Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Genus of ancient seed plants with a single surviving species}} [1] => {{About|the genus of mainly extinct trees|its single extant species, the ginkgo tree|Ginkgo biloba|the biotech company| Ginkgo Bioworks }} [2] => {{Automatic taxobox [3] => | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Middle Jurassic | Present}} [4] => | image = Ginkgo biloba MacAbee BC.jpg [5] => | image_caption = ''Ginkgo biloba'' [[Eocene]], McAbee, [[British Columbia|B.C.]], Canada [6] => | taxon = Ginkgo [7] => | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] {{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=334052 |title=''Ginkgo'' L., Mant. Pl. 2: 313 (1771) |work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=June 8, 2013 |author=R. Govaerts}} [8] => | subdivision_ranks = Species [9] => | subdivision = *†''[[Ginkgo adiantoides]]'' [10] => * †''[[Ginkgo apodes]]'' [11] => * ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' [12] => * †''[[Ginkgo cranei]]'' [13] => * †''[[Ginkgo digitata]]'' [14] => * †''[[Ginkgo dissecta]]'' [15] => * †''[[Ginkgo gardneri]]'' [16] => * †''[[Ginkgo ginkgoidea]]'' [17] => * †''[[Ginkgo henanensis]]'' [18] => * †''[[Ginkgo huolinhensis]]'' [19] => * †''[[Ginkgo huttonii]]'' [20] => * †''[[Ginkgo yimaensis]]'' [21] => | synonyms = ''Salisburia'' [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]] [22] => | synonyms_ref =  {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4960 |title=Genus: ''Ginkgo'' L. |access-date=June 8, 2013 |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220035655/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4960 |archive-date=December 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }} [23] => | type_species = ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' [24] => }} [25] => [26] => '''''Ginkgo''''' is a [[genus]] of non-flowering [[seed plants]]. The scientific name is also used as the English name. The order to which it belongs, [[Ginkgoales]], first appeared in the [[Permian]],[[#Royer|Royer et al. (2003)]] 270 million years ago, and ''Ginkgo'' is now the only living genus within the order. The rate of evolution within the genus has been slow, and almost all its species had become extinct by the end of the [[Pliocene]]. The sole surviving species, ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'', is found in the wild only in China, but is cultivated around the world. The relationships between ginkgos and other groups of plants are not fully resolved. [27] => [28] => == Prehistory == [29] => The ginkgo (''Ginkgo biloba'') is a [[living fossil]], with fossils similar to the modern plant dating back to the [[Permian]], 270 million years ago. The closest living relatives of the clade are the [[cycad]]s,[[#Royer|Royer et al. (2003)]], p. 84. which share with the extant ''G. biloba'' the characteristic of [[Motility|motile]] sperm. The ginkgo and cycad lineages are thought to have an extremely ancient divergence dating to the early [[Carboniferous]].{{Cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|pmid=34282286 |s2cid=236141481 |issn=2055-0278}} Fossils attributable to the genus ''Ginkgo'' with reproductive organs similar to the modern species first appeared in the [[Middle Jurassic]],{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Zhi-Yan|date=March 2009|title=An overview of fossil Ginkgoales|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X0900002X|journal=Palaeoworld|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2009.01.001|quote=}} and the genus diversified and spread throughout [[Laurasia]] during the [[Jurassic]] and [[Early Cretaceous]]. It declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed with the extinction of species such as ''[[Ginkgo huolinhensis]]'', and by the [[Paleocene|Palaeocene]], only a few ''Ginkgo'' species, ''[[Ginkgo cranei]]'' and ''[[Ginkgo adiantoides]]'', remained in the Northern Hemisphere, while a markedly different (and poorly documented) form persisted in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} At the end of the [[Pliocene]], ''Ginkgo'' fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China, where the modern species survived. It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of ''Ginkgo'' can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the [[Cenozoic]]: present-day ''G. biloba'' (including ''G. adiantoides'') and ''[[Ginkgo gardneri|G. gardneri]]'' from the Palaeocene of [[Scotland]].[[#Royer|Royer et al. (2003)]], p. 85. [30] => [31] => [[File:Fossil Plant Ginkgo.jpg|left|thumb|Fossil ''[[Ginkgo huttonii]]'' leaves from the Jurassic of England]] [32] => At least morphologically, ''G. gardneri'' and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised. The remainder may have been [[ecotype]]s or [[subspecies]]. The implications would be that ''G. biloba'' had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though [[evolution|evolving]] genetically, never showed much [[speciation]]. While it may seem improbable that a species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments).[[#Royer|Royer et al. (2003)]], p. 91. [33] => [34] => Modern-day ''G. biloba'' grows best in well-watered and drained environments,[[#Royer|Royer et al. (2003)]], p. 87. and the extremely similar fossil ''Ginkgo'' favoured similar environments. The sediment records at the majority of fossil ''Ginkgo'' localities indicate it grew primarily in disturbed environments along streams and [[levee]]s. ''Ginkgo'' therefore presents an "ecological paradox" because, while it possesses some favourable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction), many of its other life-history traits (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity) are the opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings.[[#Royer|Royer et al. (2003)]], p. 92. [35] => [36] => Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, it is possible that ''Ginkgo'' represents a pre-[[angiosperm]] strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments. ''Ginkgo'' evolved in an era before flowering plants, when [[fern]]s, [[cycad]]s, and [[Bennettitales|cycadeoids]] dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming a low, open, shrubby canopy. The large seeds of ''Ginkgo'' and its habit of "bolting"—growing to a height of {{convert|10|m}} before elongating its side branches—may be adaptations to such an environment. Diversity in the genus ''Ginkgo'' dropped through the Cretaceous (along with that of ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids) at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise, which supports the notion that flowering plants, with their better adaptations to disturbance, displaced ''Ginkgo'' and its associates over time.[[#Royer|Royer et al. (2003)]], p. 93. [37] => [38] => ''[[Trichopitys heteromorpha]]'' from the earliest Permian of France, is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta.{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Zhi-Yan|date=March 2009 |title=An overview of fossil Ginkgoales |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X0900002X |journal=Palaeoworld|language=en |volume=18|issue=1|pages=1–22 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2009.01.001}} It had multiple-forked non-laminar leaves with cylindrical, thread-like ultimate divisions. ''[[Sphenobaiera]]'' (early Permian-Cretaceous) had wedge-shaped leaves divided into narrow dichotomously-veined lobes, lacking distinct [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s (leaf stalks). ''Baiera'' (Triassic-Jurassic) had similar multiple-lobed leaves but with petioles.{{cite book |first1=Thomas N. |last1=Taylor |first2=Edith I. |last2=Taylor |first3=Michael |last3=Krings |date=2009 |title=Palaeobotany: The biology and evolution of fossil plants |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-373972-8 }}{{rp|743-756}} [39] => [40] => ==Phylogeny== [41] => {{As of|2013|February}}, [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic studies]] have produced at least six different placements of ''Ginkgo'' relative to [[cycad]]s, [[Pinophyta|conifers]], [[Gnetophyta|gnetophytes]] and [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]]. The two most common are that ''Ginkgo'' is a sister to a [[clade]] composed of conifers and gnetophytes and that ''Ginkgo'' and cycads form a clade within the [[gymnosperm]]s. A 2013 study examined the reasons for the discrepant results and concluded that the best support was for the [[monophyly]] of ''Ginkgo'' and cycads.[[#Wu|Wu et al. (2013)]] [42] => [43] => ==Etymology== [44] => The genus name is regarded as a misspelling of the [[On'yomi|Japanese pronunciation]] ''gin kyo'' for the [[kanji]] 銀杏 meaning "silver apricot",{{Citation|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=Dictionary of Plant Names|year=1994|location=London|publisher=Hamlyn Books|isbn=978-0-600-58187-1}}{{by who?|date=July 2023}} which is found in [[Chinese herbology]] literature such as {{lang|zh|日用本草}} (Daily Use [[Materia Medica]]) (1329) and ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' {{lang|zh|本草綱目}} published in 1578.T. Hori, A historical survey of Ginkgo biloba based on Japanese and Chinese classical literatures, Plant Morphology, 2001, 31, 31–40 [45] => [46] => Despite its spelling, which is due to a complicated etymology including a transcription error, "ginkgo" is usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|ŋ|k|oʊ}}, which has given rise to the common alternative spelling "gingko". The [[spelling pronunciation]] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|ŋ|k|g|oʊ}} is also documented in some dictionaries.{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/ginkgo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182209/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ginkgo |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=ginkgo |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{cite Merriam-Webster |ginkgo}} [47] => [48] => [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] first introduced the spelling ''ginkgo'' in his book ''Amoenitatum Exoticarum'' which takes from Japanese herbalist [[:ja:中村惕斎|Tekisai Nakamura]]'s manuscript {{nihongo|''Kinmō Zu'i''|[[:ja:訓蒙図彙|訓蒙図彙]]}} acquired in [[Dejima]] between 1689–1691. It is considered that he may have misspelled "Ginkyo" or "Ginkio" as "Ginkgo". This misspelling was included by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his book ''Mantissa plantarum II''See page 131 of Car. a Linné ''Mantissa plantarum'': Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II, available at [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137335#page/181/mode/1up] and has become the name of the tree's genus.{{cite web |last=Michel |first=Wolfgang |title=On Engelbert Kaempfer's 'Ginkgo' |pages=1–5 |publisher=Kyushu University |location=Fukuoka |year=2011 |orig-year=2005 |website=Research Notes Collections |url=https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/2898/Ginkgo_biloba2_revised_2011.pdf}} [49] => [50] => == Food == [51] => In Korea, the seed flesh is eaten with rice.{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Seongwoo |title=은행(銀杏) Fruit of the Ginkgo tree |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0042928 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}} [52] => [53] => ==References== [54] => === Citations === [55] => {{Reflist|30em}} [56] => [57] => ===Sources=== [58] => {{Refbegin}} [59] => * {{cite journal |author=Dana L. Royer, Leo J. Hickey & Scott L. Wing |year=2003 |title=Ecological conservatism in the 'living fossil' ''Ginkgo'' |journal=[[Paleobiology (journal)|Paleobiology]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=84–104 |doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0084:ECITLF>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=19865243 |ref=Royer}} [60] => * {{cite book |author=Thomas N. Taylor & Edith L. Taylor |year=1993 |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |isbn=0-13-651589-4 |ref=Taylor}} [61] => * {{cite journal |author=Chung-Shien Wu, Shu-Miaw Chaw & Ya-Yi Huang |year=2013 |title=Chloroplast phylogenomics indicates that ''Ginkgo biloba'' is sister to cycads |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=243–254 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evt001 |pmid=23315384 |ref=Wu|pmc=3595029 }} [62] => {{Refend}} [63] => [64] => ==External links== [65] => {{wikt|ginkgo}} [66] => [67] => {{Medicinal herbs & fungi}} [68] => {{Taxonbar|from=Q149461}} [69] => {{Authority control}} [70] => [71] => [[Category:Ginkgo| ]] [72] => [[Category:Extant Permian first appearances]] [73] => [[Category:Gymnosperm genera]] [74] => [[Category:Permian plants]] [75] => [[Category:Prehistoric gymnosperm genera]] [76] => [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] [] => )
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Ginkgo

Ginkgo is a genus of highly unique and dioecious trees, native to China and considered to be a living fossil. The sole living species, Ginkgo biloba, has a long and fascinating history, dating back over 270 million years.

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The sole living species, Ginkgo biloba, has a long and fascinating history, dating back over 270 million years. It is the only tree standing in the family Ginkgoaceae and is distinct from all other plant species. The Ginkgo tree is renowned for its distinctive fan-shaped leaves with parallel veins and yellowish-green autumn color. It can reach heights of up to 35 meters and has a characteristic grayish bark with deep furrows. Ginkgo biloba is very adaptable and can thrive in a wide range of environments, including polluted urban areas. One of the most notable features of Ginkgo is its ability to withstand various environmental stresses, including pollution, pests, and diseases. This resilience has contributed to its survival through major extinction events, leading to its status as a living fossil. Ginkgo biloba is also resistant to fire, making it a resilient species in natural disasters. The Ginkgo tree holds significant cultural and medicinal importance in China, where it has been cultivated for thousands of years. Its seeds, called ginkgo nuts, are edible and have various culinary uses. Traditional Chinese medicine has also utilized various parts of the tree for their potential health benefits. In recent years, Ginkgo biloba has gained attention for its potential medicinal properties, particularly in improving cognitive function and memory. Numerous studies have investigated its effectiveness in treating Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline, although the results have been inconclusive. Due to its unique characteristics and cultural significance, Ginkgo biloba has been widely cultivated around the world as an ornamental tree. It is frequently planted in gardens, parks, and urban areas for its aesthetic value and distinctive foliage. In conclusion, Ginkgo is a remarkable genus of trees, represented by a single living species, Ginkgo biloba. With its long evolutionary history, unique physical features, and cultural significance, Ginkgo holds a prominent place in both botanical and cultural contexts.

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