Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Oldest extant book made by movable type}} [1] => {{For|the South Korean Mini series|Jikji (TV series)}} [2] => {{Italic title}} [3] => {{Infobox Korean name| [4] => | img= Korean book-Jikji-Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters-1377.jpg [5] => | caption = Pages from the first book printed using type [6] => | hangul=백운화상초록불조직지심체요절| [7] => hanja={{linktext|白|雲|和|尙|抄|錄|佛|祖|直|指|心|體|要|節|}} [8] => |rr=Baegun hwasang chorok buljo jikji simche yojeol| [9] => mr=Paegun hwasang ch'orok pulcho chikchi simch'e yojŏl| [10] => }} [11] => [12] => '''''Jikji''''' ({{Korean|hangul=직지}}; {{IPA-ko|tɕiktɕ͈i}}) is the abbreviated title of a [[Korean Buddhism|Korean Buddhist]] document whose title can be translated to "Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests' [[Zen#Seon in Korea|Zen]] Teachings".[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-buljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second-volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-priests-zen-teachings/ Baegun hwasang chorok buljo jikji simche yojeol (vol.II), the second volume of "Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests' Seon Teachings"], unesco.org, accessed June 2011 Jikji Simche means, "If you look at a person's heart correctly through the Zen meditation, you will realize that the nature of the heart is the heart of Buddha.".{{Cite web|title=직지심체요절|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=47318&docId=1397830&categoryId=47318|access-date=2021-03-28|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko}} Printed during the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty in 1377, it is the world's oldest extant book printed with [[Movable type|movable metal type]]. [[UNESCO]] confirmed ''Jikji'' as the world's oldest metalloid type in September 2001 and includes it in the [[Memory of the World Programme]].[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-buljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second-volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-priests-zen-teachings/ Memory of the World], unesco.org, accessed November 2009 [13] => [14] => ''Jikji'' was published in Heungdeok Temple in 1377, 78 years prior to [[Johannes Gutenberg]]'s acclaimed [[Gutenberg Bible|"42-Line Bible"]] printed during the years 1452–1455.{{cite book|editor-last=Jordan|editor-first=Nicole|title=Michelin Green Guide South Korea|publisher=[[Michelin Guide]]|page=387|year=2012|isbn=978-1907099694}}{{cite web|title=Jikji: An Invaluable Text of Buddhism|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/10/293_63447.html|publisher=[[The Korea Times]]|date=April 1, 2010|accessdate=February 9, 2017}} The greater part of the ''Jikji'' is now lost, and today only the last volume survives, and is kept at the Manuscrits Orientaux division of the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library of France]] (BnF). The BnF has hosted a digital copy online.{{cite book|title= 백운화상초록불조직지심체요절. 白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節 Päk un (1298-1374). Auteur du texte |year = 1377|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10527116j.r=jikji?rk=21459;2|publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed October 18, 2020}} [15] => [16] => == Authorship == [17] => ''Jikji'' was written by the Buddhist monk Baegun (1298–1374, Buddhist name Gyeonghan). [18] => [19] => In May of 1351, Baegun sought the teachings of Chinese Buddhist Master Seok-ok. After receiving the first volume of [[Bulgyeongjisimcheyojeol]] from Seok-ok, he began practicing Buddhist teachings. Baegun was also taught by the Indian high priest Jigonghwasang.{{Cite web |title=청주고인쇄박물관 - 직지란? |url=https://www.cheongju.go.kr/jikjiworld/contents.do?key=17509 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.cheongju.go.kr}} [20] => [21] => He later served as the chief priest of [[Anguksa (Seoul)|Anguksa]] and Shingwangsa temples in [[Haeju]], [[Hwanghae Province|Hwanghae]] Province, and was published in two volumes in Seongbulsan in 1372. [22] => [23] => Baegun wrote and edited Jikji at Chwiamsa Temple in [[Yeoju]] in 1374, where he lived until death.{{Cite web |title=청주고인쇄박물관 - 직지란? |url=https://www.cheongju.go.kr/jikjiworld/contents.do?key=17509 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.cheongju.go.kr}} [24] => [25] => == Contents == [26] => The ''Jikji'' comprises a collection of excerpts from the {{linktext|analects}} of the most revered Buddhist monks throughout successive generations. Baegun compiled it as a guide for students of [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhism]], then Korea's national religion under the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty (918–1392). [27] => [28] => The text propounds the essentials of [[Korean Buddhism#Seon|Seon]], the predecessor to Japan's [[Zen]] Buddhism. [29] => [30] => The ''Jikji'' consists of two volumes. The metal-print ''Jikji'' that was published in Heungdeok Temple is kept in the ''Manuscrits Orientaux'' division of the National Library of France, with the first page of the last volume (Book 1 in Chapter 38) torn off. A wood-carving print of ''Jikji'' published in Chwiamsa Temple contains the complete two volumes. This is kept in the [[National Library of Korea]] and Jangsagak and Bulgap temples as well as in the [[Academy of Korean Studies]]. [31] => [32] => == Printing == [33] => [[File:JikjiType.gif|thumb|[[Movable type]] used to print the first known book printed with [[metal type]], the ''Jikji'', in Korea]] [34] => On the last page of ''Jikji'' is recorded details of its publication, indicating that it was published in the 3rd Year of [[U of Goryeo|King U]] (July 1377) by metal type at Heungdeok temple in [[Cheongju]]. The ''Jikji'' originally consisted of two volumes totaling 307 chapters, but the first volume of the metal printed version is no longer extant. [35] => [36] => There is a record indicating that in 1377 Baegun's students, priests Seoksan and Daldam, helped in the publication of ''Jikji'' by using moveable metal type and the priestess Myodeok contributed her efforts as well. [37] => [38] => Although made using [[movable type]], ''Jikji'' used different printing methods from [[Johannes Gutenberg]].{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=47318&docId=1397830&categoryId=47318|title=직지심체요절|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-16}} [39] => [40] => The surviving metal type's dimensions are 24.6 × 17.0 cm. Its paper is very slight and white. The whole text is doubly folded very slightly. The cover looks re-made{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}. The title of ''Jikji'' also seems to be written with an Indian ink after the original. The cover on the surviving volume of the metal type edition records in French "The oldest known Korean book printed with molded type, with 1377 as date", written by Maurice Courant. [41] => [42] => The lines are not straight, but askew. The difference of the thickness of ink color shown on drawn letter paper is large, and spots often occur. Even some characters, such as 'day' (日) or 'one' (一), are written reversely, while other letters are not printed out completely. The same typed letters are not shown on the same paper, but the same typed letters appear on other leaves.{{clarify|date=September 2014}} There are also blurs and spots around the characters.[[Image:SelectedTeachingsofBuddhistSagesandSonMasters1377.jpg|thumb|''Jikji'', ''Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters'', the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]], Paris.]] [43] => [44] => == Rediscovery == [45] => The metal-printed ''Jikji'' became known to the world in 1901 through its inclusion in the appendix of the ''Hanguk Seoji'', compiled by the French sinologist and scholar of Korea, [[Maurice Courant]] (1865–1935). In 1972 the ''Jikji'' was displayed in Paris during the "[[International Book Year]]" hosted by the [[National Library of France]], gaining it worldwide attention for the first time. The book was "rediscovered" by Dr. Park Byeongseon who was working as a librarian in the National Library of France. Dr. Park died in 2011. [46] => [47] => The ''Jikji'' was printed using metal print in Heungdeok Temple outside Cheongjumok in July 1377, a fact recorded in its postscript. The fact that it was printed in Heungdeok Temple in Uncheondong, Cheongju, was confirmed when Cheongju University excavated the Heungdeok Temple site in 1985. [48] => [49] => Heungdeok Temple was rebuilt in March 1992. In 1992, the Early Printing Museum of Cheongju was opened, and it took the ''Jikji'' as its central theme from 2000. [50] => [51] => Only the final volume of the ''Jikji'' is preserved by the Manuscrits Orientaux department of the National Library of France. [52] => [53] => On September 4, 2001,{{Cite web |title=The invention of movable metal type: Goryeo technology and wisdom |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-invention-of-movable-metal-type-goryeo-technology-and-wisdom/zgXxwilonG6kIg |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}} the ''Jikji'' was formally added to [[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory of the World]].{{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/baegun-hwasang-chorok-buljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-second-volume-anthology-great-buddhist-priests|title=Baegun hwasang chorok buljo jikji simche yojeol (vol.II), the second volume of "Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests' Zen Teachings"|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2023-11-08 }} The [[Jikji prize|Jikji Memory of the World Prize]]{{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/jikji-prize-ceremony-be-held-next-week-cheongju-republic-korea|title=Jikji Prize ceremony to be held next week in Cheongju, Republic of Korea|website=www.unesco,org|access-date=2023-11-08}} was created in 2004 to commemorate the creation of the ''Jikji''. [54] => [55] => == Restoration == [56] => The restoration process of the lower volume of ''Jikji'' was completed in 2013, restoring pages 2 to 14 by January of 2012 and pages 15 to 29 in January of 2013.{{Cite web |date=2013-04-17 |title=청주시 ‘직지’ 상권도 복원 착수 |url=http://www.dynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=178295 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=동양일보 |language=ko}} In March of 2013, the [[Cheongju Early Printing Museum]] commissioned the Humanities Research Institute at [[Kyungpook National University]] to research further restoration processes to complete a full restoration of the two volumes of ''Jikji''.{{Cite web |last=박 |first=상현 |title=佛국립도서관에 '직지'보다 앞선 고서 있다…유일본 여럿 확인 |url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0009191523?sid=103 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=[[Naver News]] |language=ko}} [57] => [58] => The completed restoration of the ''Jikji'' metal movable type was revealed at its Metal Type Casting Training Center, having successfully replicated the 31,200 characters in the upper and lower volumes of ''Jikji'' with a total of 78 plates engraved with 400 characters per plate.{{Cite web |date=2016-01-19 |title=직지 금속활자 옛 주조방식 그대로 복원 |url=https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201601192069891295?t=20221005232902 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=[[Hankook Ilbo]] |language=ko-KR}} This restoration work, done by expert Im In-ho, was done by reproducing the printed type of ''Jikji'' using the wax casting method that was used widely at the time of ''Jikji's'' original creation.{{Cite web |title=직지심체요절구결(直指心體要節口訣)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0078837 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}} [59] => [60] => The wax casting method engraves letters by attaching the letters to beeswax that were procured by heating honeycomb. A mold of the letter is then made by wrapping it with soil and pouring molten iron into the spaces where the wax has melted. [61] => [62] => Because only one incomplete copy of the metal type printed ''Jikji'' remains, missing information was filled in by referring to the [[Woodblock printing|woodblock print]] version of ''Jikji'', published a year after the metal type printed version. The new restoration then now includes the page of the lower volume that was lost in the copy at the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|French National Library]]. The typeface replicates the type of Jabi doryang chambeop jihae, which is known to have been produced at [[Heungdeoksa Temple site|Heungdeoksa Temple]] in Cheongju around the same time period. {{Cite web |title=jabi doryang chambeop jihae (A Collection of Commentaries on the Repentance Ritual of Great Compassion|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/jabi-doryang-chambeop-jiphae-a-collection-of-commentaries-on-the-repentance-ritual-of-great-compassion/BwFIUWtxMxOXow?hl=en|access-date=2023-05-23}} Characters not found in the Jabi doryang chambeop jihae were created by combining strokes as printed in the lower volumes of ''Jikji''. [63] => [64] => In total, Cheongju city invested a total of ₩1.81 billion(~$1.5 million) on the [[Goryeo]] era metal type restoration project from 2011 to 2016. [65] => [66] => == Controversy == [67] => Towards the end of the [[Joseon Dynasty]], French diplomat [[Victor Collin de Plancy]] bought the second volume of the ''Jikji'' in Seoul and took it to France, where it is now kept at the [[National Library of France]] in [[Paris]]. [68] => [69] => In May 1886, Korea and France concluded a treaty of defense and commerce, and as a result in 1887 official diplomatic relations were entered into by the treaty's official ratification by Kim Yunsik (1835–1922) and [[Victor Emile Marie Joseph Collin de Plancy]]. Plancy, who had majored in law in France and went on to study Chinese, had served for six years as translator at the French Legation in China, between 1877 and 1883. In 1888 he went to Seoul as the first French consul to Korea, staying until 1891. During his extended residence in Korea, first as consul and then again as full diplomatic minister from 1896–1906, Victor Collin de Plancy collected Korean ceramics and old books. His official secretary, Kulang, who had moved to Seoul, classified them. [70] => [71] => Although the channels through which Plancy collected his works are not clearly known, he seems to have collected them primarily during the early 1900s. Most of the old books Plancy collected in Korea went to the National Library of France at an auction in 1911, while the metal-printed ''Jikji'' was purchased in that same year for 180 francs by [[Henri Vever|Henri Véver]], a well-known jewel merchant and old book collector, who in turn donated it to the French National Library in his will. [72] => [73] => The right of ownership remains disputed, with the French National Library maintaining that the ''Jikji'' should remain in France, while Korean activists argue it should belong to Korea.[http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_12/online_exclusive/5153.html cceia.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821170254/http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_12/online_exclusive/5153.html |date=2010-08-21 }} [74] => The National Library of France says that as an important historical artifact of all mankind, the ''Jikji'' should remain in France as it represents a common, worldwide heritage, and does not belong to any one country. In addition, they claim the ''Jikji'' would be better preserved and displayed in France because of the prestige and resources the Library possesses. On the other hand, Korean organizations claim that it should belong to its country of origin and that it carries historical significance for the Korean people. [75] => The Committee to Bring Jikji Back to Korea led by American Richard Pennington{{Cite web|url=http://richardpennington.com/index.php/publications/entry/the-jikji-prize-award-ceremony-in-cheongjuseptember-12-2013|title=The Jikji Prize Award Ceremony in Cheongju—September 12, 2013|date=13 September 2013}} is one such organization in [[Seoul]], [[Korea]] that is working to repatriate the Jikji back to Korea from [[France]]. [76] => The French President [[François Mitterrand]] promised to investigate ways to return various Korean books including the ''Jikji'', should the French high-speed rail technology be exported to Korea. From April to June 2011, 297 volumes with 191 different Uigwes of the [[Kyujanggak]] (Oegyujanggak), were shipped back in four separate installments and subsequently kept at the [[National Museum of Korea]].Lee, Claire [http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20110612000269 "Ancient Korean royal books welcomed back home"] ''Korea Herald''. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-23 However, ''Jikji'' was not included, following opposition in France, including a protest lodged by the librarians at the National Library.Lee, Kyong-hee. "Joseon Royal Books Return Home after 145 Years in France." ''The JoongAng Ilbo''. [http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1576&lang=en&page_type=list koreana.or.kr] [77] => [78] => == See also == [79] => * [[Movable type]] [80] => * [[History of typography in East Asia]] [81] => * [[Korean Buddhism]] [82] => * [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library of France]] [83] => * [[Gutenberg Bible]] [84] => * [[History of Korea]] [85] => * [[Jikji prize]] [86] => * [[Diamond Sutra]] – earliest dated example of block printing [87] => [88] => == References == [89] => {{reflist}} [90] => [91] => == External links == [92] => {{Commons category|Jikji}} [93] => * [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10527116j.r=jikji?rk=21459;2 Digitized Jikji by the BnF] [94] => * [http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000078021&qid=sdx_q0 Description of the Jikji from BAM the BnF Archives and manuscripts online catalogue of the BnF] [95] => [96] => {{Authority control}} [97] => [98] => [[Category:Goryeo works]] [99] => [[Category:Korean Buddhist texts]] [100] => [[Category:Science and technology in Korea]] [101] => [[Category:Mahayana texts]] [102] => [[Category:Bibliothèque nationale de France collections]] [103] => [[Category:Memory of the World Register]] [104] => [[Category:1370s books]] [105] => [[Category:Buddhist commentaries]] [] => )
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Jikji

Jikji is the abbreviated title of a Korean Buddhist document whose title can be translated to "Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests' Zen Teachings". Jikji Simche means, "If you look at a person's heart correctly through the Zen meditation, you will realize that the nature of the heart is the heart of Buddha.

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