Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Genus of fungi}} [1] => {{Automatic taxobox [2] => | image = Metarhizium_anisopliae_infected_cockroach_(PLoS).jpg [3] => | image_upright = 0.9 [4] => | image_caption = Cockroach killed by ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae]]'' [5] => | taxon = Metarhizium [6] => | authority = Sorokīn, 1879 [7] => | display_parents = 4 [8] => | type_species = ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae]]'' [9] => | type_species_authority = ([[Élie Metchnikoff|Metchnikoff]]) Sorokīn [10] => | synonyms = * ''Nomuraea'' {{Au|Maubl. (1903)}} [11] => * ''Chromostylium'' {{Au|Giard (1889)}} [12] => * ''[[Metacordyceps]]'' {{Au|G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2007)}} [13] => * ''Chamaeleomyces'' {{Au|Sigler (2010)}} [14] => }} [15] => [16] => '''''Metarhizium'''''Sorokīn (1879) ''Veg. Parasitenk. Mensch Tieren'' '''2''': 268. is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of [[entomopathogenic fungus|entomopathogenic fungi]] in the [[Clavicipitaceae]] family. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible. Most turn out to be the asexual forms ([[anamorph]]s) of fungi in the phylum [[Ascomycota]], including ''[[Metacordyceps]]'' spp. [17] => [18] => == Species == [19] => Before molecular techniques were introduced at the end of the 20th century, ''Metarhizium'' species were identified on morphological (notably [[Conidium|conidial]]) characteristics. The 'original' species included: ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae|M. anisopliae]]'' (with ''[[Metarhizium majus|M.a. var. major]]''), ''[[Metarhizium brunneum|M. brunneum]]'', ''[[Metarhizium cicadinum|M. cicadinum]]'', ''[[Metarhizium cylindrosporum|M. cylindrosporum]]'', ''[[Metarhizium flavoviride|M. flavoviride]]'', ''[[Metarhizium taii|M. taii]]'', ''[[Metarhizium truncatum|M. truncatum]]'', and ''[[Metarhizium viridicolumnare|M. viridicolumnare]]''. [20] => In 2009, nine former varieties of the type species ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae|M. anisopliae]]'' were assigned species status.{{cite journal [21] => | title=A multilocus phylogeny of the ''Metarhizium anisopliae'' lineage [22] => | journal=Mycologia [23] => | volume=101 [24] => | pages=512–530 [25] => | year=2009 [26] => |author1=Bischoff J.F. |author2=Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. | doi=10.3852/07-202 [27] => | pmid=19623931 [28] => | issue=4| url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=32523&content=PDF}} [29] => New species have continued to be identified, with original names sometimes re-instated (notably ''[[Metarhizium brunneum|M. brunneum]]''). The first complete chromosome length genome sequence for any ''Metarhizium'' was carried-out for this species at Swansea University in 2021.{{cite journal |last1=Saud |first1=Z. |last2=Kortsinoglou |first2=A.M. |last3=Kouvelis |first3=V.N. |last4=Butt |first4=T.M. |title=Telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes and mitogenome sequencing of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, by means of a novel assembly pipeline |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=22 |year=2021 |issue=1 |page=87 |pmid=33509090 | doi=10.1186/s12864-021-07390-y|pmc=7842015|doi-access=free }} [30] => [31] => The ''[[index fungorum]]'' currently (April 2024) lists:[http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp ''Species fungorum'' search ''Metarhizium'' (retrieved 27 April 2024)] [32] => # ''[[Metarhizium acridum]]'' {{Au|(Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)}} [33] => # ''[[Metarhizium alvesii]]'' {{Au|R.B. Lopes, M. Faria, C. Montalva & R.A. Humber (2018)}} [34] => # ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae]]'' {{Au|(Metschn.) Sorokīn (1883)}} [35] => # ''[[Metarhizium argentinense]]'' {{Au|A.C. Gutierrez, A. Leclerque & C.C. Lopez Lastra (2019)}} [36] => # ''[[Metarhizium atrovirens]]'' {{Au|(Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [37] => # ''[[Metarhizium baoshanense]]'' {{Au|Z.H. Chen, Ling Xu, X.N. Yang, Y.G. Zhang & Y.M. Yang (2018)}} [38] => # ''[[Metarhizium bibionidarum]]'' {{Au|Nishi & Hiroki Sato (2017)}} [39] => # ''[[Metarhizium biotecense]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Khons., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [40] => # ''[[Metarhizium blattodeae]]'' {{Au|C. Montalva, Humber, K. Collier & C. Luz (2016)}} [41] => # ''[[Metarhizium brachyspermum]]'' {{Au|Koh. Yamam., Ohmae & Orihara (2019)}} [42] => # ''[[Metarhizium brasiliense]]'' {{Au|Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [43] => # ''[[Metarhizium brittlebankisoides]]'' {{Au|(Zuo Y. Liu, Z.Q. Liang, Whalley, Y.J. Yao & A.Y. Liu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [44] => # ''[[Metarhizium brunneum]]'' {{Au|Petch (1935)}} [45] => # ''[[Metarhizium campsosterni]]'' {{Au|(W.M. Zhang & T.H. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [46] => # ''[[Metarhizium candelabrum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [47] => # ''[[Metarhizium cercopidarum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [48] => # ''[[Metarhizium chaiyaphumense]]'' {{Au|Tasan., Khons., Thanak., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)}} [49] => # ''[[Metarhizium cicadae]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Tasan., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [50] => # ''[[Metarhizium cicadinum]]'' {{Au|(Höhn.) Petch (1931)}} [51] => # ''[[Metarhizium clavatum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Lamlertthon, Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [52] => # ''[[Metarhizium culicidarum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Khons., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [53] => # ''[[Metarhizium cylindrosporum]]'' {{Au|Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986)}} [54] => # ''[[Metarhizium dendrolimi]]'' {{Au|Z.Q. Liang, Wan H. Chen, Y.F. Han & X. Zou (2017)}} [55] => # ''[[Metarhizium eburneum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Noisrip., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [56] => # ''[[Metarhizium ellipsoideum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Khons., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [57] => # ''[[Metarhizium flavoviride]]'' {{Au|W. Gams & Rozsypal (1973)}} [58] => # ''[[Metarhizium flavum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [59] => # ''[[Metarhizium frigidum]]'' {{Au|J.F. Bisch. & S.A. Rehner (2007)}} [60] => # ''[[Metarhizium fusoideum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [61] => # ''[[Metarhizium gaoligongense]]'' {{Au|Z.H. Chen & L. Xu (2018)}} [62] => # ''[[Metarhizium globosum]]'' {{Au|J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)}} [63] => # ''[[Metarhizium granulomatis]]'' {{Au|(Sigler) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [64] => # ''[[Metarhizium gryllidicola]]'' {{Au|Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard (2020)}} [65] => # ''[[Metarhizium guniujiangense]]'' {{Au|(C.R. Li, B. Huang, M.Z. Fan & Z.Z. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [66] => # ''[[Metarhizium huainamdangense]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [67] => # ''[[Metarhizium humberi]]'' {{Au|C. Luz, L. Rocha & I. Delalibera, (2019)}} [68] => # ''[[Metarhizium indigoticum]]'' {{Au|(Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [69] => # ''[[Metarhizium kalasinense]]'' {{Au|Tasan., Khons., Thanak., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)}} [70] => # ''[[Metarhizium koreanum]]'' {{Au|Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [71] => # ''[[Metarhizium lepidiotae]]'' {{Au|(Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)}} [72] => # ''[[Metarhizium lepidopterorum]]'' {{Au|W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2019)}} [73] => # ''[[Metarhizium macrosemiae]]'' {{Au|M.J. Chen & B. Huang (2022)}} [74] => # ''[[Metarhizium majus]]'' {{Au|(J.R. Johnst.) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)}} [75] => # ''[[Metarhizium megapomponiae]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Tasan., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [76] => # ''[[Metarhizium minus]]'' {{Au|(Rombach, Humber & D.W. Roberts) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [77] => # ''[[Metarhizium niveum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Tasan., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [78] => # ''[[Metarhizium nornnoi]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Khons., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [79] => # ''[[Metarhizium novozealandicum]]'' {{Au|(Driver & Milner) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [80] => # ''[[Metarhizium ovoidosporum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Khons., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [81] => # ''[[Metarhizium owariense]]'' {{Au|(Kobayasi) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [82] => # ''[[Metarhizium pemphigi]]'' {{Au|(Driver & Milner) Kepler, Humber & S.A. Rehner (2014)}} [83] => # ''[[Metarhizium phasmatodeae]]'' {{Au|Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard (2020)}} [84] => # ''[[Metarhizium phuwiangense]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Himaman, Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [85] => # ''[[Metarhizium prachinense]]'' {{Au|Tasan., Khons., Thanak., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)}} [86] => # ''[[Metarhizium pseudoatrovirens]]'' {{Au|(Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [87] => # ''[[Metarhizium purpureogenum]]'' {{Au|Nishi, S. Shimizu & Hiroki Sato (2017)}} [88] => # ''[[Metarhizium purpureonigrum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Tasan., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [89] => # ''[[Metarhizium purpureum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Lamlertthon, Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [90] => # ''[[Metarhizium putuoense]]'' {{Au|Yi Li, X.C. Zhao, Yu Wang & W.F. Lin (2023)}} [91] => # ''[[Metarhizium reniforme]]'' {{Au|(Samson & H.C. Evans) Luangsa-ard, Boucias & Hywel-Jones (2017)}} [92] => # ''[[Metarhizium rileyi]]'' {{Au|(Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [93] => # ''[[Metarhizium robertsii]]'' {{Au|J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)}} [94] => # ''[[Metarhizium rongjiangense]]'' {{Au|W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2019)}} [95] => # ''[[Metarhizium samlanense]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Thanak., Tasan., Mongkols. & Hywel-Jones (2017)}} [96] => # ''[[Metarhizium sulphureum]]'' {{Au|Luangsa-ard, Khons., Thanakitp. & Samson (2020)}} [97] => # ''[[Metarhizium synnematis]]'' {{Au|Z.Q. Liang, H.L. Chu & T.C. Wen (2016)}} [98] => # ''[[Metarhizium taii]]'' {{Au|Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu (1991)}} [99] => # ''[[Metarhizium takense]]'' {{Au|Tasan., Thanak., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)}} [100] => # ''[[Metarhizium truncatum]]'' {{Au|Petch (1931)}} [101] => # ''[[Metarhizium viride]]'' {{Au|(Segretain, Fromentin, Destombes, Brygoo & Dodin ex Samson) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} [102] => # ''[[Metarhizium viridicolumnare]]'' {{Au|(Matsush.) Matsush. (1993)}} [103] => # ''[[Metarhizium viridulum]]'' {{Au|(Tzean, L.S. Hsieh, J.L. Chen & W.J. Wu) B. Huang & Z.Z. Li (2004)}} [104] => [105] => ===Other Reclassified Species Names=== [106] => * ''[[Metarhizium glutinosum|M. glutinosum]]'' is now placed in the [[Stachybotryaceae]] as ''[[Albifimbria]] ([[Myrothecium]]) verrucaria'' (Alb. & Schwein.) L. Lombard & CrousLombard L, Crous PW (2016) in: Lombard, Houbraken, Decock, Samson, Meijer, Réblová, Groenewald & Crous ''Persoonia'' '''36''': 177. [107] => * species now placed in other genera in the [[Clavicipitaceae]] include: [108] => ** ''M. album'' Petch, 1931 and other names now assigned to ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae|M. anisopliae (see synonyms)]]'' [109] => ** ''M. aciculare'' {{Au|H. Iwasaki, Tokiwa & Nonaka (2019)}} is now ''[[Keithomyces]] acicularis'' [110] => ** ''M. carneum'' {{Au|(Duché & R. Heim) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} is now ''Keithomyces carneus'' [111] => ** ''M. khaoyaiense'' {{Au|(Hywel-Jones) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} is now ''[[Purpureomyces]] khaoyaiensis'' [112] => ** ''M. kusanagiense'' {{Au|(Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} is now ''[[Yosiokobayasia]] kusanagiensis'' [113] => ** ''M. marquandii'' {{Au|(Massee) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} is now ''[[Marquandomyces]] marquandii'' [114] => ** ''M. martiale'' {{Au|(Speg.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} is now ''[[Nigelia]] martialis'' {{Au|(Speg.) Luangsa-ard & Thanakitp.}}Luangsa-ard, Thanakitpipattana (2017) in: Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana, Khonsanit, Tasanathai, Noisripoom, Humber. ''Index Fungorum'' '''345''': 1. [115] => ** ''M. yongmunense'' {{Au|(G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung & Spatafora) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)}} is now ''[[Sungia]] yongmunensis'' [116] => [117] => ===Teleomorphs=== [118] => The [[teleomorph]]s of ''Metarhizium'' species appear to be members of the genus ''[[Metacordyceps]]''.{{cite journal [119] => | title=Phylogenetic classification of ''Cordyceps'' and the clavicipitaceous fungi [120] => | journal=Studies in Mycology [121] => | volume=57 [122] => | pages=5–59 [123] => | year=2007 [124] => | author=Sung, G.-H. [125] => | author2=Hywel-Jones, N.L. [126] => | author3=Sung, J.-M. [127] => | author4=Luangsa-ard, J.J. [128] => | author5=Shrestha, B. [129] => | author6=Spatafora, J.W. [130] => | name-list-style=amp [131] => | pmid=18490993 [132] => | doi=10.3114/sim.2007.57.01 [133] => | pmc=2104736 [134] => }} [135] => ''Metacordyceps taii'' (as ''Cordyceps taii'') has been described as the teleomorph of ''Metarhizium taii'':{{cite journal [136] => | title=A new species of the genus ''Cordyceps'' and its ''Metarhizium'' anamorph [137] => | journal=Acta Mycologica Sinica [138] => | volume=10 [139] => | pages=257–262 [140] => | year=1991 [141] => | author=Liang, Z.-Q. [142] => | author2=Liu, A.-Y. [143] => | author3=Liu, J.-L. [144] => }} [145] => {{cite journal [146] => | title=Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of ''Metarhizium taii'' and its teleomorph, ''Cordyceps taii'' (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae) [147] => | journal=Mycotaxon [148] => | volume=94 [149] => | pages=137–147 [150] => | year=2005 |url=http://cordyceps.us/files/Huang_etal_Cordyceps_taii.pdf |author1=Huang B. |author2=Li C. |author3=Humber R.A. |author4=Hodge K.T. |author5=Fan M. |author6=Li Z. }} [151] => a name that has now been restored. [152] => [153] => Whether the other varieties of ''M. anisopliae'' have their own teleomorphs is not yet clear. Some, if not most, strains of ''M. anisopliae'' possibly have lost the capability of reproducing sexually. [154] => [155] => == Natural pesticide == [156] => The artificially grown fungi's spores are also used as a natural pesticide. Certain strains are advised against use in food-growing fields and in close proximity to water sources due to risk of their contamination.{{Cite web|title=Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 (029056) Biopesticide Fact Sheet|url=https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-029056_01-Jun-03.pdf|publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency]]|publication-place=Pennsylvania|publication-date=June 1, 2003}}In this case only ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae]]'' F52 strain is concerned. [157] => [158] => ===Locust control=== [159] => In the 1990s, the [[LUBILOSA]] research programme proved that ''[[Metarhizium acridum|M. acridum]]'' in its spore form was effective in killing locusts and other members of the Acrididea families with no deleterious effects found in field trials on any nontarget species except for the domesticated silk worm ''[[Bombyx mori]]''.{{cite journal |last1=Lomer |first1=C.J. |last2=Bateman |first2=R.P. |last3=Johnson |first3=D.L. |last4=Langewald |first4=J. |last5=Thomas |first5=M. |title=Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=46 |pages=667–702 |year=2001 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667 |pmid=11112183}} It is currently produced as a [[biopesticide]] under the name Novacrid by the company Eléphant Vert in their factory in [[Meknès]], [[Morocco]].[http://en.elephant-vert.com Eléphant Vert company website] The same company recently (2019) obtained the licence to produce and market the original product developed by LUBILOSA, which is called Green Muscle. A third product, Green Guard, is produced by BASF of [[Australia]] for the control of Australian plague locusts and wingless grasshoppers.[https://www.basf.com BASF website] [160] => [161] => == Notes == [162] => {{Reflist|group=note}} [163] => [164] => ==References== [165] => {{Reflist}} [166] => [167] => ==External links== [168] => *{{Commons category-inline|Metarhizium|''Metarhizium''}} [169] => *{{Wikispecies-inline|Clavicipitaceae}} [170] => [171] => {{Taxonbar|from=Q713212}} [172] => {{Authority control}} [173] => [174] => [[Category:Sordariomycetes genera]] [175] => [[Category:Clavicipitaceae]] [176] => [[Category:Parasitic fungi]] [] => )
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Metarhizium

Metarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible.

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