47-34)21(5)29(22(6)33(43)49-25)50-26-17-36(9,46-13)31(42)23(7)48-26/h18-26,28-32,34,40-42,44-45H,14-17H2,1-13H3/t18-,19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24+,25-,26+,28-,29+,30-,31+,32-,34+,35-,36-,37-/m1/s1 [91] => | StdInChI_comment = [92] => | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} [93] => | StdInChIKey = ULGZDMOVFRHVEP-RWJQBGPGSA-N [94] => | density = [95] => | density_notes = [96] => | melting_point = [97] => | melting_high = [98] => | melting_notes = [99] => | boiling_point = [100] => | boiling_notes = [101] => | solubility = [102] => | sol_units = [103] => | specific_rotation = [104] => }} [105] => [106] => [107] => '''Erythromycin''' is an [[antibiotic]] used for the treatment of a number of [[bacterial infection]]s. This includes [[respiratory tract infections]], [[skin infections]], [[chlamydia infections]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], and [[syphilis]]. It may also be used during [[pregnancy]] to prevent [[Group B streptococcal infection]] in the newborn, and to improve [[gastroparesis|delayed stomach emptying]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Camilleri M, Parkman HP, Shafi MA, Abell TL, Gerson L | title = Clinical guideline: management of gastroparesis | journal = The American Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–37; quiz 38 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23147521 | pmc = 3722580 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2012.373 }} It can be given [[intravenous]]ly and by mouth. An eye ointment is routinely recommended after [[birth|delivery]] to prevent [[neonatal conjunctivitis|eye infections in the newborn]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Matejcek A, Goldman RD | title = Treatment and prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum | journal = Canadian Family Physician | volume = 59 | issue = 11 | pages = 1187–90 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24235191 | pmc = 3828094 }} [108] => [109] => [110] => Common side effects include abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. More serious side effects may include [[Clostridium difficile colitis|''Clostridium difficile'' colitis]], liver problems, [[prolonged QT]], and [[allergic reaction]]s. It is generally safe in those who are [[penicillin allergy|allergic to penicillin]].{{cite web |title=Erythromycin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/erythromycin.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906031153/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/erythromycin.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}} Erythromycin also appears to be safe to use during pregnancy.{{cite web |title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm |work=Australian Government |date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} While generally regarded as safe during [[breastfeeding]], its use by the mother during the first two weeks of life may increase the risk of [[pyloric stenosis]] in the baby.{{cite book|vauthors=Hamilton RJ|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=[Sudbury, Mass.]|isbn=9781449673611|page=72|edition=2013 delux lab-coat ed., 14th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJay-fZCFGgC&pg=PA72|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801095144/https://books.google.com/books?id=zJay-fZCFGgC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kong YL, Tey HL | title = Treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation | journal = Drugs | volume = 73 | issue = 8 | pages = 779–87 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23657872 | doi = 10.1007/s40265-013-0060-0 | s2cid = 45531743 }} This risk also applies if taken directly by the baby during this age.{{cite journal | vauthors = Maheshwai N | title = Are young infants treated with erythromycin at risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 92 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–3 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17337692 | pmc = 2083424 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2006.110007 | url = http://adc.bmj.com/content/92/3/271| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107021907/http://adc.bmj.com/content/92/3/271 | url-status = live | archive-date = 7 November 2012 }} It is in the [[macrolide]] family of antibiotics and works by decreasing bacterial protein production. [111] => [112] => [113] => Erythromycin was first isolated in 1952 from the bacteria ''[[Saccharopolyspora erythraea]]''.{{cite book|vauthors=Vedas JC|title=Biosynthesis : polyketides and vitamins|date=2000|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=9783540669692|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUuFPxvfWgAC&pg=PA52|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801110901/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUuFPxvfWgAC&pg=PA52|url-status=live}} It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }} In 2021, it was the 259th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2021 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}{{cite web | title = Erythromycin - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Erythromycin | access-date = 14 January 2024}} [114] => {{TOC limit}} [115] => [116] => == Medical uses == [117] => Erythromycin can be used to treat bacteria responsible for causing infections of the skin and upper respiratory tract, including ''[[Streptococcus]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus]]'', ''[[Haemophilus]]'' and [[Erythrasma|''Corynebacterium'']] genera. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant bacteria:{{cite web | url = http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Erythromycin.pdf | title = Erythromycin Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data | publisher = TOKU-E | access-date = 26 February 2014 | archive-date = 9 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150509091111/http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Erythromycin.pdf | url-status = live }} [118] => * ''Haemophilus influenzae'': 0.015 to 256 μg/ml [119] => * ''Staphylococcus aureus'': 0.023 to 1024 μg/ml [120] => * ''Streptococcus pyogenes'': 0.004 to 256 μg/ml [121] => * ''Corynebacterium minutissimum'': 0.015 to 64 μg/ml [122] => [123] => It may be useful in treating [[gastroparesis]] due to this promotility effect. It has been shown to improve feeding intolerances in those who are critically ill.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewis K, Alqahtani Z, Mcintyre L, Almenawer S, Alshamsi F, Rhodes A, Evans L, Angus DC, Alhazzani W | title = The efficacy and safety of prokinetic agents in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials | journal = Critical Care | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 259 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27527069 | pmc = 4986344 | doi = 10.1186/s13054-016-1441-z | doi-access = free }} Intravenous erythromycin may also be used in [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy|endoscopy]] to help clear [[stomach]] contents.{{medical citation needed|date=December 2023}} [124] => [125] => === Available forms === [126] => [[File:000719lg Enteric coated erythomycin.jpg|thumb|Enteric-coated erythromycin capsule from Abbott Labs]] [127] => Erythromycin is available in [[enteric coating|enteric-coated]] tablets, slow-release capsules, oral suspensions, ophthalmic solutions, ointments, gels, enteric-coated capsules, non enteric-coated tablets, non enteric-coated capsules, and injections. [128] => The following erythromycin combinations are available for oral dosage:{{cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/cons/erythromycin-oral-parenteral.html | title = Erythromycin Oral, Parenteral Advanced Patient Information | work = Drugs.com | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091130183915/http://www.drugs.com/cons/erythromycin-oral-parenteral.html | archive-date = 30 November 2009 }} [129] => * erythromycin base (capsules, tablets) [130] => * erythromycin estolate (capsules, oral suspension, tablets), contraindicated during pregnancy{{cite journal | vauthors = Workowski KA, Berman SM | title = Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006 | journal = MMWR: Recommendations and Reports | volume = 55 | issue = RR-11 | pages = 1–94 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16888612 | doi = | url = https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/toc.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100211154655/http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/toc.htm | archive-date=11 February 2010}} [131] => * erythromycin ethylsuccinate (oral suspension, tablets) [132] => * erythromycin stearate (oral suspension, tablets) [133] => For injection, the available combinations are: [134] => * erythromycin gluceptate [135] => * erythromycin lactobionate [136] => [137] => For ophthalmic use: [138] => * erythromycin base (ointment) [139] => [140] => == Adverse effects == [141] => Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]], [[abdominal pain]], and [[vomiting]], are very common because erythromycin is a [[motilin]] agonist.{{cite journal | vauthors = Weber FH, Richards RD, McCallum RW | title = Erythromycin: a motilin agonist and gastrointestinal prokinetic agent | journal = The American Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 88 | issue = 4 | pages = 485–90 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 8470625 }} [142] => [143] => More serious side effects include [[Heart arrhythmia|arrhythmia]] with [[prolonged QT interval]]s, including ''[[torsades de pointes]]'', and reversible [[deafness]]. Allergic reactions range from [[urticaria]] to [[anaphylaxis]]. [[Cholestasis]] and [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome]] are some other rare side effects that may occur.{{cite book |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs |publisher=Elsevier |year=2016 |pages=99–108 |url= | veditors = Aronson JK |chapter=Erythromycin |edition=Sixteenth |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53717-1.00698-3 |isbn=9780444537164 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780444537171006983}} [144] => [145] => Studies have shown evidence both for and against the association of [[pyloric stenosis]] and exposure to erythromycin prenatally and postnatally.{{cite book |vauthors=Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ |title=Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk |date=2011 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-60831-708-0 |edition=9th |chapter=Erythromycin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&q=erythromycin&pg=PA512 |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523131602/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&q=erythromycin&pg=PA512 |url-status=live }} Exposure to erythromycin (especially long courses at antimicrobial doses, and also through [[breastfeeding]]) has been linked to an increased probability of pyloric stenosis in young infants.{{cite journal | vauthors = Maheshwai N | title = Are young infants treated with erythromycin at risk for developing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 92 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–3 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17337692 | pmc = 2083424 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2006.110007 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lund M, Pasternak B, Davidsen RB, Feenstra B, Krogh C, Diaz LJ, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M | title = Use of macrolides in mother and child and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: nationwide cohort study | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | pages = g1908 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24618148 | pmc = 3949411 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g1908 }} Erythromycin used for feeding intolerance in young infants has not been associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. [146] => [147] => Erythromycin estolate has been associated with reversible hepatotoxicity in pregnant women in the form of elevated serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and is not recommended during pregnancy. Some evidence suggests similar hepatotoxicity in other populations.{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormack WM, George H, Donner A, Kodgis LF, Alpert S, Lowe EW, Kass EH | title = Hepatotoxicity of erythromycin estolate during pregnancy | journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 630–5 | date = November 1977 | pmid = 21610 | pmc = 429989 | doi = 10.1128/AAC.12.5.630 }} [148] => [149] => It can also affect the [[central nervous system]], causing [[psychosis|psychotic reactions]], nightmares, and night sweats. [150] => [151] => == Interactions == [152] => Erythromycin is metabolized by enzymes of the [[cytochrome P450]] system, in particular, by [[isozymes]] of the [[CYP3A]] superfamily.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hunt CM, Watkins PB, Saenger P, Stave GM, Barlascini N, Watlington CO, Wright JT, Guzelian PS | title = Heterogeneity of CYP3A isoforms metabolizing erythromycin and cortisol | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–23 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1732074 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.1992.3 | hdl = 2027.42/109905 | s2cid = 28056649 | url = https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109905/1/cptclpt19923.pdf | hdl-access = free | access-date = 29 August 2019 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828075533/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/109905/cptclpt19923.pdf;jsessionid=E4EB0A4C0D1D5A07533C041190B23FA0?sequence=1 | url-status = live }} The activity of the CYP3A enzymes can be induced or inhibited by certain drugs (e.g., dexamethasone), which can cause it to affect the [[metabolism]] of many different drugs, including erythromycin. If other CYP3A substrates — drugs that are broken down by CYP3A — such as [[simvastatin]] (Zocor), [[lovastatin]] (Mevacor), or [[atorvastatin]] (Lipitor) — are taken concomitantly with erythromycin, levels of the substrates increase, often causing adverse effects. A noted drug interaction involves erythromycin and simvastatin, resulting in increased simvastatin levels and the potential for [[rhabdomyolysis]]. Another group of CYP3A4 substrates are drugs used for [[migraine]] such as [[ergotamine]] and [[dihydroergotamine]]; their adverse effects may be more pronounced if erythromycin is associated.{{cite web | url = http://www.bcfi.be/GGR/MPG/MPG_KABA.cfm | title = Erythromycine | work = Belgisch Centrum voor Farmacotherapeutische Informatie | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100756/http://www.bcfi.be/GGR/MPG/MPG_KABA.cfm | archive-date = 6 October 2015 }} [153] => [154] => Earlier case reports on sudden death prompted a study on a large cohort that confirmed a link between erythromycin, [[ventricular tachycardia]], and sudden cardiac death in patients also taking drugs that prolong the metabolism of erythromycin (like [[verapamil]] or [[diltiazem]]) by interfering with CYP3A4.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S, Narasimhulu SS, Hall K, Stein CM | title = Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 351 | issue = 11 | pages = 1089–96 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15356306 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa040582 | doi-access = free }} Hence, erythromycin should not be administered to people using these drugs, or drugs that also prolong the [[QT interval]]. Other examples include [[terfenadine]] (Seldane, Seldane-D),{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/erythromycin-with-terfenadine-1009-0-2164-0.html?professional=1 |title=Drug Interactions between erythromycin and terfenadine |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Drugs.com}} [[astemizole]] (Hismanal),{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/astemizole-with-erythromycin-271-0-1009-0.html?professional=1 |title=Drug Interactions between astemizole and erythromycin |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Drugs.com}} [[cisapride]]{{cite journal | vauthors = Michalets EL, Williams CR | title = Drug interactions with cisapride: clinical implications | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–75 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10926350 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-200039010-00004 | s2cid = 41704853 }} (Propulsid, withdrawn in many countries for prolonging the QT time) and [[pimozide]] (Orap).{{cite web |url=https://gpnotebook.com/pages/ear-nose-and-throat/erythromycin/interactions |title=Erythromycin Interactions |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=GPnotebook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221161502/https://gpnotebook.com/pages/ear-nose-and-throat/erythromycin/interactions |archive-date=21 December 2023 |url-status=live}} Interactions with [[theophylline]], which is used mostly in asthma, were also shown.{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/erythromycin-with-theophylline-1009-0-2177-0.html?professional=1 |title=Drug Interactions between erythromycin and theophylline |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Drugs.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221104101/https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/erythromycin-with-theophylline-1009-0-2177-0.html?professional=1 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |url-status=live}} [155] => [156] => Erythromycin and [[doxycycline]] can have a synergistic effect when combined and kill bacteria (''E. coli)'' with a higher potency than the sum of the two drugs together. This synergistic relationship is only temporary. After approximately 72 hours, the relationship shifts to become antagonistic, whereby a 50/50 combination of the two drugs kills less bacteria than if the two drugs were administered separately.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pena-Miller R, Laehnemann D, Jansen G, Fuentes-Hernandez A, Rosenstiel P, Schulenburg H, Beardmore R | title = When the most potent combination of antibiotics selects for the greatest bacterial load: the smile-frown transition | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = e1001540 | date = 23 April 2013 | pmid = 23630452 | pmc = 3635860 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001540 | doi-access = free }} [157] => [158] => It may alter the effectiveness of [[combined oral contraceptive pill]]s because of its effect on the gut flora. A review found that when erythromycin was given with certain oral contraceptives, there was an increase in the maximum serum concentrations and [[Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)|AUC]] of [[Estradiol-containing birth control pill|estradiol]] and [[dienogest]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Blode H, Zeun S, Parke S, Zimmermann T, Rohde B, Mellinger U, Kunz M | title = Evaluation of the effects of rifampicin, ketoconazole and erythromycin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the components of a novel oral contraceptive containing estradiol valerate and dienogest in healthy postmenopausal women | language = en | journal = Contraception | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | pages = 337–44 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22445438 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.01.010 | url = https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(12)00041-8/abstract | access-date = 2 August 2019 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828075535/https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824%2812%2900041-8/fulltext | url-status = live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Simmons KB, Haddad LB, Nanda K, Curtis KM | title = Drug interactions between non-rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraception: a systematic review | language = en | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 218 | issue = 1 | pages = 88–97.e14 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28694152 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.003 | s2cid = 36567820 | url = https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(17)30845-1/abstract | access-date = 2 August 2019 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828075543/https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2817%2930845-1/fulltext | url-status = live }} [159] => [160] => Erythromycin is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 system, which means it can have a rapid effect on levels of other drugs metabolised by this system, e.g., [[warfarin]].{{cite journal | vauthors = Westphal JF | title = Macrolide - induced clinically relevant drug interactions with cytochrome P-450A (CYP) 3A4: an update focused on clarithromycin, azithromycin and dirithromycin | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 285–295 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11012550 | pmc = 2015000 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00261.x }} [161] => [162] => == Pharmacology == [163] => [164] => === Mechanism of action === [165] => [166] => Erythromycin displays [[bacteriostatic]] activity or inhibits growth of bacteria, especially at higher concentrations.{{cite book | chapter = Section VIII: Chemotherapeutic Drugs; Chapter 44: Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Clindamycin, & Streptogramins | pages = 389–396 | veditors = Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, Masters SB |title = Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology: Examination & Board Review |date=2010 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-170155-6 |edition=9th}} By binding to the 50s subunit of the bacterial [[rRNA]] complex, protein synthesis and subsequent structure and function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. Erythromycin interferes with aminoacyl translocation, preventing the transfer of the [[tRNA]] bound at the [[A site]] of the rRNA complex to the [[P site]] of the rRNA complex.{{cite web |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SE/en/product/sial/e6376 |title=Erythromycin |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Sigma-Aldrich}} Without this translocation, the A site remains occupied, thus the addition of an incoming tRNA and its attached [[amino acid]] to the nascent [[polypeptide]] chain is inhibited.{{medical citation needed|date=December 2023}} This interferes with the production of functionally useful proteins, which is the basis of this antimicrobial action.{{medical citation needed|date=December 2023}} [167] => [168] => Erythromycin increases gut motility by binding to [[motilin receptor]], thus it is a motilin receptor agonist in addition to its antimicrobial properties. It can be therefore administered intravenously as a stomach emptying stimulant.{{cite book |title=Gastroparesis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment | vauthors = Parkman HP |publisher=Academic Press |year=2021 |pages=323–339 |chapter=Chapter 24 - Prokinetic agents for gastroparesis |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-818586-5.00024-7 |isbn=9780128185865 |quote=Erythromycin has prokinetic effects because it is a motilin receptor agonist in addition to being an antibiotic. [...] When given intravenously, erythromycin is a potent stimulant of gastric emptying among the available prokinetic drugs. |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128185865000247}} [169] => [170] => === Pharmacokinetics === [171] => [172] => Erythromycin is easily inactivated by gastric acid; therefore, all orally administered formulations are given as either enteric-coated or more-stable salts or [[ester]]s, such as erythromycin [[succinate|ethylsuccinate]]. Erythromycin is very rapidly absorbed, and diffuses into most tissues and [[phagocyte]]s. Due to the high concentration in phagocytes, erythromycin is actively transported to the site of infection, where, during active [[phagocytosis]], large concentrations of erythromycin are released.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lebel M | title = Pharmacokinetic properties of clarithromycin: A comparison with erythromycin and azithromycin | journal = The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 148–152 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 22346438 | pmc = 3250788 | doi = 10.1155/1993/168061 | doi-access = free }} [173] => [174] => === Metabolism === [175] => [176] => Most of erythromycin is metabolised by [[demethylation]] in the [[liver]] by the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4. Its main elimination route is in the [[bile]] with little renal excretion, 2%–15% unchanged drug. Erythromycin's [[elimination half-life]] ranges between 1.5 and 2.0 hours and is between 5 and 6 hours in patients with end-stage renal disease. Erythromycin levels peak in the serum 4 hours after dosing; ethylsuccinate peaks 0.5–2.5 hours after dosing, but can be delayed if digested with food.{{cite book |vauthors=Edmunds MW, Mayhew MS |title=Pharmacology for the primary care provider |date=2009 |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |isbn=978-0-323-06316-6 |edition=Third |chapter=Chapter 61: Macrolides |pages=658–662 (661) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JtgGU0fkggC&pg=PA661 |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523131602/https://books.google.com/books?id=9JtgGU0fkggC&pg=PA661 |url-status=live }}; {{cite book | vauthors = Kirst HA, Sides GD | date = 1993 | chapter = Chapter 28: Erythromycin | veditors = Bryskier A, Butzler JP, Neu HC, Tulkens | title = The Macrolides | publisher = Arnette-Blackwell | location = Oxford UK }} [177] => [178] => Erythromycin crosses the placenta and enters breast milk. The American Association of Pediatrics determined erythromycin is safe to take while breastfeeding.{{cite journal | title = Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 108 | issue = 3 | pages = 776–89 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11533352 | doi = 10.1542/peds.108.3.776 | author1 = American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs | doi-access = free }} Absorption in pregnant patients has been shown to be variable, frequently resulting in levels lower than in nonpregnant patients.{{cite journal | vauthors = Philipson A, Sabath LD, Charles D | title = Erythromycin and clindamycin absorption and elimination in pregnant women | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–77 | date = January 1976 | pmid = 1245094 | doi = 10.1002/cpt197619168 | s2cid = 7573420 }} [179] => [180] => == Chemistry == [181] => [182] => === Composition === [183] => [184] => Standard-grade erythromycin is primarily composed of four related compounds known as erythromycins A, B, C, and D. Each of these compounds can be present in varying amounts and can differ by lot. Erythromycin A has been found to have the most antibacterial activity, followed by erythromycin B. Erythromycins C and D are about half as active as erythromycin A.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kibwage IO, Hoogmartens J, Roets E, Vanderhaeghe H, Verbist L, Dubost M, Pascal C, Petitjean P, Levol G | title = Antibacterial activities of erythromycins A, B, C, and D and some of their derivatives | journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 630–3 | date = November 1985 | pmid = 4091529 | pmc = 176346 | doi = 10.1128/aac.28.5.630 }} Some of these related compounds have been purified and can be studied and researched individually. [185] => [186] => === Synthesis === [187] => [188] => Over the three decades after the discovery of erythromycin A and its activity as an antimicrobial, many attempts were made to synthesize it in the laboratory. The presence of 10 stereogenic carbons and several points of distinct substitution has made the total synthesis of erythromycin A a formidable task.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pal S | year = 2006 | title = A journey across the sequential development of macrolides and ketolides related to erythromycin | journal = Tetrahedron | volume = 62 | issue = 14| pages = 3171–3200 | doi = 10.1016/j.tet.2005.11.064 }} Complete syntheses of erythromycins’ related structures and precursors such as 6-deoxyerythronolide B have been accomplished, giving way to possible syntheses of different erythromycins and other macrolide antimicrobials.{{cite journal | vauthors = Evans DA, Kim AS | year = 1997 | title = Synthesis of 6-Deoxyerythronolide B. Implementation of a General Strategy for the Synthesis of Macrolide Antibiotics | journal = Tetrahedron Lett. | volume = 38 | pages = 53–56 | doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(96)02258-7 }} Woodward successfully completed the synthesis of erythromycin A.{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodward RB, Logusch E, Nambiar KP, Sakan K, Ward DE, Au-Yeung BW, Balaram P, Browne LJ, Card PJ, Chen CH | date = June 1981 | title = Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Erythromycin. 1. Synthesis of an Erythronolide A Seco Acid Derivative via Asymmetric Induction | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 103 | issue = 11| pages = 3210–3213 | doi = 10.1021/ja00401a049 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodward RB, Au-Yeung BW, Balaram P, Browne LJ, Ward DE, Au-Yeung BW, Balaram P, Browne LJ, Card PJ, Chen CH | year = 1981 | title = Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Erythromycin. 2. Synthesis of an Erythronolide A Lactone System | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 103 | issue = 11| pages = 3213–3215 | doi = 10.1021/ja00401a050 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodward RB, Logusch E, Nambiar KP, Sakan K, Ward DE, Au-Yeung BW, Balaram P, Browne LJ, Card PJ, Chen CH | date = June 1981 | title = Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Erythromycin. 3. Total Synthesis of Erythromycin | journal =Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 103 | issue = 11| pages = 3215–3217 | doi = 10.1021/ja00401a051 }} [189] => [190] => == History == [191] => [192] => In 1949 [[Abelardo Aguilar|Abelardo B. Aguilar]], a Filipino scientist, sent some soil samples to his employer at [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]].{{cite news | vauthors = Tan ML |title=Drugs and rights |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/123626/drugs-and-rights |access-date=4 November 2021 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=30 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228125609/https://opinion.inquirer.net/123626/drugs-and-rights |url-status=live }} Aguilar managed to isolate erythromycin from the metabolic products of a strain of ''Streptomyces erythreus'' (designation changed to ''[[Saccharopolyspora erythraea]]'') found in the samples. Aguilar received no further credit or compensation for his discovery.{{cite news |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/123626/drugs-and-rights |title=Drugs and rights |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=21 December 2023 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] | vauthors = Tan ML }} [193] => [194] => The scientist was allegedly promised a trip to the company's manufacturing plant in Indianapolis, but it was never fulfilled. In a letter to the company's president, Aguilar wrote: “A leave of absence is all I ask as I do not wish to sever my connection with a great company which has given me wonderful breaks in life.” The request was not granted. [195] => [196] => Aguilar reached out to Eli Lilly again in 1993, requesting royalties from sales of the drug over the years, intending to use them to put up a foundation for poor and sickly Filipinos. This request was also denied. He died in September of the same year.{{cite web | vauthors = Hibionada FF | title = Remembering the battle of Dr. Abelardo Aguilar: Cure for millions, deprived of millions. | work = The News Today | access-date = 22 September 2015 | url = https://www.thenewstoday.info/2005/05/03/iloilonews3.htm | archive-date = 18 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210918004325/https://www.thenewstoday.info/2005/05/03/iloilonews3.htm | url-status = live }} [197] => [198] => Lilly filed for patent protection on the compound which was granted in 1953.{{cite patent | country = US | number = 2653899 | title = Erythromycin, its salts, and method of preparation | inventor = Bunch RL, Mcguire JM | assign1 = Eli Lilly and Company | pubdate = 29 September 1953 | postscript = . }} The product was launched commercially in 1952 under the brand name Ilosone (after the [[Philippines|Philippine]] region of [[Iloilo Province|Iloilo]] where it was originally collected). Erythromycin was formerly also called Ilotycin. [199] => [200] => The antibiotic [[clarithromycin]] was invented by scientists at the Japanese drug company [[Taisho Pharmaceutical]] in the 1970s as a result of their efforts to overcome the acid instability of erythromycin.{{cite book | vauthors = Greenwood D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA239 |title=Antimicrobial drugs: chronicle of a twentieth century medical triumph |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-953484-5 |location=New York |pages=239}} [201] => [202] => == Society and culture == [203] => [204] => === Economics === [205] => [206] => It is available as a [[generic medication]]. [207] => [208] => In the United States, in 2014, the price increased to seven dollars per tablet.{{cite web | vauthors = Stahl S | date = 26 September 2014 | url = http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2014/09/26/health-generic-drugs-prices-increasing/ | title = Health: Generic Drugs Prices Increasing | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409212651/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2014/09/26/health-generic-drugs-prices-increasing/ | archive-date=9 April 2016 | work = CBS Philadelphia | access-date = 24 March 2016 }} [209] => [210] => The price of erythromycin rose three times between 2010 and 2015, from 24 cents per tablet in 2010 to $8.96 in 2015.{{cite web | vauthors = Terry K | date = 15 September 2016 | title = Some Generic Drugs See Huge Price Increases | url = https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/868812 | website = www.medscape.com | access-date = 29 June 2018 | archive-date = 6 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170406005414/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/868812 | url-status = live }} In 2017, a Kaiser Health News study found that the per-unit cost of dozens of generics doubled or even tripled from 2015 to 2016, increasing spending by the Medicaid program. Due to price increases by drug manufacturers, Medicaid paid on average $2,685,330 more for Erythromycin in 2016 compared to 2015 (not including rebates).{{cite web | vauthors = Lupkin S | work = Kaiser Health News | date = 14 August 2017 | title = Climbing cost of decades-old drugs threatens to break Medicaid bank | url = http://www.philly.com/philly/health/health-cents/climbing-cost-of-decades-old-drugs-threatens-to-break-medicaid-bank-20170814.html | via = The Philadelphia Inquirer | access-date = 29 June 2018 | archive-date = 29 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180629050058/http://www.philly.com/philly/health/health-cents/climbing-cost-of-decades-old-drugs-threatens-to-break-medicaid-bank-20170814.html | url-status = live }} By 2018, generic drug prices had climbed another 5% on average.{{cite news |vauthors=Marsh T |title=Are Drugs Really Getting More Expensive? Yes. |url=https://www.goodrx.com/blog/are-drugs-getting-more-expensive/ |website=The GoodRx Prescription Savings Blog |access-date=29 June 2018 |date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323095306/https://www.goodrx.com/blog/are-drugs-getting-more-expensive/ |url-status=live }} [211] => [212] => ===Brand names=== [213] => Brand names include Robimycin, E-Mycin, E.E.S. Granules, E.E.S.-200, E.E.S.-400, E.E.S.-400 Filmtab, Erymax, Ery-Tab, Eryc, Ranbaxy, Erypar, EryPed, Eryped 200, Eryped 400, Erythrocin Stearate Filmtab, Erythrocot, E-Base, Erythroped, Ilosone, MY-E, Pediamycin, Zineryt, Abboticin, Abboticin-ES, Erycin, PCE Dispertab, Stiemycine, Acnasol, and Tiloryth. [214] => [215] => == Veterinary uses == [216] => Erythromycin is also used in fishcare for the "''broad spectrum treatment and control of bacterial disease''". Body slime, mouth fungus, furunculosis, bacterial gill illness, and hemorrhagic septicaemia are all examples of bacterial diseases in fish that may be treated and controlled with this therapy. The usage of Erythromycin in fishcare is mainly limited to therapies targeting gram-positive bacteria.{{cite web|url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FA084 |title=CIR 84/FA084: Use of Antibiotics in Ornamental Fish Aquaculture|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911175940/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FA084|url-status=live}} [217] => [218] => == References == [219] => {{Reflist}} [220] => [221] => {{Acne agents}} [222] => {{GlycopeptideAntiBio}} [223] => {{Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators}} [224] => {{Portal bar|Medicine}} [225] => {{Authority control}} [226] => [227] => [[Category:Tertiary alcohols]] [228] => [[Category:Cyclohexanols]] [229] => [[Category:CYP3A4 inhibitors]] [230] => [[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]] [231] => [[Category:Ethers]] [232] => [[Category:Hepatotoxins]] [233] => [[Category:Lactones]] [234] => [[Category:Drugs developed by Pfizer]] [235] => [[Category:Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company]] [236] => [[Category:Macrolide antibiotics]] [237] => [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [238] => [[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]] [] => )
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Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic that is commonly used in the treatment of various bacterial infections. This Wikipedia page provides detailed information about the drug, including its history, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications and uses, adverse effects, and drug interactions.

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This Wikipedia page provides detailed information about the drug, including its history, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications and uses, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The page begins with an introduction to erythromycin, explaining that it was first discovered in the 1950s and has since become widely available in many different formulations, including tablets, capsules, and topical creams. The mechanism of action section describes how erythromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. The pharmacokinetics section explains that erythromycin is well-absorbed after oral administration and reaches its peak concentration in the blood within two hours. It is metabolized by the liver and excreted in the bile, which may lead to drug interactions with other medications that are metabolized by the same enzymes. The indications and uses section enumerates the various infections for which erythromycin is commonly prescribed, including respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. It also mentions its off-label uses in gastrointestinal motility disorders and acne treatment. The adverse effects section lists the most common side effects of erythromycin, such as gastrointestinal disturbances, as well as less common but more severe adverse effects, such as hepatotoxicity and QT prolongation. Precautions and contraindications are also discussed, including avoiding erythromycin in patients with a history of allergic reactions or liver dysfunction. The last section of the page covers drug interactions, stating that erythromycin can inhibit the metabolism of many other medications, leading to increased blood levels and potential toxicity. It also mentions how erythromycin can alter the metabolism of drugs like cyclosporine and theophylline, which may require dose adjustments. Overall, the Wikipedia page on erythromycin provides a comprehensive overview of the drug, discussing its properties, uses, and potential risks. It serves as a valuable resource for both healthcare professionals and individuals seeking information about this widely used antibiotic.

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