Array ( [0] => {{short description|Planned space for displaying plants and other forms of nature}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => [[File:Brooklyn Botanic Garden New York May 2015 010.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|upright=1.5|A section of the [[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]] that has pink [[Prunus 'Kanzan'|''Prunus'' 'Kanzan']] cherry trees]] [3] => A '''garden''' is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest [[wild garden]] is ''control''. The garden can incorporate both natural and artificial materials.{{Cite dictionary|dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/garden|title=Garden|edition=Online|access-date=21 August 2022|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327044527/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/garden|url-status=live}} [4] => [5] => Gardens often have design features including statuary, [[Folly|follies]], [[pergola]]s, [[Trellis (architecture)|trellises]], [[Stumpery|stumperies]], dry creek beds, and [[water feature]]s such as [[fountain]]s, [[Garden pond|ponds]] (with or without [[Koi pond|fish]]), [[waterfall]]s or creeks. Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while others also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the [[ornamental plant]]s. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from [[farm]]s by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby or self-sustenance rather than producing for sale, as in a [[market garden]]). [[Flower garden]]s combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.{{cite web |last1=Anguelovski |first1=Isabelle |title=Urban gardening |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311871937}} [6] => [7] => The most common form today is a residential or public garden, but the term ''garden'' has traditionally been a more general one. [[Zoo]]s, which display [[wildlife|wild animals]] in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens.{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Tom |title=Garden History: Philosophy and Design 2000 BC – 2000 AD |date=1 September 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-37082-5 |page={{page needed|date=December 2021}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pZ_AgAAQBAJ |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130836/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Garden_History/-pZ_AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Klindienst |first1=Patricia |title=The Earth Knows My Name: Food, Culture, and Sustainability in the Gardens of Ethnic Americans |year=2006 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-8562-2 |page={{page needed|date=December 2021}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNaEY6HBKHMC |access-date=2021-12-08 |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130819/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Earth_Knows_My_Name/YNaEY6HBKHMC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }} Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with ''garden'', which etymologically implies ''enclosure'', often signifying a shortened form of [[botanical garden]]. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as [[Japanese rock garden|Zen gardens]], however, use plants sparsely or not at all. Landscape gardens, on the other hand, such as the [[English landscape garden]]s first developed in the 18th century, may omit flowers altogether. [8] => [9] => [[Landscape architecture]] is a related professional activity with [[landscape architect]]s tending to engage in design at many scales and working on both public and private projects.{{cite journal |title=Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening |year=2001 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |publisher=Wiley Online Library|doi=10.1002/tea.1036 |last1=Fusco |first1=Dana |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=860–877 |bibcode=2001JRScT..38..860F }} [10] => [11] => ==Etymology== [12] => The etymology of the word ''gardening'' refers to [[enclosure]]: it is from Middle English ''gardin'', from Anglo-French ''gardin'', ''jardin'', of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German ''gard'', ''gart'', an enclosure or compound, as in [[Stuttgart]]. See [[Grad (Slavic settlement)]] for more complete etymology.{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/garden |title=Etymology of the modern word gardin |dictionary=[[Merriam Webster]] |access-date=2009-10-14 |archive-date=2010-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221175230/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/garden |url-status=live }} The words ''yard'', ''court'', and Latin ''hortus'' (meaning "garden", hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates—all referring to an enclosed space.{{cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |title=Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stutt'''gart'''. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalin'''grad''', and the Russian word for city, ''gorod''. Gird and girdle are also related |publisher=Yourdictionary.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101107/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |archive-date=2010-02-13 }} [13] => [14] => The term "garden" in [[British English]] refers to a small enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk|title=Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=2007-05-24|archive-date=2007-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105345/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk|url-status=dead}} This would be referred to as a [[yard (land)|yard]] in [[American English]].{{cite book |last1=Schur |first1=Norman |last2=Ehrlich |first2=Eugene |last3=Ehrlich |first3=Richard |title=British English from A to Zed: A Definitive Guide to the Queen's English |date=1987 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing|Skyhorse]] |isbn=9781620875773 |page=146}} [15] => [16] => ==Uses== [17] => [[Image:'JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG|thumb|upright|Partial view from the [[Botanical Garden of Curitiba]] ([[Southern Brazil]]): [[parterre]]s, [[flower]]s, [[fountain]]s, [[sculpture]]s, [[greenhouse]]s and [[trail|tracks]] composes the place used for recreation and to study and protect the flora.]] [18] => A garden can have [[aesthetic]], functional, and recreational uses: [19] => * Cooperation with nature [20] => ** [[Plant cultivation]] [21] => ** [[Garden-based learning]] [22] => * Observation of nature [23] => ** [[Bird]]- and [[insect]]-watching [24] => ** Reflection on the changing [[season]]s [25] => * Relaxation [26] => ** Placing down different types of [[garden gnomes]] [27] => ** Family dinners on the terrace [28] => ** Children playing in the garden [29] => ** Reading and [[relaxing]] in a [[hammock]] [30] => ** Maintaining the flowerbeds [31] => ** Pottering in the [[shed]] [32] => ** Basking in warm [[sunshine]] [33] => ** Escaping oppressive sunlight and heat [34] => * Growing useful produce [35] => ** Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty [36] => ** Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking [37] => [38] => ==History== [39] => {{Main|History of gardening}} [40] => === Asia === [41] => ==== China ==== [42] => [[File:Humble Administrator's Garden 7193 (6399187813).jpg|thumb|Naturalistic design of a Chinese garden incorporated into the landscape, including a pavilion]] [43] => {{Main|Chinese garden}} [44] => The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the [[Yellow River]], during the [[Shang Dynasty]] (1600–1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown. Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, ''you'', ''pu'' and ''yuan''. ''You'' was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while ''pu'' was a garden for plants. During the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC), ''[[wikt:園|yuan]]'' became the character for all gardens.Feng Chaoxiong, ''The Classical Gardens of Suzhou'', preface, and Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', Editions de La Martiniere, Paris 2010, p. 10–11. The old character for ''yuan'' is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree.Tong Jun, Records of Jiang Gardens, cited in Feng Chanoxiong, ''The Classical Gardens of Suzhou''. [45] => [46] => A famous royal garden of the late Shang dynasty was the ''Terrace, Pond and Park'' of the Spirit (''Lingtai, Lingzhao Lingyou'') built by [[King Wenwang]] west of his capital city, [[Yinxu|Yin]]. The park was described in the ''[[Classic of Poetry]]'' this way: [47] => [48] => :The King makes his promenade in the Park of the Spirit, [49] => :The deer are kneeling on the grass, feeding their fawns, [50] => :The deer are beautiful and resplendent. [51] => :The immaculate cranes have plumes of a brilliant white. [52] => :The King makes his promenade to the Pond of the Spirit, [53] => :The water is full of fish, who wriggle.Translation in ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quête du paradis'', cited in Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', p. 11. [54] => [55] => Another early royal garden was ''Shaqui'', or the ''Dunes of Sand'', built by the last Shang ruler, [[King Zhou of Shang|King Zhou]] (1075–1046 BC). It was composed of an earth terrace, or ''tai'', which served as an observation platform in the center of a large square park. It was described in one of the early classics of Chinese literature, the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' (''Shiji'').Tan, p. 10. See also Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', p. 11. According to the ''Shiji'', one of the most famous features of this garden was the ''Wine Pool and Meat Forest'' (酒池肉林). A large pool, big enough for several small boats, was constructed on the palace grounds, with inner linings of polished oval shaped stones from the seashore. The pool was then filled with wine. A small island was constructed in the middle of the pool, where trees were planted, which had skewers of roasted meat hanging from their branches. King Zhou and his friends and concubines drifted in their boats, drinking the wine with their hands and eating the roasted meat from the trees. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste.Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis'', p. 11. [56] => [57] => During the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (722–481 BC), in 535 BC, the ''Terrace of Shanghua'', with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by [[King Jing of Zhou (Gui)|King Jing]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]]. In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, the ''Terrace of Gusu'', was begun. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where boats in the form of blue dragons navigated. From the highest terrace, a view extended as far as [[Lake Tai]], the Great Lake.Che Bing Chiu, ''Jardins de Chine'', p. 12 [58] => [59] => ==== India ==== [60] => ''[[Manasollasa]]'' is a twelfth century [[Sanskrit]] text that offers details on garden design and a variety of other subjects.Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida in Manasollasa, ''Asian Agri-History'', Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335 Both public parks and woodland gardens are described, with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the ''Vana-krida'' chapter.{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} ''[[Shilparatna]]'', a text from the sixteenth century, states that flower gardens or public parks should be located in the northern portion of a town.{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Ram Bachan|title=Cities and parks in ancient India|journal=Ekistics|volume=42|issue=253|pages=372–376|jstor=43618748|year=1976}} [61] => [62] => ==== Japan ==== [63] => [[File:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg|thumb|right|A [[moss garden]] at the [[Saihō-ji]] temple in [[Kyoto]], started in 1339.]] [64] => {{Main|Japanese garden}} [65] => The earliest recorded Japanese gardens were the [[pleasure garden]]s of the Emperors and nobles. They were mentioned in several brief passages of the {{transl|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, the first chronicle of Japanese history, published in 720 CE. In spring 74 CE, the chronicle recorded: "The [[Emperor Keikō]] put a few carp into a pond, and rejoiced to see them morning and evening". The following year, "The Emperor launched a double-hulled boat in the pond of Ijishi at Ihare, and went aboard with his imperial concubine, and they feasted sumptuously together". In 486, the chronicle recorded that "The [[Emperor Kenzō]] went into the garden and feasted at the edge of a winding stream".Nitschke, ''Le Jardin Japonais'', p. 30. [66] => [67] => ==== Korea ==== [68] => {{main|Korean garden}} [69] => [[Korea]]n gardens are a type of garden described as being natural, informal, simple and unforced, seeking to merge with the natural world.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zoOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Korean+garden&pg=PA144 |title=Korea: An Introduction - Google Book Search|access-date=2009-01-12 |isbn=9780710302991 |last1=Hoare |first1=James |date=January 1988|publisher=Kegan Paul International }} They have a history that goes back more than two thousand years,{{cite web |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |archive-date=2011-09-28 }} but are little known in the west. The oldest records date to the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] period (57 BC – 668 AD) when architecture and palace gardens showed a development noted in the Korean ''[[Samguk Sagi|History of the Three Kingdoms]]''. [70] => [71] => === Europe === [72] => [[Image:Ricostruzione del giardino della casa dei vetii di pompei (mostra al giardino di boboli, 2007) 01.JPG|thumb|Reconstruction of the garden at the [[House of the Vettii]] in [[Pompeii]].]] [73] => [[Gardening]] was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the mid 16th century when it entered the political discourse, as a symbol of the concept of the "ideal republic". Evoking utopian imagery of the [[Garden of Eden]], a time of abundance and plenty where humans didn't know hunger or the conflicts that arose from property disputes. [[John Evelyn]] wrote in the early 17th century, "there is not a more laborious life then is that of a good Gard'ners; but a labour full of tranquility and satisfaction; Natural and Instructive, and such as (if any) contributes to Piety and Contemplation."Samson, Alexander. ''Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance'', 2012 :6 During the era of [[Enclosures]], the agrarian collectivism of the [[feudalism|feudal age]] was idealized in literary "fantasies of liberating regression to garden and wilderness".Samson, Alexander. ''Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance'', 2012 :8 [74] => [75] => ==== France ==== [76] => Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] brought Italian craftsmen and [[garden designer]]s, such as [[Pacello da Mercogliano]], from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the [[Château d'Amboise]] and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], who had also travelled to Italy and had met [[Leonardo da Vinci]], created an Italian garden nearby at the [[Château de Blois]].Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12 Beginning in 1528, King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] created new gardens at the [[Château de Fontainebleau]], which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from [[Provence]], and the first artificial grotto in France.Philippe Prevot, ''Histoire des jardins'', pg. 107 The [[Château de Chenonceau]] had two gardens in the new style, one created for [[Diane de Poitiers]] in 1551, and a second for [[Catherine de' Medici]] in 1560.Prevot, ''Histoire des Jardins'', 114 In 1536, the architect [[Philibert de l'Orme]], upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the [[Château d'Anet]] following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden.Bernard Jeannel, ''[[Le Nôtre]]'', Éd. Hazan, p. 17 [77] => [78] => The [[French formal garden]] ({{lang-fr|jardin à la française}}) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden ({{lang-fr|jardin à l'anglaise}}) namely, to "force nature" instead of leaving it undisturbed.{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Allan |title=Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=9781568980508 |page=15}} Typical French formal gardens had "parterres, geometrical shapes and neatly clipped topiary", in contrast to the English style of garden in which "plants and shrubs seem to grow naturally without artifice."{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=15}} By the mid-17th century [[axial symmetry]] had ascended to prominence in the French gardening traditions of [[Andre Mollet]] and [[Jacques Boyceau]], from which the latter wrote: "All things, however beautiful they may be chosen, will be defective if they are not ordered and placed in proper symmetry." A good example of the French formal style are the Tuileries gardens in Paris which were originally designed during the reign of King Henry II in the mid-sixteenth century. The gardens were redesigned into the formal French style for the [[Sun King|Sun King Louis XIV]]. The gardens were ordered into symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, clipped hedgerows, along with parterres, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=29}} [79] => [80] => The [[French landscape garden]] was influenced by the English landscape garden and gained prominence in the late eighteenth century.{{cite book |last1=Calder |first1=Martin |title=Experiencing the Garden in the Eighteenth Century |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |isbn=9783039102914 |page=9}}{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Allan |title=Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=9781568980508 |page=15}} [81] => [82] => ==== United Kingdom ==== [83] => Before the [[Grand Manner]] era, a few significant gardens were found in Britain which were developed under the influence of the continent. Britain's homegrown domestic gardening traditions were mostly practical in purpose, rather than aesthetic, unlike the grand gardens found mostly on castle grounds, and less commonly in universities. Tudor Gardens emphasized contrast rather than transitions, distinguished by color and illusion. They were not intended as a complement to home or architecture, but conceived as independent spaces, arranged to grow and display flowers and ornamental plants. Gardeners demonstrated their artistry in [[knot garden]]s, with complex arrangements most commonly included interwoven [[Buxus|box hedge]]s, and less commonly fragrant herbs like [[rosemary]]. Sanded paths run between the hedgings of open knots whereas closed knots were filled with single colored flowers. The knot and [[parterre]] gardens were always placed on level ground, and elevated areas reserved for terraces from which the intricacy of the gardens could be viewed.{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Gordon |title=Landscape and Garden Design: Lessons from History |date=2013 |publisher=Whittle |isbn=978-1849950824 |pages=1–3}} [84] => [85] => Jacobean gardens were described as "a delightful confusion" by [[Henry Wotton]] in 1624. Under the influence of the [[Italian Renaissance]], Caroline gardens began to shed some of the chaos of earlier designs, marking the beginning of a trends towards symmetrical unified designs that took the building architecture into account, and featuring an elevated terrace from which home and garden could be viewed. The only surviving Caroline garden is located at [[Bolsover Castle]] in [[Derbyshire]], but is too simple to attract much interest. During the reign of [[Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland|Charles II]], many new [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style country houses were built; while in England Oliver Cromwell sought to destroy many Tudor, Jacobean and Caroline style gardens. [86] => [87] => ==Design== [88] => {{Main|Garden design}} [89] => Garden design is the process of creating plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Professional garden designers tend to be trained in principles of design and horticulture, and have a knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also [[landscape architect]]s, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often an occupational [[licensure|license]]. [90] => [91] => Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their [[horticultural]] requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, [[Habit (biology)|growth habit]], size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Most gardens consist of a mixture of natural and constructed elements, although even very 'natural' gardens are always an inherently artificial creation. Natural elements present in a garden principally comprise flora (such as trees and [[weed]]s), fauna (such as [[arthropod]]s and birds), soil, water, air and light. Constructed elements include not only paths, [[patio]]s, decking, sculptures, [[drainage]] systems, lights and buildings (such as [[shed]]s, [[gazebo]]s, [[pergola]]s and [[Folly|follies]]), but also living constructions such as [[Herbaceous border|flower beds]], [[Garden pond|ponds]] and [[lawn]]s. [92] => [93] => Garden needs of maintenance are also taken into consideration. Including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, (this can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth) spreading or self-seeding of the plants (annual or perennial), bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens. The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the budget limitations. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hard landscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.{{sfn|Chen|2010|p=3}} [94] => [95] => {{Gallery [96] => |width=160 [97] => |File:40sotoon.jpg|[[Chehel Sotoun]] Garden, [[Isfahan]], Iran [98] => |File:Bagatelle roseraie classique01.jpg|[[Parc de Bagatelle]], a [[rose garden]] in Paris [99] => |File:Taj Mahal India.jpg|Garden of the [[Taj Mahal]], India [100] => |File:Monreale Kreuzgang neu.jpg|Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the [[Monreale#The Cathedral|Abbey of Monreale]], [[Sicily]], Italy [101] => |File:Butchart gardens.JPG|The Sunken Garden of [[Butchart Gardens]], [[Victoria, British Columbia]] [102] => |File:Château de Versailles orangerie et pièce d'eau des Suisses.jpg|[[Gardens of Versailles]] (France) [103] => |File:Palace Gardens.jpg|The [[back garden]] of the [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]] in [[Jodhpur]], India [104] => |File:Villa d'Este fountain and pools.jpg|Garden with fountains, [[Villa d'Este]], Italy [105] => |File:Colonial Williamsburg (2464331014).jpg|Gardens at [[Colonial Williamsburg]], [[Williamsburg, Virginia]], feature many heirloom varieties of plants. [106] => |File:Shitennoj honbo garden06s3200.jpg|[[Shitennō-ji]] Honbo Garden in [[Osaka]], [[Osaka prefecture]], Japan – an example of a [[Zen garden]]. [107] => }} [108] => [109] => ==Types== [110] => {{main|List of garden types}} [111] => {| class="wikitable" [112] => |+ [113] => ! [114] => !Types of gardens [115] => |- [116] => |'''Specific plant or purpose''' [117] => |[[Alpine garden]], [[bog garden]], [[cactus garden]], [[fernery]], [[flower garden]], [[moss garden]], [[orchard]], [[physic garden]] (precursor to botanical gardens), [[pollinator garden]], [[rose garden]], [[water garden]], [[wildlife garden]] (to sustain local wildlife), [[botanical garden]], market garden (small-scale production of cash crops), [[victory garden]] (food grown to supplement wartime rations), [[butterfly garden]], [[hydroponics|hydroponic garden]] (growing plants without soil), [[rain garden]] (reabsorption of rain run-off), and [[trial garden]] (testing and evaluating plants). [118] => |- [119] => |'''Specific style or aesthetic''' [120] => |[[Bonsai]], [[color garden]] (monochromatic gardens or gardens designed with a visually appealing color scheme), [[Dutch garden]], [[Garden room]] (secluded garden that has a "room-like" effect), [[German garden]], [[Greek garden]], [[knot garden]] (formal garden that is within a square frame), [[Mary garden]] (garden with a statue of the virgin Mary), [[monastic garden]], [[Mughal garden]], [[natural landscaping]] (using plants native to the area), [[paradise garden]], [[Pekarangan]], [[Persian garden]], philosophical garden, [[pleasure garden]], [[Roman garden]], [[sacred garden]], [[sensory garden]], [[Shakespeare garden]] (garden featuring plants mentioned in the works of Shakespeare), [[Spanish garden]], [[tea garden]], [[therapeutic garden]], [[tropical garden]], [[xeriscaping]], [[zen garden]], [[Chinampa]], [[walled garden]], [[woodland garden]] [121] => |- [122] => |'''Placement''' [123] => |[[Back garden]], [[school garden]], [[cottage garden]], [[forest garden]], [[front yard]], [[community garden]], [[square foot garden]], [[residential garden]], [[roof garden]], [[kitchen garden]], [[shade garden]] [124] => |- [125] => |'''Material''' [126] => | [[Bottle garden]], [[terrarium]], [[greenhouse]], [[green wall]], [[hanging garden]], [[container garden]], [[sculpture garden]], [[raised bed gardening]], [[rock garden]], [[cold frame]] [127] => |} [128] => [129] => ==Environmental impact== [130] => {{main|Sustainable gardening|Sustainable landscaping}} [131] => Gardeners may cause environmental damage by the way they garden, or they may enhance their local environment. [132] => Damage by gardeners can include direct [[Habitat destruction|destruction of natural habitats]] when houses and gardens are created; indirect [[habitat destruction]] and damage to provide garden materials such as [[peat]],{{cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Adrian |title=Is this popular gardening material bad for the planet? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/should-sustainable-gardeners-use-peat-moss/2017/05/09/1fc746f0-3118-11e7-9534-00e4656c22aa_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=29 August 2022}} rock for rock gardens,{{cite book |last1=Lindenmayer |first1=David |last2=Claridge |first2=Andrew |title=Wildlife on Farms: How to Conserve Native Animals |year=2003 |isbn=9780643068667 |page=25 |publisher=Csiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFDuRUdn6S4C |access-date=29 August 2022}} and by the use of tapwater to [[Irrigation|irrigate]] gardens; the death of living beings in the garden itself, such as the killing not only of [[slug]]s and [[snail]]s but also their predators such as [[hedgehog]]s and [[song thrush]]es by [[metaldehyde]] slug killer; the death of living beings outside the garden, such as local species extinction by indiscriminate [[Plant collecting|plant collectors]]; and [[climate change]] caused by [[greenhouse gas]]es produced by gardening. [133] => [134] => ===Climate change=== [135] => Gardeners can help to prevent climate change in many ways, including the use of trees, shrubs, [[Ground cover|ground cover plants]] and other perennial plants in their gardens, turning garden waste into [[soil organic matter]] instead of burning it, keeping soil and compost heaps aerated, avoiding peat, switching from power tools to hand tools or changing their garden design so that power tools are not needed, and using [[Nitrogen-fixing#Root nodule symbioses|nitrogen-fixing]] plants instead of nitrogen fertiliser.{{cite book|editor1-last=Ingram|editor1-first=David S.|editor2-last=Vince-Prue|editor2-first=Daphne|editor3-last=Gregory|editor3-first=Peter J.|title=Science and the Garden: The scientific basis of horticultural practice|year=2008|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4051-6063-6}} [136] => [137] => Climate change will have many impacts on gardens; some studies suggest most of them will be negative.{{Cite report |last1=Bisgrove |first1=R. |last2=Hadley |first2=P. |date=2002 |title=Gardening in the global greenhouse: the impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK. |s2cid=127801132 |language=en}} Gardens also contribute to climate change. Greenhouse gases can be produced by gardeners in many ways. The three main [[greenhouse gas]]es are [[carbon dioxide]], [[methane]], and [[nitrous oxide]]. Gardeners produce carbon dioxide directly by [[Tillage#Negative|overcultivating]] soil and destroying [[soil carbon]], by burning garden waste on [[Bonfire#Farm and garden bonfires|bonfires]], by using power tools which burn [[fossil fuel]] or use electricity generated by [[fossil fuels]], and by using [[peat]]. Gardeners produce methane by compacting the soil and making it anaerobic, and by allowing their [[compost heap]]s to become compacted and anaerobic. Gardeners produce nitrous oxide by applying excess [[Fertilizer#Inorganic fertilizers (mineral fertilizer)|nitrogen fertiliser]] when plants are not actively growing so that the nitrogen in the fertiliser is converted by [[Nitrous oxide#Soil|soil bacteria]] to nitrous oxide. [138] => [139] => ==Irrigation== [140] => {{further|Rain garden}} [141] => {{see also|Irrigation sprinkler|drip irrigation||greywater|hand pump}} [142] => Some gardeners manage their gardens without using any water from outside the garden. Examples in Britain include [[Ventnor Botanic Garden]] on the Isle of Wight, and parts of [[Beth Chatto]]'s garden in Essex, Sticky Wicket garden in Dorset, and the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens at [[RHS Garden Harlow Carr|Harlow Carr]] and [[RHS Hyde Hall|Hyde Hall]]. [143] => [[Rain garden]]s absorb rainfall falling onto nearby hard surfaces, rather than sending it into stormwater drains.{{cite book|last=Dunnett and Clayden|first=Nigel and Andy|title=Rain Gardens: Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape|year=2007|publisher=Timber Press|location=Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-88192-826-6}} [144] => [145] => == See also == [146] => {{Portal|Gardening}} [147] => * [[Index of gardening articles]] [148] => * [[Outline of organic gardening and farming]] [149] => * [[List of professional gardeners]] [150] => * [[List of horticulture and gardening books/publications]] [151] => [152] => ==References== [153] => {{Reflist}} [154] => [155] => ===Works cited=== [156] => * {{cite book|last=Chen |first=Gang|title=Planting design illustrated|year=2010|publisher=Outskirts Press, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4327-4197-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1z9wlhscZFgC|edition=2nd}} [157] => * {{cite book |last=Shrigondekar |first=GK |url=https://archive.org/stream/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-Vol3-1961-0024b/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-vol3-1961-0024b#page/n1/mode/2up |title=Manasollasa of King Somesvara (Volume 3) |publisher=Oriental Institute, Baroda |year=1961 |language=Sanskrit}} [158] => [159] => ==External links== [160] => {{wikiquote}} [161] => * {{Commons-inline|Garden}} [162] => {{Wikisource1911Enc|Garden}} [163] => {{Wmog|gardening}} [164] => [165] => {{Horticulture and Gardening}} [166] => {{Authority control}} [167] => [168] => [[Category:Gardens| ]] [169] => [[Category:Landscape]] [] => )
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Garden

A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. Gardens can vary in size and style, ranging from small backyard plots to large public parks.

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Gardens can vary in size and style, ranging from small backyard plots to large public parks. They are often designed to enhance the aesthetic appeal of an area and may serve various purposes such as providing food, promoting biodiversity, and creating a peaceful environment for relaxation and recreation. Historically, gardens have played a significant role in human culture, dating back to ancient times. They have been influenced by various traditions, including Persian, Islamic, and European styles. Over centuries, different garden designs, techniques, and styles have emerged, each reflecting the prevailing cultural and artistic influences of the time. Gardens can be classified into numerous categories, such as botanical gardens, flower gardens, vegetable gardens, and water gardens. Each category focuses on a particular type of plant or landscape arrangement, but many gardens combine elements from different categories to create a unique and diverse space. The design and maintenance of gardens involve various aspects, including plant selection, soil preparation, irrigation, and pest control. Gardeners, horticulturists, and landscape architects play crucial roles in designing, establishing, and caring for gardens. They apply scientific knowledge and artistic skills to create visually appealing and sustainable environments. Gardens are not only of interest to individuals but also have broader societal and ecological significance. They have therapeutic benefits, providing stress relief and mental relaxation. Gardens can also contribute to local ecosystems by supporting pollinators, birds, and other wildlife. Additionally, community gardens and urban green spaces have gained popularity in recent years as a means to foster social connections, improve food security, and promote sustainable living practices. Overall, gardens are much more than just plots of land with plants; they are living and evolving spaces that offer numerous benefits to individuals, communities, and the environment. The Wikipedia page on gardens provides detailed information on their history, design principles, types, maintenance, and their various cultural and ecological contributions.

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