Array ( [0] => {{short description|Organized collection of books or other information resources}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{pp-pc}} [3] => {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} [4] => [[File:LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|[[Library of Congress]], one of the largest research libraries in the world]] [5] => [6] => A '''library''' is a collection of books, and possibly other [[Document|materials]] and media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or [[electronic media|digital]] (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location, a virtual space, or both. [7] => A library's collection normally includes [[printed]] materials which may be borrowed, and usually also includes a reference section of publications which may only be utilized inside the premises. Resources such as commercial releases of films, television programmes, other video recordings, radio, music and audio recordings may be available in many formats. These include [[DVD]]s, [[Blu-ray]]s, [[CD]]s, [[Cassette tape|cassettes]], or other applicable formats such as [[microform]]. They may also provide access to information, music or other content held on [[bibliographic database]]s. [8] => [9] => Libraries can vary widely in size and may be organised and maintained by a public body such as a government, an institution (such as a school or museum), a corporation, or a private individual. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of [[librarian]]s who are trained experts in finding, selecting, circulating and organising information while interpreting information needs and navigating and analysing large amounts of information with a variety of resources. [10] => [11] => Library buildings often provide quiet areas for studying, as well as common areas for group study and collaboration, and may provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources, such as computers and access to the [[Internet]]. [12] => [13] => The library's clientele and general services offered vary depending on its type: users of a [[public library]] have different needs from those of a [[special library]] or academic library, for example. Libraries may also be community hubs, where programmes are made available and people engage in lifelong learning. Modern libraries extend their services beyond the physical walls of the building by providing material accessible by electronic means, including from home via the Internet. [14] => [15] => The services that libraries offer are variously described as library services, information services, or the combination "library and information services", although different institutions and sources define such terminology differently. [16] => [17] => ==Etymology== [18] => The term ''library'' is based on the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|liber}} for 'book' or 'document', contained in Latin {{lang|la|libraria}} 'collection of books' and {{lang|la|librarium}} 'container for books'. Other modern languages use derivations from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|βιβλιοθήκη}} ({{transliteration|grc|bibliothēkē}}), originally meaning 'book container', via Latin {{lang|la|bibliotheca}} ([[cf.]] [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|bibliothèque}} or [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Bibliothek}}).{{cite book |last=Pfeifer |first=Wolfgang |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. A-G. |date=1989 |publisher=Akademie-Verlag |isbn=3-05-000641-2 |location=Berlin |page=166}} [19] => [20] => ==History== [21] => {{Main|History of libraries}} [22] => [[File:The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Library (2994335291).jpg|thumb|The Sistine Hall of the [[Vatican Library]]]] [23] => The [[history of libraries]] began with the first efforts to organize collections of documents. The first libraries consisted of [[archive]]s of the [[Writing#The beginning of writing|earliest form of writing]]—the [[clay tablet]]s in [[cuneiform script]] discovered in [[Sumer]], some dating back to 2600 BC. Private or personal libraries made up of written books appeared in [[classical Greece]] in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the very close of the [[Classical antiquity|Classical period]], the great libraries of the Mediterranean world remained those of [[Imperial Library of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and [[Library of Alexandria|Alexandria]]. [24] => [25] => The [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] (r. 909–1171) also possessed many great libraries within their domains. The historian [[Ibn Abi Tayyi|Ibn Abi Tayyi’]] describes their palace library, which probably contained the largest collection of literature on earth at the time, as a "[[Wonders of the World|wonder of the world]]". Throughout history, along with bloody massacres, the destruction of libraries has been critical for conquerors who wish to destroy every trace of the vanquished community's recorded memory. A prominent example of this can be found in the [[Mongol campaign against the Nizaris|Mongol massacre of the Nizaris]] at Alamut in 1256 and the torching of their library, "the fame of which", boasts the conqueror Juwayni, "had spread throughout the world".{{Cite book|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|url=https://www.academia.edu/43674448|title=The Ismailis in the Middle Ages|date=2007-04-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-531173-0|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311730.001.0001|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128055148/https://www.academia.edu/43674448|url-status=live}} [26] => [27] => The libraries of [[Timbuktu]] were established in the fourteenth century and attracted scholars from all over the world.{{cite journal |title=African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu |journal=Libraries & Culture |year=2004 |last=Singleton |first=Brent D. |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1353/lac.2004.0019 |jstor=25549150 |s2cid=161645561 |access-date=2022-01-19 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25549150 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819185236/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25549150 |url-status=live }} [28] => [29] => ==Functions== [30] => Libraries may provide physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical location, virtual space, or both. A library's collection can include [[book]]s, [[Periodical literature|periodicals]], [[newspaper]]s, [[manuscript]]s, [[film]]s, [[map collection|maps]], [[print room|prints]], [[document]]s, [[microform]], [[compact disc|CDs]], [[Compact Cassette|cassettes]], [[videotape]]s, [[DVD]]s, [[Blu-ray|Blu-ray Discs]], [[e-book]]s, [[audiobook]]s, [[database]]s, [[Tabletop game|table games]], [[video game]]s, and other formats. Libraries range widely in size, up to millions of items. [31] => [[File:Videos in boxes in Monmouth County Library eastern branch.JPG|thumb|Common video selection at library]] [32] => Libraries often provide quiet spaces for private studying, common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration, and public facilities for access to their electronic resources and the [[Internet]]. Public and institutional collections and services may be intended for use by people who choose not to—or cannot afford to—purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research.{{Cite news|last=Howard|first=Jennifer|date=Fall 2019|title=The Complicated Role of the Public Library|work=Humanities: the Magazine of the National Endowment of the Humanities|url=https://www.neh.gov/article/complicated-role-modern-public-library|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171313/https://www.neh.gov/article/complicated-role-modern-public-library|url-status=live}} [33] => [34] => Services offered by a library are variously described as library services, information services, or the combination "library and information services", although different institutions and sources define such terminology differently. Organizations or departments are often called by one of these names.{{cite web | title=Library & Information Service | website=[[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales]] | url=https://www.icaew.com/library | access-date=6 March 2021 | archive-date=4 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304185405/https://www.icaew.com/library | url-status=live }}{{cite journal|title=Types of Library and Information Service|date=1 February 1986|journal=Management Decision|volume=24|issue=2|pages=8–24|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/eb001400|doi=10.1108/eb001400|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224103506/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb001400/full/html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu.au/division-of-student-life/documents/LIS-org-chart-Updated-January-2017-Position-Titles-only.pdf|title=A quick guide to services provided by Library & Information Services|website=[[James Cook University]]|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418051956/https://www.jcu.edu.au/division-of-student-life/documents/LIS-org-chart-Updated-January-2017-Position-Titles-only.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web | title=Reference and Information Service | website=Rutgers University Libraries | date=27 April 2000 | url=https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/public_service_policies/pspm_02_reference_information_service | access-date=6 March 2021 | archive-date=13 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413184014/https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/public_service_policies/pspm_02_reference_information_service | url-status=live }}{{cite journal | last1=Marshall | first1=Joanne Gard | last2=Sollenberger | first2=Julia | last3=Easterby-Gannett | first3=Sharon | last4=Morgan | first4=Lynn Kasner | last5=Klem | first5=Mary Lou | last6=Cavanaugh | first6=Susan K. | last7=Oliver | first7=Kathleen Burr | last8=Thompson | first8=Cheryl A. | last9=Romanosky | first9=Neil | last10=Hunter | first10=Sue|display-authors=2 | title=The value of library and information services in patient care: results of a multisite study | journal=[[Journal of the Medical Library Association]] | year=2013 | volume=101 | issue=1 | pages=38–46 | pmid=23418404 | doi=10.3163/1536-5050.101.1.007 | pmc=3543128 | doi-access=free }}{{cite web|url=https://worksafe.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/571539/COVID-Safe-Workplace-Guidelines-Library-and-Other-Information-Services.pdf|title=COVID Safe Workplace Guidelines: Library and other information services industry|author=[[Government of Tasmania]]|date=29 January 2021|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308170330/https://www.worksafe.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/571539/COVID-Safe-Workplace-Guidelines-Library-and-Other-Information-Services.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web | title=Information and research services principles | website=National and State Libraries Australia | date=29 March 2019 | url=https://www.nsla.org.au/publication/information-and-research-services-principles | access-date=6 March 2021 | archive-date=10 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310132722/https://www.nsla.org.au/publication/information-and-research-services-principles | url-status=live }} [35] => [36] => === Organization === [37] => [[File:HK Wan Chai Library Inside Bookcase a.jpg|thumb|Library shelves in Hong Kong, showing numbers of the classification scheme to help readers locate works in that section]] [38] => Most libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a [[library classification]] system, so that items may be located quickly and collections browsed efficiently.{{cite web |title=Library classification |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/library-classification |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416234738/https://www.britannica.com/science/library-classification |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=17 October 2017 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}} Some libraries have additional galleries beyond the public ones, where "reference" materials are stored. These reference stacks may be open to selected members of the public while others may require patrons to submit a "stack request" – a request for an assistant to retrieve the material from the closed stacks: see [[List of closed stack libraries]]. [39] => [40] => Larger libraries are often divided into departments staffed by both paraprofessionals and professional librarians. Their department names and occupational designations may change depending on their location and the needs of the library. [41] => * Circulation (or Access Services/Stacks Maintenance) – Handles user accounts and the loaning/returning and shelving of materials.Morris, V. & Bullard, J. (2009). Circulation Services. In ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences'' (3rd ed.). [42] => * [[Collection development|Collection Development]] – Orders materials and maintains materials budgets. [43] => * Reference – Staffs a [[reference desk]] answering questions from users (using structured [[reference interview]]s), instructing users, and developing library programming. Reference may be further broken down by user groups or materials; common collections are [[children's literature]], [[Young adult fiction|young adult literature]], and [[genealogy]] materials. [44] => * Electronic Library – Responsible for providing information to users via electronic means. [45] => * Technical Services – Works behind the scenes cataloging and processing new materials and deaccessioning [[Weeding (library)|weeded materials]]. [46] => Basic tasks in [[library management]] include planning acquisitions (which materials the library should acquire, by purchase or otherwise), classifying and preserving items (especially rare and fragile archival materials such as manuscripts), deaccessioning materials, patron borrowing, and developing and administering library computer systems and technology.{{Cite book |last1=Stueart |first1=Robert |title=Library and information center management |last2=Moran |first2=Barbara B. |last3=Morner |first3=Claudia J. |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-59884-988-2 |edition=Eighth |location=Santa Barbara |oclc=780481202}} More long-term issues include planning the construction of new libraries or extensions to existing ones, and the development and implementation of outreach services and reading-enhancement services (such as adult literacy and children's programming). Library materials like books, magazines, periodicals, CDs, etc. are managed using a library classification system such as the [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal]] Classification Theory, though libraries will usually adjust their classification system to fit their needs.{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Pijush Kanti |date=2010 |title=Modified Dewey Decimal Classification Theory for Library Materials Management |url=https://www.ijimt.org/list-24-1.html |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=292–94 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117232540/http://www.ijimt.org/list-24-1.html |archive-date=17 January 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022}} [47] => [[File:リオの幻想図書館 Real Gabinete Portugues de Leitura (8735773218).jpg|thumb|right|Real Gabinete Português de Leitura in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil.]] [48] => The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) has published several standards regarding the management of libraries through its Technical Committee 46 (TC 46),{{cite web |title=ISO – Technical committees – TC 46 – Information and documentation |url=https://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=48750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703090332/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=48750 |archive-date=3 July 2010 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=ISO.org}} which is focused on "libraries, documentation and information centers, publishing, archives, records management, museum documentation, indexing and abstracting services, and information science". The following is a partial list of some of them:{{cite web |title=ISO – ISO Standards – TC 46 – Information and documentation |url=https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=48750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703204803/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=48750 |archive-date=3 July 2010 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=ISO.org}} [49] => * ISO 2789:2006 Information and documentation—International library statistics [50] => * ISO 11620:1998 Information and documentation—Library performance indicators [51] => * ISO 11799:2003 Information and documentation—Document storage requirements for archive and library materials [52] => * ISO 14416:2003 Information and documentation—Requirements for binding of books, periodicals, serials, and other paper documents for archive and library use—Methods and materials [53] => * ISO/TR 20983:2003 Information and documentation—Performance indicators for electronic library services [54] => [55] => === Usage === [56] => [[File:2009 3962573662 card catalog.jpg|thumb|Until the advent of digital catalogues, [[Library catalog|card catalogues]] were the traditional method of organizing the list of resources and their location within a large library.]] [57] => Some patrons may not know how to fully utilize library resources, or feel unease in approaching a staff member. Ways in which a library's content is displayed or accessed may have an impact on use. An antiquated or clumsy search system, or staff unwilling or not properly trained to engage their patrons, will limit a library's usefulness. In the [[public library|public libraries]] of the United States, beginning in the 19th century, these problems drove the emergence of the [[library instruction]] movement, which advocated library user education.{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=S.C. |date=2003 |title=The origin of library instruction in the United States, 1820–1900 |journal=Research Strategies |volume=19 |issue=3/4 |pages=233–43 |doi=10.1016/j.resstr.2004.11.001}} One of the early leaders was [[John Cotton Dana]].{{Cite journal |last=Mattson |first=K. |date=2000 |title=The librarian as secular minister to democracy: The life and ideas of John Cotton Dana |journal=Libraries & Culture |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=514–34}} The basic form of library instruction is sometimes known as [[information literacy]].{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=T.E. |date=2006 |title=Information literacy: Adapting to the media age |journal=Alki |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=10–12}} [58] => [59] => Libraries should inform their users of what materials are available in their collections and how to access that information. Before the computer age, this was accomplished by the card [[library catalog|catalogue]]—a cabinet (or multiple cabinets) containing many drawers filled with [[index card]]s that identified books and other materials. In a large library, the card catalogue often filled a large room.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} [60] => [61] => The emergence of [[desktop computer]]s and the [[Internet]], however, has led to the adoption of electronic catalogue databases (often referred to as "webcats" or as [[online public access catalog]]ues, OPACs), which allow users to search the library's holdings from any location with Internet access.{{Cite journal |last1=Sloan |first1=B |last2=White |first2=M.S.B. |date=1992 |title=Online public access catalogs |journal=Academic and Library Computing |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=9–13 |doi=10.1108/EUM0000000003734}} This style of catalogue maintenance is compatible with new types of libraries, such as [[digital library|digital libraries]] and [[distributed library|distributed libraries]], as well as older libraries that have been [[retrofitting|retrofitted]]. Large libraries may be scattered within multiple buildings across a town, each having multiple floors, with multiple rooms housing their resources across a series of shelves called [[Bay (shelving)|bays]]. Once a user has located a resource within the catalogue, they must then use navigational guidance to retrieve the resource physically, a process that may be assisted through signage, maps, [[GPS]] systems, or [[RFID]] tagging.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} [62] => [63] => [[File:Interior, National Library of Finland, 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[National Library of Finland]] in [[Helsinki]]]] [64] => [[Finland]] has the highest number of registered book borrowers per capita in the world. Over half of Finland's population are registered borrowers.{{cite web |last=Pantzar |first=Katja |date=September 2010 |title=The humble Number One: Finland |url=https://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160064&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813045018/http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160064&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=This is Finland}} In the US, public library users have borrowed on average roughly 15 books per user per year from 1856 to 1978. From 1978 to 2004, book circulation per user declined approximately 50%. The growth of audiovisuals circulation, estimated at 25% of total circulation in 2004, accounts for about half of this decline.{{cite web |last=Galbi |first=Douglas |date=July 29, 2007 |title=Book Circulation Per U.S. Public Library Iser Since 1856 |url=https://galbithink.org/libraries/circulation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128055200/http://galbithink.org/libraries/circulation.htm |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=GALB}} [65] => [66] => === Relationship with the Internet === [67] => [[File:British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|[[British Museum Reading Room]]]] [68] => A library may make use of the [[Internet]] in a number of ways, from creating its own [[library website]] to making the contents of its [[Online public access catalog|catalogues searchable online]]. Some specialised search engines such as [[Google Scholar]] offer a way to facilitate searching for academic resources such as journal articles and research papers. The [[OCLC|Online Computer Library Center]] allows anyone to search the world's largest repository of library records through its [[WorldCat]] online database.{{cite web |last=Grossman |first=Wendy M. |date=January 21, 2009 |title=Why you can't find a library book in your search engine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114010642/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books |archive-date=14 January 2014 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=The Guardian}} Websites such as [[LibraryThing]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] provide abstracts, reviews, and recommendations of books. Libraries provide computers and Internet access to allow people to search for information online.{{cite journal |last1=Mostafa |first1=J |year=2005 |title=Seeking Better Web Searches |journal=Scientific American |volume=292 |issue=2 |pages=51–57 |bibcode=2005SciAm.292b..66M |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0205-66 |pmid=15715393}} Online information access is particularly attractive to younger library users.{{cite journal |last=Corradini |first=Elena |date=November 2006 |title=Teenagers analyse their public library |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03074800610713307/full/html |journal=New Library World |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=481–498 |doi=10.1108/03074800610713307 |access-date=May 7, 2022}}{{cite web |date=July 2005 |title=Youth Matters |url=https://publications.dcsf.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/Cm6629.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100408192702/http%3A//publications.dcsf.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/Cm6629.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=The National Archives}}{{cite journal |last1=Nippold |first1=M.A. |last2=Duthie |first2=J.K. |last3=Larsen |first3=J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2005 |title=Literacy as a Leisure Activity: Free-time preferences of Older Children and Young Adolescents |journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=93–102 |doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2005/009) |pmid=15981705}}{{cite journal |last=Snowball |first=Clare |date=February 2008 |title=Enticing Teenagers into the Library |journal=Library Review |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=25–35 |doi=10.1108/00242530810845035 |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/6057}}{{cite report |url=https://research.mla.gov.uk/evidence/documents/Research_study_of_14_35_year_olds_for_the_future_development_of_public_libraries_9841.pdf |title=A Research Study of 14–35-year olds for the Future Development of Public Libraries |author=Museums, Libraries and Archives, Department of Culture, Media and Sport & Laser Foundation |date=June 2006 |publisher=MLA |access-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305095112/https://research.mla.gov.uk/evidence/documents/Research_study_of_14_35_year_olds_for_the_future_development_of_public_libraries_9841.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2012}} [69] => [70] => [[Digitizing|Digitization]] of books, particularly those that are [[Out of print|out-of-print]], in projects such as [[Google Books]] provides resources for library and other online users. Due to their holdings of valuable material, some libraries are important partners for search engines such as [[Google]] in realizing the potential of such projects and have received reciprocal benefits in cases where they have negotiated effectively.{{cite magazine |last=Darnton |first=Robert |date=February 12, 2009 |title=Google & the Future of Books |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/22281 |volume=56 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330223716/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22281 |archive-date=30 March 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |website=New York Review of Books}} As the prominence of and reliance on the Internet has grown, library services have moved the emphasis from mainly providing print resources to providing more computers and more [[Internet access]].{{cite journal |last=Garrod |first=Penny |date=April 30, 2004 |title=Public Libraries: the changing face of the public library |url=https://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/public-libraries/ |journal=Ariadne |issue=39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122155/http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/public-libraries/ |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=May 7, 2022}} Libraries face a number of challenges in adapting to new ways of [[information seeking]] that may stress convenience over quality,{{cite web |last1=Abram |first1=Stephen |last2=Luther |first2=Judy |date=1 May 2004 |title=Born with the Chip: the next generation will profoundly impact both library service and the culture within the profession |url=https://lj.libraryjournal.com/2004/05/ljarchives/born-with-the-chip/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914202820/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2004/05/ljarchives/born-with-the-chip/ |archive-date=September 14, 2013 |website=Library Journal}} reducing the priority of [[information literacy]] skills.{{cite web |last=Bell |first=S. |date=15 May 2005 |title=Backtalk: don't surrender library values |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA601026.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612052503/https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA601026.html |archive-date=12 June 2012 |access-date=20 April 2010 |website=Library Journal}} The potential decline in library usage, particularly [[Reference desk|reference services]],{{cite web |last=Novotny |first=Eric |date=September 2002 |title=Reference service statistics and assessment |url=https://www.arl.org/bm~doc/spec268web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524162917/http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/spec268web.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}} puts the necessity for these services in doubt. [71] => [72] => [[File:Fukuchiyama Public Library 2F ac (5).jpg|thumb|right|Library [[carrel desk]] in [[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama]] Public Library, Japan]] [73] => Library scholars have acknowledged that libraries need to address the ways that they market their services if they are to compete with the Internet and mitigate the risk of losing users.Vrana, R., and Barbaric, A. (2007). "Improving visibility of public libraries in the local community: a study of five public libraries in Zagreb, Croatia". ''New Library World''; 108 (9/10), pp. 435–44. This includes promoting the information literacy skills training considered vital across the library profession.{{cite web |last=Kenney |first=B. |date=15 December 2004 |title=Googlizers vs. Resistors: library leaders debate our relationship with search engines |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA485756.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050608080512/https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA485756.html |archive-date=8 June 2005 |access-date=26 March 2010 |website=Library Journal}} Many US-based research librarians rely on the [[Association of College and Research Libraries|ACRL]] Framework for Information Literacy in order to guide students and faculty in research.{{Cite web |last=DMUELLER |date=2015-02-09 |title=Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education |url=https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165419/https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) |language=en}} However, marketing of services has to be adequately supported financially in order to be successful. This can be problematic for library services that are publicly funded and find it difficult to justify diverting tight funds to apparently peripheral areas such as branding and marketing.{{cite journal |last1=Hood |first1=David |last2=Henderson |first2=Kay |date=2005 |title=Branding in the United Kingdom Public Library Service |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03074800510575320/full/html |journal=New Library World |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=16–28 |doi=10.1108/03074800510575320 |access-date=May 7, 2022}} [74] => [75] => The [[privacy]] aspect of library usage in the Internet age is a matter of growing concern and advocacy; privacy workshops are run by the [[Library Freedom Project]] which teach librarians about digital tools (such as the [[Tor (network)|Tor network]]) to thwart mass surveillance.{{cite web |title=SCREW YOU, FEDS! Dozen or more US libraries line up to run Tor exit nodes |date=17 Sep 2015 |first1=Kieren |last1=McCarthy |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/09/17/library_freedom_project_dozen_more_tor_nodes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918013636/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/09/17/library_freedom_project_dozen_more_tor_nodes/ |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2015-09-21 |publisher=The Register}}{{cite web |title=Libraries, Tor, Freedom and Resistance |url=https://libraryfreedomproject.org/libraries-tor-freedom-and-resistance/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928192107/https://libraryfreedomproject.org/libraries-tor-freedom-and-resistance/ |archive-date=28 September 2015 |publisher=Library Freedom Project at Kilton Library}}{{cite journal |last=Macrina |first=Alison |date=2015 |title=Accidental Technologist: The Tor Browser and Intellectual Freedom in the Digital Age |url=https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/5704/7092 |journal=Reference & User Services Quarterly |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=17 |doi=10.5860/rusq.54n4.17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930181434/https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/5704/7092 |archive-date=30 September 2015|doi-access=free }} [76] => [77] => ===Types of rooms=== [78] => {{See also|Cyber cafe|Music workstation}} [79] => Libraries can have several different spaces for different functions such as:https://dpi.wi.gov/sites/default/files/imce/pld/pdf/plspace.pdf [80] => * [[Auditorium]] / [[Lecture hall]] [81] => * [[Computer lab]], [[cubicle]]s, [[Workstation#Current market|GPU workstation]], or [[Computer lab#Similar spaces|media lab]] [82] => * [[Maker space]] - such as [[3D printing]] and [[CNC machine|CNC machining]] or [[Studio|art room]] [83] => * [[Library#Reference library|Study room]]s [84] => * [[Server room]] [85] => * [[Bookcase]] / reading room [86] => [87] => ==Librarians== [88] => {{see also|Education for librarianship}} [89] => Libraries are usually staffed by a combination of professionally trained librarians, paraprofessional staff sometimes called [[library technician]]s, and support staff. Some topics related to the [[Education for librarianship|education of librarians]] and allied staff include accessibility of the collection, acquisition of materials, arrangement and finding tools, the book trade, the influence of the physical properties of the different writing materials, language distribution, role in education, rates of literacy, budgets, staffing, libraries for specially targeted audiences, architectural merit, patterns of usage, the role of libraries in a nation's cultural heritage, and the role of government, church, or private sponsorship. Since the 1960s, issues of computerization and digitization have arisen.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/The-history-of-libraries|title=The history of libraries|website=Britannica|access-date=29 January 2021|date=May 2020|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303152919/https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/The-history-of-libraries|url-status=live}} [90] => [91] => ==Types== [92] => Many institutions make a distinction between a circulating or [[lending library]], where materials are expected and intended to be loaned to patrons, institutions, or other libraries, and a reference library where material is not lent out. Travelling libraries, such as the early horseback libraries of eastern Kentucky{{cite web|title=The Amazing Story of Kentucky's Horseback Librarians (10 Photos)|url=https://archiveproject.com/the-horseback-librarians-of-eastern-kentucky-10-photos|website=Archive Project|access-date=19 May 2017|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202216/http://archiveproject.com/the-horseback-librarians-of-eastern-kentucky-10-photos|url-status=live}} and [[bookmobiles]], are generally of the lending type. Modern libraries are often a mixture of both, containing a general collection for circulation, and a reference collection which is restricted to the library premises. Also, increasingly, digital collections enable broader access to material that may not circulate in print, and enables libraries to expand their collections even without building a larger facility. Lamba (2019) reinforced this idea by observing that "today's libraries have become increasingly multi-disciplinary, collaborative and networked" and that applying [[Web 2.0]] tools to libraries would "not only connect the users with their community and enhance communication but will also help the librarians to promote their library's activities, services, and products to target both their actual and potential users".{{cite journal |last1=Lamba |first1=Manika |title=Marketing of academic health libraries 2.0: a case study |journal=Library Management |year=2019 |volume=40 |issue=3/4 |pages=155–177 |doi=10.1108/LM-03-2018-0013 |s2cid=70170037 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/LM-03-2018-0013/full/html |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422192312/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/LM-03-2018-0013/full/html |url-status=live }} [93] => [94] => ===Academic libraries=== [95] => {{Main|Academic library}}[[File:Egyetemi Könyvtár4.JPG|thumb|right|The University Library at [[Eötvös Loránd University]], Budapest, Hungary]] [96] => [[Academic Libraries|Academic libraries]] are generally located on college and university campuses and primarily serve the students and faculty of that and other academic institutions. Some academic libraries, especially those at public institutions, are accessible to members of the general public in whole or in part. Library services are sometimes extended to the general public at a fee; some academic libraries create such services in order to enhance literacy levels in their communities. [97] => [98] => Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-secondary educational institutions, such as colleges and universities. Their main functions are to provide support in research, consultancy and resource linkage for students and faculty of the educational institution. Academic libraries house current, reliable and relevant information resources spread through all the disciplines which serve to assuage the information requirements of students and faculty. In cases where not all books are housed some libraries have E-resources, where they subscribe for a given institution they are serving, in order to provide backups and additional information that is not practical to have available as hard copies. Furthermore, most libraries [[Interlibrary loan|collaborate with other libraries]] in exchange of books. [99] => [100] => Specific course-related resources are usually provided by the library, such as copies of textbooks and article readings held on 'reserve' (meaning that they are loaned out only on a short-term basis, usually a matter of hours). Some academic libraries provide resources not usually associated with libraries, such as the ability to check out laptop computers, web cameras, or scientific calculators. [101] => [102] => [[File:Robartslibrary.jpg|thumb|The [[Robarts Library]] at the [[University of Toronto]], Canada]]Academic libraries offer workshops and courses outside of formal, graded coursework, which are meant to provide students with the tools necessary to succeed in their programs.{{cite web|url=https://main.library.utoronto.ca/workshops/|title=St. George Library Workshops|website=utoronto.ca|date=9 August 2018|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224103458/https://www.library.utoronto.ca/|url-status=live}} These workshops may include help with citations, effective search techniques, journal databases, and electronic citation software. These workshops provide students with skills that can help them achieve success in their academic careers (and often, in their future occupations), which they may not learn inside the classroom. [103] => [104] => The academic library provides a quiet study space for students on campus; it may also provide group study space, such as meeting rooms. In North America, Europe, and other parts of the world, academic libraries are becoming increasingly digitally oriented. The library provides a "gateway" for students and researchers to access various resources, both print/physical and digital.Dowler, Lawrence (1997). ''Gateways to knowledge: the role of academic libraries in teaching, learning, and research''. {{ISBN|0-262-04159-6}} Academic institutions are subscribing to electronic journals databases, providing research and scholarly writing software, and usually provide computer workstations or computer labs for students to access journals, library search databases and portals, institutional electronic resources, Internet access, and course- or task-related software (i.e. word processing and spreadsheet software). Some academic libraries take on new roles, for instance, acting as an electronic repository for institutional scholarly research and academic knowledge, such as the collection and curation of digital copies of students' theses and dissertations.{{cite web |url=https://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/anunobi-okoye.htm |title=The Role of Academic Libraries in Universal Access to Print and Electronic Resources in the Developing Countries, Chinwe V. Anunobi, Ifeyinwa B. Okoye |publisher=Unllib.unl.edu |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-date=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430131918/https://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/anunobi-okoye.htm |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/|title=TSpace|website=utoronto.ca|access-date=26 October 2011|archive-date=17 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217122608/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/|url-status=live}} Moreover, academic libraries are increasingly acting as publishers on their own on a not-for-profit basis, especially in the form of fully [[Open Access]] institutional publishers.{{Cite news|url=https://www.lepublikateur.de/2018/05/21/library-publishing/|title=Library Publishing, or How to Make Use of Your Opportunities|date=2018-05-21|work=LePublikateur|access-date=2018-06-15|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809233647/https://www.lepublikateur.de/2018/05/21/library-publishing/|url-status=dead}} [105] => [106] => ===Children's libraries=== [107] => {{redirect|Children's library|the collection of digitized books|Internet Archive's Children's Library}} [108] => [[File:Kinderbücherei Ludwigsburg.jpg|thumb|left|Children's library section in the Ludwigsburg City Library]] [109] => Children's libraries are special collections of books intended for juvenile readers and usually kept in separate rooms of general public libraries.{{Cite web|first1=Lars |last1=Aarsgaard|first2=John |last2=Dunne|first3=Kathy |last3=East|first4=Leikny |last4=Haga Indergaard|first5=Susanne |last5=Kruger|first6=Ulga |last6=Maeots|first7=Rita |last7=Schmitt|first8=Ivanka |last8=Stricevic|date=2003|title=The background text to the Guidelines for Children's library services|url=https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/libraries-for-children-and-ya/publications/guidelines-for-childrens-libraries-services_background-en.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2021|website=IFLA|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417175804/https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/libraries-for-children-and-ya/publications/guidelines-for-childrens-libraries-services_background-en.pdf}} Some children's libraries have entire floors or wings dedicated to them in bigger libraries while smaller ones may have a separate room or area for children. They are an educational agency seeking to acquaint the young with the world's literature and to cultivate a love for reading. Their work supplements that of the public schools.{{Americana|last=Modell |first=David A. |wstitle=Children's Libraries|inline=1}}{{Cite book|last=L.O.|first=Aina|title=Library and Information Science Text for Africa|publisher=Third World Information Services Ltd|year=2004|isbn=9783283618|location=Ibadan, Nigeria|pages=31}} [110] => [111] => Services commonly provided by public libraries may include storytelling sessions for infants, toddlers, preschool children, or after-school programs, all with an intention of developing early literacy skills and a love of books. One of the most popular programs offered in public libraries are summer reading programs for children, families, and adults.Udomisor, I., Udomisor, E., & Smith, E. (2013). Management of Communication Crisis in a Library and Its Influence on Productivity. In Information and Knowledge Management (Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 13–21) [112] => [113] => Another popular reading program for children is PAWS TO READ or similar programs where children can read to certified therapy dogs. Since animals are a calming influence and there is no judgment, children learn confidence and a love of reading. Many states have these types of programs: parents need simply ask their librarian to see if it is available at their local library.{{cite web|title=Paws to read|url=https://www.readingpaws.org/READingPaws/Welcome.html|access-date=1 April 2013|archive-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502172750/http://www.readingpaws.org/READingPaws/Welcome.html|url-status=live}} [114] => [115] => [116] => ===National libraries=== [117] => {{Main|National library}} [118] => [[File:National Library of Wales.jpg|thumb|[[National Library of Wales]], [[Aberystwyth]]]] [119] => A [[national library|national or state library]] serves as a national repository of information, and has the right of [[legal deposit]], which is a legal requirement that publishers in the country need to deposit a copy of each publication with the library. Unlike a public library, a national library rarely allows citizens to borrow books. Often, their collections include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. There are wider definitions of a national library, putting less emphasis on the [[Institutional repository|repository]] character.Line, Maurice B.; Line, J. (1979). "Concluding notes". ''National libraries'', Aslib, pp. 317–18{{cite web |last1=Lor |first1=Peter Johan |last2=Sonnekus |first2=Elizabeth A.S. |date=December 1995 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |url=https://www.ifla.org/VII/s1/gnl/index.htm |title=Guidelines for Legislation for National Library Services |website=[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813200532/https://www.ifla.org/VII/s1/gnl/index.htm |archive-date=13 August 2006 }} The first national libraries had their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the state. [120] => [121] => Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards, and carry out projects helping them to fulfill their duties. The national libraries of Europe participate in [[European Library|The European Library]] which is a service of the Conference of European National Librarians (CENL).{{Cite web|title=About CENL|url=https://www.cenl.org/about-cenl/|url-status=live|website=The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL)|access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402063020/https://www.cenl.org/about-cenl/}} [122] => [123] => ===Public lending libraries=== [124] => {{Main|Public library}}[[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img120 Awra Amba.jpg|thumb|left|A community library in [[Ethiopia]]]] [125] => [[File:Biblioteca de l'Ajuntament de Palma (Biblioteca de Cort).jpg|thumb|left|Public library in [[Palma de Mallorca|Palma]], [[Balearic Islands]]]] [126] => A public library provides services to the general public. If the library is part of a countywide library system, citizens with an active library card from around that county can use the library branches associated with the library system. A library can serve only their city, however, if they are not a member of the county public library system. Much of the materials located within a public library are available for borrowing. The library staff decides upon the number of items patrons are allowed to borrow, as well as the details of borrowing time allotted. Typically, libraries issue [[library card]]s to community members wishing to borrow books. Often visitors to a city are able to obtain a public library card. [127] => [128] => Many public libraries also serve as community organizations that provide free services and events to the public, such as reading groups and toddler story time. For many communities, the library is a source of connection to a vast world, obtainable knowledge and understanding, and entertainment. According to a study by the [[Pennsylvania Library Association]], public library services play a major role in fighting rising illiteracy rates among youths.Celano, D., & Neumann, S.B. (2001). The role of public libraries in children's literacy development: An evaluation report. Pennsylvania, PA: Pennsylvania Library Association. Public libraries are protected and funded by the public they serve. [129] => [130] => [[File:Bates Hall - Boston Public Library.jpg|thumb|Bates Hall, the main reading room of the [[Boston Public Library|Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts, United States]]]] [131] => As the number of books in libraries have steadily increased since their inception, the need for compact storage and access with adequate lighting has grown. The ''[[library stack|stack system]]'' involves keeping a library's collection of books in a space separate from the reading room. This arrangement arose in the 19th century. Book stacks quickly evolved into a fairly standard form in which the cast iron and steel frameworks supporting the bookshelves also supported the floors, which often were built of translucent blocks to permit the passage of light (but were not transparent, for reasons of modesty). The introduction of [[electric lights]] had a huge impact on [[lighting in libraries]]. The use of glass floors was largely discontinued, though floors were still often composed of metal grating to allow air to circulate in multi-story stacks. As more space was needed, a method of moving shelves on tracks (compact shelving) was introduced to cut down on otherwise wasted aisle space. [132] => [133] => [[Library 2.0]], a term coined in 2005, is the library's response to the challenge of Google and an attempt to meet the changing needs of users by using [[Web 2.0]] technology. Some of the aspects of Library 2.0 include, commenting, tagging, bookmarking, discussions, use of online social networks by libraries, [[plug-in (computing)|plug-ins]], and [[Software widget|widgets]].{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=L.B. |title=A Manifesto for our time |year=2007 |pages=47–49 |journal=American Libraries |volume=38}} Inspired by Web 2.0, it is an attempt to make the library a more user-driven institution. [134] => [135] => Despite the importance ascribed to public libraries, their budgets are often cut by legislatures. In some cases, funding has dwindled so much that libraries have been forced to cut their hours and release employees.{{cite journal |last1=Jaeger |first1=Paul T. |last2=Bertot |first2=John Carol |last3=Gorham |first3=Ursula |title=Wake Up the Nation: Public Libraries, Policy Making, and Political Discourse |journal=The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy |date=January 2013 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=61–72 |doi=10.1086/668582 |jstor=10.1086/668582 |s2cid=145670348 }} [136] => [137] => ===Reference libraries{{anchor|Reference library}}=== [138] => [[File:Main Reading Room of the New York City Public Library on 5th Avenue ca, 1910-1920.jpg|right|thumb|Main reading room of the [[New York City Public Library]] on [[5th Avenue (Manhattan)|5th Avenue]] {{circa|1910–1920}}]] [139] => A reference library does not lend books and other items; instead, they can only be read at the library itself. Typically, such libraries are used for research purposes, for example at a university. Some items at reference libraries may be historical and even unique. Many lending libraries contain a "reference section", which holds books, such as dictionaries, which are common reference books, and are therefore not lent out.{{cite book |first1=George |last1=Ehrenhaft |first2=William |last2=Howard Armstrong |first3=M. Willard |last3=Lampe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lwXXb_QmLAC&pg=PA263 |title=Barron's pocket guide to study tips |page=263 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |date=August 2004 |isbn=978-0-7641-2693-2 |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427210630/https://books.google.com/books?id=_lwXXb_QmLAC&pg=PA263 |url-status=live }} Such reference sections may be referred to as "reading rooms" or "study rooms", which may also include newspapers and periodicals.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nET95M8fc_YC&pg=PA90 |page=93 |title=Public Libraries |first=Amian L. |last=Champneys |publisher=Jeremy Mills Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905217-84-7 |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430065858/https://books.google.com/books?id=nET95M8fc_YC&pg=PA90 |url-status=live }} An example of a reading room is the Hazel H. Ransom Reading Room at the [[Harry Ransom Center]] of the [[University of Texas at Austin]], which maintains the papers of literary agent [[Audrey Wood (literary agent)|Audrey Wood]].{{cite web |url=https://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00247.xml |title=Audrey Wood: An Inventory of Her Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center |website=Harry Ransom Center: The University of Texas at Austin |access-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315115358/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead%2F00247.xml |archive-date=15 March 2012}} [140] => [141] => ===Research libraries{{anchor|Research library}}=== [142] => {{main|Research library}} [143] => [[File:Rijks Museum Library.jpg|right|thumb|Main reading room of the [[Rijksmuseum Research Library]] is the largest public [[art history]] [[research library]] in the [[Netherlands]]. The library is part of the [[Rijksmuseum]] in [[Amsterdam]].]] [144] => A research library is a collection of materials on one or more subjects.{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Heartsill |title=ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science |year=1983 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alaglossaryoflib00youn/page/188 188] |publisher=American Library Association |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-8389-0371-1 |oclc=8907224 |url=https://archive.org/details/alaglossaryoflib00youn/page/188 }} A research library supports scholarly or scientific research and will generally include [[primary source|primary]] as well as [[secondary source]]s; it will maintain permanent collections and attempt to provide access to all necessary materials. A research library is most often an [[academic library|academic]] or [[national library]], but a large [[special library]] may have a research library within its special field, and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as research libraries. A large university library may be considered a research library; and in North America, such libraries may belong to the [[Association of Research Libraries]].{{cite web |url=https://www.arl.org/arl/membership/members.shtml |title=Association of Research Libraries (ARL) :: Member Libraries |website=arl.org |year=2012 |access-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419012722/https://www.arl.org/arl/membership/members.shtml |archive-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead }} In the United Kingdom, they may be members of [[Research Libraries UK|Research Libraries UK (RLUK)]].{{cite web|url=https://www.rluk.ac.uk/|title=RLUK: Research Libraries UK|publisher=RLUK|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-date=13 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113090340/http://www.rluk.ac.uk/|url-status=live}} Particularly important collections in England may be ''[[Designation Scheme|designated]]'' by [[Arts Council England]].{{cite web|url=https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/designated-collections|title=Designated Collections|website=Arts Council England|access-date=23 March 2023}} [145] => [146] => A research library can be either a reference library, which does not lend its holdings, or a lending library, which does lend all or some of its holdings. Some extremely large or traditional research libraries are entirely reference in this sense, lending none of their materials; most academic research libraries, at least in the US and the UK, now lend books, but not periodicals or other materials. Many research libraries are attached to a parent organization and may serve only members of that organization. Examples of research libraries include the [[British Library]], the [[Bodleian Library]] at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] and the [[New York Public Library Main Branch]] on 42nd Street in Manhattan, [[State Public Scientific & Technological Library|State Public Scientific Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.spsl.nsc.ru/en/|title=SPSTL SB RAS|website=www.spsl.nsc.ru|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-26|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216102423/http://www.spsl.nsc.ru/en/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl|title=Our Story|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127043118/https://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl|url-status=live}} [147] => [148] => [[File:Biblioteca Vasconcelos, Ciudad de México, México, 2015-07-20, DD 13-15 HDR.jpg|thumb|upright|Stacks of the [[Biblioteca Vasconcelos|José Vasconcelos Library]] in Mexico City, Mexico]] [149] => [150] => === Digital libraries === [151] => {{Main|Digital library}} [152] => [153] => Digital libraries are libraries that house digital resources, such as text, photographs, and audio. These are curated by digital librarians. In the 21st century, there has been increasing use of the internet to gather and retrieve data. The shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted the way people use physical libraries. Between 2002 and 2004, the average American academic library saw the overall number of transactions decline approximately 2.2%. The University of California Library System saw a 54% decline in circulation between 1991 and 2001 of 8,377,000 books to 3,832,000.[[File:Alexandria, Egypt - 4416696580.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]], Alexandria, Egypt, showing both stacks and computer terminals]] [154] => [155] => ===Special libraries=== [156] => {{Main|Special library}} [157] => [158] => [[File:20170420 Beinecke Rare Book Library Interior Yale University New Haven Connecticut.jpg|thumb|Bookshelves at the [[Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library]]. The top floor contains 180,000 volumes. Since 1977, all new acquisitions are temporarily frozen at {{convert|-33|°F|°C}} to prevent the spread of insects and diseases.]] [159] => Many private businesses and public organizations, including hospitals, churches, museums, research laboratories, law firms, and many government departments and agencies, maintain their own libraries for the use of their employees in doing specialized research related to their work. Depending on the particular institution, special libraries may or may not be accessible to the general public or elements thereof. [160] => [161] => In more specialized institutions such as law firms and research laboratories, librarians employed in special libraries are commonly specialists in the institution's field rather than generally trained librarians, and often are not required to have advanced degrees in a specifically library-related field due to the specialized content and clientele of the library. [162] => [163] => Special libraries can also include women's libraries or LGBTQ libraries, which serve the needs of women and the LGBTQ community. [[Libraries and the LGBTQ community]] have an extensive history, and there are currently many libraries, archives, and special collections devoted to preserving and helping the LGBTQ community. Women's libraries, such as the Vancouver Women's Library or the [[Women's Library|Women's Library @LSE]] are examples of women's libraries that offer services to women and girls and focus on women's history. [164] => [165] => Some special libraries, such as governmental law libraries, hospital libraries, and military base libraries commonly are open to public visitors to the institution in question. Depending on the particular library and the clientele it serves, special libraries may offer services similar to research, reference, public, academic, or children's libraries, often with restrictions such as only lending books to patients at a hospital or restricting the public from parts of a military collection. Given the highly individual nature of special libraries, visitors to a special library are often advised to check what services and restrictions apply at that particular library. [166] => [167] => Special libraries are distinguished from [[special collections]], which are branches or parts of a library intended for rare books, manuscripts, and other special materials, though some special libraries have special collections of their own, typically related to the library's specialized subject area. [168] => [169] => For more information on specific types of special libraries, see [[law library|law libraries]], [[medical library|medical libraries]], [[music library|music libraries]], or [[transportation libraries]]. [170] => [171] => == Associations == [172] => {{See also|List of library associations}} [173] => The [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA) is the leading international association of library organizations. It is the global voice of the library and information profession, and its annual conference provides a venue for librarians to learn from one another.{{cite web |url=https://www.ifla.org/ |title=International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) |website=ifla.org |year=2012 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413221659/https://www.ifla.org/ |url-status=live }} [174] => [175] => Library associations in Asia include the [[Indian Library Association]] (ILA),{{cite web |url=https://www.ilaindia.net |title=Welcome to Indian Library Association |publisher=Ilaindia.net |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822141728/http://www.ilaindia.net/ |url-status=live }} Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers (IASLIC),{{cite web |url=https://iaslic1955.org.in |title=Welcome to Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers |publisher=Iaslic1955.org.in |date=3 September 1955 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224103507/https://iaslic1955.org.in/login_up.php?success_redirect_url=%2F |url-status=live }} Bengal Library Association (BLA), Kolkata,{{cite web|url=https://www.blacal.org|title=Bengal Library Association|publisher=Blacal.org|access-date=9 September 2012|archive-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422105152/http://www.blacal.org/|url-status=live}} [[Pakistan Library Association]],{{cite web |url=https://www.pla.org.pk |title=Pakistan Library Association |publisher=Pla.org.pk |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-date=8 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708222946/http://www.pla.org.pk/ |url-status=live }} the Pakistan Librarians Welfare Organization,{{cite web |url=https://librarianswelfare.org |title=Pakistan Librarians Welfare Organization |publisher=Librarianswelfare.org |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610170616/http://librarianswelfare.org/ |url-status=live }} the Bangladesh Association of Librarians, Information Scientists and Documentalists, the Library Association of Bangladesh, and the [[Sri Lanka Library Association]] (founded 1960). [176] => [177] => National associations of the English-speaking world include the [[American Library Association]], the [[Australian Library and Information Association]], the [[Canadian Library Association]], the [[LIANZA|Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa]], and the [[Research Libraries UK]] (a consortium of 30 university and other research libraries in the United Kingdom). Library bodies such as [[Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals|CILIP]] (formerly the Library Association, founded 1877) may advocate the role that libraries and librarians can play in a modern Internet environment, and in the teaching of [[information literacy]] skills.{{cite web |author=CILIP |year=2010 |title=An introduction to information literacy |location=London |website=CILIP |url=https://www.cilip.org.uk/get-involved/advocacy/learning/information-literacy/pages/introduction.aspx |access-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616065049/https://www.cilip.org.uk/get-involved/advocacy/learning/information-literacy/pages/introduction.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2011}}{{cite journal|last1=Rowlands|first1=Ian|last2=Nicholas|first2=David|last3=Williams|first3=Peter|last4=Huntington|first4=Paul|last5=Fieldhouse|first5=Maggie|last6=Gunter|first6=Barrie|last7=Withey|first7=Richard|last8=Jamali|first8=Hamid R.|last9=Dobrowolski|first9=Tom|last10=Tenopir|first10=Carol|title=The Google generation: the information behaviour of the researcher of the future|journal=ASLIB Proceedings|date=2008|volume=60|issue=4|pages=290–310|doi=10.1108/00012530810887953|s2cid=15674801 }} The [[Nigerian Library Association]] is the recognized group for librarians working in Nigeria. It was established in 1962 in Ibadan. [178] => [179] => [[Public library advocacy]] is support given to a public library for its financial and philosophical goals or needs. Most often this takes the form of monetary or material donations or campaigning to the institutions which oversee the library, sometimes by advocacy groups such as [[Friends of Libraries]] and community members. Originally, library advocacy was centered on the library itself, but current trends show libraries positioning themselves to demonstrate they provide "economic value to the community" in means that are not directly related to the checking out of books and other media.{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Ellen G.|date=2009|title=Hard Times = A New Brand of Advocacy|journal=Georgia Library Quarterly|volume=46|issue=1|url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1269&context=glq|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415071049/https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1269&context=glq|url-status=live}} [180] => [181] => ==Protection== [182] => Libraries are considered part of the cultural heritage and are one of the primary objectives in many state and domestic conflicts and are at risk of destruction and looting. Financing is often carried out by robbing valuable library items. National and international coordination regarding military and civil structures for the protection of libraries is operated by [[Blue Shield International]] and [[UNESCO]]. From an international perspective, despite the partial dissolution of state structures and very unclear security situations as a result of the wars and unrest, robust undertakings to protect libraries are being carried out. The topic is also the creation of "no-strike lists", in which the coordinates of important cultural monuments such as libraries have been preserved.Isabelle-Constance von Opalinski: ''Schüsse auf die Zivilisation.'' In: ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.'', (German), 20 August 2014.Peter Stone: ''Monuments Men: protecting cultural heritage in war zones.'' In: ''Apollo – The International Art Magazine.'' 2 Februar 2015.Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: ''Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict.'' In: ''The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter.'' 23.1, Spring 2008.Eden Stiffman: ''Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges.'' In: ''The Chronicle of Philanthropy.'' 11 May 2015. [183] => [184] => ==See also== [185] => {{Portal|Schools|Society [186] => }} [187] => * [[Computer lab#Academic software bundles|Academic software bundles]] [188] => * [[Document management system]] [189] => * [[Libraries and librarians in fiction|Libraries in fiction]] [190] => * [[Library anxiety]] [191] => * [[Library portal]] [192] => * [[Trends in library usage]] [193] => * [[List of libraries]] [194] => [195] => == References == [196] => {{reflist}} [197] => [198] => ==Further reading== [199] => {{refbegin}} [200] => * Barnard, T.D.F. (ed.) (1967). ''Library Buildings: design and fulfilment; papers read at the Week-end Conference of the London and Home Counties Branch of the Library Association, held at Hastings, 21–23 April 1967''. London: Library Association (London and Home Counties Branch) [201] => * [[Terry Belanger|Belanger, Terry]]. ''Lunacy & the Arrangement of Books'', New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Books, 1983; 3rd ptg 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-58456-099-9}} [202] => * Bieri, Susanne & Fuchs, Walther (2001). ''Bibliotheken bauen: Tradition und Vision = Building for Books: traditions and visions''. Basel: Birkhäuser {{ISBN|3-7643-6429-7}} [203] => *Buschman, John.(2022). "Of Architects and Libraries: A Simple Discourse Analysis." ''The Library Quarterly'' (Chicago) 92.3: 296–310. [204] => * Copeland, Andrea J. (2015) ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868950207 Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501163538/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868950207 |date=1 May 2022 }}'', International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). {{ISBN|978-0-08097-086-8}} [205] => * Ellsworth, Ralph E. (1973). ''Academic Library Buildings: a guide to architectural issues and solutions''. 530 pp. Boulder: Associated University Press [206] => * Fraley, Ruth A. & Anderson, Carol Lee (1985). ''Library Space Planning: how to assess, allocate, and reorganize collections, resources, and physical facilities''. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers {{ISBN|0-918212-44-8}} [207] => * {{Cite journal |last1=Herrera-Viedma |first1=E. |last2=Lopez-Gijon |first2=J. |title=Libraries' Social Role in the Information Age |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6126 |page=1382 |year=2013 |doi=10.1126/science.339.6126.1382-a |pmid=23520092|bibcode=2013Sci...339.1382H }} [208] => * Irwin, Raymond (1947). ''The National Library Service [of the United Kingdom]''. London: Grafton & Co. x, 96 p. [209] => * Kandiuk, M. (Ed.). (2020). ''Archives and special collections as sites of contestation''. Library Juice Press. [210] => * Lewanski, Richard C. (1967). ''Library Directories [and] Library Science Dictionaries'', in ''Bibliography and Reference Series'', no. 4. 1967 ed. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Press. ''N.B''.: Publisher also named as the "American Bibliographical Center". [211] => * [[Robert K. Logan]] with [[Marshall McLuhan]]. ''The Future of the Library: From Electric Media to Digital Media''. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. [212] => * Mason, Ellsworth (1980). ''Mason on Library Buildings''. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press {{ISBN|0-8108-1291-6}} [213] => * Monypenny, Phillip, and Guy Garrison (1966). ''The Library Functions of the States [i.e. the US]: Commentary on the Survey of Library Functions of the States'', [under the auspices of the] Survey and Standard Committee [of the] American Association of State Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association. xiii, 178 p. [214] => * {{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Suart A.P.|title=The Library an Illustrated History|date=2009|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8389-0991-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr}} [215] => * Orr, J.M. (1975). ''Designing Library Buildings for Activity''; 2nd ed. London: Andre Deutsch {{ISBN|0-233-96622-6}} [216] => * {{cite book |last1=Pettegree |first1=Andrew |last2=der Weduwen |first2=Arthur |author1-link=Andrew Pettegree |author2-link=Arthur der Weduwen |title=The Library: A Fragile History |date=2021 |publisher=Profile Books |location=London |isbn=9781788163422 |url={{GBurl|MGATEAAAQBAJ}}}} [217] => * Thompson, Godfrey (1973). ''Planning and Design of Library Buildings''. London: Architectural Press {{ISBN|0-85139-526-0}} [218] => {{refend}} [219] => [220] => ==External links== [221] => {{Commons category|Libraries}} [222] => * {{curlie|Reference/Libraries|Libraries}} [223] => * [https://www.lib-web.org/ LIBweb]—Directory of library servers in 146 countries via WWW [224] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015838/https://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/ Centre for the History of the Book], hss.ed.ac.uk [225] => * [https://www.ibiblio.org/librariesfaq/ Libraries: Frequently Asked Questions], ibiblio.org [226] => * [https://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definition-of-library/ The Concept of Library: Definition of Library] sifonia.com [227] => [228] => {{Libraries and library science}} [229] => {{Books}} [230] => {{Authority control}} [231] => {{subject bar|portal1=|wikt=yes|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Library|q=yes|b=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q7075}} [232] => [233] => [[Category:Book promotion]] [234] => [[Category:Libraries| ]] [235] => [[Category:Library science]] [] => )
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Library

A library is a collection of books and other materials organized for use and maintained by a public or private institution. It provides access to information and knowledge through various resources including books, magazines, newspapers, digital media, and audiovisual materials.

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It provides access to information and knowledge through various resources including books, magazines, newspapers, digital media, and audiovisual materials. Libraries serve as important cultural and educational centers, offering a wide range of services such as lending materials, reference assistance, research support, and programming for all age groups. The concept of a library dates back to ancient times, with some of the earliest known libraries appearing in ancient Egypt over 5,000 years ago. Throughout history, libraries have played a crucial role in preserving and disseminating knowledge, serving as repositories for literature, documentation, and scientific discoveries. Modern libraries have evolved to encompass not only physical spaces but also virtual platforms, allowing users to access and interact with digital resources remotely. Online databases, e-books, e-journals, and multimedia collections have become increasingly prevalent, expanding the availability and accessibility of information. Libraries today vary in size, scope, and focus. Public libraries are open to the general public and provide a broad range of materials and services to support lifelong learning and community needs. Academic libraries are found in universities and colleges, catering primarily to students, researchers, and faculty. Special libraries serve specific industries, professions, or organizations and specialize in particular subject areas. Libraries also serve as centers for cultural and community engagement, hosting events, exhibitions, workshops, and lectures. They promote literacy, education, and intellectual freedom, encouraging critical thinking and lifelong learning. The organization and management of libraries involve librarians, who are trained professionals with expertise in organizing, cataloging, and assisting users in locating relevant materials. They play a crucial role in providing research assistance, curating collections, and promoting information literacy. Overall, libraries are vital institutions that promote democratic access to knowledge and provide a variety of resources and services that contribute to personal, educational, and social development.

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