Array ( [0] => {{short description|Novel device, material or technical process}} [1] => {{Redirect2|Invented|Inventor|other uses|Invention (disambiguation)|and|Inventor (disambiguation)}} [2] => [3] => [[File:Science and Invention Nov 1928 Cover 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Cover of Science and Invention Magazine|'BUILD YOUR OWN TELEVISION RECEIVER.' ''[[Electrical Experimenter|Science and Invention]]'' magazine cover, November 1928]] [4] => [5] => An '''invention''' is a unique or [[novelty (patent)|novel]] [[machine|device]], method, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either as a stand-alone invention or as a significant improvement over the work of others, it can be patented. A patent, if granted, gives the inventor a proprietary interest in the patent over a specific period of time, which can be licensed for financial gain. [6] => [7] => An '''inventor''' creates or discovers an invention. The word ''inventor'' comes from the [[Latin]] verb ''invenire'', ''invent-'', to find.[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=inventor&db=* inventor]. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 1 October 2017.[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=invent invent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115143418/http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=invent |date=2008-01-15 }}. ''[[Merriam-Webster]]''. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Although inventing is closely associated with science and engineering, inventors are not necessarily engineers or scientists.*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/inventor Inventor]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Due to advances in [[evolutionary robotics|artificial intelligence]], the term "inventor" no longer exclusively applies to an occupation (see [[computer (occupation)|human computers]]).{{cite journal [8] => | first = Gregory S. [9] => | last = Hornby [10] => | author2=Al Globus |author3=Derek S. Linden |author4=Jason D. Lohn [11] => | title = Automated antenna design with evolutionary algorithms [12] => | publisher = American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics [13] => | journal = Space [14] => | date = September 2006 [15] => | url = http://alglobus.net/NASAwork/papers/Space2006Antenna.pdf [16] => | access-date = 2012-02-19}} [17] => [18] => Some inventions can be patented. The system of [[patent]]s was established to encourage inventors by granting limited-term, limited [[monopoly]] on inventions determined to be sufficiently novel, non-obvious, and [[Utility (patentability requirement)|useful]]. A patent legally protects the intellectual property rights of the inventor and legally recognizes that a claimed invention is actually an invention. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary by country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive. [19] => [20] => Another meaning of invention is '''[[cultural invention]]''', which is an [[innovative]] set of useful [[social behaviour]]s adopted by people and passed on to others.{{Cite book |last=Saper, Craig J. |title=Artificial Mythologies : a Guide to Cultural Invention. |date=1997 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-8773-2 |oclc=437188488}} The [[Institute for Social Inventions]] collected many such ideas in magazines and books.{{Cite book |last=Albery |first=Nicholas. |title=Best ideas : a compendium of social innovations : the latest ideas and award-winning schemes from the Institute for Social Inventions |date=1995 |publisher=Institute for Social Inventions |isbn=0-948826-37-1 |oclc=36969054}} Invention is also an important component of artistic and design [[creativity]]. Inventions often extend the boundaries of human knowledge, experience or capability. [21] => [22] => == Types== [23] => Inventions are of three kinds: scientific-technological (including medicine), sociopolitical (including economics and law), and humanistic, or cultural. [24] => [25] => Scientific-technological inventions include railroads, [[aviation]], [[vaccination]], hybridization, [[antibiotics]], astronautics, [[holography]], the atomic bomb, computing, the [[Internet]], and the smartphone. [26] => [27] => Sociopolitical inventions comprise new laws, institutions, and procedures that change modes of social behavior and establish new forms of human interaction and organization. Examples include the British [[Parliament]], the US [[Constitution]], the Manchester (UK) General Union of Trades, the Boy Scouts, the [[Red Cross]], the [[Olympic Games]], the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], as well as movements such as [[socialism]], [[Zionism]], [[suffragism]], [[feminism]], and animal-rights veganism. [28] => [29] => Humanistic inventions encompass culture in its entirety and are as transformative and important as any in the sciences, although people tend to take them for granted. In the domain of linguistics, for example, many alphabets have been inventions, as are all [[neologism]]s ([[Shakespeare]] invented about 1,700 words). Literary inventions include the epic, [[tragedy]], comedy, the [[novel]], the [[sonnet]], the [[Renaissance]], neoclassicism, [[Romanticism]], [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], Aestheticism, [[Socialist Realism]], [[Surrealism]], [[postmodernism]], and (according to Freud) [[psychoanalysis]]. Among the inventions of artists and musicians are oil painting, printmaking, [[photography]], [[Film|cinema]], musical tonality, atonality, [[jazz]], rock, [[opera]], and the symphony orchestra. Philosophers have invented logic (several times), [[dialectics]], idealism, materialism, [[utopia]], [[anarchism]], [[semiotics]], [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[behaviorism]], [[positivism]], [[pragmatism]], and [[deconstruction]]. Religious thinkers are responsible for such inventions as [[monotheism]], [[pantheism]], [[Methodism]], [[Mormonism]], iconoclasm, [[puritanism]], [[deism]], secularism, ecumenism, and the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. Some of these disciplines, genres, and trends may seem to have existed eternally or to have emerged spontaneously of their own accord, but most of them have had inventors.{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=Mikhail |date=2016-12-20 |title={{title case|INVENTIVE THINKING IN THE HUMANITIES}} |journal=Common Knowledge |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1215/0961754x-3692079 |issn=0961-754X}} [30] => [31] => == Process == [32] => === Practical means === [33] => [[File:Alessandro Volta.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Alessandro Volta]] with the first [[electrical battery]]. Volta is recognized as an influential inventor.]] [34] => [35] => Ideas for an invention may be developed on paper or on a computer, by writing or drawing, by [[trial and error]], by making models, by [[experiment]]ing, by testing and/or by making the invention in its whole form. [[Brainstorming]] also can spark new ideas for an invention. Collaborative creative processes are frequently used by engineers, designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents. [36] => [37] => In addition, many inventors keep [[inventor's notebook|records]] of their working process - [[inventor's notebook|notebooks]], photos, etc., including [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Evangelista Torricelli]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Albert Einstein]].{{Cite book |last=Grissom, Fred. |title=Inventor's Notebook, The. |date=2005 |publisher=Nolo |isbn=9781406318289 |oclc=1007922528}}''Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor'' by Simona Cremante (2005){{Cite web |title=Jefferson's Papers at the Library of Congress |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/ |publisher=Memory.loc.gov |access-date=2013-07-17}}{{Cite web |title=about Albert Einstein |url=http://www.alberteinstein.info/about/Information |access-date=Jun 1, 2020}} [38] => [39] => In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, or it may even ''morph'' into something totally different. Working on one invention can lead to others too.{{Cite web |title=Continuation Patents at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offices |url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/0200_201_08.htm |publisher=Uspto.gov |access-date=2013-07-17}} [40] => [41] => History shows that turning the concept of an invention into a working device is not always swift or direct. Inventions may also become more useful after time passes and other changes occur. For example, the [[parachute]] became more useful once powered [[flight]] was a reality.White, Lynn: The Invention of the Parachute, ''Technology and Culture'', Vol. 9, Nremante (2005) [42] => [43] => === Conceptual means === [44] => [[Image:Edison and phonograph edit2.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Thomas Edison]] with [[phonograph]]. Edison was one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding [[List of Edison patents|1,093 U.S. patents in his name]].]] [45] => [46] => Invention is often a [[creative process]]. An open and curious mind allows an inventor to see beyond what is known. Seeing a new possibility, connection or relationship can spark an invention. Inventive thinking frequently involves combining concepts or elements from different realms that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors disregard the boundaries between distinctly separate territories or fields.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} Several concepts may be considered when thinking about invention. [47] => [48] => ==== Play ==== [49] => [[File:Gutenberg-Presse im Gutenberg-Museum, Mainz, Deutschland (48988294536).jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Gutenberg]] press was voted the most important invention of the second millennium.{{cite web |url=http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm |title=Gutenberg, Man of the Millennium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303082307/http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm |archive-date=3 March 2012 |work=1,000+ People of the Millennium and Beyond |year=2000}}]] [50] => Play may lead to invention. Childhood curiosity, experimentation, and imagination can develop one's play instinct. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about novel creations.{{Cite web |title=Lemelson Centers Invention at Play : Inventors Stories |url=http://www.inventionatplay.org/inventors_main.html |publisher=Inventionatplay.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073009/http://inventionatplay.org/inventors_main.html |archive-date=2013-10-20 |access-date=2013-10-03}}Juice: The Creative Fuel That Drives World-Class Inventors (2004), p.14-15 by Evan I. Schwartz. [51] => [52] => Sometimes inventions and ideas may seem to arise spontaneously while [[daydreaming]], especially when the mind is free from its usual concerns.Claxton, Guy. "Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: Why intelligence increases when you think less". Fourth Estate, London, 1997. For example, both J. K. Rowling (the creator of [[Harry Potter]])Smith, Sean. "J. K. Rowling: A Biography." Michael O'Mara Books Limited, 2001. and Frank Hornby (the inventor of [[Meccano]])Jack, Ian. "Before the Oil Ran Out: Britain 1977-87". Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1987. first had their ideas while on [[train]] journeys. [53] => [54] => In contrast, the successful aerospace engineer [[Max Munk]] advocated "aimful thinking".{{Cite web |title=Engines of our Ingenuity No. 1990: Max Munk |url=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1990.htm |access-date=2017-03-05}} [55] => [56] => ==== Re-envisioning ==== [57] => [58] => To invent is to see anew. Inventors often envision a new idea, seeing it in their [[mind's eye]]. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem when the inventor's focus is on something else, or while relaxing or sleeping. A novel idea may come in a flash—a [[Eureka effect|Eureka]]! moment. For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream "like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision".Einstein: A Life by Denis Brian p.159 (1996) Inventions can also be accidental, such as in the case of [[polytetrafluoroethylene]] (Teflon). [59] => [60] => ==== Insight ==== [61] => Insight can also be a vital element of invention. Such inventive insight may begin with questions, doubt or a [[Intuition (knowledge)|hunch]]. It may begin by recognizing that something unusual or accidental may be useful or that it could open a new avenue for exploration. For example, the odd metallic color of plastic made by accidentally adding a thousand times too much catalyst led scientists to explore its metal-like properties, inventing electrically conductive plastic and light emitting plastic-—an invention that won the Nobel Prize in 2000 and has led to innovative lighting, display screens, wallpaper and much more (see [[conductive polymer]], and [[organic light-emitting diode]] or [[OLED]]).Nobelprize.org, [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/public.html ''The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019144626/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/public.html |date=October 19, 2011 }} [62] => [63] => ==== Exploration ==== [64] => [[File:Photographing Sound in 1884. A rare photograph taken at Volta Laboratory by J. Harris Rogers, a friend of Bell and Tainter (Smithsonian photo 44312-E) i009.jpg|thumb|300px|A rare 1884 photo showing the experimental recording of voice patterns by a photographic process at the [[Volta Laboratory and Bureau|Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory]] in Washington, D.C. Many of their experimental designs panned out in failure.]] [65] => [[File:Eric Magnus Tigerstedt.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eric M. C. Tigerstedt]] (1887–1925) was known as a pioneer of [[sound film|sound-on-film]] technology. Tigerstedt in 1915.]] [66] => Invention is often an exploratory process with an uncertain or unknown outcome. There are failures as well as successes. Inspiration can start the process, but no matter how complete the initial idea, inventions typically must be developed. [67] => [68] => ==== Improvement ==== [69] => Inventors may, for example, try to improve something by making it more effective, healthier, faster, more efficient, easier to use, serve more purposes, longer lasting, cheaper, more [[ecological]]ly friendly, or [[aesthetic]]ally different, lighter weight, more [[ergonomic]], structurally different, with new light or color properties, etc. [70] => [71] => === Implementation === [72] => [[Image:Arabic Numerals.svg|thumb|left|400px|[[Western Arabic numerals]] — an example of non-material inventions]] [73] => [[Image:ZST Bratislava Petrzalka 3.jpg|thumb|Railways — probably the most important invention in [[land transport]] (railway station in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]])]] [74] => In [[economic theory]], inventions are one of the chief examples of "[[externality|positive externalities]]", a beneficial side effect that falls on those outside a transaction or activity. One of the central concepts of economics is that externalities should be internalized—unless some of the benefits of this positive externality can be captured by the parties, the parties are under-rewarded for their inventions, and systematic under-rewarding leads to under-investment in activities that lead to inventions. The [[patent]] system captures those [[externality|positive externalities]] for the inventor or other patent owner so that the economy as a whole invests an optimum amount of resources in the invention process. [75] => [76] => == Comparison with innovation == [77] => {{Main|Innovation}} [78] => In contrast to invention, innovation is the implementation of a [[creativity|creative]] idea that specifically leads to greater value or usefulness. That is, while an invention may be useless or have no value yet still be an invention, an innovation must have some sort of value, typically economic. [79] => [80] => == As defined by patent law == [81] => {{see also|Patentability}} [82] => {{more citations needed|section|date=June 2020}} [83] => [[Image:US Patent cover.jpg|thumb|upright|[[United States patent law|U.S. patent]]]] [84] => The term ''invention'' is also an important legal concept and central to patent law systems worldwide. As is often the case for legal concepts, its legal meaning is slightly different from common usage of the word. Additionally, the ''legal'' concept of invention is quite different in American and European patent law. [85] => [86] => In Europe, the first test a patent application must pass is, "Is this an invention?" If it is, subsequent questions are whether it is new and sufficiently inventive. The implication—counter-intuitively—is that a legal invention is not inherently novel. Whether a patent application relates to an invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes, e.g., discoveries ''as such'' and software ''as such''. The EPO Boards of Appeal decided that the technical character of an application is decisive for it to represent an invention, following an age-old Italian and German tradition. British courts do not agree with this interpretation. Following a 1959 Australian decision ("NRDC"), they believe that it is not possible to grasp the invention concept in a single rule. A British court once stated that the technical character test implies a "restatement of the problem in more imprecise terminology." [87] => [88] => In the United States, all patent applications are considered inventions. The statute explicitly says that the American invention concept includes discoveries (35 USC § 100(a)), contrary to the European invention concept. The European invention concept corresponds to the American "patentable subject matter" concept: the first test a patent application is submitted to. While the statute (35 USC § 101){{Cite web |title=35 U.S.C. 1 Establishment. |url=https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/mpep-9015-appx-l.html |website=United States Patent and Trademark Office |access-date=1 August 2018 |ref=USPTO}} virtually poses no limits to patenting whatsoever, courts have decided in binding precedents that abstract ideas, natural phenomena and laws of nature are not patentable. Various attempts have been made to substantiate the "abstract idea" test, which suffers from abstractness itself, but none have succeeded. The last attempt so far was the "machine or transformation" test, but the U.S. Supreme Court decided in 2010 that it is merely an indication at best. [89] => [90] => In India, invention means a new product or process that involves an inventive step, and capable of being made or used in an industry. Whereas, "new invention" means any invention that has not been anticipated in any prior art or used in the country or anywhere in the world.{{Cite web |title=Indian Patent Act 1970-Sections |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/ev/sections/ps2.html |website=ipindia.nic.in |access-date=2019-04-03}} [91] => [92] => == In the arts == [93] => Invention has a long and important history in [[the arts]]. Inventive thinking has always played a vital role in the [[creative process]].{{Cite book |last=Gardner |first=Howard |title=Creating minds : an anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi |date=2011 |publisher=BasicBooks |isbn=978-0-465-02774-3 |oclc=809459661}} While some inventions in the arts are [[patentable]], others are not because they cannot fulfill the strict requirements governments have established for granting them. (see [[patent]]). [94] => [95] => Some inventions in art include the: [96] => [97] => * [[Collage]] and construction invented by Picasso [98] => * [[Readymade]] art invented by [[Marcel Duchamp]] [99] => * [[Mobile (sculpture)|mobile]] invented by [[Alexander Calder]] [100] => * Combine invented by [[Robert Rauschenberg]] [101] => * Shaped painting invented by [[Frank Stella]] [102] => * Motion picture, the invention of which is attributed to [[Eadweard Muybridge]]{{Cite web |title=Eadweard Muybridge | Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/photography-biographies/eadweard-muybridge |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=Jun 1, 2020}}{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Eadweard Muybridge (British photographer) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399928/Eadweard-Muybridge |access-date=2013-08-30 |date=1904-05-08}} [103] => * Video art invented by [[Nam June Paik]]{{Cite web|title=Nam June Paik|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nam-June-Paik/|access-date=2021-04-29|website=Britannica|language=en}} [104] => Likewise, [[Jackson Pollock]] invented an entirely new form of painting and a new kind of abstraction by dripping, pouring, splashing and splattering paint onto un-stretched canvas lying on the floor. [105] => [106] => Inventive tools of the artist's trade also produced advances in creativity. [[Impressionist]] painting became possible because of newly invented collapsible, resealable metal paint tubes that facilitated spontaneous painting outdoors.{{Cite web|title=Never Underestimate the Power of a Paint Tube|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/never-underestimate-the-power-of-a-paint-tube-36637764/|access-date=2021-04-29|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}} Inventions originally created in the form of artwork can also develop other uses, e.g. Alexander Calder's mobile, which is now commonly used over babies' cribs. Funds generated from patents on inventions in art, design and architecture can support the realization of the invention or other creative work. [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]]'s 1879 [[design patent]] on the [[Statue of Liberty]] helped fund the famous statue because it covered small replicas, including those sold as souvenirs.1879, F. Auguste Bartholdi U.S. Patent D11,023 [107] => [108] => The [[timeline for invention in the arts]] lists the most notable artistic inventors. [109] => [110] => == Gender gap in inventions == [111] => Historically, women in many regions have been unrecognised for their inventive contributions (except [[Russia]] and [[France]]Note: In modern and partially socialist Russia women are acknowledged to be capable of making inventions, even inventions in everyday basis although here the gender problem consist in the idea that these inventions are rather with small impact or of mainly personal use, however women are totally allowed to make innovations and inventions to any extend they may find possible, and usually not any barrier or stoppage is made upon, however these only may occur on institutional level where universities and academies may find difficult to incorporate their inventive work unlike [[France]] where on contrary, while in major women are rather not allowed to make inventions if such are made, they are institutionally and scientifically incorporated, for example [[Marie Curie]]), despite being the sole inventor or co-inventor in inventions, including highly notable inventions. Notable examples include [[Margaret E. Knight|Margaret Knight]] who faced significant challenges in receiving credit for her inventions;{{Cite web|last=Lemelson|first=MIT|title=Margaret Knight|url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/margaret-knight|access-date=30 May 2021}} [[Lizzie Magie|Elizabeth Magie]] who was not credited for her invention of the game of [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]];{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Monica M.|date=26 March 2015|title=The Woman Inventor Behind "Monopoly"|url=https://invention.si.edu/woman-inventor-behind-monopoly|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innvoation}} and among other such examples, [[Chien-Shiung Wu]] whose male colleagues alone were awarded the Nobel Prize for their joint contributions to physics.{{Cite web|last=Romeo|first=Jess|date=20 March 2021|title=Erasing Women from Science? There's A Name For That|url=https://daily.jstor.org/erasing-women-from-science-theres-a-name-for-that/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=JSTOR Daily}} Societal prejudice, institutional, educational and often legal patent barriers have both played a role in the gender invention gap. For example, although there could be found female patenters in US patent Office who also are likely to be helpful in their experience, still a patent applications made to the US Patent Office for inventions are less likely to succeed where the applicant have a "feminine" name,{{Cite journal|last=Marcowitz-Bitton|first=Miriam|date=2020|title=Unregistered Patents & Gender Equality|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3502178|journal=Harvard Journal of Law and Gender|volume=47|pages=57|ssrn=3502178 |via=SSRN}} and additionally women could lose their independent legal patent rights to their husbands once married.{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Zorina B.|date=1996|title=Married Women's Property Laws and Female Commercial Activity: Evidence from the United States Patent Records, 1790-1895|url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/~mbs31415/Khan_MarriedWomenPropertyRights.pdf|journal=Journal of Economic History|volume=2|pages=56|via=JSTOR}} See also the [[Patent#Gender gap in patents|gender gap in patents]]. [112] => [113] => == See also == [114] => {{Portal|Philosophy|Psychology|Technology|Science}} [115] => {{div col|colwidth=20em}} [116] => * [[Bayh–Dole Act]] [117] => * [[Bold hypothesis]] [118] => * [[Chindōgu]] [119] => * [[Creativity techniques]] [120] => * [[Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions]] [121] => * [[Discovery (observation)]] [122] => * [[Edisonian approach]] [123] => * [[Heroic theory of invention and scientific development]] [124] => * [[Independent inventor]] [125] => * [[INPEX (invention show)]] [126] => * [[International Innovation Index]] [127] => * ''[[Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work]]'' [128] => * [[Invention promotion firm]] [129] => * [[Inventors' Day]] [130] => * [[Kranzberg's laws of technology]] [131] => * [[Lemelson-MIT Prize]] [132] => * [[:Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries]] [133] => * [[List of inventions named after people]] [134] => * [[List of inventors]] [135] => * [[List of prolific inventors]] [136] => * [[Multiple discovery]] [137] => * [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] [138] => * [[necessity is the mother of invention|Necessity (Invention's mother)]] [139] => * [[Patent model]] [140] => * [[Proof of concept]] [141] => * [[Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions]] - it was rejected [142] => * [[Scientific priority]] [143] => * [[Technological revolution]] [144] => * ''[[The Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia]]'' [145] => * [[Timeline of historic inventions]] [146] => * [[Science and invention in Birmingham]] - The first cotton spinning mill to plastics and steam power. [147] => {{div col end}} [148] => [149] => == References == [150] => {{Reflist}} [151] => [152] => == Further reading == [153] => * [[Isaac Asimov|Asimov, Isaac]]. Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery, Harper & Row, 1989. {{ISBN|0-06-015612-0}} [154] => * [[Edmund Fuller|Fuller, Edmund]], ''Tinkers and Genius: The Story of the Yankee Inventors''. New York: Hastings House, 1955. [155] => [156] => == External links == [157] => {{Commons category}} [158] => {{Wikiquote}} [159] => {{Wiktionary}} [160] => [161] => * [http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/inventions/inventions.html List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Notable Inventions] at [[WIPO]] [162] => [163] => {{Inventions}} [164] => {{Aspects of capitalism}} [165] => {{Authority control}} [166] => [167] => [[Category:Inventions| ]] [168] => [[Category:Creativity]] [169] => [[Category:Human activities]] [170] => [[Category:Inventors]] [] => )
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Invention

An invention is a unique device, method, process, or composition that is the result of human creativity and ingenuity. It is a creation that provides a new solution to a problem or fills a previously unaddressed need.

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It is a creation that provides a new solution to a problem or fills a previously unaddressed need. Inventions have played a fundamental role in shaping human civilization, driving progress, and improving the daily lives of people around the world. Throughout history, numerous notable inventions have emerged in various fields, such as science, technology, medicine, and industry. Some groundbreaking inventions include the wheel, printing press, electricity, telegraph, telephone, automobile, airplane, computer, internet, and smartphone. Each of these inventions has revolutionized society, transforming the way people live, work, communicate, and access information. The process of inventing involves identifying problems or opportunities, conceptualizing feasible solutions, and then creating or designing a prototype. It requires creativity, critical thinking, and practical knowledge. Once an invention is created, it may go through further development, refinement, and testing before its introduction to the market or wider use. Inventions have had a profound impact on various aspects of human life. They have led to technological advancements, improved transportation and communication, expanded access to information, enhanced healthcare and medical treatments, and increased productivity in various industries. In some cases, inventions have also sparked social, cultural, and economic changes. It is important to distinguish between invention and innovation. While invention refers to the creation of a novel solution or concept, innovation involves the successful implementation and commercialization of an invention. Innovation often involves the development of business strategies, marketing, and scaling up the production or distribution of an invention. The protection of inventions is crucial to encourage inventors to continue creating and sharing their ideas. Intellectual property rights, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks, provide legal protection and exclusivity to inventors, allowing them to monetize their inventions and prevent others from unlawfully using or copying their work. In conclusion, inventions have shaped the course of human history, improving the quality of life and driving progress across various fields. They have transformed societies, economies, and industries, establishing new paradigms and possibilities. By fostering creativity and problem-solving, inventions continue to pave the way for advancements and breakthroughs in the future.

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A film, also known as a movie or motion picture, is a visual art form used to simulate experiences that communicate ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images.

Flight

Flight is the ability of an object to move through the air, using aerodynamics to generate lift and overcome gravity.

France

France is a country located in Western Europe.

Holography

Holography is a technique that enables the creation of three-dimensional images using light.

Internet

The Wikipedia page for "Internet" provides a comprehensive overview of this global network of interconnected computer networks that has revolutionized communication and information sharing.

Jazz

Jazz is a genre of music that originated in African American communities in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Novel

A novel is a long fictional narrative written in prose form.

OLED

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) is a type of display technology that utilizes organic materials to produce light.

Photography

Photography is the process of capturing and creating images using a camera.

Polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene.

Renaissance

The Renaissance was a period in European history that lasted from the 14th to the 17th centuries.

Sonnet

A sonnet is a form of poetry that has been used for centuries.

Vaccination

Vaccination is the process of administering vaccines to individuals in order to protect them from certain diseases.