Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets}} [1] => {{other uses}} [2] => {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} [3] => [[File:Rain_over_Beinn_Eich,_Luss_Hills,_Scotland.jpg|thumb|400px|Rain over a Scottish [[catchment]]. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.]] [4] => [5] => '''Hydrology''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὕδωρ}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὕδωρ}})|water||''{{wikt-lang|grc|-λογία}}'' ({{grc-transl|[[-logy|-λογία]]}})|study of}}) is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the [[water cycle]], [[water resources]], and [[drainage basin]] sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a '''hydrologist'''. Hydrologists are scientists studying [[earth science|earth]] or [[environmental science]], [[civil engineering|civil]] or [[environmental engineering]], and [[physical geography]].{{cite web [6] => | url = http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html [7] => | title = What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do? [8] => | website = USA.gov [9] => | publisher = [[U.S. Geological Survey]] [10] => | access-date = 7 October 2015 [11] => | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150919135804/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html [12] => | archive-date = 19 September 2015 [13] => | url-status = dead [14] => }} Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as [[Environmentalism|environmental preservation]], [[natural disaster]]s, and [[Water resource management|water management]]. [15] => [16] => Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, [[groundwater]] hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include [[hydrometeorology]], [[surface-water hydrology|surface hydrology]], [[hydrogeology]], [[drainage basin|drainage-basin]] management, and [[water quality]]. [17] => [18] => [[Oceanography]] and [[meteorology]] are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields. [19] => [20] => Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, [[environmental policy|policy]], and [[environmental planning|planning]]. [21] => [22] => == Branches == [23] => * [[Chemical hydrology]] is the study of the chemical characteristics of water. [24] => * [[Ecohydrology]] is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle. [25] => * [[Hydrogeology]] is the study of the presence and movement of [[groundwater]]. [26] => * [[Hydrogeochemistry]] is the study of how terrestrial water dissolves minerals [[weathering]] and this effect on water chemistry. [27] => * [[Hydroinformatics]] is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications. [28] => * [[Hydrometeorology]] is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere. [29] => * [[Isotope hydrology]] is the study of the isotopic signatures of water. [30] => * [[Surface-water hydrology|Surface hydrology]] is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface. [31] => * [[Drainage basin]] management covers water storage, in the form of reservoirs, and floods protection. [32] => * [[Water quality]] includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes. [33] => [34] => == Applications == [35] => * Calculation of [[rainfall]]. [36] => * Calculation of [[Evapotranspiration]] [37] => * Calculating [[surface runoff]] and [[precipitation]]. [38] => * Determining the [[water balance]] of a region. [39] => * Determining the [[Hydrology (agriculture)|agricultural water balance]]. [40] => * Designing [[riparian-zone restoration]] projects. [41] => * Mitigating and predicting [[flood]], [[landslide]] and [[Drought]] risk. [42] => * Real-time [[flood forecasting]], [[flood warning]], Flood Frequency Analysis [43] => * Designing [[irrigation]] schemes and managing agricultural productivity. [44] => * Part of the hazard module in [[catastrophe modeling]]. [45] => * Providing [[drinking water]]. [46] => * Designing [[dams]] for [[water supply]] or [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] generation. [47] => * Designing [[bridge]]s. [48] => * Designing [[sanitary sewer|sewers]] and urban drainage systems. [49] => * Analyzing the impacts of [[antecedent moisture]] on sanitary sewer systems. [50] => * Predicting [[geomorphology|geomorphologic]] changes, such as [[erosion]] or [[sedimentation]]. [51] => * Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on [[water resources]]. [52] => * Assessing [[pollution|contaminant]] transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines. [53] => * Estimating the water resource potential of river basins. [54] => * [[Water resources]] management. [55] => [56] => == History == [57] => {{no footnotes|section|date=April 2012}} [58] => [[File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG|thumb|300px|The Roman aqueduct at [[Caesarea Maritima]], bringing water from the wetter [[Mount Carmel|Carmel mountains]] to the settlement.]] [59] => Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. [[Ancient Egypt]]ians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation.{{cite web |last1=Postel |first1=Sandra |date=1999 |others=Excerpted from ''Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?'' |title=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/nile.pdf |website=waterhistory.com |publisher=W.W. Norton}} [[Mesopotamia]]n towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. [[Aqueduct (watercourse)|Aqueducts]] were built by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Romans|Romans]], while [[history of China|history]] shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in [[Sri Lanka]], also known for the invention of the [[Valve Pit]] which allowed construction of large reservoirs, [[anicut]]s and canals which still function. [60] => [61] => [[Vitruvius|Marcus Vitruvius]], in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands.{{Cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Kenneth J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt3SAwAAQBAJ&q=marcus+vitruvius&pg=PT100 |title=The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts |last2=Lewin |first2=John |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4739-0895-6 |language=en}} With the adoption of a more scientific approach, [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Bernard Palissy]] independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. [62] => [63] => Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include [[Pierre Perrault (scientist)|Pierre Perrault]], [[Edme Mariotte]] and [[Edmund Halley]]. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. [[Edme Mariotte|Mariotte]] combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea.{{cite journal |last1=Biswat |first1=Asit K |title=Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=25 |pages=47–57 |publisher=Royal Society Publishing |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004 |year=1970 |doi-access=free }} [64] => [65] => Advances in the 18th century included the [[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli]] [[piezometer]] and [[Bernoulli's equation]], by [[Daniel Bernoulli]], and the [[Pitot tube]], by [[Henri Pitot]]. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including [[Darcy's law]], the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-[[Poiseuille]]'s capillary flow equation. [66] => [67] => Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's [[unit hydrograph]], the infiltration theory of [[Robert E. Horton]], and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. [68] => [69] => Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially [[geographic information systems]] (GIS). (See also [[GIS and hydrology]]) [70] => [71] => == Themes == [72] => {{Main|Water cycle}} [73] => The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the [[Earth]] through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle. [74] => [75] => The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making a prediction in practical applications. [76] => [77] => === Groundwater === [78] => [[File:Building a map of groundwater countours.gif|thumb|250px|right|Building a map of groundwater contours]] [79] => Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology ([[hydrogeology]]) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport.{{cite journal|last1=Graf|first1=T.|last2=Simmons|first2=C. T.|title=Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock: Applicability of the Tang et al. [1981] analytical solution|journal=Water Resources Research|date=February 2009|volume=45|issue=2|page=W02425|doi=10.1029/2008WR007278|bibcode=2009WRR....45.2425G|s2cid=133884299 }} Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: [[aquifer test]]). Measurements here can be made using a [[piezometer]]. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). [80] => [81] => === Infiltration === [82] => {{Main|Infiltration (hydrology)}} [83] => Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest [[Percolation|percolates]] down to the [[water table]]. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force ([[hydraulic head]]). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by [[capillary action]]; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. [[Compaction (geology)|Compaction]] reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce [[viscosity]], increasing infiltration.{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=P. Jaya Rami |title=A Textbook of Hydrology |date=2007 |publisher=Laxmi Publ. |isbn=9788170080992 |edition=Reprint. |location=New Delhi}}{{rp|250–275}} [84] => [85] => === Soil moisture === [86] => {{main|Soil moisture}} [87] => Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by [[capacitance probe]], [[time domain reflectometer]] or [[Tensiometer (soil science)|Tensiometer]]. Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods.Robinson, D. A., C. S. Campbell, J. W. Hopmans, B. K. Hornbuckle, S. B. Jones, R. Knight, F. L. Ogden, J. Selker, and O. Wendroth. (2008) "Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed-Scale Observatories: A Review." [88] => [89] => === Surface water flow === [90] => [[File:Wlmm3_hg.png|250px|thumb|A [[hydrograph|flood hydrograph]] showing [[stage (hydrology)|stage]] for the [[Shawsheen River]] at Wilmington.]] [91] => Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the [[stream gauge]] (see: [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]]), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion. [92] => [93] => One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels. [94] => [95] => === Precipitation and evaporation === [96] => [[File:2013-10-14 12 27 49 National Weather Service Standard Rain Gauge.JPG|245x327px|thumb|right|A standard [[NOAA]] [[rain gauge]]]] [97] => In some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLiL5xEd680C&pg=PA113|title=Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future|last1=Wood|first1=Paul J.|last2=Hannah|first2=David M.|last3=Sadler|first3=Jonathan P.|date=28 February 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01018-1|language=en}} and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: [[disdrometer]] for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; [[radar]] for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; [[rain gauge]] for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; [[satellite]] for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, for example. [98] => [99] => [[Evaporation]] is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a [[sling psychrometer]]. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration [100] => from plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's [[evaporation pan]]. [101] => [102] => Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets. [103] => [104] => === Remote sensing === [105] => {{Main|Remote sensing}} [106] => [[File:NASA's_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg|250px|thumb|Estimates of changes in water storage around the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] Rivers, measured by NASA's [[GRACE (satellite)|GRACE]] satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.]] [107] => Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where ''in situ'' sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of the variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example [[surface water]] storage, [[soil moisture]], [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], and [[snow]] and [[ice]], are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies.{{cite journal|last1=Tang|first1=Q.|last2=Gao|first2=H.|last3=Lu|first3=H.|author4-link=Dennis P. Lettenmaier|last4=Lettenmaier|first4=D. P.|title=Remote sensing: hydrology|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|date=6 October 2009|volume=33|issue=4|pages=490–509|doi=10.1177/0309133309346650|bibcode=2009PrPG...33..490T |s2cid=140643598}} Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and [[Earth observation satellite|satellite sensors]] which can capture [[Passive microwave sensor|microwave]], [[near-infrared|thermal and near-infrared]] data or use [[lidar]], for example. [108] => [109] => === Water quality === [110] => {{Main|Water quality}} [111] => [112] => In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include [[Bacteriological water analysis|microbiological analysis]]. [113] => [114] => === Integrating measurement and modelling === [115] => * Budget analyses [116] => *[[Parameter estimation]] [117] => * Scaling in time and space [118] => * [[Data assimilation]] [119] => * Quality control of data – see for example [[Double mass analysis]] [120] => [121] => === Prediction === [122] => Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make [[predictions]] of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality).{{Cite journal|last1=Archibald|first1=J.A.|last2=Buchanan|first2=B.P.|last3=Fuka|first3=D.R.|last4=Georgakakos|first4=C.B.|last5=Lyon|first5=S.W.|last6=Walter|first6=M.T.|date=July 2014|title=A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US|journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|language=en|volume=1|pages=74–91|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003|bibcode=2014JHyRS...1...74A |doi-access=free}} One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.{{Cite journal|last1=Beck|first1=Hylke E.|last2=Pan|first2=Ming|last3=Lin|first3=Peirong|last4=Seibert|first4=Jan|last5=Dijk|first5=Albert I. J. M.|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood|last6=Wood|first6=Eric F.|date=2020-09-16|title=Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|language=en|volume=125|issue=17|doi=10.1029/2019JD031485|bibcode=2020JGRD..12531485B |issn=2169-897X|doi-access=free}} [123] => [124] => === Statistical hydrology === [125] => The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle.{{Citation |last=Loftis |first=Jim C. |title=Analysis of Water Quality Random Variables |date=2019-04-30 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784415177.ch10 |work=Statistical Analysis of Hydrologic Variables |pages=381–405 |access-date=2023-05-19 |place=Reston, VA |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|doi=10.1061/9780784415177.ch10 |isbn=9780784415177 |s2cid=182417172 }} By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of the [[return period]] of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season. [126] => [127] => These estimates are important for [[engineers]] and economists so that proper [[Risk analysis (business)|risk analysis]] can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and [[residential]] demands. [128] => [129] => === Modeling === [130] => {{main|Hydrological modeling}} [131] => [[Image:shetran plan view dunsop.jpg|thumb|Plan view of water flow through a [[catchment]] simulated by the [[SHETRAN]] hydrological modelling system.]] [132] => Hydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of [[scientific modeling]]. Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished:Jajarmizadeh et al. (2012), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(5), p.249-261. [133] => * Models based on data. These models are [[Black box (systems)|black box]] systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance [[Surface runoff|runoff]]). Commonly used techniques are [[Regression analysis|regression]], [[transfer function]]s, and [[system identification]]. The simplest of these models may be linear models, but it is common to deploy non-linear components to represent some general aspects of a catchment's response without going deeply into the real physical processes involved. An example of such an aspect is the well-known behavior that a catchment will respond much more quickly and strongly when it is already wet than when it is dry. [134] => * Models based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of [[surface runoff]], [[subsurface flow]], [[evapotranspiration]], and [[open channel flow|channel flow]], but they can be far more complicated. Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models. [135] => [136] => Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the [[behavioral modeling in hydrology|behavior of hydrologic systems]] to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management. [137] => [138] => === Transport === [139] => {{Main|Hydrologic transport model}} [140] => Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a [[point source (pollution)|point source]] discharge or a [[line source]] or [[Area source (pollution)|area source]], such as [[surface runoff]]. Since the 1960s rather complex [[mathematical model]]s have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high-speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are [[nutrient]]s, [[pesticide]]s, [[total dissolved solids]] and [[sediment]]. [141] => [142] => == Organizations == [143] => [144] => === Intergovernmental organizations === [145] => * [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP){{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/|title=International Hydrological Programme (IHP)|publisher=IHP|access-date=8 June 2013|date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602123721/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/|archive-date=2 June 2013|url-status=live}} [146] => [147] => === International research bodies === [148] => * [[International Water Management Institute]] (IWMI){{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org|title=International Water Management Institute (IWMI)|publisher=IWMI|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310130843/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status=live}} [149] => * UN-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education{{cite web|url=http://www.un-ihe.org|title=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNIESCO-IHE|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130314065345/http://www.unesco-ihe.org/|archive-date=14 March 2013|url-status=live}} [150] => [151] => === National research bodies === [152] => * [[Centre for Ecology and Hydrology]] – UK{{cite web|url=http://www.ceh.ac.uk/|title=CEH Website|publisher=Centre for Ecology & Hydrology|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307132659/http://www.ceh.ac.uk/|archive-date=7 March 2013|url-status=live}} [153] => * Centre for Water Science, [[Cranfield University]], UK{{cite web|url=http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water|title=Cranfield Water Science Institute|publisher=Cranfield University|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213214305/http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water/|archive-date=13 February 2013|url-status=live}} [154] => * eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, [[Switzerland]]{{cite web|url=http://www.eawag.ch|title=Eawag aquatic research|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology|date=25 January 2012|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625085618/http://www.eawag.ch/|archive-date=25 June 2015|url-status=live}} [155] => * Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, [[Germany]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hydro.uni-freiburg.de/strt-en?set_language=en|title=Professur für Hydrologie|publisher=University of Freiburg|date=23 February 2010|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502131420/http://www.hydro.uni-freiburg.de/strt-en?set_language=en|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live}} [156] => * [[United States Geological Survey]] – Water Resources of the [[United States]]{{cite web|url=http://water.usgs.gov|title=Water Resources of the United States|publisher=USGS|date=4 October 2011|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308214148/http://water.usgs.gov/|archive-date=8 March 2013|url-status=live}} [157] => * [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]'s [[National Weather Service]] – Office of Hydrologic Development, US{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/ohd/|title=Office of Hydrologic Development|work=National Weather Service|publisher=NOAA|date=28 October 2011|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918013509/http://www.weather.gov/ohd/|archive-date=18 September 2011|url-status=live}} [158] => * [[US Army Corps of Engineers]] Hydrologic Engineering Center, US{{cite web|url=http://www.hec.usace.army.mil|title=Hydrologic Engineering Center|publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308150357/http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/|archive-date=8 March 2013|url-status=live}} [159] => * [[Hydrologic Research Center]], US{{cite web|url=http://www.hrc-lab.org|title=Hydrologic Research Center|publisher=Hydrologic Research Center|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510030015/http://www.hrc-lab.org/|archive-date=10 May 2013|url-status=live}} [160] => * NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, [[United States]]{{cite web|url=http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=users/business/watermgt/|title=NOAA Economics and Social Sciences|publisher=NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192153/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=users%2Fbusiness%2Fwatermgt%2F|archive-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead}} [161] => * University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, US{{cite web|url=http://vpr-norman.ou.edu/centers-institutes/list/center-natural-hazards-and-disasters-research|title=Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research|publisher=University of Oklahoma|date=17 June 2008|access-date=8 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524020626/http://vpr-norman.ou.edu/centers-institutes/list/center-natural-hazards-and-disasters-research|archive-date=24 May 2013}} [162] => * [[National Hydrology Research Centre]], [[Canada]]{{cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/scitech/default.asp?lang=En&n=44EEFEB3-1#nhrc|title=National Hydrology Research Centre (Saskatoon, SK)|work=Environmental Science Centres|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=8 March 2013|date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312022130/http://www.ec.gc.ca/scitech/default.asp?lang=En&n=44EEFEB3-1#nhrc|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=live}} [163] => * [[National Institute of Hydrology]], [[India]]{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in|title=National Institute of Hydrology (Roorkee), India|publisher=NIH Roorkee|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000919052111/http://www.nih.ernet.in/|archive-date=19 September 2000}} [164] => [165] => === National and international societies === [166] => * American Institute of Hydrology (AIH){{Cite web|url=http://www.aihydrology.org|title=American Institute of Hydrology|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626054104/https://www.aihydrology.org/|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}} [167] => *[[Geological Society of America]] (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division{{cite web|url=http://gsahydro.fiu.edu/index.htm|title=Hydrogeology Division|publisher=The Geological Society of America|date=10 September 2011|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405120500/http://gsahydro.fiu.edu/index.htm|archive-date=5 April 2013|url-status=live}} [168] => * [[American Geophysical Union]] (AGU) – Hydrology Section{{cite web|url=http://hydrology.agu.org/|title=Welcome to AGU's Hydrology (H) Section|publisher=American Geophysical Union|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502152928/http://hydrology.agu.org/|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live}} [169] => * [[National Ground Water Association]] (NGWA){{cite web|url=http://www.ngwa.org|title=National Ground Water Association|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909005229/http://ngwa.org/|archive-date=9 September 2013|url-status=live}} [170] => * [[American Water Resources Association]]{{cite web|url=http://www.awra.org|title=American Water Resources Association|date=2 January 2012|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324205603/http://awra.org/|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=dead}} [171] => * Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI){{cite web|url=http://www.cuahsi.org/|title=CUAHSI|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315225404/http://www.cuahsi.org/|archive-date=15 March 2013|url-status=live}} [172] => * [[International Association of Hydrological Sciences]] (IAHS){{cite web|url=http://www.iugg.org/associations/iahs.php|title=International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)|work=Associations|publisher=International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics|date=1 December 2008|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120150037/http://www.iugg.org/associations/iahs.php|archive-date=20 January 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://iahs.info/|title=International Association of Hydrological Sciences|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511081257/http://www.iahs.info/|archive-date=11 May 2010|url-status=live}} [173] => * Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS){{cite web|url=http://www.stahy.org|title=International Commission on Statistical Hydrology|publisher=STAHY|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606030654/http://www.stahy.org/|archive-date=6 June 2013|url-status=dead}} [174] => * German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft)[http://www.dhydrog.de/ Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907104523/http://www.dhydrog.de/ |date=7 September 2013 }}. Retrieved 2 September 2013 [175] => * Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – [http://www.sii-ihs.it Società Idrologica Italiana] [176] => * Nordic Association for Hydrology[http://nhf-hydrology.org/ Nordic Association for Hydrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624200434/http://nhf-hydrology.org/ |date=24 June 2013 }}. Retrieved 2 September 2013 [177] => * [[British Hydrological Society]]{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrology.org.uk/|title=The British Hydrological Society|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302080034/http://www.hydrology.org.uk/|archive-date=2 March 2013|url-status=live}} [178] => * Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission{{cite web|url=http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/hydrology/|script-title=ru:Гидрологическая комиссия|language=ru|trans-title=Hydrological Commission|publisher=Russian Geographical Society|access-date=8 March 2013|title={title}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174332/http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/hydrology/|archive-date=26 August 2013|url-status=dead}} [179] => * International Association for Environmental Hydrology{{cite web|url=http://hydroweb.com|title=Hydroweb|publisher=The International Association for Environmental Hydrology|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217154438/http://www.hydroweb.com/|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=live}} [180] => * [[International Association of Hydrogeologists]]{{Cite web|url = http://iah.org/|title = International Association of Hydrogeologists|access-date = 19 June 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140620203713/http://iah.org/|archive-date = 20 June 2014|url-status = live}} [181] => * [http://soham.org.np/ Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal] {{Cite web|url=http://soham.org.np/|title=Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists|website=Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313122542/http://soham.org.np/|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}} [182] => [183] => === Basin- and catchment-wide overviews === [184] => * Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales{{cite web|url=http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au|title=Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)|publisher=University of New South Wales|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409231617/https://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/|archive-date=9 April 2013|url-status=live}} – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia [185] => * [[Murray–Darling basin|Murray Darling Basin]] Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia{{Cite web|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407|title = Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative|access-date = 19 June 2014|website = Australian Government, Department of the Environment|publisher = Australian Government|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140205175227/http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407|archive-date = 5 February 2014|url-status = live}} [186] => [187] => == Research journals == [188] => * [http://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijhst International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology] [189] => * ''Hydrological Processes'', {{ISSN|1099-1085}} (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), [[John Wiley & Sons]] [190] => * ''Hydrology Research'', {{ISSN|0029-1277}}, IWA Publishing (formerly ''Nordic Hydrology'') [191] => * ''Journal of Hydroinformatics'', {{ISSN|1464-7141}}, IWA Publishing [192] => * ''[[Journal of Hydrologic Engineering]]'', {{ISSN|0733-9496}}, [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]] Publication [193] => * ''[[Journal of Hydrology]]'' [194] => * ''[[Water Research]]'' [195] => * ''[[Water Resources Research]]'' [196] => * ''Hydrological Sciences Journal ''- ''Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences'' ''(IAHS)'' {{ISSN|0262-6667}} (Print), {{ISSN|2150-3435}} (Online) [197] => * [[Hydrology and Earth System Sciences]] [198] => * [[Journal of Hydrometeorology]] [199] => [200] => ==See also== [201] => {{Div col}} [202] => * [[Aqueous solution]] [203] => * [[Climatology]] [204] => * [[Environmental engineering science]] [205] => * [[Geological Engineering]] [206] => * [[Green Kenue]] a software tool for hydrologic modellers [207] => * [[Hydraulics]] [208] => * [[Hydrography]] [209] => * [[Hydrology (agriculture)]] [210] => * [[International Hydrological Programme]] [211] => * [[Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient]] [212] => * [[Outline of hydrology]] [213] => * [[Potamal]] [214] => * [[Socio-hydrology]] [215] => * [[Soil science]] [216] => * [[Water distribution on Earth]] [217] => * [[WEAP]] (Water Evaluation And Planning) software to model catchment hydrology from climate and land use data [218] => * [[Catchment hydrology]] [219] => {{Div col end}} [220] => [221] => ; Other water-related fields [222] => * [[Oceanography]] is the more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries. [223] => * [[Meteorology]] is the more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall. [224] => * [[Limnology]] is the study of lakes, rivers and wetlands ecosystems. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made). [225] => * [[Water resources]] are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses. [226] => [227] => ==References== [228] => {{Reflist|refs= [229] => {{cite book|first1=L. Gray|last1=Wilson|first2= Lorne G.|last2=Everett|first3= Stephen J.|last3=Cullen|year=1994|title=Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-87371-610-9}} [230] => [231] => {{Cite book | last1 = Vereecken | first1 = H. | last2 = Kemna | first2 = A. | last3 = Münch | first3 = H. M. | last4 = Tillmann | first4 = A. | last5 = Verweerd | first5 = A. | doi = 10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b | chapter = Aquifer Characterization by Geophysical Methods | title = Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences |publisher=John Wiley & Sons| year = 2006 | isbn = 0-471-49103-9 }} [232] => [233] => Wetzel, R.G. (2001) ''Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems'', 3rd ed. Academic Press. {{ISBN|0-12-744760-1}} [234] => }} [235] => [236] => ==Further reading== [237] => {{Refbegin}} [238] => * Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 636 Pages, USA. [239] => * Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 646 Pages, USA. [240] => * Eslamian, S, 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 606 Pages, USA. [241] => * {{cite book|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Malcolm G.|editor2-first= Jeffrey J.|editor2-last=McDonnell|title=Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences|year=2005|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=0-471-49103-9}} [242] => * {{cite book|last=Hendriks|first=Martin R.|title=Introduction to physical hydrology|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-929684-2}} [243] => * {{cite book|last1=Hornberger|first1=George M.|last2=Wiberg|first2=Patricia L.|author-link2=Patricia Wiberg|last3=Raffensperger|first3=Jeffrey P.|last4=D'Odorico|first4=Paolo P.|title=Elements of physical hydrology|date=2014|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Md.|isbn=9781421413730|edition=2nd}} [244] => * {{cite book|editor-last=Maidment|editor-first=David R.|title=Handbook of hydrology|year=1993|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=0-07-039732-5}} [245] => * {{cite book|last=McCuen|first=Richard H.|title=Hydrologic analysis and design|year=2005|publisher=Pearson-Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, N.J.|isbn=0-13-142424-6|edition=3rd}} [246] => * {{cite book|last=Viessman|first=Warren Jr.|author2=Gary L. Lewis|title=Introduction to hydrology|year=2003|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Upper Saddle River, N.J.|isbn=0-673-99337-X|edition=5th}} [247] => {{Refend}} [248] => [249] => ==External links== [250] => {{Wiktionary}} [251] => * [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Hydrology.nl] – Portal to international hydrology and water resources [252] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601205453/http://floodrisk.net/ Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling] (archived 1 June 2013) [253] => * [http://www.experimental-hydrology.net/ Experimental Hydrology Wiki] [254] => [255] => {{Water}} [256] => {{Earth science}} [257] => {{Environmental science}} [258] => {{Physical geography topics}} [259] => {{Geology}} [260] => [261] => {{Authority control}} [262] => [263] => [[Category:Hydrology| ]] [264] => [[Category:Hydraulic engineering]] [265] => [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [266] => [[Category:Environmental science]] [267] => [[Category:Physical geography]] [] => )
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Hydrology

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist.

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