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It is considered to be one of the earliest known civilizations in the world and thrived between the 4th and 3rd millennium BCE. The Sumerians were a non-Semitic people who spoke the Sumerian language, which is considered to be a language isolate with no known linguistic relatives. They developed a sophisticated system of writing known as cuneiform, which was used for a wide range of purposes including record keeping, literature, law, and religious texts. The Sumerians made significant contributions to various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and agriculture. They invented the wheel, developed the world's first known writing system, and built impressive structures such as ziggurats and irrigation canals. Sumerian society was organized into city-states, each with its own ruler and temple complex. The Sumerian religion played a central role in their society, with the temples serving as economic and political centers as well as centers for religious worship and rituals. The Sumerians faced numerous invasions and conflicts throughout their history, and eventually, their civilization declined and was absorbed by other Mesopotamian cultures. However, their legacy lived on through their contributions to human civilization, such as the development of writing, which laid the foundation for future civilizations in the region. Today, the study of Sumerian history and culture provides valuable insights into the early development of complex societies and the origins of civilization. The remains of ancient Sumerian cities and artifacts have been discovered by archaeologists, allowing us to gain a better understanding of this ancient civilization and its influence on subsequent civilizations in the region.