Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Global initiative for sharing virus data}} [1] => {{use mdy dates|date=December 2021}} [2] => {{Infobox organization [3] => | logo = GISAID logo.png [4] => | formation = {{start date and age|2006|12|19}}{{Citation |title=District of Columbia Corporation Registry |url= |work= |access-date= |url-status= |at=Initial File Number 263748 |publisher=District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs}}{{Cite web |title=District of Columbia Corporation Registry, Initial File Number 263748 |url=https://corponline.dcra.dc.gov/BizEntity.aspx/ViewEntityData?entityId=2689336 |website= }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Cite web |title=OpenCorporates information for US, D.C. Company "GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON SHARING ALL INFLUENZA DATA" |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_dc/EXTUID_2689336 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=opencorporates.com}}{{cite news |last1=Greenemeier |first1=Larry |title=Open-Access Flu Research Web Site Is Relaunched Amid Controversy |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gisaid-sib-flu-database |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=Scientific American |date=14 September 2009 |language=en}} [5] => | full_name = Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data [6] => | type = [[Nonprofit organization]] [7] => | purpose = [[Global health]], [[research]] [8] => | headquarters = [[Munich]], [[Germany]]{{Cite web |title=GISAID - Imprint / Privacy |url=https://gisaid.org/about-us/imprint-privacy/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=gisaid.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=Vereinsregister des Amtsgerichts München |trans-title=Register of associations of the district court of Munich (Germany) |url=https://www.handelsregister.de/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Gemeinsames Registerportal der Länder |series=VR 204844 |publisher=Ministerium der Justiz [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] (justice ministry of the German Land of Nordrhein-Westfalen) |language=de |format=PDF |publication-place=Munich, Germany}} [9] => | key_people = {{Plainlist| [10] => * [[Peter Bogner (businessman)|Peter Bogner]] (president) [11] => * {{nowrap|Jörg Paura}} and {{nowrap|Christoph Wetzler}} (executive board members) [12] => * {{nowrap|[[Ron Fouchier]]}} (co-chair, Scientific Advisory Council){{cite web |date=2020 |title=Governance & Expertise: Scientific Advisory Council|url=https://www.gisaid.org/about-us/governance/|access-date=July 7, 2020|website=GISAID|quote=The Scientific Advisory Council (SAC) advises and supports the Initiative in pursuit of its public health and scientific objectives. Its members are leading scientists with expertise in virology, microbiology, computational and molecular biology, epidemiology, evolutionary genomics and bioinformatics, and public health or animal-health..}} [13] => }} [14] => | website = https://gisaid.org [15] => | name = GISAID [16] => | abbreviation = [17] => | method = Donations and grants [18] => }} [19] => '''GISAID''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ɪ|s|eɪ|d|}}), the '''Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data''',{{cite journal |title=GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality |journal=Euro Surveill |date=30 March 2017 |pmid=28382917 |pmc=5388101 |last1=Shu |first1=Y. |last2=McCauley |first2=J. |volume=22 |issue=13 |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494 }} previously the '''Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data''',{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/06/raccoon-dog-george-gao-covid-origins |title=Inside the COVID Origins Raccoon Dog Cage Match|first1=Katherine|last1=Eban|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=June 1, 2023}}{{cite journal|title=A global initiative on sharing avian flu data|first1=Peter|last1=Bogner|first2=Ilaria|last2=Capua|first3=David J.|last3=Lipman|first4=Nancy J.|last4=Cox|journal=Nature|date=30 August 2006|volume=442|issue=7106 |page=981|doi=10.1038/442981a |bibcode=2006Natur.442Q.981B |s2cid=4419375 |doi-access=free}} is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of [[influenza]] viruses. The database was expanded to include the coronavirus responsible for the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Soumya |date=December 17, 2020 |title=The WHO's chief scientist on a year of loss and learning |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03556-y |access-date=December 20, 2020}}{{cite journal|last=Korber|first=Bette|date=August 20, 2020|title=Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus|url= |journal=Cell|volume=182|issue=4|pages=812–827.e19|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043|pmid=32697968|pmc=7332439|quote=the global sampling of SARS-CoV-2 is being very capably addressed by the Global Initiative for Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database}} as well as other pathogens. The database has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences".{{Cite news|date=December 31, 2021|title=Hochul Extends Mask Mandate, Debuts New Surge Plan as NY Smashes Case Record Again|work=NBC New York|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/coronavirus/hochul-debuts-2-0-plan-to-address-ny-omicron-fueled-winter-surge/3474109/|access-date=January 13, 2022|quote=The omicron variant... accounted for 78% of genetically sequenced positive New York COVID samples uploaded to GISAID, the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences, over the last two weeks.}} GISAID facilitates genomic epidemiology and real-time surveillance to monitor the emergence of new COVID-19 viral strains across the planet.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/coronavirus-pandemic-highlights-key-need-for-science-and-partnerships/cid/1761451|title=Coronavirus pandemic highlights key need for science and partnerships|last=Jameel|first=Shahid|date=April 2, 2020|website=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |access-date=December 29, 2020}} [20] => [21] => Since its establishment as an alternative to sharing avian influenza data{{cite news|last=McDowell|first=Robin|date=May 15, 2008|title=Indonesia hands over bird flu data to new database|work=Fox News|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2008May15/0,4675,BirdFluNewDatabase,00.html|access-date=June 7, 2020}} via conventional public-domain archives,{{cite journal|last1=Elbe|first1=Stefan|last2=Buckland-Merrett|first2=Gemma|date=January 10, 2017|title=Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health|journal=Global Challenges|volume=1|issue=1|pages=33–46|doi=10.1002/gch2.1018|pmid=31565258|pmc=6607375|bibcode=2017GloCh...1...33E }} GISAID has facilitated the exchange of outbreak genome data during the [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]] [[2009 swine flu pandemic|pandemic]]{{Cite news|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=June 25, 2009|title=Pandemic reveals strengths of new flu database|work=Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2009/06/pandemic-reveals-strengths-new-flu-database|access-date=June 7, 2020}}{{Cite web|date=April 25, 2009|title=Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/swineflu_sequences_labs_20090425.pdf|access-date=June 7, 2020|website=World Health Organization}} in 2009, the [[Influenza A virus subtype H7N9|H7N9]] epidemic{{cite journal|date=April 24, 2013|title=The fight against bird flu|journal=Nature|volume=496|issue=7446|pages=397|doi=10.1038/496397a|pmid=23627002|doi-access=free}}{{Cite news|last=Larson|first=Christina|date=April 10, 2013|title=CDC Races to Create a Vaccine for China's Latest Bird Flu Strain|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-10/cdc-races-to-create-a-vaccine-for-chinas-latest-bird-flu-strain|access-date=June 7, 2020}} in 2013, the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]]{{cite news|last=Prasad|first=R.|date=January 19, 2020|title=What is the source of the new SARS-like disease reported in China?|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/coronavirus-alert/article30595786.ece|access-date=June 7, 2020}}{{cite news|last=Ng|first=Kang-chung|date=January 12, 2020|title=Wuhan pneumonia: Hong Kong set to develop new test for mystery virus after obtaining genetic sequence from mainland China|work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3045750/wuhan-pneumonia-hong-kong-set-develop-new-test|access-date=June 7, 2020}} and the [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak]].{{Cite web |date=2022-06-09 |title=Epidemiological update: Monkeypox multi-country outbreak |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/epidemiological-update-monkeypox-multi-country-outbreak-8-june |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en}} [22] => [23] => == History == [24] => [25] => [[File:GISAID Founder Peter Bogner and German State Secretary Robert Kloos.jpg|alt=Peter Bogner shakes hands with Robert Kloos|GISAID President [[Peter Bogner (businessman)|Peter Bogner]] (l) and German State Secretary {{ill|Robert Kloos|de}} in [[Berlin]], April 2010|thumb|left]] [26] => [27] => ===Origin=== [28] => [29] => Since 1952, influenza strains had been collected by National Influenza Centers (NICs) and distributed through the WHO's [[Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System]] (GISRS).{{cite web |title=70 years of GISRS – the Global Influenza Surveillance & Response System |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/seventy-years-of-gisrs---the-global-influenza-surveillance---response-system |website=World Health Organisation |access-date=4 May 2023 |language=en}} Countries provided samples to the WHO but the data was then shared with them for free with pharmaceutical companies who could patent vaccines produced from the samples.{{cite journal |last1=Fidler |first1=David P. |title=Influenza Virus Samples, International Law, and Global Health Diplomacy |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=January 2008 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=88–94 |doi=10.3201/eid1401.070700|pmid=18258086 |s2cid=32706081 |pmc=2600156 }} Beginning in January 2006, Italian researcher [[Ilaria Capua]] refused to upload her data to a closed database and called for genomic data on H5N1 avian influenza to be in the public domain.{{cite news |last1=Editorial |title=Secret Avian Flu Archive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/15/opinion/secret-avian-flu-archive.html |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230404113139/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/15/opinion/secret-avian-flu-archive.html |archive-date=4 April 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Enserink |first1=Martin |title=Italy's Influenza Diva |journal=Science |date=10 November 2006 |volume=314 |issue=5801 |pages=918–919 |doi=10.1126/science.314.5801.918|pmid=17095672 |s2cid=161378290 }} At a conference of the [[OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza]], Capua persuaded participants to agree to each sequence and release data on 20 strains of influenza. Some scientists had concerns about sharing their data in case others published scientific papers using the data before them, but Capua dismissed this telling ''Science'' "What is more important? Another paper for Ilaria Capua's team or addressing a major health threat? Let's get our priorities straight." [[Peter Bogner (businessman)|Peter Bogner]], a German in his 40s based in the USA and who previously had no experience in public health, read an article about Capua's call and helped to found and fund GISAID.{{cite journal |last1=Enserink |first1=Martin |last2=Cohen |first2=Jon |title=The 'invented persona' behind a key pandemic database |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=19 April 2023 |doi=10.1126/science.adi3224 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/invented-persona-behind-key-pandemic-database |access-date=21 April 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115696782401349781|title=A Nonscientist Pushes Sharing Bird-Flu Data'|last=Zamiska|first=Nicholas|date=August 30, 2006|website=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=10 November 2016|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230327184636/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB115696782401349781|archivedate=27 March 2023}} Bogner met [[Nancy Cox (virologist)|Nancy Cox]], who was then leading the US [[Centers for Disease Control]]'s influenza division at a conference, and Cox went on to chair GISAID's Scientific Advisory Council. [30] => [31] => The acronym GISAID was coined in a correspondence letter published in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in August 2006, putting forward an initial aspiration of creating a [[consortium]] for a new Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (later, "All" would replace "Avian"), whereby its members would release data in publicly available databases up to six months after analysis and validation.{{cite journal |last1=Bogner|first1=Peter |last2=Capua|first2=Ilaria|last3=Lipman|first3=David|last4=Cox|first4=Nancy|date=August 30, 2006|title=A global initiative on sharing avian flu data|journal=Nature|volume=442 |issue=7106 |page=981 |doi=10.1038/442981a |bibcode=2006Natur.442Q.981B |doi-access=free}} Initially the organisation collaborated with the Australian non-profit organization [[Cambia (non-profit organization)|Cambia]] and the Creative Commons project [[Science Commons]].{{cite news |title=Poor countries may patent bird virus strains |url=https://www.deseret.com/2006/8/25/19970380/poor-countries-may-patent-bird-virus-strains |work=Bloomberg News|date=25 August 2006 |language=en|author=John Lauerman}} Although no essential ground rules for sharing were established,{{cite journal |title=Boosting access to disease data |type=Editorial |journal=Nature |volume=442 |issue=7106 |page=957 |date=August 31, 2006 |pmid=16943803 |doi=10.1038/442957a |bibcode=2006Natur.442Q.957. |doi-access=|s2cid=5320096 }} the correspondence letter was signed by over 70 leading scientists, including seven [[Nobel laureates]], because access to the most current genetic data for the highly pathogenic [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] [[zoonosis|zoonotic virus]] was often restricted, in part due to the hesitancy of [[World Health Organization]] member states to share their virus genomes and put ownership rights at risk.{{cite news|last=McDowell|first=Robin|date=May 18, 2008|title=Indonesia will add its data to global bird-flu Web site|work=Orlando Sentinel|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/268492259|access-date=November 19, 2020|quote=China, Russia and other nations that have long withheld influenza-virus samples and DNA-sequencing data from the international community are also taking part in the initiative, saying it offers full transparency and, for the first time, basic protection of intellectual-property rights.}} [32] => [33] => Towards the end of 2006, Indonesia announced it would not share samples of avian flu with the WHO which led to a global health crisis due to an ongoing epidemic. By October 2006, Indonesia had agreed to share their data with GISAID,{{cite journal |last1=Quirk |first1=Mary |title=Non-WHO global initiative on sharing avian influenza data |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=October 2006 |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=621 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70589-8}} which their health minister considered to have a "fair and transparent" mechanism for sharing data.{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |title=Q&A: Siti Fadilah Supari |journal=Nature |date=December 2007 |volume=450 |issue=7173 |pages=1137 |doi=10.1038/4501137a|pmid=18097360 |bibcode=2007Natur.450.1137B |s2cid=4384824 |doi-access=free }} It was one of the first countries to do so.{{cite web |title=Global flu database goes live |url=https://www.fao.org/3/aj095e/aj095e.pdf |website=FAOAIDEnews |access-date=5 May 2023 |page=1 |date=16 May 2008}} In February 2007, GISAID and the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] (SIB) announced a cooperation agreement, with the SIB building and administering the EpiFlu database on behalf of GISAID.{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/460786b |doi-access=free|title=Flu database rocked by legal row |year=2009 |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7257 |page=787 |pmid=19675613 }} Ultimately, GISAID was launched in May 2008 in [[Geneva]] on the occasion of the 61st World Health Assembly, as a registration-based database rather than a consortium. [34] => [35] => ===2009 onwards=== [36] => In 2009 SIB disconnected the database from the GISAID portal over a contract dispute, resulting in litigation.{{cite news |last1=Armstrong Moore |first1=Elizabeth |title=Launch of new flu database ruffles feathers |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/launch-of-new-flu-database-ruffles-feathers/ |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=CNET |date=16 September 2009 |language=en}} [37] => In April 2010 the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] announced during the 7th International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza in [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]], that GISAID had entered into a cooperation agreement{{cite news |title=Influenza pathogen database of global significance set up in Bonn |date=April 15, 2010 |work=BMEL Homepage |url=http://www.bmel.de/EN/Ministry/Research-Innovation/_Texte/FLI-Influenza-GISAID.html |access-date=January 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103094158/http://www.bmel.de/EN/Ministry/Research-Innovation/_Texte/FLI-Influenza-GISAID.html |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |url-status=dead }} with the German government, making Germany the long-term host of the GISAID platform.{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/pip/advisory_group/german_statement_pipreview.pdf |title =Germany's Statement on Substantive Issues and Concerns Regarding the PIP Framework and its Implementation, Special Session of the PIP Advisory Group, October 13, 2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]], [[Geneva]] |access-date=November 8, 2016}} Under the agreement, Germany's [[BMELV|Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection]] was to ensure the sustainability of the initiative by providing technical hosting facilities,{{cite news |title=GISAID Datenbank liefert grundlegende Informationen für Bekämpfungsstrategien |date=April 16, 2014 |work=BLE Homepage |url=http://www.ble.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/08_Service/04_Pressemitteilungen/Archiv2013/130416_GISAID_Vogelgrippe.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |access-date=January 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103093815/http://www.ble.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/08_Service/04_Pressemitteilungen/Archiv2013/130416_GISAID_Vogelgrippe.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |url-status=dead}} and the Federal Institute for [[Animal Health]], the [[Friedrich Loeffler Institute]], was to ensure the plausibility and [[data curation|curation]] of scientific data in GISAID. By 2021, the ministry was no longer involved with either database hosting nor curation.{{Cite web |title=Weltweit größte Datenbank unterstützt Forschung an Grippeimpfstoffen |url=https://www.bmel.de/DE/ministerium/forschung/gisaid2018.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=BMEL |date=March 17, 2022 |language=de}} [38] => In 2013 GISAID dissolved a nonprofit organisation based in Washington DC and the organisation began to be operated by a German association called Freunde von GISAID (Friends of GISAID). [39] => [40] => Some of the earliest SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequences were released by the [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] and shared through GISAID in mid January 2020.{{Cite web |title=Dispute simmers over who first shared SARS-CoV-2's genome |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/dispute-simmers-over-who-first-shared-sars-cov-2-s-genome |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.science.org |language=en}} Since 2020, millions of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences have been uploaded to the GISAID database.{{cite web|last=Ryan|first=Valerie|date=August 10, 2020|title=SARS-CoV-2 virus strains circulating in Ireland identified|url=https://www.imt.ie/news/sars-cov-2-virus-strains-circulating-ireland-identified-10-08-2020/|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=Irish Medical Times}} [41] => [42] => In 2022, GISAID added Mpox virus{{Cite journal |last1=Nasri |first1=Ferdous |last2=Kongkitimanon |first2=Kunaphas |last3=Wittig |first3=Alice |last4=Cortés |first4=Jorge Sánchez |last5=Brinkmann |first5=Annika |last6=Nitsche |first6=Andreas |last7=Schmachtenberg |first7=Anna-Juliane |last8=Renard |first8=Bernhard Y. |last9=Fuchs |first9=Stephan |date=2023-03-13 |title=MpoxRadar: a worldwide Mpox genomic surveillance dashboard |journal=bioRxiv|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526935v2 |language=en |pages=2023.02.03.526935 |doi=10.1101/2023.02.03.526935|s2cid=256630934 }} and [[Respiratory syncytial virus]] (RSV){{Cite web |title=GISAID - Submission Tracker Global RSV |url=https://gisaid.org/submission-tracker-global-rsv/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=gisaid.org |language=en}} to the list of pathogens supported by its database. Indonesia's [[Ministry of Health (Indonesia)|Ministry of Health]] announced in November 2023 the establishment of GISAID Academy in [[Bali]], to focus on bioinformatics education, advance pathogen genomic surveillance, and increased regional response capacity.{{Cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/299718/ministry-establishes-gisaid-academy-for-improving-bioinformatics|title=Ministry establishes GISAID Academy for improving bioinformatics|date=November 29, 2023|website=Antara News}} [43] => [44] => The GISAID model of incentivizing and recognizing those who deposit data has been recommended as a model for future initiatives;{{Cite journal|last1=LoTempio|first1=Jonathan|last2=Spencer|first2=D'Andre|last3=Yarvitz|first3=Rebecca|last4=Vilain|first4=Arthur Delot|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Délot|first6=Emmanuèle|date=August 19, 2020|title=We Can Do Better: Lessons Learned on Data Sharing in COVID-19 Pandemic Can Inform Future Outbreak Preparedness and Response|url=https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2020/we-can-do-better-lessons-learned-data-sharing-in-COVID-19-pandemic-can-inform-future|journal=Science & Diplomacy|quote=GISAID further required that data users not only give credit to data submitters, but make maximum efforts to work with and include them in joint analyses on viral sequence data, further tipping the scales in favor of collaboration. This mandated sharing of not only data, but the benefits of research, has resulted in a paradigm shift which helps to put contributors from higher or lower resource settings on the same footing. ... Adopting a system of credit sharing similar to GISAID's would ensure that regardless of resource setting, data depositors are incentivized and recognized.|via=AAAS}} Because of this work, the entity has been described as "a critical shield for humankind".{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/gisaid-peter-bogner-covid-pandemic-database/ |title=This man created our best chance of stopping the next pandemic but now he is under attack. Why?|first1=Paul|last1=Nuki|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=13 June 2023}} [45] => [46] => ===Database for SARS-CoV-2 genomes=== [47] => GISAID maintains what has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences", and "by far the world's largest database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences". By mid-April 2021, GISAID's SARS-CoV-2 database reached over 1,200,000 submissions, a testament to the hard work of researchers in over 170 different countries.{{Cite news|last=Maxmen|first=Amy|date=April 23, 2021|title=One million coronavirus sequences: popular genome site hits mega milestone|work=Nature|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01069-w |quote=More than 1.2 million coronavirus genome sequences from 172 countries and territories have now been shared on a popular online data platform}} Only three months later, the number of uploaded SARS-CoV-2 sequences had doubled again, to over 2.4 million.{{cite news|last=Press Trust of India |date=July 22, 2021 |title=OPrevalence of COVID-19's Delta variant among specimens sequenced over past 4 weeks exceeded 75%: WHO |work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/prevalence-of-COVID-19s-delta-variant-among-specimens-sequenced-over-past-4-weeks-exceeded-75-who/article35462051.ece# |quote=as of July 20, a total of over 2.4 million SARS-CoV-2 sequences have been submitted to GISAID}} By late 2021, the database contained over 5 million genome sequences;{{cite web |last1=Varela |first1=Anna |title=Georgia State Researchers Develop Rapid Computer Software To Track Pandemics As They Happen |url=https://news.gsu.edu/2021/11/16/georgia-state-researchers-develop-rapid-computer-software-to-track-pandemics-as-they-happen/ |website=GSU.edu |date=November 16, 2021 |publisher=Georgia State University |access-date=December 1, 2021}} as of December 2021, over 6 million sequences had been submitted;{{cite journal |last1=Maxmen |first1=Amy |title=Omicron blindspots: why it's hard to track coronavirus variants |journal=Nature |date=16 December 2021 |volume=600 |issue=7890 |page=579 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03698-7 |pmid=34916668 |bibcode=2021Natur.600..579M |s2cid=245262198 |language=en|doi-access=free }} by April 2022, there were 10 million sequences accumulated; and in January 2023 the number had reached 14.4 million.{{cite news |last1=Sweeney |first1=Lucy |title=Could China's COVID-19 outbreak lead to the next variant of concern? Here's what the experts say |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-09/china-COVID-19-outbreak-and-variants-of-concern/101828548 |access-date=24 February 2023 |work=Australian Broadcasting Corp |date=8 January 2023 |language=en-AU}} [48] => [49] => In January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 [[DNA sequencing|genetic sequence]] data was shared through GISAID.{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Talha |title=First shared SARS-CoV-2 genome: GISAID vs virological.org |journal=The Lancet Microbe |date=April 2023 |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=S2666524723001337 |doi=10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00133-7|pmid=37116518 |pmc=10129129 }} Throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences that were generated and shared globally were submitted through GISAID.{{cite journal|last=Munnink|first=Bas|date=September 9, 2021|title=The next phase of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance: real-time molecular epidemiology|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=27|issue=9|pages=1518–1524|doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01472-w|pmid=34504335|s2cid=237468106|quote=During the first year of the pandemic, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences were generated from all around the world and shared, mostly through GISAID.|doi-access=free}} When the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]] was detected in South Africa, by quickly uploading the sequence to GISAID, the National Institute for Communicable Diseases there was able to learn that Botswana and Hong Kong had also reported cases possessing the same gene sequence.{{cite news |last1=Cocks |first1=Tim |title=How South African scientists spotted the Omicron COVID variant |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/how-south-african-scientists-spotted-omicron-covid-variant-2021-11-30/ |access-date=December 1, 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=November 30, 2021}} [50] => [51] => In March 2023, GISAID temporarily suspended database access for some scientists, removing raw data relevant to [[Investigations into the origin of COVID-19|investigations of the origins of SARS-CoV-2]].{{Cite web |title=Newly revealed coronavirus data has reignited a debate over the virus's origins |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/24/1070250/newly-revealed-coronavirus-data-debate-virus-origins/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Katherine J. |date=2023-03-21 |title=A Major Clue to COVID's Origins Is Just Out of Reach |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/03/covid-pandemic-origins-missing-evidence-debate/673460/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Unearthed genetic sequences from China market may point to animal origin of COVID-19 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/COVID-19-origins-missing-sequences |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.science.org |language=en}} GISAID stated that they do not delete records from their database, but data may become temporarily invisible during updates or corrections.{{Cite news |date=2023-03-19 |title=WHO, advisors urge China to release all COVID-related data after new research |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/who-advisors-urge-china-release-all-covid-related-data-after-new-research-2023-03-18/ |access-date=2023-03-28}}{{Cite web |title=New genetic analysis finds clues to animal origin of COVID outbreak |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-origins-wuhan-market-animals-raccoon-dogs/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.cbsnews.com |date=March 17, 2023 |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Block |first2=Eli |date=2023-03-28 |title='Being truthful is essential': scientist who stumbled upon Wuhan Covid data speaks out |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/28/being-truthful-is-essential-scientist-who-stumbled-upon-wuhan-covid-data-speaks-out |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0261-3077}} Availability of the data was restored, with an additional restriction that any analysis based thereon would not be shared with the public.{{Cite journal |last=Mallapaty |first=Smriti |date=2023-03-29 |title=COVID-origins report sparks debate over major genome hub GISAID |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00901-9 |journal=Nature |volume=616 |issue=7955 |pages=13–14 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-00901-9|pmid=36991056 |bibcode=2023Natur.616...13M |s2cid=257835687 }} [52] => [53] => == Governance == [54] => The board of Friends of GISAID consists of Peter Bogner and two German lawyers who are not involved in the day-to-day operations of the organisation. Scientific advice to the organization is provided by its Scientific Advisory Council, including directors of leading [[Public health laboratory|public health laboratories]], such as [[WHO Collaborating Centres]] for Influenza.{{Cite web |title=GISAID - Governance |url=https://gisaid.org/about-us/governance/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=gisaid.org |language=en}} [55] => In 2023, GISAID's lack of transparency was criticized by some GISAID funders, including the [[European Commission]] and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], with long-term funding being denied from [[International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations|International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA)]].{{Cite news |title=A critical genetic database is under fire |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2023/04/05/a-critical-genetic-database-is-under-fire |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0013-0613}} In June 2023, it was reported in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' that Bogner had said that "GISAID will soon launch an independent compliance board 'responsible for addressing a wide range of governance matters'". ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' similarly reported that GISAID's in-house counsel was developing new governance processes intended to be transparent and allow for the resolution of scientific disputes without the involvement of Bogner. [56] => [57] => == Access and intellectual property == [58] => The creation of the GISAID database was motivated in part by concerns raised by researchers from [[developing countries]],{{cite journal|url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langlo/PIIS2214-109X(22)00417-X.pdf |title=Ethics and governance challenges related to genomic data sharing in southern Africa: the case of SARS-CoV-2|author=Keymanthri Moodley|display-authors=etal|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=10|pages=e1855–e1859|year=2022|issue=12 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00417-X |pmid=36309034 |pmc=9826954 }} with ''Scientific American'' noting in 2009 that that "a previous data-sharing system run by WHO forced them to give up intellectual property rights to their virus samples when they sent them to WHO. The virus samples would then be used by private pharmaceutical companies to make vaccines that are awarded patents and sold at a profit at prices many poor nations cannot afford". In a 2022 piece in ''The Lancet'', it was further noted that scientists in North America and Europe sought unrestricted access, with "scientists from Africa requiring sufficient protections for those who generate and share data as per the GISAID terms and conditions". Unlike public-domain databases such as [[GenBank]] and [[EMBL]], users of GISAID must have their identity confirmed and agree to a Database Access Agreement that governs the way GISAID data can be used.{{cite web | url =https://www.gisaid.org/registration/terms-of-use/ | title =GISAID Database Access Agreement | website =www.gisaid.org | access-date = 8 May 2020}} These Terms of Use are "weighted in favour of the data provider and gives them enduring control over the genetic data they upload". They prevent users from sharing any data with other users who have not agreed to them, and require that users of the data must credit the data generators in published work, and also make a reasonable attempt to collaborate with data generators and involve them in research and analysis that uses their data. [59] => [60] => A difficulty that GISAID's Data Access Agreement attempts to address is that many researchers fear sharing of influenza sequence data could facilitate its misappropriation through intellectual property claims by the vaccine industry and others, hindering access to vaccines and other items in developing countries, either through high costs or by preventing [[technology transfer]]. While most public interest experts agree with GISAID that influenza sequence data should be made public, and this is the subject of agreement by many researchers, some provide the information only after filing patent claims while others have said that access to it should be only on the condition that no patents or other intellectual property claims are filed, as was controversial with the [[Human Genome Project]].{{cite journal |last1=Lawson |first1=Charles |title=Open Access DNA, RNA and Amino Acid Sequences: The Consequences and Solutions for the International Regulation of Access and Benefit Sharing |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine |date=7 October 2016 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=96–118 |pmid=30136777 |url=https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/100901/LawsonPUB2749.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=21 December 2021}} GISAID's Data Access Agreement addresses this directly to promote sharing data. GISAID's procedures additionally suggest that those who access the EpiFlu database consult the countries of origin of genetic sequences and the researchers who discovered the sequences. As a result, the GISAID license has been important in rapid pandemic preparedness. However, these restrictions evidence common criticisms to [[Open data#Arguments for and against|an open data model]].{{cite journal |last1=Zuiderwijk |first1=Anneke |last2=Janssen |first2=Marijn |last3=Choenni |first3=Sunil |last4=Meijer |first4=Ronald |last5=Alibaks |first5=Roexsana Sheikh |title=Socio‑technical Impediments of Open Data |journal=Electronic Journal of E-Government |date=1 December 2012 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=156–172 |url=https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejeg/article/view/571 |access-date=30 August 2023 |language=en |issn=1479-439X}} [61] => [62] => GISAID describes itself as "open access", which is naturally replicated by the media and in journal publications. This description indeed aligns with the original announcement of the consortium, which also mentioned depositing the data to the databases participating in the [[International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration|INSDC]]. As of March 2023, this is not the case, as "GISAID does not offer a mechanism to release data to any other database".{{Cite web |title=GISAID - FAQ |url=https://gisaid.org/help/faq/ |website=gisaid.org |language=en}} A few academic papers have compared GISAID's licensing model to unrestricted, [[open data]]bases,{{cite journal |last1=Kryukov |first1=K |last2=Jin |first2=L |last3=Nakagawa |first3=S |title=Efficient compression of SARS-CoV-2 genome data using Nucleotide Archival Format. |journal=Patterns (New York, N.Y.) |date=9 September 2022 |volume=3 |issue=9 |page=100562 |doi=10.1016/j.patter.2022.100562 |pmid=35818472 |pmc=9259476 }}{{cite journal |last1=Moodley |first1=K |last2=Cengiz |first2=N |last3=Domingo |first3=A |last4=Nair |first4=G |last5=Obasa |first5=AE |last6=Lessells |first6=RJ |last7=de Oliveira |first7=T |title=Ethics and governance challenges related to genomic data sharing in southern Africa: the case of SARS-CoV-2. |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |date=December 2022 |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e1855–e1859 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00417-X |pmid=36309034 |pmc=9826954 |s2cid=253165702 }}{{cite journal |last1=Bernasconi |first1=A |last2=Canakoglu |first2=A |last3=Masseroli |first3=M |last4=Pinoli |first4=P |last5=Ceri |first5=S |title=A review on viral data sources and search systems for perspective mitigation of COVID-19. |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |date=22 March 2021 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=664–675 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbaa359 |pmid=33348368 |pmc=7799334 }} highlighting the differences while other researchers have signed an open letter calling for the use of any of the INSDC's unrestricted databases.{{Cite web |title=Open letter: Support data sharing for COVID-19 |url=https://www.covid19dataportal.org/support-data-sharing-covid19 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.covid19dataportal.org}} [63] => [64] => In 2017, GISAID's editorial board stated that "[[Registry of Research Data Repositories|re3data.org and DataCite]], the world's leading provider of digital object identifiers (DOI) for research data, affirmed the designation of access to GISAID's database and data as Open Access".{{cite web |title=GISAID - Editorial Board affirms Open Access designation of GISAID |url=https://gisaid.org/resources/statements-clarifications/editorial-board-affirms-open-access-designation-of-gisaid/ |website=gisaid.org |access-date=27 March 2023 |language=en}} However, after several researchers had their accounts suspended in March 2023 as reported by the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=J |title=New clues to pandemic's origin surface, causing uproar. |journal=Science |date=24 March 2023 |volume=379 |issue=6638 |pages=1175–1176 |doi=10.1126/science.adh9055 |pmid=36952417 |bibcode=2023Sci...379.1175C |s2cid=257696101 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-origin-report-controversy |access-date=27 March 2023|doi-access=free }} and other news outlets,{{cite news |last1=Wu |first1=Katherine J. |title=A Major Clue to COVID's Origins Is Just Out of Reach |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/03/covid-pandemic-origins-missing-evidence-debate/673460/ |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=The Atlantic |date=21 March 2023 |language=en}} its open access status was revoked by the [[Registry of Research Data Repositories|Registry of Research Data Repositories (re3data)]], which now classifies it as a "restricted access repository".{{cite web |title=GISAID {{!}} re3data.org |url=https://www.re3data.org/repository/r3d100010126#tab_terms |website=www.re3data.org |access-date=27 March 2023}} In 2020 the [[World Health Organization]] chief scientist [[Soumya Swaminathan]] called the initiative "a game changer", while the co-director of the [[European Bioinformatics Institute]] (EBI) [[Rolf Apweiler]] has argued that because it does not allow sequences to be reshared publicly, it hampers efforts to understand the coronavirus and the rapid rise of new variants.{{cite journal |last1=Van Noorden |first1=Richard |date=11 February 2021 |title=Scientists call for fully open sharing of coronavirus genome data |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=195–196 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00305-7 |pmid=33542487 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..195V |s2cid=231817576}} [65] => [66] => GISAID's restrictions on access have led to conflict with "labs and institutions whose priorities are academic rather than driven by the immediate priorities of public health protection". In January 2021, GISAID's restricted access led a group of scientists to write an open letter asking for SARS-CoV-2 sequences to be deposited in open databases,{{cite web |title=Open letter: Support data sharing for COVID-19 |url=https://www.covid19dataportal.org/support-data-sharing-covid19 |website=www.covid19dataportal.org |publisher=COVID-19 Data Portal |access-date=27 March 2023}} which was replicated in the journals ''Nature''{{cite journal |last1=Maxmen |first1=Amy |title=Why some researchers oppose unrestricted sharing of coronavirus genome data |journal=Nature |date=13 May 2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=176–177 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01194-6|pmid=33953391 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..176M |s2cid=233867611 }}{{cite journal |last1=Van Noorden |first1=Richard |title=Scientists call for fully open sharing of coronavirus genome data |journal=Nature |date=11 February 2021 |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=195–196 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00305-7|pmid=33542487 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..195V |s2cid=231817576 }} and ''Science''.{{cite journal |last1=Wadman |first1=Meredith |title=Critics decry access, transparency issues with key trove of coronavirus sequences |journal=Science |date=10 March 2021 |doi=10.1126/science.abi4496 |s2cid=233620925 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/critics-decry-access-transparency-issues-key-trove-coronavirus-sequences |access-date=27 March 2023|quote=With more than 700,000 genomes from more than 160 countries, GISAID is by far the world's largest database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences}} Furthermore, the article from ''Science'' points out that the lack of transparency in access to the database also prevents many scientists from even criticising the platform. A paper from 2017 describing the success of GISAID mentions that revoking researchers' credentials was rare, but it did happen.{{cite journal |last1=Elbe |first1=Stefan |last2=Buckland-Merrett |first2=Gemma |title=Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health: Data, Disease and Diplomacy |journal=Global Challenges |date=January 2017 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=33–46 |doi=10.1002/gch2.1018 |pmid=31565258 |pmc=6607375 |bibcode=2017GloCh...1...33E |s2cid=15830721 |quote=According to GISAID, the percentage of all active users whose access credentials to the GISAID platform have been revoked at the time of writing is around 0.16%.}} The same publication described a "perceived merit in GISAID's formula for balancing the need for control and openness". In April 2023, ''Science'' and ''[[The Economist]]'' reported these issues continue as well as the lack of transparency of its governance.{{Cite web |title=The 'invented persona' behind a key pandemic database |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/invented-persona-behind-key-pandemic-database |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.science.org |language=en}} An investigation by ''The Telegraph'' into claims made by ''Science'' noted the incentives of various potential competitors in the field, for whom GISAID is an obstacle to consolidation of control over the field, and also noted that GISAID's position inevitably places it at the center of disputes between groups of scientists, which will tend to result in the losing side blaming GISAID for that outcome. [67] => [68] => == See also == [69] => * {{annotated link|Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages|Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (PANGOLIN)}} [70] => * {{annotated link|Nextstrain}} [71] => [72] => ==References== [73] => {{Reflist|2|refs=}} [74] => [75] => == Further reading == [76] => * {{cite news |work=[[On the Media]]|title=Not a Perfect Science |url=https://www.npr.org/podcasts/452538775/on-the-media |access-date=May 30, 2021 |publisher=[[WNYC]]|date=May 28, 2021 |format=audio}} [77] => [78] => == External links == [79] => * {{Official website}} [80] => [81] => {{Bioinformatics}} [82] => [83] => {{DEFAULTSORT:Gisaid}} [84] => [[Category:Avian influenza]] [85] => [[Category:Influenza]] [86] => [[Category:Mpox]] [87] => [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic]] [88] => [[Category:Genome databases]] [89] => [[Category:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]] [90] => [[Category:Organisations based in Munich]] [91] => [[Category:Public health organizations]] [92] => [[Category:International scientific organizations]] [93] => [[Category:Bioinformatics]] [94] => [[Category:Virology]] [95] => [[Category:Non-profit organisations based in Germany]] [] => )
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GISAID

GISAID , the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, previously the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of influenza viruses. The database was expanded to include the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other pathogens.

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