Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Japanese concept referring to continuous improvement}} [1] => {{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Chinese words and phrases]]}} [2] => {{More footnotes needed|date=August 2022}} [3] => [4] => [5] => {{Nihongo|'''''Kaizen'''''|改善||"improvement"|lead=yes}} is a concept referring to business activities that [[Continual improvement process|continuously improve]] all functions and involve all employees from the [[CEO]] to the [[assembly line]] workers. Kaizen also applies to processes, such as purchasing and [[logistics]], that cross organizational boundaries into the [[supply chain]].{{cite book | last = Imai | first = Masaaki [6] => | title = Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success [7] => | url = https://archive.org/details/kaizen00masa | url-access = registration | location = New York | publisher = Random House | year = 1986}} It has been applied in healthcare,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/11/business/11seattle.html|title=Factory Efficiency Comes to the Hospital|first =Julie |last = Weed | work = The New York Times | date=July 10, 2010}} [[psychotherapy]],{{cite journal|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9898/aad5ee15e0e7716d5e83f9c3c3974eabe57d.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174448/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9898/aad5ee15e0e7716d5e83f9c3c3974eabe57d.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-05-16|title=Audit in psychotherapy: the concept of Kaizen|author=M. M. Feldman|year=1992|journal=Psychiatric Bulletin|volume=16|issue=6|publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists|pages=334–336|doi=10.1192/PB.16.6.334|s2cid=638586}} [[life coaching]], government, manufacturing, and banking. [8] => [9] => By improving standardized programs and processes, kaizen aims to eliminate waste and redundancies ([[lean manufacturing]]). Kaizen was first practiced in [[Economy of Japan|Japanese businesses]] after [[World War II]], influenced in part by American business and quality-management teachers, and most notably as part of [[The Toyota Way]]. It has since spread throughout the world and has been applied to environments outside of business and productivity.Europe Japan Centre, ''Kaizen Strategies for Improving Team Performance'', Ed. Michael Colenso, London: Pearson Education Limited, 2000 [10] => [11] => == Overview == [12] => The Japanese word {{Lang|ja-latn|kaizen}} means 'improvement' or 'change for better' (from 改 kai - change, revision; and 善 zen - virtue, goodness) with the inherent meaning of either 'continuous' or 'philosophy' in Japanese dictionaries and in everyday use. The word refers to any improvement, one-time or continuous, large or small, in the same sense as the English word ''[[improvement]]''.{{cite web [13] => | url = http://www.homejapan.com/2009/03/debunked-kaizen [14] => | title = Debunked: "kaizen = Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement" [15] => | access-date = 2009-08-15 [16] => | archive-date = 2019-01-07 [17] => | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043814/http://www.homejapan.com/2009/03/debunked-kaizen%0A [18] => | url-status = dead [19] => }} However, given the common practice in Japan of labeling industrial or business improvement techniques with the word ''kaizen'', particularly the practices spearheaded by Toyota, the word ''kaizen'' in English is typically applied to measures for implementing [[Continual improvement process|''continuous'' improvement]], especially those with a "Japanese philosophy". The discussion below focuses on such interpretations of the word, as frequently used in the context of modern management discussions. Two kaizen approaches have been distinguished:{{Cite web|url= https://roioverload.com/kaizen-mastering-eastern-business-philosophy |title=Kaizen, Mastering Eastern Business Philosophy |last=Clary |first=Scott Douglas |date=2019-07-27 |website=ROI Overload |language=en-US |access-date=2019-07-27}} [20] => [21] => ===Point kaizen=== [22] => Point kaizen is one of the most commonly implemented types of kaizen.{{cn|date=January 2022}} It happens very quickly and usually without much planning. As soon as something is found broken or incorrect, quick and immediate measures are taken to correct the issues. These measures are generally small, isolated and easy to implement.; however, they can have a huge impact. [23] => [24] => In some cases, it is also possible that the positive effects of point kaizen in one area can reduce or eliminate benefits of point kaizen in some other area. [25] => [26] => Examples of point kaizen include a shop inspection by a supervisor who finds broken materials or other small issues, and then asks the owner of the shop to perform a quick kaizen ([[5S (methodology)|5S]]) to rectify those issues, or a line worker who notices a potential improvement in efficiency by placing the materials needed in another order or closer to the production line in order to minimize downtime. [27] => [28] => === System kaizen === [29] => System kaizen is accomplished in an organized manner and is devised to address system-level problems in an organization or any production factory. [30] => [31] => It is an upper-level strategic planning method for a short period of time. [32] => [33] => ===Line kaizen=== [34] => Line kaizen refers to communication of improvements between the upstream and downstream of a process. This can be extended in several ways. [35] => [36] => === Plane kaizen === [37] => This is the next upper level of line kaizen, in that several lines are connected together. In modern terminologies, this can also be described as a value stream, where instead of traditional departments, the organization is structured into product lines or families and value streams. It can be visualized as changes or improvements made to one line being implemented to multiple other lines or processes. [38] => [39] => === Cube kaizen === [40] => Cube kaizen describes the situation where all the points of the planes are connected to each other and no point is disjointed from any other. This would resemble a situation where [[lean thinking|Lean]] has spread across the entire organization. Improvements are made up and down through the plane, or upstream or downstream, including the complete organization, suppliers and customers. This might require some changes in the standard business processes as well. [41] => [42] => == Application == [43] => === The 5S movement === [44] => The [[5S (methodology)|5S]] are primarily aimed at the workshop workplaces, whereby the workplace is understood as the place where the value-adding processes in the company take place. [45] => ;Seiri [46] => : Create order: remove everything that is not necessary from your workspace! [47] => ;Seiton [48] => : Love of order: organize things and keep them in their proper place! [49] => ;Seiso [50] => : Cleanliness: keep your workplace clean! [51] => ;Seiketsu [52] => : Personal sense of order: make 5S a habit by setting standards! [53] => ;Shitsuke [54] => : Discipline: make cleanliness and order your personal concern! [55] => [56] => === The 7M checklist ([[Ishikawa diagram]]) === [57] => These are the seven most important factors that must be checked again and again: [58] => # Man [59] => # Machine [60] => # Material [61] => # Method [62] => # Milieu/environment [63] => # Management [64] => # Measurability [65] => The original 5M method was expanded to include the last two factors, as the influence of management in the system and measurability are of a certain scope. (See also the Ishikawa diagram as a graphical representation of the 7Ms). [66] => [67] => === The 7W checklist === [68] => The 7W checklist possibly goes back to [[Cicero]] as an original tool for rhetoric (7 W questions - you have to be a little generous with the '''how''' ('' '''Wie''' '' in German) and value the last letter). [69] => [70] => ; What [71] => : is to be done? [72] => ; Who [73] => : does it? [74] => ; Why [75] => : do it? [76] => ; How [77] => : is it done? [78] => ; When [79] => : is it done? [80] => ; Where [81] => : should it be done? [82] => ; Why [83] => : is it not done differently? [84] => [85] => Related to the 7W questionnaire is the principle of "Go to the source" (Genkin-butso). This means asking "Why?" 5 times in the event of undesirable results or errors in order to find a solution. Furthermore, managers should get an idea of the situation on site, for example a production process, and not make decisions from afar. [86] => [87] => The W questions are used in a wide variety of areas, for example when analyzing texts,[https://www.lehrerfreund.de/schule/1s/w-fragen-arbeitsblatt/ ''W-questions: Worksheet''] 11. April 2015. On ''Lehrerfreund.de'', last visited 4th November 2022. as an aid in defining projectsStefan Hagen: [https://pm-blog.com/2006/12/28/6-w-fragen/ ''6 W-questions''] In: ''Project management blog'' 28. Dezember 2006, On Pm-Blog.com, last visited 4th November 2022. as well as in work analysisPeter Nickel: ''Work analysis, evaluation and design'' Lecture, On Uni-Oldenburg.de ([http://www.psychologie.uni-oldenburg.de/fachschaft/scripte/ABO/04aat050207b.pdf PDF]; 1,2 MB), last visited 4th November 2022. and, as a result, in defining work content. [88] => [89] => In the field of [[Quality management|quality management]], this principle is used in [[Failure mode and effects analysis|failure mode and effects analysis]] to identify potential weaknesses. [90] => [91] => === The three Mu === [92] => The three Mu form the basis for the loss philosophy of the Toyota Production System (TPS). In the context of this loss philosophy, the three Mu are seen as negative focal points of the loss potential and should therefore be avoided. [93] => [94] => ; Muda [95] => : Waste, see the seven Muda [96] => ; Mura [97] => : Deviations in the processes (also imbalance) [98] => ; Muri [99] => : Overloading of employees and machines [100] => [101] => === The seven Muda === [102] => The seven types of waste (seven Muda) as typical sources of loss. [103] => [104] => The waste itself ([[Muda (Japanese term)|Muda]]) is the obvious cause of losses. A distinction is made between seven types of waste that occur almost everywhere in the company. [105] => [106] => ; Muda due to overproduction [107] => : Produce more than necessary. [108] => ; Muda due to waiting time [109] => : Inactive hands of an employee. Process timing not optimized. [110] => ; Muda due to unnecessary transportation [111] => : Movement of materials or products does not add value. [112] => ; Muda due to production of faulty parts [113] => : Defective products disrupt the production flow and require expensive rework. [114] => ; Muda due to excessive storage [115] => : Finished and semi-finished products, vendor parts and materials stored as inventory do not add value. [116] => ; Muda due to unnecessary movement [117] => : Awkward, unergonomic and unnecessary movements consume time, lead to fatigue and increase the risk of injury. [118] => ; Muda due to an unfavorable manufacturing process [119] => : The additional equipment of products or services with features that are neither desired nor paid for by the customer. [120] => [121] => === Just-in-Time (JIT) === [122] => [123] => * This principle is a logistics-oriented decentralized organization and control concept that aims to supply and dispose of materials for production on demand and thus ensures the precise delivery of raw materials or products of the required quality in the desired quantity (and packaging) to the desired location at the time they are actually needed. This eliminates storage costs; the remaining administrative effort can be reduced to a relative minimum. [124] => * An enhancement of "[[Just-in-time manufacturing|just-in-time]]" is the so-called "[[Just in sequence|just in sequence]]" (JIS). Based on the JIT principle, the products are also delivered to the customer in the correct sequence. [125] => [126] => JIT is now standard throughout the automotive industry. It is used, for example, for interior parts (seats, airbags, steering wheels, dashboards) or painted parts. The generally higher transportation and handling costs caused by JIT or JIS are offset by savings in inventory, storage or floor space costs. [127] => [128] => === Total Productive Maintenance === [129] => * Constant monitoring of the production lines [130] => * Attempt to continuously improve the lines [131] => * Elimination of waste of any kind [132] => [133] => For more information, see the article [[Total productive maintenance]]. [134] => [135] => == Benefits and tradeoffs == [136] => Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work ([[Muri (Japanese term)|''muri'']]), and teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the [[scientific method]] and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes. In all, the process suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity: "The idea is to nurture the company's people as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in kaizen activities."{{cite book |last=Tozawa |first=Bunji |author2=Japan Human Relations Association | title=The improvement engine: creativity & innovation through employee involvement: the Kaizen teian system | publisher= Productivity Press |year=1995 |page=34 | isbn=978-1-56327-010-9 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1vqyBirIQLkC&pg=PA34 |access-date=6 February 2010}} Successful implementation requires "the participation of workers in the improvement."{{cite book |last=Laraia |first=Anthony C. |author2=Patricia E. Moody |author3=Robert W. Hall |title=The Kaizen Blitz: accelerating breakthroughs in productivity and performance |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=1999 |page=26 |isbn=978-0-471-24648-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZgEBdQhjAAC |access-date=6 February 2010}} [137] => People at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external stakeholders when applicable. Kaizen is most commonly associated with manufacturing operations, as at Toyota, but has also been used in non-manufacturing environments.{{cite news |title= Five Reasons to Implement Kaizen in Non-Manufacturing |url= http://www.6sigma.us/lean-six-sigma-articles/five-reasons-to-implement-kaizen-in-non-manufacturing/ |work=6sigma.us |access-date=March 31, 2015}} The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group. At Toyota, it is usually a local improvement within a workstation or local area and involves a small group in improving their own work environment and productivity. This group is often guided through the kaizen process by a line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's key role. Kaizen on a broad, cross-departmental scale in companies, generates [[total quality management]], and frees human efforts through improving productivity using machines and computing power.{{Citation needed |date=September 2009}} [138] => [139] => While kaizen (at Toyota) usually delivers small improvements, the culture of continual aligned small improvements and standardization yields large results in terms of overall improvement in productivity. This philosophy differs from the "[[Command and control (management)|command and control]]" improvement programs (e.g., Business Process Improvement{{define}}) of the mid-20th century. Kaizen methodology includes making changes and monitoring results, then adjusting. Large-scale pre-planning and extensive project scheduling are replaced by smaller experiments, which can be rapidly adapted as new improvements are suggested.{{Citation needed |date=September 2009}} [140] => [141] => In modern usage, it is designed to address a particular issue over the course of a week and is referred to as a "kaizen blitz" or "kaizen event".{{cite book |last=Hamel |first=Mark |title=Kaizen Event Fieldbook: Foundation, Framework, and Standard Work for Effective Events |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=99Flh8fqCH0C |access-date= 20 April 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=Society Of Manufacturing Engineers |isbn=978-0-87263-863-1 |page=36}}{{cite book |title=The Kaizen Event Planner |date=October 5, 2007 |publisher=Productivity Press |isbn=978-1563273513 |pages=240 |author= Karen Martin |author2=Mike Osterling}} These are limited in scope, and issues that arise from them are typically used in later blitzes.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} A person who makes a large contribution in the successful implementation of kaizen during kaizen events is awarded the title of "Zenkai". In the 21st century, [[business consultant]]s in various countries have engaged in widespread adoption and sharing of the kaizen framework as a way to help their clients restructure and refocus their [[business process]]es. [142] => [143] => ==History== [144] => {{More citations needed section|date=October 2021}} [145] => {{main|Industrial change in occupied Japan}} [146] => [147] => The small-step work improvement approach was developed in the USA under [[Training Within Industry]] program (TWI Job Methods).{{Cite book|title=The TWI Workbook: Essential Skills for Supervisors|last=Graupp P., Wrona B.|publisher=Productivity Press|year=2015|isbn=9781498703963|location=New York}} Instead of encouraging large, radical changes to achieve desired goals, these methods recommended that organizations introduce small improvements, preferably ones that could be implemented on the same day. The major reason was that during WWII there was neither time nor resources for large and innovative changes in the production of war equipment.{{Cite book|title=Standardized Work with TWI: Eliminating Human Errors in Production and Service Processes|last=Misiurek|first=Bartosz|publisher=Productivity Press|year=2016|isbn=9781498737548|location=New York}} The essence of the approach came down to improving the use of the existing workforce and technologies. [148] => [149] => As part of the aid to allied nations after the war, not directly including the [[Marshall Plan#Aid to Asia|Marshall Plan]] after [[World War II]], American occupation forces brought in experts to help with the rebuilding of Japanese industry while the Civil Communications Section (CCS) developed a management training program that taught statistical control methods as part of the overall material. [[Homer Sarasohn]] and [[Charles Protzman]] developed and taught this course in 1949–1950. Sarasohn recommended [[W. Edwards Deming]] for further training in statistical methods. [150] => [151] => The Economic and Scientific Section (ESS) group was also tasked with improving Japanese management skills and Edgar McVoy was instrumental in bringing [[Lowell Mellen]] to Japan to properly install the [[Training Within Industry]] (TWI) programs in 1951. The ESS group had a training film to introduce TWI's three "J" programs: Job Instruction, Job Methods and Job Relations. Titled "Improvement in Four Steps" ({{Lang|ja-latn|Kaizen eno Yon Dankai}}), it thus introduced kaizen to Japan. [152] => [153] => For the pioneering, introduction, and implementation of kaizen in Japan, the [[Emperor of Japan]] awarded the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]] to Dr. Deming in 1960. Subsequently, the [[Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers]] (JUSE) instituted the annual [[Deming Prize]]s for achievement in quality and dependability of products. On October 18, 1989, JUSE awarded the [[Deming Prize]] to [[Florida Power & Light]] Co. (FPL), based in the US, for its exceptional accomplishments in process and quality-control management, making it the first company outside Japan to win the Deming Prize. [154] => US National Archives – SCAP collection – PR News Wire{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} [155] => [156] => [157] => [[Kaoru Ishikawa]] took up this concept to define how continuous improvement or kaizen can be applied to processes, as long as all the variables of the process are known.{{cite book |last=Balay |first=Reza Sadigh |title=Hacia la excelencia: sector del mueble y afines. |date=2013|publisher=Editorial Club Universitario |isbn=978-8484549598 |page=33 }} [158] => [159] => == Implementation == [160] => [[Kaizen|The]] [[Toyota Production System]] is known for kaizen, where all line personnel are expected to stop their moving production line in case of any abnormality, and, along with their supervisor, suggest an improvement to resolve the abnormality which may initiate a kaizen. This feature is called [[Jidoka]] or "autonomation". [161] => [162] => [[File:PDCA-Two-Cycles.svg|450px|thumb|The PDCA cycles{{cite web |url=https://www.bulsuk.com/2009/02/taking-first-step-with-pdca.html |title=Taking the First Step with PDCA |date=2 February 2009 |access-date=17 March 2011}}]] [163] => The cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as: Plan → Do → Check → Act. This is also known as the [[Shewhart cycle]], Deming cycle, or [[PDCA]]. [164] => [165] => Another technique used in conjunction with PDCA is the [[five whys]], which is a form of [[root cause analysis]] in which the user asks a series of five "why" questions about a failure that has occurred, basing each subsequent question on the answer to the previous.[[5 Whys]]{{ cite web |url=http://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/cause-effect/determine-root-cause-5-whys/ | title=Determine the Root Cause:5 Whys | date=26 February 2010 |access-date=24 October 2013}} There are normally a series of causes stemming from one root cause,{{cite web |url=https://www.bulsuk.com/2009/03/5-why-finding-root-causes.html |title=An Introduction to 5-Why |date=2 April 2009 |access-date=1 February 2011 }} and they can be visualized using [[Ishikawa diagram|fishbone diagrams]] or tables. The five whys can be used as a foundational tool in personal improvement.{{cite web |url=http://blog.getswip.com/the-5-whys-and-5-hows-when-clarity-is-just-two-questions-away/ |title=The 5 Whys and 5 Hows – When Clarity Is Just Two Questions Away |access-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003725/http://blog.getswip.com/the-5-whys-and-5-hows-when-clarity-is-just-two-questions-away/ |archive-date=14 February 2017 |url-status=dead }} [166] => [167] => [[Masaaki Imai]] made the term famous in his book ''Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success''. [168] => [169] => In the ''Toyota Way Fieldbook'', Liker and Meier discuss the kaizen blitz and kaizen burst (or kaizen event) approaches to continuous improvement. A kaizen blitz, or rapid improvement, is a focused activity on a particular process or activity. The basic concept is to identify and quickly remove waste. Another approach is that of the kaizen burst, a specific kaizen activity on a particular process in the [[Value stream mapping|value stream]].{{cite book [170] => | last1 = Liker | first1 = Jeffrey [171] => | year = 2006 [172] => | title = The Toyota Way Fieldbook [173] => | location = New York [174] => | publisher = McGraw-Hill [175] => | last2 = Meier | first2 = David }} [176] => [177] => In the 1990s, Professor Iwao Kobayashi published his book ''20 Keys to Workplace Improvement'' and created a practical, step-by-step improvement framework called "the 20 Keys". He identified 20 operations focus areas which should be improved to attain holistic and sustainable change. He went further and identified the five levels of implementation for each of these 20 focus areas. Four of the focus areas are called Foundation Keys. According to the 20 Keys, these foundation keys should be launched ahead of the others in order to form a strong constitution in the company. The four foundation keys are: [178] => [179] => * Key 1 – Cleaning and Organizing to Make Work Easy, which is based on the 5S methodology. [180] => * Key 2 – Goal Alignment/Rationalizing the System [181] => * Key 3 – Small Group Activities [182] => * Key 4 – Leading and Site Technology [183] => [184] => == Related topics == [185] => [186] => {{Portal|Japan}} [187] => {{div col|colwidth=22em}} [188] => *[[Business process re-engineering]] [189] => *[[Experiential learning]] [190] => *[[Hansei]] [191] => *[[Kaikaku]] [192] => *[[Kanban]], [[Kanban (development)|Kanban Method]] [193] => *[[Management fad]] [194] => *[[Mottainai]], a sense of regret concerning waste [195] => *[[Muda (Japanese term)]] [196] => *[[Overall equipment effectiveness]] [197] => *[[Quality circle]] [198] => *[[Six Sigma]] [199] => *[[Statistical process control]] [200] => *[[Theory of constraints]] [201] => *[[Total productive maintenance]] [202] => *[[TRIZ]], the theory of inventive problem solving [203] => *[[Visual control]] [204] => *[[Ikigai]] [205] => {{div col end}} [206] => [207] => ==References== [208] => {{Reflist|30em}} [209] => [210] => ==Further reading== [211] => * {{cite book [212] => | last = Dinero [213] => | first = Donald [214] => | year = 2005 [215] => | title = Training Within Industry: The Foundation of [216] => | publisher = Productivity Press [217] => | isbn = 1-56327-307-1 [218] => }} [219] => * {{cite book [220] => | last =Bodek [221] => | first = Norman [222] => |author-link=Norman Bodek [223] => |year = 2010 [224] => | title = How to do Kaizen: A new path to innovation - Empowering everyone to be a problem solver [225] => | publisher = PCS Press [226] => | location = Vancouver, WA, US [227] => | isbn = 978-0-9712436-7-5 [228] => }} [229] => * {{cite book [230] => | last1 = Graban | first1 = Mark [231] => | first2 = Swartz | last2 = Joe [232] => | year = 2012 [233] => | title = Healthcare Kaizen: Engaging Front-Line Staff in Sustainable Continuous Improvements [234] => | edition = 1 [235] => | publisher = Productivity Press [236] => | isbn = 978-1439872963 [237] => }} [238] => * {{cite book [239] => | last1 = Maurer | first1 = Robert [240] => | year = 2012 [241] => | title = The Spirit of Kaizen: Creating Lasting Excellence One Small Step at a Time [242] => | edition = 1 [243] => | publisher = McGraw-Hill [244] => | isbn = 978-0071796170 [245] => }} [246] => * {{cite book [247] => | last1 = Emiliani | first1 = Bob [248] => | first2 = David | last2 = Stec | first3 =Lawrence | last3 = Grasso | first4 = James | last4 = Stodder [249] => | year = 2007 [250] => | title = Better Thinking, Better Results: Case Study and Analysis of an Enterprise-Wide Lean Transformation [251] => | edition = 2e. [252] => | publisher = The CLBM, LLC [253] => | location = Kensington, CT, US [254] => | isbn = 978-0-9722591-2-5 [255] => }} [256] => * {{cite book [257] => | last = Hanebuth | first = D. [258] => | year = 2002 [259] => | title = Rethinking Kaizen: An empirical approach to the employee perspective. In J. Felfe (Ed.), Organizational Development and Leadership (Vol. 11, pp. 59-85) [260] => | publisher = Peter Lang [261] => | location = Frankfurt a. M. [262] => | isbn = 978-3-631-38624-8 [263] => }} [264] => * {{cite book [265] => | last = Imai [266] => | first = Masaaki [267] => | author-link = Masaaki Imai [268] => | year = 1986 [269] => | title = Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success [270] => | publisher = McGraw-Hill/Irwin [271] => | isbn = 0-07-554332-X [272] => | url-access = registration [273] => | url = https://archive.org/details/kaizen00masa [274] => }} [275] => * {{cite book [276] => | last = Imai [277] => | first = Masaaki [278] => | author-link = Masaaki Imai [279] => | title = Gemba Kaizen: A Commonsense, Low-Cost Approach to Management [280] => | publisher = McGraw-Hill [281] => | edition = 1e. [282] => | date = 1997-03-01 [283] => | isbn = 0-07-031446-2 [284] => | url-access = registration [285] => | url = https://archive.org/details/gembakaizencommo00imai [286] => }} [287] => * {{cite book [288] => | last = Scotchmer [289] => | first = Andrew [290] => | title = 5S Kaizen in 90 Minutes [291] => | publisher = Management Books 2000 Ltd [292] => | isbn = 978-1-85252-547-7 [293] => | year = 2008 [294] => }} [295] => * {{cite book [296] => | last = Kobayashi [297] => | first = Iwao [298] => | year = 1995 [299] => | title = 20 Keys to Workplace Improvement [300] => | publisher = Productivity, Inc [301] => | location = Portland, OR, USA [302] => | isbn = 1-56327-109-5 [303] => }} [304] => [305] => == External links == [306] => {{Wikiquote}} [307] => {{Wiktionary}} [308] => * [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6161RV20100208 Toyota stumbles but its "kaizen" cult endures], Reuters [309] => * [http://www.bulsuk.com/2009/01/how-to-really-implement-kaizen.html Warping Forward with Kaizen], Karn Bulsuk [310] => * [https://www.kaizenworld.com/kaizen-glossary.php Kaizen Glossary], Joe Marshall [311] => * [http://www.slideshare.net/bengeck/free-kaizen-guide Guide to Kaizen startup Best Practice Guide], Ben Geck [312] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204446/http://www.kaizen.com/about-us/definition-of-kaizen.html Definition of Kaizen], Masaaki Imai [313] => * [http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1990/01/slaughter.html Management by Stress], Jane Slaughter [314] => [315] => {{Six Sigma Tools|state=collapsed}} [316] => {{Authority control}} [317] => [318] => [[Category:Japanese business terms]] [319] => [[Category:Lean manufacturing]] [] => )
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Kaizen

Kaizen is a Japanese management philosophy that focuses on continuous improvement in all aspects of an organization. The term "kaizen" literally means "change for the better" or "good change.

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The term "kaizen" literally means "change for the better" or "good change. " It emerged as a result of post-World War II efforts to rebuild the Japanese industry and economy. Kaizen emphasizes the involvement of all employees in the improvement process, from top management to frontline workers. It encourages them to come up with ideas for small, incremental changes that can lead to significant improvements over time. This philosophy emphasizes the importance of teamwork, communication, and a problem-solving mindset. The Kaizen process involves several key elements. It starts with identifying areas for improvement, setting goals, and analyzing the current state of the process or system. Then, small changes are implemented and monitored to assess their impact. Feedback is crucial in this process, as it helps determine if the changes are effective and if further refinement is needed. Once improvements are achieved, the cycle starts again to identify new areas for enhancement. Kaizen has been widely adopted by companies around the world, not only in manufacturing but also in other industries such as healthcare, education, and services. It has proven to be effective in boosting productivity, reducing waste, improving quality, and strengthening employee engagement. Kaizen principles can also be applied to personal development and self-improvement. Overall, Kaizen is a powerful approach that promotes a continuous and sustainable improvement mindset at all levels of an organization. It encourages a culture of innovation, collaboration, and relentless pursuit of excellence.

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