Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Largest city in Quebec, Canada}} [1] => {{Redirect|Montrealer|other uses|Montreal (disambiguation)|and|Montrealer (disambiguation)}} [2] => {{Redirect|City of Mary|the city in Ukraine|Mariupol}} [3] => {{Use Canadian English|date=September 2022}} [4] => {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}} [5] => {{Infobox settlement [6] => | name = Montreal [7] => | native_name = {{native name|fr|Montréal}} [8] => | official_name = ''Ville de Montréal'' [9] => | settlement_type = [[List of cities in Quebec|City]] [10] => | named_for = [[Mount Royal]] [11] => | image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width=270px|perrow=1/2/1/2|border=infobox [12] => | image1 = Montreal Montage 2020.jpg [13] => }} [14] => | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Downtown Montreal]] skyline, [[Old Montreal]], [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]], [[Old Port of Montreal]], [[Saint Joseph's Oratory]], [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] [15] => | image_flag = Flag of Montreal.svg [16] => | flag_size = 125px [17] => | flag_link = Flag of Montreal [18] => | image_seal = Coat of arms of Montreal.svg [19] => | seal_type = Coat of arms [20] => | seal_size = 95px [21] => | seal_link = Coat of arms of Montreal [22] => | image_blank_emblem = City of Montréal logo.svg [23] => | blank_emblem_type = Logo [24] => | blank_emblem_size = 160px [25] => | nickname = [[Name of Montreal#Nicknames|"MTL", "The 514", "The City of Festivals", "The City of Saints", "The City of a Hundred Steeples", "Sin City", "La Métropole"]]{{cite web | url= http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre12/chapitre12-1.html | title= Quebec's Metropolis 1960–1992 | publisher= Montreal Archives | access-date= January 24, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130105073436/http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre12/chapitre12-1.html | archive-date= January 5, 2013 | url-status=live }}{{cite news |language= fr |title= La Gaspésie s'attable dans la métropole |first= Gilles |last= Gagné |work= [[Le Soleil (Quebec)|Le Soleil]] |location= Quebec City |date= May 31, 2012 |access-date= June 9, 2012 |url= http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/affaires/les-regions/201205/30/01-4530197-la-gaspesie-sattable-dans-la-metropole.php |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130605174132/http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/affaires/les-regions/201205/30/01-4530197-la-gaspesie-sattable-dans-la-metropole.php |archive-date= June 5, 2013 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |language = fr |title= Montréal, la ville aux cent clochers : regards des Montréalais sur leurs lieux de culte |first= Jean-François |last= Leclerc |work= {{Interlanguage link|Éditions Fides|fr}} |location= Quebec City |date= 2002}}{{cite web|url= https://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/north-america/canada/montreal?v=print|title= Lonely Planet Montreal Guide – Modern History|publisher= [[Lonely Planet]]|access-date= December 12, 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070105025233/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/north-america/canada/montreal?v=print|archive-date= January 5, 2007|url-status=live}} [26] => | motto = [[Concordia Salus]] ("well-being through harmony") [27] => | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Montreal|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}} [28] => | map_caption = Interactive map of Montreal [29] => | pushpin_map = Canada#Quebec [30] => | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Canada##Location within Quebec [31] => | coordinates = {{Coord|45|30|32|N|73|33|15|W|region:CA-QC_type:city(1,800,000)|notes={{Cite cgndb|EHHUN|Montreal}}|display=inline,title}} [32] => | coor_pinpoint = [33] => | coordinates_footnotes = [34] => | subdivision_type = Country [35] => | subdivision_name = Canada [36] => | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and Territories of Canada|Province]] [37] => | subdivision_type2 = [[Region (Quebec)|Region]] [38] => | subdivision_type3 = [[Urban agglomerations in Quebec|Urban agglomeration]] [39] => | subdivision_name1 = Quebec [40] => | subdivision_name2 = [[Montreal (region)|Montreal]] [41] => | subdivision_name3 = [[Urban agglomeration of Montreal|Montreal]] [42] => | established_title = Founded [43] => | established_date = May 17, 1642 [44] => | established_title1 = Incorporated [45] => | established_date1 = 1832 [46] => | established_title2 = Constituted [47] => | established_date2 = January 1, 2002 [48] => | parts_type = Boroughs [49] => | parts_style = [50] => | parts = [51] => | p1 = [[Ahuntsic-Cartierville]] [52] => | government_footnotes = [53] => | government_type = [[Montreal City Council]] [54] => | leader_title = [[Mayor of Montreal|Mayor]] [55] => | leader_name = [[Valérie Plante]] [56] => | leader_title1 = [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts|Federal riding]] [57] => | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list [58] => | title = List [59] => | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; [60] => | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; [61] => | 1 = [[Ahuntsic-Cartierville (electoral district)|Ahuntsic-Cartierville]] [62] => | 2 = [[Bourassa (electoral district)|Bourassa]] [63] => | 3 = [[Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle]] [64] => | 4 = [[Hochelaga (electoral district)|Hochelaga]] [65] => | 5 = [[Honoré-Mercier (electoral district)|Honoré-Mercier]] [66] => | 6 = [[La Pointe-de-l'Île]] [67] => | 7 = [[Lac-Saint-Louis (electoral district)|Lac-Saint-Louis]] [68] => | 8 = [[LaSalle—Émard—Verdun]] [69] => | 9 = [[Laurier—Sainte-Marie]] [70] => | 10 = [[Mount Royal (electoral district)|Mount Royal]] [71] => | 11 = [[Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount]] [72] => | 12 = [[Outremont (electoral district)|Outremont]] [73] => | 13 = [[Papineau (electoral district)|Papineau]] [74] => | 14 = [[Pierrefonds—Dollard]] [75] => | 15 = [[Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie (federal electoral district)|Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie]] [76] => | 16 = [[Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)|Saint-Laurent]] [77] => | 17 = [[Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel]] [78] => | 18 = [[Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs]] [79] => }} [80] => | area_footnotes = {{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census; Montreal, Ville [Census subdivision], Quebec and Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&SearchText=montreal |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=February 9, 2022 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209135619/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=montreal&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=February 9, 2022 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327085922/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |url-status=live }} [81] => | area_total_km2 = 431.50 [82] => | area_land_km2 = 365.13 [83] => | area_water_km2 = [84] => | area_water_percent = [85] => | area_urban_km2 = 1,293.99 [86] => | area_metro_km2 = 4,604.26 [87] => | elevation_footnotes = {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} [88] => | elevation_m = [89] => | elevation_min_m = 6 [90] => | population_total = 1762949 ([[List of the largest population centres in Canada|2nd]]) [91] => | population_as_of = 2021 [92] => | population_footnotes = [93] => | population_density_km2 = 4,828.3 [94] => | population_metro = 4,291,732 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|2nd]]) [95] => | population_metro_footnotes = [96] => | population_density_metro_km2 = 919 [97] => | population_demonym = Montrealer
Montréalais(e){{cite web|last1= Poirier|first1= Jean|title= Island of Montréal|url= http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/place-names/education-resources/9218|website= Natural Resources Canada|access-date= July 16, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140720134231/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/place-names/education-resources/9218|archive-date= July 20, 2014|df= mdy-all}} [98] => | population_note = [99] => | postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code|Postal codes]] [100] => | postal_code = {{Collapsible list |title=[[List of H postal codes of Canada|H]]|H1A, H1C-H3N, H3S-H3W, H4A-H4T, H4Z-H5B, H8R-H8Z, H9C-H9E, H9H, H9K}} [101] => | area_code = [[Area codes 514 and 438|514 and 438]] and 263 [102] => | blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]] (Montreal {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}}) [103] => | blank_info_sec2 = C$221.9{{nbsp}}billion (2018){{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA)|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=January 27, 2017|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801|url-status=live}} [104] => | blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (Montreal {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}}) [105] => | blank1_info_sec2 = C$48,289 (2022){{cite web | url=https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/assets/WhyCalgary_Our-Economy-in-Depth-2022-06.pdf | title=Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth | date=June 2022 | website=Calgary Economic Development | access-date=November 4, 2022 | archive-date=November 4, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104190452/https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/assets/WhyCalgary_Our-Economy-in-Depth-2022-06.pdf | url-status=live }} [106] => | blank2_name = Police [107] => | blank2_info = [[Service de police de la Ville de Montréal|SPVM]] [108] => | blank3_name = Ambulance [109] => | blank3_info = [110] => | blank4_name = Fire [111] => | blank4_info = [112] => | footnotes = [113] => | p2 = [[Anjou, Quebec|Anjou]] [114] => | p3 = [[Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]] [115] => | p4 = [[L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève]] [116] => | p5 = [[LaSalle, Quebec|LaSalle]] [117] => | p6 = [[Lachine, Quebec|Lachine]] [118] => | p7 = [[Le Plateau-Mont-Royal]] [119] => | p8 = [[Le Sud-Ouest]] [120] => | p9 = [[Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve]] [121] => | p10 = [[Montréal-Nord]] [122] => | p11 = [[Outremont, Quebec|Outremont]] [123] => | p12 = [[Pierrefonds-Roxboro]] [124] => | p13 = [[Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles]] [125] => | p14 = [[Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie]] [126] => | p15 = [[Saint-Laurent, Quebec|Saint-Laurent]] [127] => | p16 = [[St. Leonard, Quebec|Saint-Léonard]] [128] => | p17 = [[Verdun, Quebec|Verdun]] [129] => | p18 = [[Ville-Marie, Montreal|Ville-Marie]] [130] => | p19 = [[Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension]] [131] => | leader_title3 = [[List of Quebec provincial electoral districts|Provincial riding]] [132] => | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list [133] => | title = List [134] => | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; [135] => | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; [136] => | 1 = [[Acadie (provincial electoral district)|Acadie]] [137] => | 2 = [[Anjou–Louis-Riel (provincial electoral district)|Anjou–Louis-Riel]] [138] => | 3 = [[Bourassa-Sauvé (provincial electoral district)|Bourassa-Sauvé]] [139] => | 4 = [[Camille-Laurin (electoral district)|Camille-Laurin]] [140] => | 5 = [[Crémazie (provincial electoral district)|Crémazie]] [141] => | 6 = [[D'Arcy-McGee]] [142] => | 7 = [[Gouin (provincial electoral district)|Gouin]] [143] => | 8 = [[Hochelaga-Maisonneuve (provincial electoral district)|Hochelaga-Maisonneuve]] [144] => | 9 = [[Jeanne-Mance–Viger (provincial electoral district)|Jeanne-Mance–Viger]] [145] => | 10 = [[LaFontaine (provincial electoral district)|LaFontaine]] [146] => | 11 = [[Laurier-Dorion (provincial electoral district)|Laurier-Dorion]] [147] => | 12 = [[Marguerite-Bourgeoys (provincial electoral district)|Marguerite-Bourgeoys]] [148] => | 13 = [[Marquette (provincial electoral district)|Marquette]] [149] => | 14 = [[Mercier (provincial electoral district)|Mercier]] [150] => | 15 = [[Mont-Royal (provincial electoral district)|Mont-Royal]] [151] => | 16 = [[Nelligan (provincial electoral district)|Nelligan]] [152] => | 17 = [[Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (provincial electoral district)|Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]] [153] => | 18 = [[Outremont (provincial electoral district)|Outremont]] [154] => | 19 = [[Pointe-aux-Trembles (provincial electoral district)|Pointe-aux-Trembles]] [155] => | 20 = [[Robert-Baldwin (provincial electoral district)|Robert-Baldwin]] [156] => | 21 = [[Rosemont (provincial electoral district)|Rosemont]] [157] => | 22 = [[Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne]] [158] => | 23 = [[Saint-Laurent (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Laurent]] [159] => | 24 = [[Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques (provincial electoral district)|Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques]] [160] => | 25 = [[Tétreaultville (provincial electoral district)|Tétreaultville]] [161] => | 26 = [[Verdun (provincial electoral district)|Verdun]] [162] => | 27 = [[Viau (provincial electoral district)|Viau]] [163] => | 28 = [[Westmount–Saint-Louis (provincial electoral district)|Westmount–Saint-Louis]] [164] => }} [165] => | leader_title4 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MPs]] [166] => | leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list [167] => | title = List of MPs [168] => | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; [169] => | title_style = [170] => | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; [171] => | 1 = [[Sameer Zuberi]] [172] => | 2 = [[Mario Beaulieu]] [173] => | 3 = [[Alexandre Boulerice]] [174] => | 4 = [[Soraya Martinez Ferrada]] [175] => | 5 = [[Anju Dhillon]] [176] => | 6 = [[Patricia Lattanzio]] [177] => | 7 = [[Emmanuel Dubourg]] [178] => | 8 = [[Marc Garneau]] [179] => | 9 = [[Anthony Housefather]] [180] => | 10 = [[Mélanie Joly]] [181] => | 11 = [[Emmanuella Lambropoulos]] [182] => | 12 = [[David Lametti]] [183] => | 13 = [[Steven Guilbeault]] [184] => | 14 = [[Marc Miller (politician)|Marc Miller]] [185] => | 15 = [[Pablo Rodríguez (Canadian politician)|Pablo Rodríguez]] [186] => | 16 = [[Francis Scarpaleggia]] [187] => | 17 = [[Justin Trudeau]] [188] => | 18 = [[Rachel Bendayan]] [189] => }} [190] => | area_urban_footnotes = [191] => | area_metro_footnotes = [192] => | elevation_max_m = 233 [193] => | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] [194] => | utc_offset = −05:00 [195] => | timezone_DST = EDT [196] => | utc_offset_DST = −04:00 [197] => | website = {{Official URL}} [198] => }} [199] => [200] => '''Montreal''' ({{small|[[Canadian English|CA]]:}} {{IPAc-en|audio=Montreal-English-pronunciation.oga|ˌ|m|ʌ|n|t|r|i|ˈ|ɔː|l}} {{respell|MUN|tree|AWL}}; {{Lang-fr|Montréal}} {{IPA-fr|mɔ̃ʁeal||Qc-Montréal.ogg}}) is the [[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|second most populous city]] in [[Canada]], the [[List of North American cities by population|tenth most populous city]] in [[North America]], and the [[List of towns in Quebec|most populous city]] in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Quebec]]. Founded in 1642 as ''[[Fort Ville-Marie|Ville-Marie]]'', or "City of Mary",{{cite web|url= https://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/histoire/eng/v_mara.htm|title= Old Montréal / Centuries of History|date= April 2000|access-date= March 26, 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120630120639/http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/histoire/eng/v_mara.htm|archive-date= June 30, 2012|url-status=live}} it is named after [[Mount Royal]],{{cite web |url= http://montreal.about.com/od/montrealparks/a/mount_royal_park_parc_du_mont_royal.htm |title= Mount Royal Park – Montreal's Mount Royal Park or Parc du Mont-Royal |publisher= montreal.about.com |access-date= November 16, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430052115/http://montreal.about.com/od/montrealparks/a/mount_royal_park_parc_du_mont_royal.htm |archive-date= April 30, 2011 |url-status=live }} the triple-peaked hill around which the early city of Ville-Marie was built.{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Montreal |title=Montreal |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=Online |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328185743/https://www.britannica.com/place/Montreal |url-status=live }} The city is centred on the [[Island of Montreal]], which obtained its name from the same origin as the city,{{cite web |url=http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/montreal_e.php |title=Island of Montreal |access-date= February 7, 2008 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531042123/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/montreal_e.php |archive-date=May 31, 2008 }}{{citation [201] => | last = Poirier [202] => | first = Jean [203] => | year = 1979 [204] => | title = Île de Montréal [205] => | volume = 5 [206] => | issue = 1 [207] => | pages = 6–8 [208] => | place = Quebec [209] => | publisher = Canoma}} and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is [[Île Bizard]]. The city is {{convert|196|km|abbr=on}} east of the national capital, [[Ottawa]], and {{convert|258|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the provincial capital, [[Quebec City]]. [210] => [211] => {{As of|2021|post=,}} the city has a population of 1,762,949,{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Montréal, Ville (V) [Census subdivision], Quebec |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134619/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |url-status=live }} and a [[Census Metropolitan Area#Census metropolitan areas|metropolitan]] population of 4,291,732,{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=November 15, 2017 |title=Illustrated Glossary - Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/cma-rmr/cma-rmr-eng.htm |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620234156/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/cma-rmr/cma-rmr-eng.htm |url-status=live }} making it the [[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|second-largest]] city, and [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|second-largest]] metropolitan area in Canada. [[French language|French]] is the city's official language.Chapter 1, article 1, {{cite web| year= 2008| title= Charte de la Ville de Montréal| url= https://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_11_4/C11_4.htm| access-date= May 13, 2012| language= fr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120605031110/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_11_4/C11_4.htm| archive-date= June 5, 2012| url-status= live}}Chapter 1, article 1, {{cite web| year= 2008| title= Charter of Ville de Montréal| url= https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/rsq-c-c-11.4/latest/rsq-c-c-11.4.html| access-date= September 28, 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226175302/http://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/rsq-c-c-11.4/latest/rsq-c-c-11.4.html| archive-date= December 26, 2013| url-status=live}} In 2021, 85.7% of the population of the city of Montreal considered themselves fluent in French while 90.2% could speak it in the metropolitan area.{{cite web|url = https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1&type=0|title = Profil du recensement, Recensement de 2016 - Montréal, Ville [Subdivision de recensement], Québec et Québec [Province]|date = February 8, 2017|access-date = May 4, 2021|archive-date = April 10, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220410082443/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1&type=0|url-status = live}}{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=462&TABID=1&type=0 |title=Profil du recensement, Recensement de 2016 – Montréal [Région métropolitaine de recensement], Québec et Québec [Province] |date=February 8, 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada |language=fr |access-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410082443/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=F&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=462&TABID=1&type=0 |url-status=live }} Montreal is one of the most [[Bilingualism|bilingual]] cities in Quebec and Canada, with 58.5% of the population able to speak both English and French. [212] => [213] => Historically the commercial capital of Canada, Montreal was surpassed in population and economic strength by [[Toronto]] in the 1970s.{{cite web |url= https://www.toronto.ca/culture/history/history-shortversion.htm |title= City of Toronto, History Resources |publisher= City of Toronto |date= October 23, 2000 |access-date= April 13, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429115805/http://www.toronto.ca/culture/history/history-shortversion.htm |archive-date= April 29, 2011 |url-status=dead }} Montreal remains an important centre of art, [[Culture of Montreal|culture]], literature, [[List of films shot in Montreal|film]] and television, music, commerce, aerospace, [[Transportation in Montreal|transport]], finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, [[Education in Montreal|education]], [[Tourism in Montreal|tourism]], food, fashion, video game development, and world affairs. Montreal is the location of the headquarters of the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]], and was named a [[UNESCO]] [[Design Cities (UNESCO)|City of Design]] in 2006.{{cite web|url= https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/sites/creative-cities/files/RAPP_1215_MTL_Unesco_Design_en_siteunesco.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075806/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/sites/creative-cities/files/RAPP_1215_MTL_Unesco_Design_en_siteunesco.pdf |url-status=dead|archive-date= February 1, 2018|title= Montreal, Canada appointed a UNESCO City of Design |publisher= [[UNESCO]]|date= June 7, 2006 |access-date= September 16, 2009}}{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|date=June 9, 2008|title=Vancouver and Montreal among 25 most livable cities|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|location=Canada|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/vancouver-and-montreal-among-25-most-livable-cities/article18451707/|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194407/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/vancouver-and-montreal-among-25-most-livable-cities/article18451707/|url-status=live}} In 2017, Montreal was ranked the 12th-most liveable city in the world by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] in its annual [[Global Liveability Ranking]],{{cite web|url= https://www.mtlblog.com/whats-happening/montreal-ranked-top-most-liveable-city-in-the-world|title= Montreal Ranked Top Most Livable City|website= Herald Sun|date= August 30, 2017|access-date= November 15, 2017|quote= The EIU's annual report, which ranks 140 major cities around the world based on their liveability, found Melbourne, Australia to be the most liveable city in the world. [...] Montreal doesn't make the list until number 12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171116080145/https://www.mtlblog.com/whats-happening/montreal-ranked-top-most-liveable-city-in-the-world|archive-date= November 16, 2017|url-status=live}} although it slipped to rank 40 in the 2021 index, primarily due to stress on the healthcare system from the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].{{cite web |date=June 8, 2021 |title=The Global Liveability Index 2021 - How the Covid-19 pandemic affected liveability worldwide |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/global-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2021 |website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]] |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106090320/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/global-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf |url-status=live }} It is regularly ranked as a top ten city in the world to be a university student in the [[QS World University Rankings]].{{cite web|url= https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings/2017|title= QS Best Student Cities 2017|work= Top Universities|access-date= February 22, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170218070525/https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings/2017|archive-date= February 18, 2017|url-status=live}} [214] => [215] => Montreal has hosted multiple international conferences and events, including the [[Expo 67|1967 International and Universal Exposition]] and the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].{{cite web|url= http://www.olympic.org/montreal-1976-summer-Olympics|title= Montreal 1976|publisher= Olympic.org|access-date= January 2, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160104232458/http://www.olympic.org/montreal-1976-summer-olympics|archive-date= January 4, 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url= http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-605/Expo_67_in_Montreal,_a_Landmark_Event.html|title= Articles {{!}} Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française – histoire, culture, religion, héritage|last= www.ixmedia.com|website= www.ameriquefrancaise.org|language= fr|access-date= April 9, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160331184328/http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-605/Expo_67_in_Montreal,_a_Landmark_Event.html|archive-date= March 31, 2016|url-status=live}} It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics. In 2018, Montreal was ranked as a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|global city]].{{cite web|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html|title=The World According to GaWC|date=2018|access-date=November 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|archive-date=May 3, 2017|url-status=live}} The city hosts the [[Canadian Grand Prix]] of [[Formula One]];{{cite web|url= http://www.circuitgillesvilleneuve.ca/en|title= Circuit Gilles Villeneuve|publisher= Circuit Gilles Villeneuve Official Website|access-date= December 22, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104044/http://www.circuitgillesvilleneuve.ca/en|archive-date= December 24, 2015|url-status= dead}} the [[Montreal International Jazz Festival]],{{cite web|url= https://www.montrealjazzfest.com/about-the-festival/default.aspx |title= About – Festival International de Jazz de Montréal |website= www.montrealjazzfest.com |access-date= April 9, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160402034626/http://www.montrealjazzfest.com/about-the-festival/default.aspx|archive-date= April 2, 2016 |df= mdy-all}} the largest jazz festival in the world;{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-jazz-festival|title=Largest jazz festival|access-date=May 4, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033116/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-jazz-festival|url-status=live}} the [[Just for Laughs]] festival, the largest comedy festival in the world;{{cite web|url= http://www.tourisme-montreal.org/What-To-Do/Events/just-for-laughs-festival-presented-by-videotron|title= Just For Laughs Festival|website= www.tourisme-montreal.org|access-date= April 9, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160406100539/http://www.tourisme-montreal.org/What-To-Do/Events/just-for-laughs-festival-presented-by-videotron|archive-date= April 6, 2016|url-status=live}} and [[Les Francos de Montréal]], the largest French-language music festival in the world.{{cite web|url=https://corridorcanada.ca/resource/francofolies/?lang=en|title=FrancoFolies de Montréal: A large Francophone music festival|access-date=May 4, 2021|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522221117/https://corridorcanada.ca/resource/francofolies/?lang=en|url-status=live}} In [[Sports in Montreal|sports]], it is home to the [[Montreal Canadiens]] of the [[National Hockey League]], who have won the [[Stanley Cup]] 24 times, more than any other team. [216] => [217] => ==Etymology and original names== [218] => {{See also|Name of Montreal}} [219] => In the [[Ojibwe language]], the land is called {{lang|oj| Mooniyaang}}{{cite web|url= http://onishka.org/art-et-communaute/|title= Onishka – Art et Communaute|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160220164827/http://onishka.org/art-et-communaute/|archive-date= February 20, 2016|df= mdy-all}} which was "the first stopping place" in the Ojibwe migration story as related in the [[seven fires prophecy]]. [220] => [221] => In the [[Mohawk language]], the land is called {{lang|moh|Tiohtià:ke}}.{{cite web|url=http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/montreal_e.php|title=Island of Montréal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531042123/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/montreal_e.php|website=Natural Resources Canada|archive-date=May 31, 2008|date=May 31, 2008|url-status= dead}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/montreal-turns-375-but-acknowledges-that-tiohtiake-is-much-older/ |title=Montreal turns 375 but acknowledges that Tiohtià:ke is much older |date=May 17, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=APTN |last=Fennario |first=Tom |archive-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721140553/https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/montreal-turns-375-but-acknowledges-that-tiohtiake-is-much-older/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.concordia.ca/indigenous/resources/territorial-acknowledgement.html |title=Territorial Acknowledgement |date=February 16, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=[[Concordia University]] |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706154736/https://www.concordia.ca/indigenous/resources/territorial-acknowledgement.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/indigenous/land-and-peoples/learn-about-land-and-peoples-tiohtiake-montreal |title=Learn about the Land and Peoples of Tiohtià:ke/ Montreal |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=[[McGill University]] |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804213833/https://www.mcgill.ca/indigenous/land-and-peoples/learn-about-land-and-peoples-tiohtiake-montreal |url-status=live }} This is an abbreviation of {{lang|moh|Teionihtiohtiá:kon}}, which loosely translates as "where the group divided/parted ways."{{Cite web |url=https://www.johnabbott.qc.ca/land-acknowledgement/ |title=Land Acknowledgement |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=John Abbott CEGEP |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711132759/https://www.johnabbott.qc.ca/land-acknowledgement/ |url-status=live }} [222] => [223] => French settlers from [[La Flèche]] in the Loire valley first named their new town, founded in 1642, {{lang|fr|[[Fort Ville-Marie|Ville Marie]]}} ("City of Mary"), named for the [[Virgin Mary]].{{cite web |last= Kalbfleisch |first= John |title= Founding of Ville-Marie |url= https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/french-canada/founding-of-ville-marie |publisher= [[Canada's National History Society]] |access-date= July 6, 2018 |date= May 17, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190833/http://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/french-canada/founding-of-ville-marie |archive-date= July 6, 2018 |url-status=live }} [224] => [225] => The current form of the name, {{lang|fr|Montréal}}, is generally thought to be derived from Mount Royal ({{lang|fr|Mont Royal}} in French), [226] => {{cite web |title=Natural Resources Canada, Origins of Geographical Names: Island of Montréal |url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography-boundary/geographical-name/geoname-origins/5831 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703070417/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography-boundary/geographical-name/geoname-origins/5831 |archive-date=July 3, 2013 }} [227] => the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. There are multiple explanations for how {{lang|fr|Mont Royal}} became {{lang|fr|Montréal}}. In 16th century French, the forms {{lang|fr|réal}} and {{lang|fr|royal}} were used interchangeably, so {{lang|fr|Montréal}} could simply be a variant of {{lang|fr|Mont Royal}}.{{Cite web |last=Bernier |first=Francis |date=Dec 2008 |title=Origine du nom de la ville de Montréal Le regard du géographe |url=https://www.cfqlmc.org/bulletin-memoires-vives/bulletins-anterieurs/bulletin-n-27-decembre-2008/origine-du-nom-de-la-ville-de-montreal-le-regard-du-geographe |website=Commission de la mémoire franco-québécoise |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105003231/https://www.cfqlmc.org/bulletin-memoires-vives/bulletins-anterieurs/bulletin-n-27-decembre-2008/origine-du-nom-de-la-ville-de-montreal-le-regard-du-geographe |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=July 15, 2009 |title=how should one pronounce montreal? a historical and linguistic guide |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/how-should-one-pronounce-montreal-a-historical-and-linguistic-guide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826121959/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/how-should-one-pronounce-montreal-a-historical-and-linguistic-guide |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=January 27, 2019}}{{Cite journal |last=Poirier |first=Jean |date=1992 |title=Origine du nom de la ville de Montréal |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/1992-v46-n1-haf2352/305046ar/ |journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française |language=fr |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.7202/305046ar |issn=0035-2357 |doi-access=free |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105003243/https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/1992-v46-n1-haf2352/305046ar/ |url-status=live }} In the second explanation, the name came from an Italian translation. Venetian geographer [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]] used the name {{lang|it|Monte Real}} to designate Mount Royal in his 1556 map of the region. However, the [[Commission de toponymie du Québec]] disputes this explanation. [228] => [229] => Historiographer François de Belleforest was the first to use the form {{lang|fr|Montréal}} with reference to the entire region in 1575. [230] => [231] => ==History== [232] => {{Main|History of Montreal}} [233] => {{For timeline|Timeline of Montreal history}} [234] => [235] => ===Pre-European contact=== [236] => [[File:Jacques Cartier a Hochelaga.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jacques Cartier]] at [[Hochelaga (village)|Hochelaga]]. Arriving in 1535, Cartier was the first European to visit the area.]] [237] => [[Archaeological]] evidence in the region indicate that [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago.Centre d'histoire de Montréal. ''Le Montréal des Premières Nations.'' 2011. P. 15. By the year AD 1000, they had started to cultivate [[maize]]. Within a few hundred years, they had built [[fortified]] villages.{{cite web|publisher=Société de développement de Montréal|title=Place Royale and the Amerindian presence|date=September 2001|url=http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape9/eng/9text3a.htm|access-date=March 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505020419/http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape9/eng/9text3a.htm|archive-date=May 5, 2012|url-status=live}} The [[Saint Lawrence Iroquoians]], an ethnically and culturally distinct group from the [[Iroquois]] nations of the ''[[Haudenosaunee]]'' (then based in present-day New York), established the [[Hochelaga (village)|village of Hochelaga]] at the foot of Mount Royal two centuries before the French arrived. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at other locations in the valley since at least the 14th century.{{cite book |first=Roland|last=Tremblay|year=2006|title=The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians. Corn People.|location=Montréal, Québec, Canada|publisher=Les Éditions de l'Homme}} [238] => The French explorer Jacques Cartier visited ''Hochelaga'' on October 2, 1535, and estimated the population of the native people at Hochelaga to be "over a thousand people". Evidence of earlier occupation of the island, such as those uncovered in 1642 during the construction of Fort Ville-Marie, have effectively been removed. [239] => [240] => ===Early European settlement (1600–1760)=== [241] => In 1603, French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] reported that the St Lawrence Iroquoians and their settlements had disappeared altogether from the St Lawrence valley. This is believed to be due to outmigration, epidemics of European diseases, or intertribal wars.[https://books.google.com/books?id=T3NQ1lsaHs0C&pg=PA214 Bruce G. Trigger, "The Disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512091402/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3NQ1lsaHs0C&pg=PA214 |date=May 12, 2016 }}, in ''The Children of Aataenstic: A History of the Huron People to 1660'', vol. 2, Montreal and London: Mcgill-Queen's University Press, 1976, pp. 214–218, accessed February 2, 2010 In 1611, Champlain established a [[fur]] [[trading post]] on the Island of Montreal on a site initially named ''La Place Royale''. At the confluence of ''Petite Riviere'' and St. Lawrence River, it is where present-day [[Pointe-à-Callière]] stands.{{cite book|first=Jean-Claude|last=Marsan|year=1990|title=Montreal in evolution. An historical analysis of the development of Montreal's architecture.|location=Montréal, Qc|publisher=Les Éditions de l'Homme}} On his 1616 map, Champlain named the island Lille de Villemenon in honour of the sieur de Villemenon, a French dignitary who was seeking the viceroyship of New France.{{cite web |url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/place-names/origins-geographical-names/9218 |title=Geographical Name - Island of Montreal |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=June 13, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803212245/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/place-names/origins-geographical-names/9218 |archive-date=August 3, 2016 }} In 1639, [[Jérôme Le Royer de La Dauversière]] obtained the [[Seigneurial system of New France|Seigneurial title]] to the Island of Montreal in the name of the [[Société de Notre-Dame de Montréal|Notre Dame Society of Montreal]] to establish a Roman Catholic [[Mission (Christian)|mission]] to [[evangelize]] natives. [242] => [243] => [[Jérome le Royer de la Dauversiere|Dauversiere]] hired [[Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve]], then age 30, to lead a group of colonists to build a mission on his new seigneury. The colonists left France in 1641 for Quebec and arrived on the island the following year. On May 17, 1642, Ville-Marie was founded on the southern shore of Montreal island, with Maisonneuve as its first governor. The settlement included a chapel and a hospital, under the command of [[Jeanne Mance]].{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ville-marie-colony|title=Ville-Marie (Colony)|last=Miquelon|first=Dale|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=March 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010323/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/ville-marie-colony/|archive-date=December 3, 2013|url-status=live}} By 1643, Ville-Marie had come under Iroquois raids. In 1652, Maisonneuve returned to France to raise 100 volunteers to bolster the colonial population. If the effort had failed, Montreal was to be abandoned and the survivors re-located downriver to [[Quebec City]]. Before these 100 arrived in the fall of 1653, the population of Montreal was barely 50 people. [244] => [[File:Capitulation Montreal.jpg|thumb|left|French authorities surrender the city of Montreal to the British after the [[Articles of Capitulation of Montreal|Articles of Capitulation]] was signed in 1760.]] [245] => By 1685, Ville-Marie was home to some 600 colonists, most of them living in modest wooden houses. Ville-Marie became a centre for the [[fur trade]] and a base for further [[French colonization of the Americas|exploration]]. In 1689, the English-allied Iroquois attacked [[Lachine massacre|Lachine]] on the Island of Montreal, committing the worst massacre in the history of New France.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6yBv0obAV4C|title=Battlefields of Canada|last=Beacock Fryer|first=Mary|year=1986|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd|isbn=978-1-55002-007-6|page=247|access-date=November 26, 2011|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018183630/https://books.google.com/books?id=L6yBv0obAV4C|url-status=live}} By the early 18th century, the [[Sulpician Order]] was established there. To encourage French settlement, it wanted the Mohawk to move away from the fur trading post at Ville-Marie. It had a mission village, known as [[Kahnewake]], south of the St Lawrence River. The fathers persuaded some Mohawk to make a new settlement at their former hunting grounds north of the Ottawa River. This became [[Kanesatake]].{{cite web |url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/kanehsatake_270_years_of_resistance/ |title=Alanis Obomsawin, ''Kanesatake: 270 Years of Resistance'', National Film Board of Canada, 1993, accessed Jan 30, 2010 |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |date=February 5, 2010 |access-date=April 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404080135/http://www.nfb.ca/film/kanehsatake_270_years_of_resistance/ |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |url-status=live }} In 1745, several Mohawk families moved upriver to create another settlement, known as [[Akwesasne]]. All three are now Mohawk reserves in Canada. The Canadian territory was ruled as a French colony until 1760, when [[Montreal Campaign|Montreal fell to a British offensive]] during the [[Seven Years' War]]. The colony then surrendered to Great Britain.{{cite web |url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461511335/articles_of_the_capitulation_of_montreal_1760.html |title=Articles of the Capitulation of Montréal, 1760 |year=1760 |publisher=MSN Encarta |access-date=March 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kx5IOka6?url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461511335/articles_of_the_capitulation_of_montreal_1760.html |archive-date=November 1, 2009 |url-status=dead }} [246] => [247] => Ville-Marie was the name for the settlement that appeared in all official documents until 1705, when Montreal appeared for the first time, although people referred to the "Island of Montreal" long before then.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/montreal02athe|title=Montreal: 1535–1914|last=Atherton|first=William Henry|year=1914|publisher=S. J. Clarke publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/montreal02athe/page/57 57]|access-date=September 2, 2014}} [248] => {{clear}} [249] => [250] => ===American occupation (1775–1776)=== [251] => {{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}} [252] => As part of the [[American Revolution]], the [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|invasion of Quebec]] resulted after [[Benedict Arnold]] captured [[Fort Ticonderoga]] in present-day upstate New York in May 1775 as a launching point to [[Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec|Arnold's invasion of Quebec in September]]. While Arnold approached the [[Plains of Abraham]], Montreal fell to American forces led by [[Richard Montgomery]] on November 13, 1775, after it was abandoned by [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]]. After Arnold withdrew from Quebec City to [[Pointe-aux-Trembles]] on November 19, Montgomery's forces left Montreal on December 1 and arrived there on December 3 to plot to [[Battle of Quebec (1775)|attack Quebec City]], with Montgomery leaving [[David Wooster]] in charge of the city. Montgomery was killed in the failed attack and Arnold, who had taken command, sent Brigadier General [[Moses Hazen]] to inform Wooster of the defeat. [253] => [254] => Wooster left Hazen in command on March 20, 1776, as he left to replace Arnold in leading further attacks on Quebec City. On April 19, Arnold arrived in Montreal to take over command from Hazen, who remained as his second-in-command. Hazen sent Colonel [[Timothy Bedel]] to form a garrison of 390 men 40 miles upriver in a garrison at [[Les Cèdres, Quebec]], to defend Montreal against the British army. In the [[Battle of the Cedars]], Bedel's lieutenant [[Isaac Butterfield]] surrendered to George Forster. [255] => [256] => Forster advanced to [[Fort Senneville]] on May 23. By May 24, Arnold was entrenched in [[Lachine, Quebec|Montreal's borough of Lachine]]. Forster initially approached Lachine, then withdrew to [[Quinze-Chênes]]. Arnold's forces then abandoned Lachine to chase Forster. The Americans burned Senneville on May 26. After Arnold crossed the [[Ottawa River]] in pursuit of Forster, Forster's cannons repelled Arnold's forces. Forster negotiated a prisoner exchange with [[Henry Sherburne]] and Isaac Butterfield, resulting in a May 27 boating of their deputy Lieutenant Park being returned to the Americans. Arnold and Forster negotiated further and more American prisoners were returned to Arnold at [[Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec]], ("Fort Anne") on May 30 (delayed two days by wind). [257] => [258] => Arnold eventually withdrew his forces back to the New York fort of Ticonderoga by the summer. On June 15, Arnold's messenger approaching [[Sorel-Tracy|Sorel]] spotted Carleton returning with a fleet of ships and notified him. Arnold's forces abandoned Montreal (attempting to burn it down in the process) prior to the June 17 arrival of Carleton's fleet. [259] => [260] => The Americans did not return British prisoners in exchange, as previously agreed, due to accusations of abuse, with Congress repudiating the agreement at the protest of George Washington. Arnold blamed Colonel Timothy Bedel for the defeat, removing him and Lieutenant Butterfield from command and sending them to Sorel for court-martial. The retreat of the American army delayed their court martial until August 1, 1776, when they were convicted and [[cashiered]] at Ticonderoga. Bedel was given a new commission by Congress in October 1777 after Arnold was assigned to defend Rhode Island in [[Military career of Benedict Arnold, 1777–1779|July 1777]]. [261] => [262] => ===Modern history as city (1832–present)=== [263] => {{See also|Municipal history of Quebec}} [264] => [[File:Lachine Canal, Montreal, 1826.jpg|thumb|View of [[Lachine Canal]] in 1826, a year after it opened. It bypassed the rapids west of the city, linking Montreal with other continental markets.]] [265] => Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-204877/Montreal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111132401/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-204877/Montreal|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 11, 2014|title=Montreal :: Government|encyclopedia=Student's Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=March 29, 2009}} The opening of the Lachine Canal permitted ships to bypass the unnavigable [[Lachine Rapids]],{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/qc/lachine/images/edu01c_E.pdf|title=Lachine Canal National Historic Site of Canada|publisher=[[Parks Canada]]|page=3|access-date=March 29, 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153907/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/qc/lachine/images/edu01c_E.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011}} while the construction of the [[Victoria Bridge (Montreal)|Victoria Bridge]] established Montreal as a major railway hub. The leaders of Montreal's business community had started to build their homes in the [[Golden Square Mile]] from about 1850. By 1860, it was the largest municipality in [[British North America]] and the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Canada.{{cite web |url= http://www.icais.org/html/location.html |title= Visiting Montréal, Canada |publisher= International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species |access-date= March 29, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120724100545/http://www.icais.org/html/location.html |archive-date= July 24, 2012 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.unac.org/sb/en/hostcommunities/montreal.asp |title=UNA-Canada: A Sense of Belonging |publisher=[[United Nations Association in Canada]] |access-date=March 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719182321/http://www.unac.org/sb/en/hostcommunities/montreal.asp |archive-date=July 19, 2008 }} [266] => [267] => In the 19th century, maintaining Montreal's drinking water became increasingly difficult with the rapid increase in population. A majority of the drinking water was still coming from the city's harbour, which was busy and heavily trafficked, leading to the deterioration of the water within. In the mid-1840s, the City of Montreal installed a water system that would pump water from the St. Lawrence and into [[cistern]]s. The cisterns would then be transported to the desired location. This was not the first water system of its type in Montreal, as there had been one in private ownership since 1801. In the middle of the 19th century, water distribution was carried out by "fontainiers". The fountainiers{{Clarify|date=February 2022|reason=Two different spellings - which is correct? }} would open and close water valves outside of buildings, as directed, all over the city. As they lacked modern plumbing systems it was impossible to connect all buildings at once and it also acted as a conservation method. However, the population was not finished rising — it rose from 58,000 in 1852 to 267,000 by 1901.Anderson, Letty. "Water-supply." Building Canada: A History of Public Works. By Norman R. Ball. Toronto: U of Toronto, 1988. 195–220. Print.Dagenais, Michèle. "The Urbanization of Nature: Water Networks and Green Spaces in Montreal." Method and Meaning in Canadian Environmental History (2009): 215–35. Niche. Web. Mar. 2016."Montreal 1850–1896: The Industrial City." Montreal 1850–1896: The Industrial City. N.p., n.d. Web. Mar. 2016. [268] => [[File:Incendie Parlement Montreal.jpg|thumb|left|Political protests from [[Tories]] led to the [[burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal]] in 1849.]] [269] => Montreal was the capital of the [[Province of Canada]] from 1844 to 1849, but lost its status when a [[Toryism#Canada|Tory]] mob [[Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal|burnt down the Parliament building]] to protest the passage of the [[Rebellion Losses Bill]].{{cite web |url=http://www.vehiculepress.com/montreal/oldmontreal.html |title=Walking Tour of Old Montreal |work=Véhicule Press |access-date=January 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004448/http://www.vehiculepress.com/montreal/oldmontreal.html |archive-date=June 4, 2012 |url-status=live }} Thereafter, the capital rotated between Quebec City and [[Toronto]] until in 1857, [[Queen Victoria]] herself established [[Ottawa]] as the capital due to strategic reasons. The reasons were twofold. First, because it was located more in the interior of the Province of Canada, it was less susceptible to attack from the United States. Second, and perhaps more importantly, because it lay on the border between French and English Canada, Ottawa was seen as a compromise between Montreal, Toronto, [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] and Quebec City, which were all vying to become the young nation's official capital. Ottawa retained the status as capital of Canada when the Province of Canada joined with [[Nova Scotia]] and [[New Brunswick]] to form the Dominion of Canada in 1867.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [270] => [271] => An [[internment camp]] was set up at Immigration Hall in Montreal from August 1914 to November 1918.{{cite web |title=Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World Wars, Library and Archives Canada |date=June 11, 2014 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-1142.27-e.html |access-date=September 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905213052/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-1142.27-e.html |archive-date=September 5, 2014 |url-status=live }} [272] => [273] => After [[World War I]], the [[prohibition]] movement in the United States led to Montreal becoming a destination for Americans looking for [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]].{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/northamerica/canada/762859/Montreal-a-thrilling-collision-of-cultures.html|title=Montreal: a thrilling collision of cultures|last=Arnold|first=Kathy|date=June 3, 2008|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=March 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523001627/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/northamerica/canada/762859/Montreal-a-thrilling-collision-of-cultures.html|archive-date=May 23, 2010|url-status=live}} Unemployment remained high in the city and was exacerbated by the [[Wall Street Crash 1929|Stock Market Crash of 1929]] and the [[Great Depression]].{{cite web|url=http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre10/chapitre10-1.html|title=Depression and War 1930–1945|work=Montreal Archives Portal|publisher=City of Montreal|access-date=March 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818013006/http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre10/chapitre10-1.html|archive-date=August 18, 2012|url-status=live}} [274] => [[File:Anti-conscription parade at Victoria Square.jpg|thumb|An anti-[[conscription]] rally in Montreal, 1917. During both [[World Wars]], the city saw protest against the implementation of conscription.]] [275] => During [[World War II]], Mayor [[Camillien Houde]] protested against conscription and urged Montrealers to disobey the federal government's registry of all men and women.{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/debates/conscription.html|title=Conscription for Wartime Service|year=2001|publisher=[[Mount Allison University]]|access-date=March 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226005824/http://mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/debates/conscription.html |archive-date=February 26, 2009}} The federal government, part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], was furious over Houde's stand and held him in a prison camp until 1944.{{cite web|url=http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/democratie/democratie_en/expo/maires/houde/index.shtm|title=Camillien Houde|publisher=City of Montreal|access-date=March 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907232118/http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/democratie/democratie_en/expo/maires/houde/index.shtm|archive-date=September 7, 2012|url-status=live}} That year, the government decided to institute conscription to expand the armed forces and fight the [[Axis powers]]. (See [[Conscription Crisis of 1944]].) [276] => [277] => Montreal was the official residence of the [[Luxembourg]] royal family in exile during World War II.{{cite web|title=Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours|url=http://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/i-ll-bring-you-home-grand-duchess-charlotte-s-us-good-will-tours-552cf6560c88b46a8ce575c5|publisher=Wort|access-date=May 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102070348/http://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/i-ll-bring-you-home-grand-duchess-charlotte-s-us-good-will-tours-552cf6560c88b46a8ce575c5|archive-date=January 2, 2016|url-status=live}} [278] => [279] => By 1951, Montreal's population had surpassed one million.{{cite web|url=http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre11/chapitre11-1.html|title=The Emergence of a Modern City 1945–1960|work=Montreal Archives Portal|publisher=City of Montreal|access-date=March 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817010314/http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre11/chapitre11-1.html|archive-date=August 17, 2012|url-status=live}} However, Toronto's growth had begun challenging Montreal's status as the economic capital of Canada. Indeed, the volume of stocks traded at the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] had already surpassed that traded at the [[Montreal Stock Exchange]] in the 1940s.Jacobs, Jane (1980). ''The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle Over Sovereignty'', Chapter II (Montreal and Toronto) The [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] opened in 1959, allowing vessels to bypass Montreal. In time, this development led to the end of the city's economic dominance as businesses moved to other areas.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIu244rlVu8C&pg=PA206|title=Post-imperial English|last=Veltman|first=Calvin|year=1996|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|page=206|access-date=March 29, 2009|isbn=978-3-11-014754-4|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018183631/https://books.google.com/books?id=SIu244rlVu8C&pg=PA206#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}} During the 1960s, there was continued growth as Canada's tallest skyscrapers, new expressways and the subway system known as the [[Montreal Metro]] were finished during this time. Montreal also held the World's Fair of 1967, better known as [[Expo67]]. [280] => [[File:Stephane Prefontaine, Sandra Henderson 1976b.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Lighting of the [[Olympic Torch]] inside Montreal's [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]]. The city hosted the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].]] [281] => The 1970s ushered in a period of wide-ranging social and political changes, stemming largely from the concerns of the [[French Canadians|French-speaking]] majority about the conservation of their culture and language, given the traditional predominance of the [[English Canadians|English Canadian]] minority in the business arena.{{cite web|url=http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre12/chapitre12-3.html|title=A new francophone conquest|work=Montreal Archives Portal|publisher=City of Montreal|access-date=March 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513095235/http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/500ans/portail_archives_en/rep_chapitre12/chapitre12-3.html|archive-date=May 13, 2011|url-status=live}} The [[October Crisis]] and the 1976 election of the [[Parti Québécois]], which supported sovereign status for Quebec, resulted in the departure of many businesses and people from the city.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bprM-IjxCNIC&pg=PA272|chapter=The Ongoing Threat of Separatism|last=Bowen|first=Arabella|author2=John Shandy Watson|date=2001–2004|title=The Rough Guide to Montreal|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|page=272|access-date=March 29, 2009|isbn=978-1-84353-195-1|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018183631/https://books.google.com/books?id=bprM-IjxCNIC&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}} In 1976, Montreal hosted the [[1976 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]. While the event brought the city international prestige and attention, the [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] built for the event resulted in massive debt for the city.{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/montreal-1976-summer-olympics|title=Montreal 1976|work=Olympic Games|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=February 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104232458/http://www.olympic.org/montreal-1976-summer-olympics|archive-date=January 4, 2016|url-status=live}} During the 1980s and early 1990s, Montreal experienced a slower rate of economic growth than many other major Canadian cities. Montreal was the site of the 1989 [[École Polytechnique massacre]], one of Canada's worst [[mass shooting]]s, where 25-year-old [[Marc Lépine]] shot and killed 14 people, all of them women, and wounded 14 other people before shooting himself at [[Polytechnique Montréal|École Polytechnique]]. [282] => [283] => Montreal was [[Montreal Merger|merged]] with the 27 surrounding municipalities on the Island of Montreal on January 1, 2002, creating a unified city encompassing the entire island. There was substantial resistance from the suburbs to the merger, with the perception being that it was forced on the mostly English suburbs by the Parti Québécois. As expected, this move proved unpopular and several mergers were later rescinded. Several former municipalities, totalling 13% of the population of the island, voted to leave the unified city in separate [[referendum]]s in June 2004. The demerger took place on January 1, 2006, leaving 15 municipalities on the island, including Montreal. Demerged municipalities remain affiliated with the city through an agglomeration council that collects taxes from them to pay for numerous shared services.{{cite web |title=Agglomeration council |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=5977,42239628&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |publisher=Ville de Montréal |access-date=November 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311204346/http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=5977,42239628&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=March 11, 2011 |url-status=live }} The 2002 mergers were not the first in the city's history. Montreal annexed 27 other cities, towns and villages beginning with [[Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve#History|Hochelaga]] in 1883, with the last prior to 2002 being [[Pointe-aux-Trembles]] in 1982. [284] => [285] => The 21st century has brought with it a revival of the city's economic and cultural landscape. The construction of new residential skyscrapers, two super-hospitals (the [[Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal]] and [[McGill University Health Centre]]), the creation of the [[Quartier des Spectacles]], reconstruction of the [[Turcot Interchange]], reconfiguration of the Decarie and Dorval interchanges, construction of the new [[Réseau express métropolitain]], gentrification of [[Griffintown]], subway line extensions and the purchase of new subway cars, the complete revitalization and expansion of [[Montréal–Trudeau International Airport|Trudeau International Airport]], the completion of [[Quebec Autoroute 30]], the reconstruction of the [[Champlain Bridge, Montreal|Champlain Bridge]] and the construction of a new toll bridge to Laval are helping Montreal continue to grow.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} [286] => [287] => ==Geography== [288] => {{Main|Geography of Montreal}} [289] => [[File:Montreal Canada from ISS014.jpg|thumb|The [[island of Montreal]] at the confluence of the [[Saint Lawrence River|Saint Lawrence]] and [[Ottawa River|Ottawa]] rivers.]] [290] => Montreal is in the southwest of the province of Quebec. The city covers most of the Island of Montreal at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. The port of Montreal lies at one end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the river gateway that stretches from the [[Great Lakes]] to the Atlantic.{{cite web|url=http://www.greatcanadianrivers.com/rivers/stlawer/stlawer-home.html|title=The St. Lawrence River|year=2007|publisher=Great Canadian Rivers|access-date=May 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509075851/http://www.greatcanadianrivers.com/rivers/stlawer/stlawer-home.html|archive-date=May 9, 2008|url-status=dead}} Montreal is defined by its location between the Saint Lawrence river to its south and the [[Rivière des Prairies]] to its north. The city is named after the most prominent geographical feature on the island, a three-head hill called Mount Royal, topped at {{convert|232|m|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].{{cite web|url=http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/montreal_e.php|title=Island of Montreal|date=September 17, 2007|work=Geographical Names of Canada|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|access-date=May 20, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531042123/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/montreal_e.php|archive-date=May 31, 2008}} [291] => [292] => Montreal is at the centre of the [[Greater Montreal|Montreal Metropolitan Community]], and is bordered by the city of [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]] to the north; [[Longueuil]], [[Saint-Lambert, Quebec|Saint-Lambert]], [[Brossard]], and other municipalities to the south; [[Repentigny, Quebec|Repentigny]] to the east and the [[West Island]] municipalities to the west. The [[English language|anglophone]] enclaves of [[Westmount, Quebec|Westmount]], [[Montreal West, Quebec|Montreal West]], [[Hampstead, Quebec|Hampstead]], [[Côte Saint-Luc]], the [[Mount Royal, Quebec|Town of Mount Royal]] and the [[francophone]] enclave [[Montréal-Est, Quebec|Montreal East]] are all surrounded by Montreal.{{cite web|url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/MTL_STATISTIQUES_FR/media/documents/Decoupage_territoire_montrealais_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704221054/http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/MTL_STATISTIQUES_FR/media/documents/Decoupage_territoire_montrealais_2006.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2010 |title=Découpage du territoire montréalais en 2006 |year=2006 |work=Montréal en statistiques |publisher=Ville de Montréal |language=fr |access-date=May 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }} [293] => [294] => ===Climate=== [295] => Montreal is classified as a [[warm-summer humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Dfb).{{cite web |url = http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/09ffaeb5-ec8f-5bb5-bdcb-3436ccf26f58.html |title = Climatic Regions [Köppen] |work = Atlas of Canada |publisher = Natural Resources Canada |date = June 2003 |access-date = September 28, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316182051/http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/09ffaeb5-ec8f-5bb5-bdcb-3436ccf26f58.html |archive-date = March 16, 2014 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|title=Climate: Montreal – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3704/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=September 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927021854/http://en.climate-data.org/location/3704/|archive-date=September 27, 2013|url-status=live}} [296] => Summers are warm to hot and humid with a daily maximum average of {{convert|26|to|27|C}} in July; temperatures in excess of {{convert|30|C}} are common. Conversely, cold fronts can bring crisp, drier and windy weather in the early and later parts of summer. [297] => [[File:Montreal Winter Snowing.jpg|thumb|Winters in Montreal bring cold, snowy, windy, and at times, icy weather.]] [298] => Winter brings cold, snowy, windy, and, at times, icy weather, with a daily average ranging from {{convert|-10.5|to|-9|C}} in January. However, some winter days rise above freezing, allowing for rain on an average of 4 days in January and February each. Usually, snow covering some or all bare ground lasts on average from the first or second week of December until the last week of March.{{cite web|title=Montréal Snowfall Totals & Accumulation Averages|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Canada/Quebec/Places/montreal-snowfall-totals-snow-accumulation-averages.php|access-date=July 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111837/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Canada/Quebec/Places/montreal-snowfall-totals-snow-accumulation-averages.php|archive-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=live}} While the air temperature does not fall below {{convert|-30|C}} every year,{{cite web|title=Montréal Weather over the Last 5 Years|url=http://montreal.weatherstats.ca/periods/5years.html|access-date=July 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729080522/http://montreal.weatherstats.ca/periods/5years.html|archive-date=July 29, 2014|url-status=live}} the [[wind chill]] often makes the temperature feel this low to exposed skin. [299] => [300] => Spring and fall are pleasantly mild but prone to drastic temperature changes; spring even more so than fall.{{cite web|url=http://www.criacc.qc.ca/climat/suivi/20degres_e.html |title=First 20 degrees Celsius |publisher=Criacc.qc.ca |access-date=April 13, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080228140358/http://www.criacc.qc.ca/climat/suivi/20degres_e.html| archive-date = February 28, 2008}} Late season heat waves as well as "[[Indian summer]]s" are possible. Early and late season snow storms can occur in November and March, and more rarely in April. Montreal is generally snow free from late April to late October. However, snow can fall in early to mid-October as well as early to mid-May on rare occasions. [301] => [302] => The lowest temperature in Environment Canada's books was {{convert|−37.8|C|0}} on January 15, 1957, and the highest temperature was {{convert|37.6|C|abbr=on}} on August 1, 1975, both at [[Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport|Dorval International Airport]].{{cite web|url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?stnID=1191&prov=QC&lang=e&StationName=MONTREAL&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1961–1990 Station Data|work=weatheroffice.gc.ca|access-date=January 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011635/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1961_1990_e.html?stnID=1191&prov=QC&lang=e&StationName=MONTREAL&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12|archive-date=January 17, 2013|url-status=live}} [303] => [304] => Before modern weather record keeping (which dates back to 1871 for McGill),{{cite web |url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData |title=Climate Data Online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120207180703/http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/canada_e.html |archive-date=February 7, 2012 }} a minimum temperature almost 5 degrees lower was recorded at 7 a.m. on January 10, 1859, where it registered at {{convert|−42|C}}.{{cite book |last=Burt |first=Christopher C. |year=2007 |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/extremeweathergu00burt/page/61 61] |url=https://archive.org/details/extremeweathergu00burt|url-access=registration |isbn=9780393330151 }} [305] => [306] => Annual precipitation is around {{convert|1000|mm|abbr=on}}, including an average of about {{convert|210|cm|abbr=on}} of snowfall, which occurs from November through March. Thunderstorms are common in the period beginning in late spring through summer to early fall; additionally, tropical storms or their remnants can cause heavy rains and gales. Montreal averages 2,050 hours of sunshine annually, with summer being the sunniest season, though slightly wetter than the others in terms of total precipitation—mostly from thunderstorms.{{cite web [307] => | url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=5415&autofwd=1 [308] => | title = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data [309] => | date = September 25, 2013 [310] => | publisher = Environment Canada [311] => | access-date = May 14, 2015 [312] => | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160223081418/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=5415&autofwd=1 [313] => | archive-date = February 23, 2016 [314] => | url-status=live [315] => }} [316] => [317] => {{Montréal–Trudeau weatherbox}} [318] => [319] => ==Architecture== [320] => {{Main|Architecture of Montreal}} [321] => {{more citations needed section|date=May 2022}} [322] => [[File:Vieux-Montréal (525744602).jpg|thumb|Many colonial era buildings can be found in [[Old Montreal]] with several dating as far back as the late 17th century.]] [323] => For over a century and a half, Montreal was the industrial and financial centre of Canada.{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/industrial/intro.html|title=Welcome to Industrial Montreal|publisher=[[McGill University]]|access-date=February 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224081209/http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/industrial/intro.html|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}} This legacy has left a variety of buildings including factories, [[Grain elevators|elevators]], [[warehouses]], mills, and [[refineries]], that today provide an invaluable insight into the city's history, especially in the downtown area and the Old Port area. There are 50 [[List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Montreal|National Historic Sites of Canada]], more than any other city.{{cite web|title=Montréal|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/page3_E.asp?locateinp=Montr%E9al&nhsprov=Quebec&nhschoice=nhsdesig&list4=Generate+List|work=Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada|publisher=[[Parks Canada]]|access-date=July 31, 2011}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [324] => [325] => Some of the city's earliest still-standing buildings date back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Although most are clustered around the Old Montreal area, such as the Sulpician Seminary adjacent to Notre Dame Basilica that dates back to 1687, and Château Ramezay, which was built in 1705, examples of early colonial architecture are dotted throughout the city. Situated in Lachine, the Le Ber-Le Moyne House is the oldest complete building in the city, built between 1669 and 1671. In Point St. Charles visitors can see the Maison Saint-Gabriel, which can trace its history back to 1698.{{cite web|url=http://www.taylornoakes.com/2013/01/01/the-oldest-buildings-in-montreal/|title=The Oldest Buildings in Montréal|first=Taylor C.|last=Noakes|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=June 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512111845/http://www.taylornoakes.com/2013/01/01/the-oldest-buildings-in-montreal/|archive-date=May 12, 2016|url-status=live}} There are many historic buildings in Old Montreal in their original form: [[Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica|Notre Dame of Montreal Basilica]], [[Bonsecours Market]], and the 19th‑century headquarters of all major Canadian banks on [[Saint Jacques Street|St. James Street]] (French: Rue Saint Jacques). Montreal's earliest buildings are characterized by their uniquely French influence and grey stone construction.{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Photographing Montreal's historic greystone buildings |url=https://thecjn.ca/news/canada/photographing-montreals-historic-greystone-buildings/ |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=The Canadian Jewish News |language=en-US |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121025025/https://thecjn.ca/news/canada/photographing-montreals-historic-greystone-buildings/ |url-status=live }} [326] => [327] => [[File:Habitat-67 side view with holes visible in the structure.jpg|thumb|left|[[Habitat 67]] is a model community and housing complex developed for [[Expo 67]] [[World Fair]].]] [328] => [[Saint Joseph's Oratory]], completed in 1967, [[Ernest Cormier]]'s [[Art Deco]] [[Université de Montréal]] main building, the landmark [[Place Ville Marie]] office tower, the controversial Olympic Stadium and surrounding structures, are but a few notable examples of the city's 20th-century architecture. Pavilions designed for the 1967 International and Universal Exposition, popularly known as Expo 67, featured a wide range of architectural designs. Though most pavilions were temporary structures, several have become landmarks, including Buckminster Fuller's [[geodesic dome]] U.S. Pavilion, now the [[Montreal Biosphere]], and [[Moshe Safdie]]'s striking Habitat 67 apartment complex.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [329] => [330] => The Montreal Metro has public artwork by some of the biggest names in [[Culture of Quebec|Quebec culture]].{{Cite web |title=Montreal Metro {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/montreal-metro |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205003909/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/montreal-metro |url-status=live }} [331] => [332] => In 2006 Montreal was named a UNESCO City of Design, one of only three design capitals of the world (the others being [[Berlin]] and [[Buenos Aires]]). This distinguished title recognizes Montreal's design community. Since 2005 the city has been home for the [[International Council of Graphic Design Associations]] (Icograda);{{cite web|url=http://www.icograda.org/about/contact.htm|title=Contact|work=About|publisher=Icograda|access-date=August 1, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404233133/http://www.icograda.org/about/contact.htm|archive-date=April 4, 2008}} the International Design Alliance (IDA).{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13699039.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105214524/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13699039.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|title=The International Design Alliance Settles in Montreal|date=May 30, 2005|publisher=Canadian Corporate News (CCNMatthews Newswire)|access-date=August 1, 2008}} [333] => [334] => The [[Underground City, Montreal|Underground City]] (officially RÉSO), an important tourist attraction, is an underground network connecting shopping centres, pedestrian thoroughfares, universities, hotels, restaurants, bistros, subway stations and more, in and around downtown with {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} of tunnels over {{convert|12|km2|abbr=on}} in the most densely populated part of Montreal.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [335] => [336] => ==Neighbourhoods== [337] => {{Main|List of neighbourhoods in Montreal}} [338] => {{See also|Boroughs of Montreal}} [339] => {{more citations needed section|date=May 2022}} [340] => [[File:ArrondissementsQuartiersMontreal 200802.svg|thumb|Map of boroughs & neighbourhoods on the island of Montreal.]] [341] => [342] => The city is composed of 19 large [[Boroughs of Montreal|boroughs]], subdivided into neighbourhoods.{{cite web|url=http://www.montrealbits.com/neighbourhoods.html|title=Neighbourhoods|date=2005–2009|work=Gromco, Inc.|publisher=Montreal Bits|access-date=March 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205140110/http://www.montrealbits.com/neighbourhoods.html|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=dead}} [343] => The boroughs are: [344] => [[Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]], [[Le Plateau-Mont-Royal]] {{gloss|The Plateau Mount Royal|mode=def}}, [[Outremont (borough)|Outremont]] and [[Ville-Marie (Montreal)|Ville-Marie]] in the centre; [[Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve]], [[Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie]] and [[Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension]] in the east; [[Anjou (borough)|Anjou]], [[Montréal-Nord]], [[Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles]] and [[Saint-Léonard, Quebec|Saint-Léonard]] in the northeast; [[Ahuntsic-Cartierville]], [[L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève]], [[Pierrefonds-Roxboro]] and [[Saint-Laurent (borough)|Saint-Laurent]] in the northwest; and [[Lachine (borough)|Lachine]], [[LaSalle (borough)|LaSalle]], [[Le Sud-Ouest]] {{gloss|The Southwest|mode=def}} and [[Verdun (borough)|Verdun]] in the south.{{cite web |title=Boroughs |url=https://montreal.ca/en/boroughs |website=Ville de Montréal |access-date=27 April 2024 |language=en}} [345] => [346] => Many of these boroughs were independent cities that were forced to merge with Montreal in January 2002 following the [[2002-2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal|2002 municipal reorganization of Montreal]]. [347] => [348] => [[File:Montreal August 2017 05.jpg|thumb|left|A view of [[Downtown Montreal]] from [[Mount Royal]]. Many neighbourhoods, including downtown, are in the borough of [[Ville-Marie, Montreal|Ville-Marie]].]] [349] => [350] => The borough with the most neighbourhoods is Ville-Marie, which includes downtown, the historical district of Old Montreal, [[Chinatown (Montreal)|Chinatown]], the [[Gay Village, Montreal|Gay Village]], the [[Quartier Latin, Montreal|Latin Quarter]], the gentrified [[Quartier international de Montréal|Quartier international]] and [[Cité Multimédia]] as well as the [[Quartier des spectacles]] which is under development.{{As of?|date=April 2024}} Other neighbourhoods of interest in the borough include the affluent [[Golden Square Mile]] neighbourhood at the foot of Mount Royal and the [[Shaughnessy Village]]/[[Quartier Concordia|Concordia U]] area home to thousands of students at [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]]. The borough also comprises most of [[Mount Royal Park]], [[Saint Helen's Island]], and [[Île Notre-Dame|Notre-Dame Island]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [351] => [352] => The Plateau Mount Royal borough was a working class francophone area. The largest neighbourhood is [[the Plateau]] (not to be confused with the whole borough), which was undergoing considerable gentrification as of 2009,{{cite journal|last=Barbonne|first=Rémy|title=Gentrification, nouvel urbanisme et évolution de la mobilité quotidienne : vers un développement plus durable ? Le cas du Plateau Mont-Royal (1998–2003)|url=http://www.erudit.org/revue/rs/2008/v49/n3/019875ar.html|journal=Recherches Sociographiques|year=2009|volume=49|issue=3|pages=423–445|publisher=Érudit|doi=10.7202/019875ar|access-date=August 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806050602/http://www.erudit.org/revue/rs/2008/v49/n3/019875ar.html|archive-date=August 6, 2011|url-status=live}} and a 2001 study deemed it as Canada's most creative neighbourhood because artists comprise 8% of its labour force.{{cite web|url=http://www.hillstrategies.com/docs/Artists_by_neighbourhood.pdf|title=Artists by neighbourhood in Canada|date=October 2005|work=[[Canada 2001 Census]]|publisher=Hill Strategies|page=3|access-date=March 25, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327022804/http://www.hillstrategies.com/docs/Artists_by_neighbourhood.pdf|archive-date=March 27, 2009}} The neighbourhood of [[Mile End, Montreal|Mile End]] in the northwestern part of the borough has been a very multicultural area of the city, and features two of Montreal's well-known [[Montreal-style bagel|bagel establishments]], [[St-Viateur Bagel]] and [[Fairmount Bagel]]. The [[McGill Ghetto]] is in the extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that it is home to thousands of [[McGill University]] students and faculty members.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [353] => [354] => The Southwest borough was home to much of the city's industry during the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century. The borough included [[Goose Village, Montreal|Goose Village]] and was historically home to the traditionally working-class [[Irish Quebecer|Irish]] neighbourhoods of [[Griffintown]] and [[Pointe-Saint-Charles|Point Saint Charles]] as well as the low-income neighbourhoods of [[Saint-Henri|Saint Henri]] and [[Little Burgundy]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [355] => [356] => Other notable neighbourhoods include the multicultural areas of [[Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]] and [[Côte-des-Neiges]] in the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grace borough, and [[Little Italy, Montreal|Little Italy]] in the borough of Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie and [[Hochelaga-Maisonneuve]], home of the [[Olympic Stadium, Montreal|Olympic Stadium]] in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [357] => [358] => ===Old Montreal=== [359] => {{Main|Old Montreal}} [360] => {{more citations needed section|date=May 2022}} [361] => [[File:Place Jacques-Cartier Jan 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Place Jacques-Cartier]] is a major [[public square]] and attraction in [[Old Montreal]].]] [362] => [363] => Old Montreal is a historic area southeast of downtown containing many attractions such as the [[Old Port of Montreal]], Place Jacques-Cartier, [[Montreal City Hall]], the [[Bonsecours Market]], Place d'Armes, [[Pointe-à-Callière Museum]], the Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica, and the [[Montreal Science Centre]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} [364] => [365] => Architecture and cobbled streets in Old Montreal have been maintained or restored. Old Montreal is accessible from the downtown core via the [[underground city, Montreal|underground city]] and is served by several [[Société de transport de Montréal|STM]] bus routes and Metro stations, ferries to the South Shore and a network of bicycle paths.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [366] => [367] => The riverside area adjacent to Old Montreal is known as the Old Port. The Old Port was the site of the [[Port of Montreal]], but its shipping operations have been moved to a larger site downstream, leaving the former location as a recreational and historical area maintained by [[Parks Canada]]. The new Port of Montreal is Canada's largest container port and the largest inland port on Earth.{{cite web|url=http://www.port-montreal.com/news/fr_62_1.pdf|title=The Growing Importance of the Container Trade for the Port of Montreal and the Accompanying Business Concentration; How to Diversify its Operational and Financial Risk|last=Taddeo|first=D.J.|date=December 23, 1996|publisher=[[Port of Montreal]]|access-date=August 3, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220327/http://www.port-montreal.com/news/fr_62_1.pdf|archive-date=August 19, 2008}} [368] => [369] => ===Mount Royal=== [370] => {{Main|Mount Royal}} [371] => [372] => The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park, one of Montreal's largest [[Open space reserve|greenspaces]]. The park, most of which is wooded, was designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], who also designed New York's [[Central Park]], and was inaugurated in 1876.{{cite web|url=http://www.lemontroyal.qc.ca/en/learn-about-mount-royal/short-history-of-mount-royal.sn|title=Short History of Mount Royal|last=Berryman|first=Tom|publisher=Les amis de la montagne|access-date=February 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212135956/http://lemontroyal.qc.ca/en/learn-about-mount-royal/short-history-of-mount-royal.sn|archive-date=February 12, 2009|url-status=live}} [373] => [374] => [[File:Mtroyal.jpg|thumb|left|View of [[Mont-Royal]]'s eastern slope from the [[George-Étienne Cartier Monument]]. The park is one of Montreal's largest [[open space reserve]]s.]] [375] => [376] => The park contains two [[belvedere (structure)|belvederes]], the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with a [[chalet]] overlooking Downtown Montreal. Other features of the park are Beaver Lake, a small man-made lake, a short [[skiing|ski]] [[Ski slope|slope]], a [[sculpture garden]], Smith House, an [[interpretive centre]], and a well-known [[George-Étienne Cartier Monument|monument to Sir George-Étienne Cartier]]. The park hosts athletic, tourist and cultural activities. [377] => [378] => The mountain is home to two major cemeteries, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges (founded in 1854) and Mount Royal (1852). [[Mount Royal Cemetery]] is a {{convert|165|acre|ha}} terraced cemetery on the north slope of Mount Royal in the borough of Outremont. [[Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]] is much larger, predominantly French-Canadian and officially Catholic.{{cite web |url=http://www.cimetierenddn.org/en/cemetery/mission.aspx |title=Notre-Dame-des-Neiges Cemetery Mission |publisher=Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges |access-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223013938/http://www.cimetierenddn.org/en/cemetery/mission.aspx |archive-date=December 23, 2009 }} More than 900,000 people are buried there.{{cite web|url=http://www.lemontroyal.qc.ca/carte/en/html//The-cemeteries-of-Mount-Royal-38.html|title=The cemeteries of Mount Royal|publisher=Les amis de la montagne|access-date=February 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501073548/http://www.lemontroyal.qc.ca/carte/en/html//The-cemeteries-of-Mount-Royal-38.html|archive-date=May 1, 2011|url-status=live}} [379] => [380] => Mount Royal Cemetery contains more than 162,000 graves and is the final resting place for a number of notable Canadians. It includes a veterans section with several soldiers who were awarded the [[British Empire]]'s highest military honour, the [[Victoria Cross]]. In 1901, the Mount Royal Cemetery Company established the first crematorium in Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.mountroyalcem.com/index.php/en/canadas-first-crematorium.html|title=Mount Royal Crematorium|year=2010|publisher=[[Mount Royal Cemetery]]|access-date=August 12, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011634/http://mountroyalcem.com/index.php/en/canadas-first-crematorium.html|archive-date=January 17, 2013}} [381] => [382] => The first [[Mount Royal Cross|cross]] on the mountain was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, the founder of the city, in fulfilment of a vow he made to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] when [[prayer|praying]] to her to stop a disastrous flood. Today, the mountain is crowned by a 31.4 m-high (103 ft) illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by the [[Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste|John the Baptist Society]] and now owned by the city. It was converted to [[optical fibre|fibre optic]] light in 1992. The new system can turn the lights red, blue, or purple, the last of which is used as a sign of mourning between the death of the Pope and the election of the next.{{cite news|url=http://www.hour.ca/news/brief.aspx?iIDArticle=3438|title=The future of the Mount Royal cross|last=Silverman|first=Craig|date=June 14, 2004|newspaper=[[Hour (magazine)|Hour]]|access-date=February 26, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105013920/http://www.hour.ca/news/brief.aspx?iIDArticle=3438|archive-date=January 5, 2010}} [383] => [384] => ==Demographics== [385] => {{Update|section|date=January 2023}} [386] => {{Historical populations [387] => |title = Population history of Montreal [388] => |type = Canada [389] => |align = right [390] => |width = [391] => |state = [392] => |shading = [393] => |percentages = [394] => |1665|625 [395] => |1667|760 [396] => |1681|1418 [397] => |1685|724 [398] => |1688|1360 [399] => |1692|801 [400] => |1695|1468 [401] => |1698|1185 [402] => |1706|2025 [403] => |1739|4210 [404] => |1754|4000 [405] => |1765|5733 [406] => |1790|18000 [407] => |1825|31516 [408] => |1831|27297 [409] => |1841|40356 [410] => |1851|57715 [411] => |1861|90323 [412] => |1871|130022 [413] => |1881|176263 [414] => |1891|254278 [415] => |1901|325653 [416] => |1911|490504 [417] => |1921|618506 [418] => |1931|818577 [419] => |1941|903007 [420] => |1951|1021520 [421] => |1961|1201559 [422] => |1971|1214352 [423] => |1976|1080545 [424] => |1981|1018609 [425] => |1986|1015420 [426] => |1991|1017666 [427] => |[[1996 Canadian Census|1996]]| 1016376 [428] => |[[2001 Canadian Census|2001]]| 1039534 [429] => |[[2006 Canadian Census|2006]]| 1620693 [430] => |[[2011 Canadian Census|2011]]| 1649519 [431] => |[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]| 1704694 [432] => |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]| 1762949 [433] => |footnote=Note: Many boroughs were independent cities that were forced to be merged with Montreal in January 2002 following the [[2002-2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal|2002 municipal reorganization of Montreal]]. [434] => |source = {{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Montréal, Ville (V) [Census subdivision], Quebec |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134619/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |url-status=live }} [435] => }} [436] => [437] => {{Main|Demographics of Montreal}} [438] => In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Montréal had a population of {{val|1762949|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|816338|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|878542|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1762949-1704694}}|1704694|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|1704694|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|364.74|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1762949|364.74|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | access-date=August 29, 2022 | archive-date=February 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213130057/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224 | url-status=live }} [439] => [440] => According to [[Statistics Canada]], at the [[2016 Canadian census]] the city had 1,704,694 inhabitants.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=CD&Code2=2466&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|date=August 25, 2017|work=[[Statistics Canada]], 2016 Census of Population|access-date=October 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004640/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=CD&Code2=2466&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|archive-date=October 19, 2017|url-status=live}} A total of 4,098,927 lived in the Montreal [[Census Metropolitan Area]] (CMA) at the same 2016 census, up from 3,934,078 at the 2011 census (within 2011 CMA boundaries), which is a population growth of 4.19% from 2011 to 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|date=August 25, 2017|work=[[Statistics Canada]], 2016 Census of Population|access-date=October 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004752/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|archive-date=October 19, 2017|url-status=live}} In 2015, the Greater Montreal population was estimated at 4,060,700.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo05a-eng.htm|title=Population of census metropolitan areas|date=February 26, 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=November 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216151031/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo05a-eng.htm|archive-date=December 16, 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/TRANSPORT_V2_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/PLAN_DE_TRANSPORT2008.pdf|title=Ville de Montréal – Portail officiel – Page d'erreur|access-date=September 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001222434/http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/TRANSPORT_V2_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/PLAN_DE_TRANSPORT2008.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2008}} According to StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being visible minorities.{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-551-x/2010001/tbl/tbl016-eng.htm |title=Appendix: Table A1 Population by visible minority group and place of residence, scenario C (high growth), Canada, 2006 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=March 9, 2010 |access-date=April 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429115406/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-551-x/2010001/tbl/tbl016-eng.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |url-status=live }} [441] => In the 2016 census, children under 14 years of age (691,345) constituted 16.9%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (671,690) numbered 16.4% of the total population of the CMA. [442] => [443] => ===Ethnicity=== [444] => People of [[European ethnic groups|European ethnicities]] formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups. The largest reported European ethnicities in the 2006 census were [[French people|French]] 23%, [[Italian people|Italians]] 10%, [[Irish people|Irish]] 5%, [[English people|English]] 4%, [[Scottish people|Scottish]] 3%, and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] 2%.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=2466023&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada, Highlight Tables, 2006 Census: Montreal(CMA)|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=April 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501053842/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=2466023&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|archive-date=May 1, 2011|url-status=live}} [445] => [446] => The [[Panethnicity|panethnic]] breakdown of the city of Montreal as per the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]] was [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="European"}} (1,038,940 residents or 60.3% of the population), [[African-Canadian|African]] (198,610; 11.5%), [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"}} (159,435; 9.3%), [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] (79,670; 4.6%), [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]] (78,150; 4.5%), [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}} (65,260; 3.8%), [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"}} (64,825; 3.8%), [[Indigenous Canadian|Indigenous]] (15,315; 0.9%), and Other/[[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"}} (23,010; 1.3%). [447] => [448] => [[Visible minorities]] comprised 38.8% of the city of Montreal population in the [[Canada 2021 Census|2021 census]].{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Montreal&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=January 10, 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130164339/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&SearchText=montreal |url-status=live }} The five most numerous visible minorities are [[Black Canadians]] (11.5%), [[Arab Canadians]] (8.2%), South Asian Canadians (4.6%), Latin Americans (4.5%), and [[Chinese Canadians]] (3.3%). Furthermore, some 27.2% of the population [[Greater Montreal]] are members of a visible minority group as of 2021,{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 |access-date=January 10, 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204144216/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=97-562-XCB2006007&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=0&IPS=97-562-XCB2006007&METH=0&ORDER=&PID=92334&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=&StartRow=&SUB=&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=live }} up from 5.2% in 1981.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/English/census01/products/analytic/companion/etoimm/tables/canada/vismin.cfm|title=Proportion of visible minorities, Canada, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, 1981 to 2001|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=November 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121105601/http://www12.statcan.ca/English/census01/products/analytic/companion/etoimm/tables/canada/vismin.cfm|archive-date=January 21, 2012|url-status=live}} Visible minorities are defined by the [[Canadian Employment Equity Act]] as "persons, other than [[Aboriginal peoples of Canada|Aboriginals]], who are non-white in colour".{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/visible-minorities.cfm |title=Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=August 11, 2009 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211044318/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/visible-minorities.cfm |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |url-status=live }} [449] => [450] => {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" [451] => |+[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the [[City of Montreal]] (2001−2021) [452] => ! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] group [453] => ! colspan="2" |2021{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Montréal, Ville (V) [Census subdivision], Quebec |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134619/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |url-status=live }} [454] => ! colspan="2" |2016 [455] => ! colspan="2" |2011 [456] => ! colspan="2" |2006 [457] => ! colspan="2" |2001 [458] => |- [459] => ![[Population|Pop.]] [460] => !% [461] => !Pop. [462] => !% [463] => !Pop. [464] => !% [465] => !Pop. [466] => !% [467] => !Pop. [468] => !% [469] => |- [470] => |[[European Canadians|European]] [471] => |1,038,940 [472] => |60.29% [473] => |1,082,620 [474] => |65.09% [475] => |1,092,465 [476] => |67.74% [477] => |1,171,295 [478] => |73.49% [479] => |784,420 [480] => |76.92% [481] => |- [482] => |[[African-Canadian|African]] [483] => |198,610 [484] => |11.53% [485] => |171,385 [486] => |10.3% [487] => |147,100 [488] => |9.12% [489] => |122,880 [490] => |7.71% [491] => |68,245 [492] => |6.69% [493] => |- [494] => |[[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]] [495] => |159,435 [496] => |9.25% [497] => |137,525 [498] => |8.27% [499] => |114,780 [500] => |7.12% [501] => |76,910 [502] => |4.83% [503] => |34,035 [504] => |3.34% [505] => |- [506] => |[[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] [507] => |79,670 [508] => |4.62% [509] => |55,595 [510] => |3.34% [511] => |53,515 [512] => |3.32% [513] => |51,255 [514] => |3.22% [515] => |33,310 [516] => |3.27% [517] => |- [518] => |[[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]] [519] => |78,150 [520] => |4.54% [521] => |67,525 [522] => |4.06% [523] => |67,160 [524] => |4.16% [525] => |53,970 [526] => |3.39% [527] => |31,190 [528] => |3.06% [529] => |- [530] => |[[Southeast Asia]]n [531] => |65,260 [532] => |3.79% [533] => |58,315 [534] => |3.51% [535] => |61,320 [536] => |3.8% [537] => |47,950 [538] => |3.01% [539] => |33,505 [540] => |3.29% [541] => |- [542] => |[[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]] [543] => |64,825 [544] => |3.76% [545] => |61,400 [546] => |3.69% [547] => |52,195 [548] => |3.24% [549] => |52,650 [550] => |3.3% [551] => |25,810 [552] => |2.53% [553] => |- [554] => |[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] [555] => |15,315 [556] => |0.89% [557] => |12,035 [558] => |0.72% [559] => |9,510 [560] => |0.59% [561] => |7,600 [562] => |0.48% [563] => |3,555 [564] => |0.35% [565] => |- [566] => |Other [567] => |23,010 [568] => |1.34% [569] => |16,835 [570] => |1.01% [571] => |14,585 [572] => |0.9% [573] => |9,205 [574] => |0.58% [575] => |5,675 [576] => |0.56% [577] => |- [578] => !Total responses [579] => !1,723,230 [580] => !97.75% [581] => !1,663,225 [582] => !97.57% [583] => !1,612,640 [584] => !97.76% [585] => !1,593,725 [586] => !98.34% [587] => !1,019,735 [588] => !98.1% [589] => |- [590] => !Total population [591] => !1,762,949 [592] => !100% [593] => !1,704,694 [594] => !100% [595] => !1,649,519 [596] => !100% [597] => !1,620,693 [598] => !100% [599] => !1,039,534 [600] => !100% [601] => |} [602] => [603] => === Language === [604] => As of the 2021 Census, 47.0% of Montreal residents spoke [[French language|French]] alone as a first language, while 13.0% spoke [[English language|English]] alone. 2% spoke both English and French as first languages, 2.6% spoke both French and a non-official language and 1.5% spoke both English and a non-official language. 0.8% of residents spoke English, French and a non-official language as first languages. 32.8% of residents had a non-official language as a mother tongue. The most common were [[Arabic]] (5.7%), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (4.6%), [[Italian language|Italian]] (3.3%), [[Chinese language|Chinese Languages]] (2.7%), [[Haitian Creole]] (1.6%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.1%), and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (1.0%). [605] => [606] => === Immigration === [607] => [[File:Montréal Population Pyramid (2021).png|thumb|290x290px|[[Demographics of Canada|Population age pyramid]] of Montréal (2021 Census)]] [608] => The [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]] reported that [[Immigration to Canada|immigrants]] (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 576,125 persons or 33.4% of the total population of Montreal. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were [[Haiti]] (47,550 residents or 8.3% of the population), [[Algeria]] (43,840; 7.6%), [[France]] (39,275; 6.8%), [[Morocco]] (33,005; 5.7%), [[Italy]] (30,215; 5.2%), [[China]] (26,335; 4.6%), the [[Philippines]] (20,475; 3.6%), [[Lebanon]] (17,455; 3.0%), [[Vietnam]] (16,395; 2.8%), and [[India]] (13,575; 2.4%).{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&SearchText=montreal |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112232502/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00052466023&SearchText=montreal |url-status=live }} [609] => [610] => === Religion === [611] => {{Bar box|bars={{bar percent|[[Christianity in Canada|Christian]]|#ff4d4d|49.5}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion in Canada|No religion]]|#cc33ff|31.0}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Canada|Muslim]]|#33cc33|12.7}}{{bar percent|[[Judaism in Canada|Jewish]]|Blue|2.1}}{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Canada|Hindu]]|Orange|1.8}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.5}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism in Canada|Sikh]]|yellow|0.9}} {{bar percent|Other|grey|0.5}}|float=right|left1=Religion|right1=Percent (%)|title=Religion in Montreal (2021)}} [612] => [613] => The Greater Montreal Area is predominantly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]; however, weekly church attendance in Quebec was among the lowest in Canada in 1998.{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/12/23/church001223.html |title=Church attendance declining in Canada |url-status=dead |work=CBC News |date=December 23, 2000 |access-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523101044/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/12/23/church001223.html |archive-date=May 23, 2007}} Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including the [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]], the [[Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde]], and [[Saint Joseph's Oratory]]. [614] => [615] => Some 49.5% of the total population is Christian,{{cite web|url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=6897,68087755&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL=|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010221816/http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/page_404_500/page404.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2017|title=Profil Sociodémographique Montréal 2011|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |language=fr|year=2011}} largely Roman Catholic (35.0%), primarily because of descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origins. [[Protestants]] which include [[Anglican Church in Canada]], [[United Church of Canada]], [[Lutheran]], owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations number 11.3%, with a further 3.2% consisting mostly of [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox Christians]], fuelled by a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox parishes. [616] => [617] => [[Islam]] is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 218,395 members,{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462__&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title=2001 Community Highlights for Montréal|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=August 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312092502/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462__&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|archive-date=March 12, 2007|url-status=live}} the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 12.7%. The [[History of the Jews in Montreal|Jewish community in Montreal]] has a population of 90,780.{{cite web |url=http://www.federationcja.org/en/jewish_montreal/demographics/ |title=Demographics: 2011 National Household Survey Analysis The Jewish Community of Montreal |publisher=Federation CJA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112141933/http://www.federationcja.org/en/jewish_montreal/demographics/%7D |archive-date=January 12, 2017 |access-date=June 28, 2021}} In cities such as Côte Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. In 1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal numbered 109,480.{{cite web|url=http://www.mels.gouv.qc.ca/REFORME/religion/html-ang/ang/text/app6.htm|title=Statistical Tables – Religion|work=Statistics Canada Census|publisher=Gouvernement du Québec|access-date=May 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524090714/http://www.mels.gouv.qc.ca/REFORME/religion/html-ang/ang/text/app6.htm|archive-date=May 24, 2008|url-status=live}} Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.{{cite web|url=http://www.amyisrael.co.il/na/canada/|title=The Jewish Communities of Canada|publisher=Am Yisrael|access-date=May 20, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521172717/http://www.amyisrael.co.il/na/canada/|archive-date=May 21, 2008}} [618] => [619] => ==Economy== [620] => [621] => {{Main|Economy of Montreal}} [622] => Montreal has the second-largest economy of Canadian cities based on GDP{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=Pricewaterhouse Coopers |access-date=November 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000745/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=May 31, 2013 }} Toronto was first in Canada with {{CAD|253 billion}} GDP. and the largest in Quebec. In 2019, Metropolitan Montreal was responsible for {{CAD|234.0 billion}} of Quebec's {{CAD|425.3 billion}} GDP.{{Cite journal |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=January 27, 2017 |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |doi=10.25318/3610046801-eng |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |url-status=live }} The city is today an important centre of commerce, finance, industry, technology, culture, world affairs and is the headquarters of the [[Montreal Exchange]]. In recent decades, the city was widely seen as weaker than that of Toronto and other major Canadian cities, but it has recently experienced a revival.{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/from-the-doghouse-to-a-powerhouse-quebecs-economy-has-rebounded|title='It's raining money': Quebec's economy crawled out of the doghouse. Now, it's a powerhouse|date=July 28, 2017|work=National Post|access-date=March 19, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018183632/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/from-the-doghouse-to-a-powerhouse-quebecs-economy-has-rebounded|url-status=live}} [623] => [[File:Navette Montreal - Ile Charron 36.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Port of Montreal]] is one of the largest [[inland port]]s in the world, handling over 26 million [[tonne]]s of cargo annually.]] [624] => Industries include [[aerospace]], [[electronics|electronic]] goods, [[pharmaceuticals]], printed goods, [[software engineering]], telecommunications, textile and apparel manufacturing, tobacco, petrochemicals, and transportation. The service sector is also strong and includes [[civil engineering|civil]], [[mechanical engineering|mechanical]] and [[process engineering]], finance, higher education, and research and development. In 2002, Montreal was the fourth-largest centre in North America in terms of aerospace jobs.{{cite web [625] => | publisher = thomas finney [626] => | location = Montreal, Quebec [627] => | title = AEROSPACE: Metro Montreal 2003, Strategic Profile [628] => | year = 1760 [629] => | url =http://www.montrealinternational.com/docs/profil/Aero_En_2003.pdf [630] => | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20061118235021/http://www.montrealinternational.com/docs/profil/Aero_En_2003.pdf [631] => | archive-date =November 18, 2006 [632] => | access-date =January 3, 2007}} [633] => The Port of Montreal is one of the largest inland ports in the world handling 26 million tonnes of cargo annually.{{cite web|url=http://www.port-montreal.com/news/en_77_2.pdf|title=The Port of Montreal unveils its project, which will generate $3.4 billion in annual economic spinoffs for Montreal|date=April 17, 2008|work=Press Release|publisher=[[Port of Montreal]]|access-date=August 1, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220326/http://www.port-montreal.com/news/en_77_2.pdf|archive-date=August 19, 2008}} As one of the most important ports in Canada, it remains a transshipment point for [[cereal|grain]], sugar, petroleum products, machinery, and consumer goods. For this reason, Montreal is the railway hub of Canada and has always been an extremely important rail city; it is home to the headquarters of the [[Canadian National Railway]],{{cite web|url=http://www.cn.ca/en/contacts.htm|title=Contact Us – CN Mailing Address|publisher=[[Canadian National Railway]]|access-date=September 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501005224/http://www.cn.ca/en/contacts.htm|archive-date=May 1, 2009|url-status=live}} and was home to the headquarters of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] until 1995.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010525|title=CP Rail Leaves Montreal|last=Nemeth|first=Mary|author2=Liz Warwick|date=December 4, 1995|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=August 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202161740/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010525|archive-date=December 2, 2008|url-status=dead}} [634] => [635] => The headquarters of the [[Canadian Space Agency]] is in Longueuil, southeast of Montreal.{{cite web|url=http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/contact.asp|title=CSA Headquarters|work=Contact Us|publisher=[[Canadian Space Agency]]|access-date=August 1, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718015439/http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/contact.asp|archive-date=July 18, 2008}} Montreal also hosts the headquarters of the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO, a [[United Nations]] body);{{cite web|url=http://www.icao.int/Pages/contact_us.aspx|title=Contact Us|publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]]|access-date=September 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929221825/http://www.icao.int/Pages/contact_us.aspx|archive-date=September 29, 2013|url-status=live}} the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (an [[International Olympic Committee|Olympic]] body);{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=261|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730225403/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=261|archive-date=July 30, 2008|title=Regional Offices|publisher=[[World Anti-Doping Agency]]|access-date=August 1, 2008}} the [[Airports Council International]] (the association of the world's airports – ACI World);{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_banners.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-2-4623_725_2_ |title=Airports Council International |publisher=Aci.aero |date=December 1, 2010 |access-date=January 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415073952/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_banners.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-2-4623_725_2_ |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |url-status=live }} the [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA),{{cite web|url=http://www.iata.org/about/offices|title=Our Offices|work=About Us|publisher=[[International Air Transport Association]]|access-date=August 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725012639/http://www1.iata.org/about/offices|archive-date=July 25, 2008|url-status=live}} [[IATA Operational Safety Audit]] and the International Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce (IGLCC),{{cite web|url=http://www.iglcc.org/en/contact.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503181353/http://www.iglcc.org/en/contact.php|archive-date=May 3, 2008|title=Contact Us|publisher=International Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce|access-date=August 1, 2008}} as well as some other international organizations in various fields. [636] => [637] => Montreal is a centre of film and television production. The headquarters of [[Alliance Films]] and five studios of the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning [[National Film Board of Canada]] are in the city, as well as the head offices of [[Telefilm Canada]], the national feature-length film and television funding agency and [[Télévision de Radio-Canada]]. Given its eclectic architecture and broad availability of film services and crew members, Montreal is a popular filming location for feature-length films, and sometimes stands in for European locations.{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/cityguides/montreal/story.html?id=a5076ad1-2c87-43c1-b710-4a67a9f91617&k=39023|title=Montreal gladly reclaims its 'Hollywood North' tag|last=Kelly|first=Brendan|date=May 24, 2007|newspaper=[[The Montreal Gazette]]|access-date=March 26, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421223446/http://www.canada.com/cityguides/montreal/story.html?id=a5076ad1-2c87-43c1-b710-4a67a9f91617&k=39023|archive-date=April 21, 2008}}{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/news/montreal-tries-luring-hollywood-back-1117990528/|title=Montreal tries luring Hollywood back|last=Kelly|first=Brendan|date=August 13, 2008|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=September 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003013908/http://variety.com/2008/film/news/montreal-tries-luring-hollywood-back-1117990528/|archive-date=October 3, 2013|url-status=live}} The city is also home to many recognized cultural, film, and music festivals ([[Just For Laughs]], [[Just For Laughs Gags]], [[Montreal International Jazz Festival]], and others), which contribute significantly to its economy. It is also home to one of the world's largest cultural enterprises, the [[Cirque du Soleil]].{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/10/content_10980975.htm|title=Culture exports 'should pass the test of the market'|date=March 10, 2009|publisher=China View|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313050748/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/10/content_10980975.htm|archive-date=March 13, 2009|url-status=dead}} [638] => [[File:TourDeLaBourse night.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tour de la Bourse]] has been home to the [[Montreal Exchange]] from 1965 to 2018, subsequently also including offices of various companies, entities and professional firms.]] [639] => [640] => Montreal is also a global hub for [[artificial intelligence]] research with many companies involved in this sector, such as [[Facebook]] AI Research (FAIR), [[Microsoft Research]], [[Google Brain]], [[DeepMind]], [[Samsung Research]] and [[Thales Group]] (cortAIx).{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/insights-on-business/ibmix/montreal-became-worlds-leading-ai-deep-learning-hub|title=How Montreal became the world's leading AI and deep learning hub|author=Tracey Lindeman|website=[[IBM]] |date=May 9, 2017|access-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930121216/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/insights-on-business/ibmix/montreal-became-worlds-leading-ai-deep-learning-hub/|archive-date=September 30, 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2017/11/06/why-montreal-has-emerged-as-an-artificial-intelligence-powerhouse|title=Why Montreal Has Emerged As An Artificial Intelligence Powerhouse|author=Peter High|website=[[Forbes]]|date=November 6, 2017|access-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929221515/https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2017/11/06/why-montreal-has-emerged-as-an-artificial-intelligence-powerhouse/|archive-date=September 29, 2018|url-status=live}} The city is also home to [[Mila (research institute)]], an artificial intelligence research institute with over 500 researchers specializing in the field of deep learning, the largest of its kind in the world.{{cite web|title=Mila|url=https://mila.quebec/en/mila/|access-date=December 19, 2020|website=Mila|language=en-US|archive-date=December 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222201458/https://mila.quebec/en/mila/|url-status=live}} [641] => [642] => The video game industry has been booming in Montreal since November 2, 1995, coinciding with the opening of [[Ubisoft Montreal]].{{cite web|url=http://www.developmag.com/news/25657/3839m-to-help-add-1000-jobs-at-Ubisoft-Montreal|title=Ubisoft Montreal to become world's biggest studio|last=French|first=Michael|date=February 9, 2007|publisher=Develop Magazine|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303093637/http://www.developmag.com/news/25657/3839m-to-help-add-1000-jobs-at-Ubisoft-Montreal|archive-date=March 3, 2007|url-status=live}} Recently, the city has attracted world leading game developers and publishers studios such as [[EA Montreal|EA]], [[Eidos Interactive]], [[BioWare]], [[Artificial Mind and Movement]], [[Strategy First]], [[THQ]], [[Gameloft]] mainly because of the quality of local specialized labour, and tax credits offered to the corporations. In 2010, [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]], a division of [[Warner Bros.]], announced that it would open a video game studio.{{cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/life/Warner+Brothers+Interactive+picks+Montreal+because+talent+money/2718599/story.html|title=Warner Brothers Interactive picks Montreal because of talent – and the money tag|last=Hadekel|first=Peter|date=March 24, 2010|newspaper=[[The Montreal Gazette]]|access-date=March 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715211418/http://www.montrealgazette.com/life/Warner+Brothers+Interactive+picks+Montreal+because+talent+money/2718599/story.html|archive-date=July 15, 2010}} Relatively new to the video game industry, it will be Warner Bros. first studio opened, not purchased, and will develop games for such Warner Bros. franchises as [[Batman]] and other games from their [[DC Comics]] portfolio. The studio will create 300 jobs. [643] => [644] => Montreal plays an important role in the finance industry. The sector employs approximately 100,000 people in the Greater Montreal Area.{{cite web|url=http://www.finance-montreal.com/en/montreal-financial-industry/overview-city|title=Overview of the City {{!}} Finance Montréal|website=www.finance-montreal.com|access-date=April 9, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420041726/http://www.finance-montreal.com/en/montreal-financial-industry/overview-city|archive-date=April 20, 2016}} As of March 2018, Montreal is ranked in the 12th position in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]], a [[ranking]] of the [[Competition (companies)|competitiveness]] of [[financial centre]]s around the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/Publications/GFCI23.pdf|title=GFCI 23 The Overall Rankings|last=Yeandle|first=Mark|website=www.longfinance.net|access-date=April 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327144825/http://www.longfinance.net/Publications/GFCI23.pdf|archive-date=March 27, 2018|url-status=live}} The city is home to the Montreal Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Canada and the only financial derivatives exchange in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.tourisme-montreal.org/meetings/2013/10/15/montreal-finance/|title=Montréal, a rising star in global finance – Meetings à la Montréal|website=Meetings à la Montréal|language=en-US|access-date=April 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419162204/http://www.tourisme-montreal.org/meetings/2013/10/15/montreal-finance/|archive-date=April 19, 2016|url-status=live}} The corporate headquarters of the [[Bank of Montreal]] and [[Royal Bank of Canada]], two of the biggest banks in Canada, were in Montreal. While both banks moved their headquarters to Toronto, Ontario, their legal corporate offices remain in Montreal. The city is home to head offices of two smaller banks, [[National Bank of Canada]] and [[Laurentian Bank of Canada]]. The [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]], an institutional investor managing assets totalling $408 billion CAD, has its main business office in Montreal.{{cite web|url=http://cdpq.com/en/about-us/profile|title=Profile of the Caisse|website=Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec {{!}} Global Investor {{!}} Hedge funds|access-date=April 9, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413191757/http://cdpq.com/en/about-us/profile|archive-date=April 13, 2016}} Many foreign subsidiaries operating in the financial sector also have offices in Montreal, including [[HSBC]], [[Aon (company)|Aon]], [[Société Générale]], [[BNP Paribas]] and [[AXA]].{{cite web|url=http://www.bnpparibas.ca/en/bnp-paribas/bnp-paribas-in-canada/|title=BNP Paribas in Canada – BNP Paribas Canada|website=www.bnpparibas.ca|access-date=April 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419062411/http://www.bnpparibas.ca/en/bnp-paribas/bnp-paribas-in-canada/|archive-date=April 19, 2016|url-status=live}} [645] => [646] => Several companies are headquartered in Greater Montreal Area including [[Rio Tinto Alcan]],{{cite web |url=http://www.riotintoalcan.com/contact_us.asp |title=Home Office address on contact page |publisher=riotintoalcan.com |date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122224742/http://www.riotintoalcan.com/contact_us.asp |archive-date=January 22, 2010 |url-status=dead}} [[Bombardier Inc.]],{{cite web |url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/corporate/contacts/corporate/contacts |title=World Headquarters address on contact page |publisher=bombardier.com |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014114223/http://www.bombardier.com/en/corporate/contacts/corporate/contacts |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |url-status=live}} [[Canadian National Railway]],{{cite web |url=http://www.cn.ca/en/contacts.htm |title=World Headquarters address on bottom of contact page – cn.ca |publisher=cn.ca |date=July 27, 2009 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501005224/http://www.cn.ca/en/contacts.htm |archive-date=May 1, 2009 |url-status=live }} [[CGI Group]],{{cite web |url=http://www.cgi.com/web/en/canada.htm |title=World Headquarters address on contact page |publisher=cgi.com |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820234034/http://www.cgi.com/web/en/canada.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2009 |url-status=dead }} [[Air Canada]],"[http://www.aircanada.com/en/about/investor/contacts.html Investors Contacts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204072053/http://www.aircanada.com/en/about/investor/contacts.html |date=February 4, 2016 }}." ''[[Air Canada]]''. Retrieved May 18, 2009. [[Air Transat]],"[http://www.airtransat.ca/en/Info/contact-us.aspx?ExitID=33&ContentType=voyageur Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601220736/http://www.airtransat.ca/en/Info/contact-us.aspx?ExitID=33&ContentType=voyageur |date=June 1, 2009 }}." ''[[Air Transat]]''. Retrieved May 20, 2009. [[CAE (company)|CAE]],{{cite web |url=http://www.cae.com/en/contact.us.asp |title=World Headquarters address on contact page |publisher=cae.com |access-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831042532/http://www.cae.com/en/contact.us.asp |archive-date=August 31, 2009 }} [[Saputo Incorporated|Saputo]],{{cite web |url=http://www.saputo.com/contact-us.aspx?id=874&langtype=4105 |title=World Headquarters address on contact page |publisher=saputo.com |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501140619/http://www.saputo.com/contact-us.aspx?id=874&langtype=4105 |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |url-status=live }} [[Cirque du Soleil]], [[Stingray Group]], [[Quebecor]],{{cite web|url=http://www.quebecor.com/Tools/ContactUs.aspx |title=Quebecor inc |publisher=Quebecor.com |access-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905012920/http://www.quebecor.com/Tools/ContactUs.aspx |archive-date=September 5, 2009 }} [[Ultramar]], [[Kruger Inc.]], [[Jean Coutu Group]],{{cite web |url=http://www.jeancoutu.com/contact.aspx?langtype=1033&ReqAddress= |title=Jean Coutu Pharmacy, health specialists and beauty advice |publisher=Jeancoutu.com |date=January 21, 2009 |access-date=April 13, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114054602/http://jeancoutu.com/contact.aspx?langtype=1033&ReqAddress= |archive-date=January 14, 2010 }} [[Uniprix]],{{cite web |url=http://www.uniprix.com/en/contact/ |title=Contact us! |publisher=Uniprix |access-date=April 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407034941/http://www.uniprix.com/en/contact/ |archive-date=April 7, 2010 |url-status=live }} [[Proxim (pharmacy)|Proxim]],{{cite web |url=http://www.groupeproxim.ca/proxim/client/en/Commentaires/Commentaires.asp |title=Contact Us |publisher=Proxim |access-date=April 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628164455/http://www.groupeproxim.ca/proxim/client/en/Commentaires/Commentaires.asp |archive-date=June 28, 2009 }} [[Domtar]], [[Le Château]],{{cite web |url=http://www.domtar.com/en/contacts/1016.asp |title=General Inquiries |publisher=Domtar.com |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227032905/http://domtar.com/en/contacts/1016.asp |archive-date=February 27, 2009 |url-status=dead }} [[Power Corporation]], [[Cellcom Communications]],{{cite web |url=http://www.cellcom.ca/en/contact-us |title=Largest Bell Canada Franchise |access-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025755/http://www.cellcom.ca/en/contact-us |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |url-status=dead }} [[Bell Canada]]."[http://www.bce.ca/en/contact/ Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211204756/http://bce.ca/en/contact/ |date=February 11, 2009 }}." [[Bell Canada]]. Retrieved August 24, 2009. [[Standard Life (Canada)|Standard Life]],{{cite web|url=http://www.standardlife.ca/en/contact/office/montreal.html |title=Standard Life Canada |publisher=Standardlife.ca |access-date=September 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216091647/http://www.standardlife.ca/en/contact/office/montreal.html|archive-date=December 16, 2011}} [[Hydro-Québec]], [[AbitibiBowater]], [[Pratt and Whitney Canada]], [[Molson]],{{cite web|url=http://www.molsoncoors.com/en/About%20Us/Our%20Markets/Molson%20Coors%20Canada.aspx|title=Molson Coors Canada|publisher=Molson Coors|access-date=September 28, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074505/http://www.molsoncoors.com/en/About%20Us/Our%20Markets/Molson%20Coors%20Canada.aspx|archive-date=September 21, 2013}} [[Tembec]], [[Canada Steamship Lines]], [[Fednav]], [[Alimentation Couche-Tard]], [[SNC-Lavalin]],{{cite web |url=http://www.snclavalin.com/contact.php?lang=en |title=Contacts |publisher=SNC-Lavalin |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106153558/http://www.snclavalin.com/contact.php?lang=en |archive-date=January 6, 2011 |url-status=dead }} [[MEGA Brands]],{{cite web |url=http://www.megabrands.com/en/site/contact_us.php |title=Company {{pipe}} Contact us |publisher=MEGA Brands |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228213614/http://www.megabrands.com/en/site/contact_us.php |archive-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=live }} [[Aeroplan]],{{cite web |url=http://www.aeroplan.com/help/contact_us.do |title=Contact Us |publisher=Aeroplan.com |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627032838/http://www.aeroplan.com/help/contact_us.do |archive-date=June 27, 2009 |url-status=live }} [[Agropur]],{{cite web|url=http://www.agropur.com/fr/contacts|title=Contacts|publisher=Agropur|access-date=September 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612093426/http://www.agropur.com/fr/contacts/|archive-date=June 12, 2009|url-status=live}} [[Metro Inc.]],{{cite web|title=Quebec Contact|url=http://corpo.metro.ca/en/quebec-contact.html|website=Metro|access-date=September 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906031601/http://corpo.metro.ca/en/quebec-contact.html|archive-date=September 6, 2016|url-status=live}} [[Laurentian Bank of Canada]],{{cite web|url=https://www.laurentianbank.ca/en/contact_us/by_mail.html|title=By mail|access-date=September 1, 2009|publisher=Laurentian Bank|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227044726/https://www.laurentianbank.ca/en/contact_us/by_mail.html|archive-date=December 27, 2010|url-status=live}} [[National Bank of Canada]],{{cite web |author=www.nbc.ca |url=http://www.nbc.ca/bnc/cda/content/0,1008,divId-2_langId-1_navCode-8100,00.html#insurance |title=Contact – National Bank of Canada |publisher=Nbc.ca |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819090024/http://www.nbc.ca/bnc/cda/content/0,1008,divId-2_langId-1_navCode-8100,00.html#insurance |archive-date=August 19, 2009 |url-status=live }} [[Transat A.T.]],"[http://www.transat.com/en/contact/contact.us.aspx Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503125234/http://www.transat.com/en/contact/contact.us.aspx |date=May 3, 2009 }}." ''[[Transat A.T.]]'' Retrieved May 20, 2009. [[Via Rail]],{{cite web |url=http://www.viarail.ca/planner/en_plan_cont.html#headquarters |title=Useful information to help plan your train trip {{pipe}} Via Rail |publisher=Viarail.ca |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709023632/http://www.viarail.ca/planner/en_plan_cont.html#headquarters |archive-date=July 9, 2009 |url-status=live }} [[GardaWorld]], [[Novacam Technologies]], SOLABS,{{cite web|title=Solabs, Inc: Private Company Information – Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=53887741|website=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=September 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915102606/http://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=53887741|archive-date=September 15, 2016|url-status=live}} [[Dollarama]],{{cite web|title=FAQ|url=http://www.dollarama.com/frequently-asked-questions-2/|website=Dollarama|publisher=Dollarama Inc.|access-date=September 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911171545/http://www.dollarama.com/frequently-asked-questions-2/|archive-date=September 11, 2016|url-status=live}} [[Rona (company)|Rona]]{{cite web|url=https://shop.rona.ca/member/customer-service|title=Contacts|publisher=Rona|access-date=September 28, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020095550/https://shop.rona.ca/member/customer-service|archive-date=October 20, 2011}} and the [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]]. [647] => [648] => The [[Montreal Oil Refining Centre]] is the largest refining centre in Canada, with companies like [[Petro-Canada]], [[Ultramar]], [[Gulf Oil]], Petromont, Ashland Canada, Parachem Petrochemical, Coastal Petrochemical, Interquisa ([[Cepsa]]) Petrochemical, [[Nova Chemicals]], and more. Shell decided to close the refining centre in 2010, throwing hundreds out of work and causing an increased dependence on foreign refineries for eastern Canada. [649] => [650] => == Culture == [651] => {{Main|Culture of Montreal}} [652] => {{more citations needed section|date=May 2022}} [653] => Montreal was referred to as "Canada's Cultural Capital" by [[Monocle (2007 magazine)|''Monocle'' magazine]]. The city is Canada's centre for French-language television productions, radio, theatre, film, multimedia, and print publishing. Montreal's many cultural communities have given it a distinct local culture. Montreal was designated as the [[World Book Capital]] for the year 2005 by [[UNESCO]].{{Cite web|url=https://archive.ifla.org/III/announce/wbc2005.htm|title=World Book Capital 2005|website=archive.ifla.org|access-date=April 19, 2022|archive-date=July 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703091455/https://archive.ifla.org/III/announce/wbc2005.htm|url-status=live}} [654] => [[File:Montreal Clock Tower, Fireworks.jpg|left|thumb|[[L'International des Feux Loto-Québec|Montreal Fireworks Festival]] is the world's largest annual fireworks festival. The city hosts a number of festivals annually.]] [655] => Being at the confluence of the French and the English traditions, Montreal has developed a unique and distinguished cultural face. The city has produced much talent in the fields of visual arts, theatre, dance, and music, with a tradition of producing both jazz and rock music. Another distinctive characteristic of cultural life is the vibrancy of its downtown, particularly during summer, prompted by cultural and social events, including its [[List of festivals and parades in Montreal|more than 100 annual festivals]], the largest being the Montreal International Jazz Festival which is the largest jazz festival in the world. Other popular events include the [[Just for Laughs]] (largest comedy festival in the world), Montreal World Film Festival, [[Les FrancoFolies de Montréal]], {{ill|Nuits d'Afrique|fr|Festival international Nuits d'Afrique|v=sup}}, [[Pop Montreal]], [[Divers/Cité]], [[Fierté Montréal]] and the [[Montreal Fireworks Festival]], [[Igloofest]], [[Piknic Électronik|Piknic Electronik]], Montréal en Lumiere, [[Osheaga Festival|Osheaga]], [[Heavy Montréal|Heavy Montreal]], Mode + Design, Montréal complètement cirque, [[MUTEK]], Black and Blue, and many smaller festivals. The city of Montreal is also widely recognized for its diverse and vibrant night life, which is considered a vital part of the local cultural ecosystem. [656] => [657] => A cultural heart of classical art and the venue for many summer festivals, the [[Place des Arts]] is a complex of different concert and theatre halls surrounding a large square in the eastern portion of downtown. Place des Arts has the headquarters of one of the world's foremost orchestras, the [[Montreal Symphony Orchestra]]. The [[Orchestre Métropolitain]] and the chamber orchestra [[I Musici de Montréal]] are two other well-regarded Montreal orchestras. Also performing at Place des Arts are the [[Opéra de Montréal]] and the city's chief ballet company [[Les Grands Ballets Canadiens]]. Internationally recognized avant-garde dance troupes such as {{ill|Compagnie Marie Chouinard|fr|v=sup}}, [[La La La Human Steps]], {{ill|O Vertigo|fr|v=sup}}, and the {{ill|Fondation Jean-Pierre Perreault|fr|Jean-Pierre Perreault#Biographie|v=sup}} have toured the world and worked with international popular artists on videos and concerts. The unique choreography of these troupes has paved the way for the success of the world-renowned Cirque du Soleil. [658] => [[File:Basílica de Notre-Dame, Montreal, Canadá, 2017-08-11, DD 26-28 HDR.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]] from [[Place d'Armes]]. The number of churches in Montreal led it to be called "the city of a hundred steeples".]] [659] => Nicknamed ''{{lang|fr|la ville aux cent clochers}}'' (the city of a hundred steeples), Montreal is renowned for its churches. There are an estimated 650 churches on the island, with 450 of them dating back to the 1800s or earlier.{{cite web|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/notre-dame-de-paris-fire-how-safe-are-montreals-heritage-churches|title=Notre-Dame de Paris fire: How safe are Montreal's heritage churches?|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118042736/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/notre-dame-de-paris-fire-how-safe-are-montreals-heritage-churches|url-status=live}} [[Mark Twain]] noted, "This is the first time I was ever in a city where you couldn't throw a brick without breaking a church window."{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Twain |title=Mark Twain in Montreal |url=http://www.twainquotes.com/18811210.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 10, 1881 |access-date=February 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509081234/http://www.twainquotes.com/18811210.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |url-status=live }} The city has four Roman Catholic [[basilica]]s: [[Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral]], [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]], [[St. Patrick's Basilica, Montreal|St Patrick's Basilica]], and [[Saint Joseph's Oratory]]. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the second largest copper dome in the world, after [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in Rome.{{cite web|url=http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/oratoirestjoseph.htm|title=St. Joseph Oratory|year=2009|publisher=A view on cities|access-date=March 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403140321/http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/oratoirestjoseph.htm|archive-date=April 3, 2009|url-status=live}} [660] => [661] => Beginning in the 1940s, Quebec literature began to shift from pastoral tales romanticising the [[French Canadians|French-Canadian]] countryside to writing set in the multicultural city of Montreal. Notable pioneering works describing the character of the city include [[Gabrielle Roy]]'s 1945 novel [[The Tin Flute|''Bonheur D'Occasion'']], translated as ''The Tin Flute'', and [[Gwethalyn Graham]]'s 1944 novel ''Earth and High Heaven''. Subsequent writers of fiction who have set their work in Montreal have included [[Mordecai Richler]], [[Claude Jasmin]], [[Francine Noel]], and [[Heather O'Neill]], among [[List of people from Montreal|many others]]. [662] => [663] => == Sports == [664] => {{Main|Sports in Montreal}} [665] => The most popular sport is [[ice hockey]]. The professional hockey team, the [[Montreal Canadiens]], is one of the [[Original Six]] teams of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), and has won an NHL-record 24 [[Stanley Cup]] championships. The Canadiens' most recent Stanley Cup victory came in [[1993 Stanley Cup Finals|1993]]. They have major rivalries with the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] and [[Boston Bruins]], both of which are also Original Six teams, and with the [[Ottawa Senators]], the closest team geographically. The Canadiens have played at the [[Bell Centre]] since 1996. Prior to that they played at the [[Montreal Forum]]. [666] => [[File:CentreBell.jpg|thumb|left|Opened in 1996, the [[Bell Centre]] is a sports and entertainment complex and the home arena for the [[Montreal Canadiens]].]] [667] => The [[Montreal Alouettes]] of the [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) play at [[Percival Molson Memorial Stadium]] on the campus of [[McGill University]] for their regular-season games. Late season and playoff games are sometimes played at the much larger, enclosed Olympic Stadium, which also hosted the [[2008 Grey Cup]]. The Alouettes have won the Grey Cup eight times, most recently in [[111th Grey Cup|2023]]. The Alouettes have had two periods on hiatus. During the second one, the [[Montreal Machine]] played in the [[World League of American Football]] in 1991 and 1992. The [[McGill Redbirds and Martlets|McGill Redbirds]], [[Concordia Stingers]], and [[Université de Montréal Carabins]] play in the [[U Sports football]] league. [668] => [669] => Montreal has a storied baseball history. The city was the home of the minor-league [[Montreal Royals]] of the [[International League]] until 1960. In 1946, [[Jackie Robinson]] broke the [[Baseball colour line]] with the Royals in an emotionally difficult year; Robinson was forever grateful for the local fans' fervent support.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.umass.edu/pubaffs/jackie/proballb9a.html |title=Robinson rated ready for Dodgers in '47 |access-date=June 6, 2008 |magazine=The Sporting News |date=August 13, 1946 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103184248/http://www.umass.edu/pubaffs/jackie/proballb9a.html |archive-date=November 3, 2008 |url-status=live }} [[Major League Baseball]] came to town in the form of the [[Montreal Expos]] in 1969. They played their games at [[Jarry Park Stadium]] until moving into Olympic Stadium in 1977. After 36 years in Montreal, the team relocated to Washington, D.C., in 2005 and re-branded themselves as the [[Washington Nationals]].{{cite news|date=December 15, 2004|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=1946925|publisher=[[ESPN]] (AP)|title=Ballpark financing issue may kill deal|access-date=March 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215035142/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=1946925|archive-date=February 15, 2009|url-status=live}} [670] => [671] => [[File:2015 Canadian GP opening lap.jpg|thumb|Montreal is the site of the [[Canadian Grand Prix]], an annual [[Formula One]] [[auto race]].]] [672] => [673] => [[CF Montréal]] (formerly known as the Montreal Impact) are the city's professional soccer team. They play at a [[soccer-specific stadium]] called [[Saputo Stadium]]. They joined North America's biggest soccer league, [[Major League Soccer]], in 2012. The Montreal games of the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]]{{cite web|url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/olympic-stadium-montreal-s-fifa-u-20-world-cup-venue-p147142|publisher=Canada Soccer|title=Olympic Stadium – Montreal's FIFA U-20 World Cup Venue|date=July 17, 2006|access-date=September 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002065656/http://www.canadasoccer.com/olympic-stadium-montreal-s-fifa-u-20-world-cup-venue-p147142|archive-date=October 2, 2013|url-status=live}} and [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]]{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/destination/cities/city=3638/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Canada 2014 Destination: Montreal |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231165320/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/destination/cities/city=3638/index.html |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |url-status=dead }} were held at Olympic Stadium, and the venue hosted Montreal games in the [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]].{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/destination/cities/city=3638/index.html |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 Destination: Montreal |publisher=FIFA |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230084125/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/destination/cities/city=3638/index.html |archive-date=December 30, 2014 |url-status=dead }} [674] => [675] => Montreal is the site of a high-profile [[auto racing]] event each year: the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One (F1) racing. This race takes place on the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] on Île Notre-Dame. In 2009, the race was dropped from the Formula One calendar, to the chagrin of some fans,{{cite news|title=Canada dropped from F1 calendar|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7657014.stm|work=BBC News|date=October 8, 2008|access-date=July 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924124834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7657014.stm|archive-date=September 24, 2009|url-status=live}} but the Canadian Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2010. It was dropped from the calendar again in 2020 and 2021, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]], but racing resumed in 2022, with the [[2022 Canadian Grand Prix]]. The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve also hosted a round of the [[Champ Car World Series]] from 2002 to 2007, and was home to the [[NAPA Auto Parts 200]], a [[NASCAR Nationwide Series]] race, and the Montréal 200, a [[Grand American Road Racing Association|Grand Am]] [[Rolex Sports Car Series]] race. [676] => [677] => [[Uniprix Stadium]], built in 1993 on the site of Jarry Park, is used for the [[Canadian Open (tennis)|National Bank Open]] (formerly known as the Rogers Cup) men's and women's tennis tournaments. The men's tournament is a [[Masters 1000]] event on the [[ATP Tour]], and the women's tournament is a [[WTA Premier tournaments|Premier tournament]] on the [[WTA Tour]]. The men's and women's tournaments alternate between Montreal and Toronto every year.{{cite web|url=http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/archive/index.asp?Article=4039|title=Rogers extends tennis sponsorship to 2008|date=February 16, 2005|work=YFile|publisher=[[York University]]|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430184035/http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/archive/index.asp?Article=4039|archive-date=April 30, 2011|url-status=live}} [678] => [[File:Le Stade Olympique 3.jpg|thumb|The [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] was built for the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal. It is used by [[Major League Soccer|MLS]]'s [[CF Montréal]] for select games.]] [679] => Montreal was the host of the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. The stadium cost $1.5 billion;{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-s-big-owe-stadium-debt-is-over-1.602530 |title=Quebec's Big Owe stadium debt is over |date=December 19, 2006 |agency=CBC |location=Canada |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=March 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009041654/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-s-big-owe-stadium-debt-is-over-1.602530 |archive-date=October 9, 2009 |url-status=live }} with interest that figure ballooned to nearly $3 billion, and was paid off in December 2006.{{cite news |url=http://media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2006/02/07/Features/Feature.Its.All.Fun.And.Games.til.Youre.Up.To.Your.Eyes.In.Debt-1601304.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810130306/http://www.mcgilltribune.com/2.12361/feature-it-s-all-fun-and-games-til-you-re-up-to-your-eyes-in-debt-1.1630693|archive-date=August 10, 2011 |title=FEATURE: It's all fun and games 'til you're up to your eyes in debt |last=Markham |first=Christina |date=February 7, 2006 |publisher=[[The McGill Tribune]] |access-date=March 26, 2009 }} Montreal also hosted the first ever [[World Outgames]] in the summer of 2006, attracting over 16,000 participants engaged in 35 sporting activities. [680] => [681] => Montreal was the host city for the 17th unicycling world championship and convention ([[UNICON]]) in August 2014. [682] => [683] => {| class="sortable wikitable" [684] => |+ Active professional sports teams in Montreal [685] => |- [686] => ! Club [687] => ! League [688] => ! Sport [689] => ! Venue [690] => ! Established [691] => ! Championships [692] => |- [693] => ! [[Montreal Canadiens]] [694] => | [[National Hockey League|NHL]] [695] => | [[Ice hockey]] [696] => | [[Bell Centre]] [697] => | 1909 [698] => | 24 [699] => |- [700] => ![[PWHL Montreal]] [701] => |[[Professional Women's Hockey League|PWHL]] [702] => |[[Ice hockey]] [703] => |[[Verdun Auditorium]] [704] => |2023 [705] => |0 [706] => |- [707] => ! [[Montréal Alouettes]] [708] => | [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] [709] => | [[Canadian football]] [710] => | [[Percival Molson Memorial Stadium]]
[[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] [711] => | 1946 [712] => | 8 [713] => |- [714] => ! [[CF Montréal]] [715] => | [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] [716] => | [[Association football|Soccer]] [717] => | [[Saputo Stadium]] [718] => | 2012 [719] => | 0 [720] => |- [721] => ![[Montreal Alliance]] [722] => |[[Canadian Elite Basketball League|CEBL]] [723] => |[[Basketball]] [724] => |[[Verdun Auditorium]] [725] => |2022 [726] => |0 [727] => |} [728] => [729] => == Media == [730] => {{Main|Media in Montreal}} [731] => Montreal is Canada's second-largest media market, and the centre of Canada's francophone media industry. [732] => [733] => There are four [[Terrestrial television|over-the-air]] English-language television stations: [[CBMT-DT]] ([[CBC Television]]), [[CFCF-DT]] ([[CTV Television Network|CTV]]), [[CKMI-DT]] ([[Global Television Network|Global]]) and [[CJNT-DT]] ([[Citytv]]). There are also five over-the-air French-language television stations: [[CBFT-DT]] ([[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Ici Radio-Canada]]), [[CFTM-DT]] ([[TVA (Canadian TV network)|TVA]]), [[CFJP-DT]] ([[Noovo]]), CIVM-DT ([[Télé-Québec]]), and [[CFTU-DT]] (Canal Savoir). [734] => [735] => Montreal has three daily newspapers, the English-language ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'' and the French-language {{Lang|fr|[[Le Journal de Montréal]]}}, and {{Lang|fr|[[Le Devoir]]}}; another French-language daily, {{Lang|fr|[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]}}, became an online daily in 2018. There are two free French dailies, ''[[Metro International|Métro]]'' and {{Lang|fr|[[24 Hours (newspaper)|24 Heures]]}}. Montreal has numerous weekly tabloids and community newspapers serving various neighbourhoods, ethnic groups and schools. [736] => [737] => == Government == [738] => {{more citations needed section|date=May 2022}} [739] => {{Main|Montreal City Council|Mayor of Montreal}} [740] => The head of the [[city government in Montreal]] is the mayor, who is [[first among equals]] in the city council. [741] => [[File:Hotel de ville de Montreal 03.jpg|thumb|left|Completed in 1878, [[Montreal City Hall]] is the [[Montreal City Council|seat of local government]].]] [742] => The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council consists of 65 members from all boroughs.{{cite web|url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=133,1297433&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|title=City Council|work=City Hall|publisher=Ville de Montréal|access-date=August 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005085724/http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=133,1297433&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date=October 5, 2008|url-status=live}} The council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the [[natural environment|environment]], [[urban planning]], and a three-year capital expenditure program. The council is required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [743] => [744] => Reporting directly to the council, the executive committee exercises decision-making powers similar to those of the cabinet in a [[parliamentary system]] and is responsible for preparing various documents including [[budget]]s and [[by-law]]s, submitted to the council for approval. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in particular, the awarding of contracts or grants, the management of human and financial resources, supplies and buildings. It may also be assigned further powers by the city council.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [745] => [746] => Standing committees are the prime instruments for public consultation. They are responsible for the public study of pending matters and for making the appropriate recommendations to the council. They also review the annual budget forecasts for departments under their jurisdiction. A public notice of meeting is published in both French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All meetings include a public question period. The standing committees, of which there are seven, have terms lasting two years. In addition, the City Council may decide to create special committees at any time. Each standing committee is made up of seven to nine members, including a chairman and a vice-chairman. The members are all elected municipal officers, with the exception of a representative of the government of Quebec on the public security committee.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [747] => [748] => The city is only one component of the larger Montreal Metropolitan Community (Communauté Métropolitaine de Montréal, CMM), which is in charge of planning, coordinating, and financing economic development, public transportation, garbage collection and [[waste management]], etc., across the metropolitan area. The president of the CMM is the mayor of Montreal. The CMM covers {{convert|4360|km2|abbr=on}}, with 3.6 million inhabitants in 2006.{{cite web |url=http://www.cmm.qc.ca/index.php?id=334 |title=The CMM at a Glance |work=Statistics |publisher=[[Greater Montreal Area|Montreal Metropolitan Community]] |access-date=August 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202161411/http://www.cmm.qc.ca/index.php?id=334 |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |url-status=live }} [749] => [750] => Montreal is the seat of the [[Judicial districts of Quebec|judicial district]] of Montreal, which includes the city and the other communities on the island.[http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/D_11/D11_A.HTM ''Territorial Division Act''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926125200/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2FD_11%2FD11_A.HTM |date=September 26, 2018 }}. ''Revised Statutes of Quebec'' D-11. [751] => {{stack begin}} [752] => {|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;" [753] => |+'''Montréal federal election results'''{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e |title=Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Montréal) |date=April 7, 2022 |publisher=Elections Canada |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305223518/https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e |url-status=live }} [754] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year [755] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [756] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] [757] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Bloc Québécois]] [758] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[New Democratic Party|New Democratic]] [759] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Green Party of Canada|Green]] [760] => |- [761] => | rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal}}| [762] => ! [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]] [763] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | '''48%''' [764] => | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''348,308'' [765] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | 9% [766] => | style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''64,857'' [767] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|BQ|background}} | 19% [768] => | style="text-align:right; background:#87CEFA;"| ''133,718'' [769] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 18% [770] => | style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''132,395'' [771] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 2% [772] => | style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''14,565'' [773] => |- [774] => ! [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]] [775] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | '''48%''' [776] => | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''377,036'' [777] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | 8% [778] => | style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''63,376'' [779] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|BQ|background}} | 20% [780] => | style="text-align:right; background:#87CEFA;"| ''156,398'' [781] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 16% [782] => | style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''129,517'' [783] => | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 6% [784] => | style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''45,845'' [785] => |- [786] => |} [787] => [788] => {|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;" [789] => |+'''Montréal provincial election results'''{{cite web |url=https://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/en/results-and-statistics/general-election-results/2018-10-01/ |title=Official Voting Results by polling station (poll by poll results in Montréal) |publisher=Elections Québec |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828223201/https://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/en/results-and-statistics/general-election-results/2018-10-01/ |url-status=live }} [790] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year [791] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Coalition Avenir Québec|CAQ]] [792] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]] [793] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Québec solidaire|QC solidaire]] [794] => ! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Parti Québécois]] [795] => |- [796] => | rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal}}| [797] => ! [[2018 Quebec general election|2018]] [798] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|CAQ|background}} | 18% [799] => | style="text-align:right; background:#1E90FF;"| ''119,806'' [800] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal|background}} | '''38%''' [801] => | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''254,069'' [802] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|QS|background}} | 25% [803] => | style="text-align:right; background:#FF8040;"| ''164,153'' [804] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|PQ|background}} | 13% [805] => | style="text-align:right; background:#87CEFA;"| ''89,353'' [806] => |- [807] => ! [[Quebec general election, 2014|2014]] [808] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|CAQ|background}} | 11% [809] => | style="text-align:right; background:#1E90FF;"| ''81,844'' [810] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal|background}} | '''54%''' [811] => | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''414,477'' [812] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|QS|background}} | 14% [813] => | style="text-align:right; background:#FF8040;"| ''106,335'' [814] => | {{Canadian party colour|QC|PQ|background}} | 19% [815] => | style="text-align:right; background:#87CEFA;"| ''149,792'' [816] => |- [817] => |} [818] => {{stack end}}{{Clear}} [819] => [820] => == Policing == [821] => {{main|Service de police de la Ville de Montréal}} [822] => [823] => Law enforcement on the island itself is provided by the ''[[SPVM|Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal]],'' or the SPVM for short. [824] => [825] => == Crime == [826] => Since 1975, when Montreal's homicide rate peaked at around 10.3 per 100,000 people with a total of 112 murders, the overall crime rate in Montreal has declined, with a few notable exceptions, reaching a minimum in 2016 with 23 murders.{{Cite web |title=Montreal may match last year's total of 86 murder... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/23/Montreal-may-match-last-years-total-of-86-murder/4754409467600/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=UPI |language=en}}{{cite web|url=http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/montreal-s-murder-rate-reaches-45-year-low-see-all-the-crime-stats-1.3481127|title=Montreal's murder rate reaches 45-year low: see all the crime stats|date=June 28, 2017|access-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806061111/http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/montreal-s-murder-rate-reaches-45-year-low-see-all-the-crime-stats-1.3481127|archive-date=August 6, 2017|url-status=live}} Sex crimes have increased 14.5 per cent between 2015 and 2016 and fraud cases have increased by 13 per cent over the same period. The major criminal organizations active in Montreal are the [[Rizzuto crime family]], [[Hells Angels]] and [[West End Gang]]. However, in the 2020s, the city has seen an increase in overall crime, with a notable increase in homicides. 25 homicides were reported in 2020 which matched the number reported in 2019. The next year saw a 48% increase in murders with a total of 37 in 2021, giving the city a homicide rate of around 2.1 per 100,000 people. The Montreal Police Annual Report for 2021 showed that there were 144 shootings across the city, or an average of one shooting every 2.5 days. In comparison, there were 71 shootings recorded the year before.{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Shootings, violent crime on the rise in Montreal, annual report shows |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/shootings-violent-crime-on-the-rise-in-montreal-annual-report-shows-1.5938719 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Montreal |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717044135/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/shootings-violent-crime-on-the-rise-in-montreal-annual-report-shows-1.5938719 |url-status=live }} 2022 saw another 10.8% increase in homicides, with a total of 41 being reported (giving a slightly higher homicide rate of 2.3 per 100,000 people), the highest number since 2007, when there were 42.{{Cite web |title=Friday evening homicide is Montreal's 41st of 2022, highest number since 2007 {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9380587/friday-homicide-montreals-marks-2022-highest-since-2007/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717044128/https://globalnews.ca/news/9380587/friday-homicide-montreals-marks-2022-highest-since-2007/ |url-status=live }} [827] => [828] => == Education == [829] => {{Main|Education in Montreal}} [830] => The [[Education in Quebec|education system in Quebec]] is different from other systems in North America. Between high school (which ends at grade 11) and university, students must go through an additional school called [[CEGEP]]. CEGEPs offer pre-university (2-years) and technical (3-years) programs. In Montreal, [[List of CEGEPs|seventeen CEGEPs]] offer courses in French and five in English. [831] => [832] => French-language elementary and secondary public schools in Montreal are operated by the [[Centre de services scolaire de Montréal]] (CSSDM),{{cite web|url=https://www.cssdm.gouv.qc.ca/ |title=Commission scolaire de Montréal |publisher=Commission scolaire de Montréal |access-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009095608/http://www.csdm.qc.ca/ |archive-date=October 9, 2009 }} [[Centre de services scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys]]{{cite web |url=http://www.csmb.qc.ca/ |title=Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys |publisher=Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys – Montréal |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828101448/http://www.csmb.qc.ca/ |archive-date=August 28, 2009 |url-status=live }} and the [[Centre de services scolaire de la Pointe-de-l'Île]].{{cite web |url=http://www.cspi.qc.ca/ |title=Commission scolaire de la Pointe-de-l'Île |publisher=Commission scolaire de la Pointe-de-l'Île |access-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903021106/http://www.cspi.qc.ca/ |archive-date=September 3, 2009 }} [833] => [834] => English-language elementary and secondary public schools on Montreal Island are operated by the [[English Montreal School Board]] and the [[Lester B. Pearson School Board]].{{cite web |url=http://www.emsb.qc.ca/ |title=English Montreal School Board |publisher=English Montreal School Board |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530103838/http://www.emsb.qc.ca/ |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.lbpsb.qc.ca/ |title=Lester B. Pearson School Board |publisher=Lester B. Pearson School Board |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530044832/http://www.lbpsb.qc.ca/eng/main.asp |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |url-status=live }} [835] => [836] => With four universities, ten other degree-awarding institutions, and 12 [[CEGEP]]s in an {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}} radius, Montreal has the highest concentration of post-secondary students of all major cities in North America (4.38 students per 100 residents, followed by Boston at 4.37 students per 100 residents).{{cite web |url= http://www.dec-ced.gc.ca/Complements/Publications/AutresPublications-EN/tocen/css/tocen_15.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526152536/http://www.dec-ced.gc.ca/Complements/Publications/AutresPublications-EN/tocen/css/tocen_15.htm |archive-date=May 26, 2008 |title=University attendance: Montréal ranks first in relative terms and fifth in absolute terms in North America |access-date=February 4, 2008|year=1996 |publisher=Canada Economic Development for Quebec regions }} [837] => [838] => === Higher education (English) === [839] => [[File:Arts Building, McGill University, Aug 31 2022.jpg|alt=|thumb|Established in 1821, [[McGill University]] is the oldest operating university in Montreal.]] [840] => * [[McGill University]] is one of Canada's leading post-secondary institutions and is widely regarded as a world-class institution. In 2021, McGill was ranked as the top medical-doctoral university in Canada for the seventeenth consecutive year by [[Maclean's]]{{cite magazine |date=October 7, 2021 |title=Canada's best Medical Doctoral universities: Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.macleans.ca/education/canadas-best-medical-doctoral-universities-rankings-2022/ |magazine=Maclean's |access-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908044535/https://www.macleans.ca/education/canadas-best-medical-doctoral-universities-rankings-2022/ |url-status=live }} and second in Canada and the 27th best university in the world by the [[QS World University Rankings]].{{cite web |date=March 29, 2022 |title=QS World University Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219182830/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2015 |archive-date=December 19, 2016 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |website=QS Top Universities}} [841] => * [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]] was created from the merger of [[Concordia University (Montreal)#Sir George Williams University|Sir George Williams University]] and [[Concordia University (Montreal)#Loyola College|Loyola College]] in 1974.{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000783|title=Concordia University|last=Turbide|first=Nadia|year=2008|work=Histor!ca|publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=June 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609003223/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/emc/music-at-concordia-university|archive-date=June 9, 2012|url-status=dead}} The university has been ranked as one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada by Macleans.[https://www.macleans.ca/education/university-rankings/university-rankings-2019-canadas-top-comprehensive-schools/ University Rankings 2019: Canada's top Comprehensive schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019133024/https://www.macleans.ca/education/university-rankings/university-rankings-2019-canadas-top-comprehensive-schools/ |date=October 19, 2018 }} ''Maclean'' [842] => [843] => === Higher education (French) === [844] => [[File:Université de Montréal (Roger-Gaudry).JPG|thumb|[[Université de Montréal]] from the [[Montreal Metro]] [[Université-de-Montréal station|station]]. The institution is the largest university in the city.]] [845] => * ''[[Université de Montréal]]'' (UdeM) is the second largest research university in Canada and ranked as one of the top universities in Canada. Two separate institutions are affiliated to the university: the ''[[École Polytechnique de Montréal]]'' (School of Engineering) and ''[[HEC Montréal]]'' (School of Business). HEC Montreal was founded in 1907 and is considered one of the best business schools in Canada.{{cite web| url=http://www.topmba.com/mba-programs/10-top-business-schools-canada-201415| title=top business schools in Canada| access-date=April 25, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419031756/http://www.topmba.com/mba-programs/10-top-business-schools-canada-201415| archive-date=April 19, 2015| url-status=live}} [846] => * ''[[Université du Québec à Montréal]]'' (''UQAM'') is the Montreal campus of ''[[Université du Québec]]''. ''UQAM'' generally specializes in liberal-arts, although many programs related to the sciences are available. [847] => ** The ''Université du Québec'' network also has three separately run schools in Montreal, notably the ''[[École de technologie supérieure]] (ETS)'', the ''[[École nationale d'administration publique]] (ÉNAP)'' and the ''[[Institut national de la recherche scientifique]] (INRS)''. [848] => * ''[[L'Institut de formation théologique de Montréal]] des Prêtres de Saint-Sulpice'' (''IFTM'') specializes in theology and philosophy. [849] => * ''[[Institut d'hôtellerie et de tourisme du Québec]]'' (''IHTQ'') offers an Applied Bachelor in Hospitality and Hotel Management. [850] => * ''[[Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal]]'' offers both a [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor]] and a [[Master's degree|Master]] program in classical music. [851] => Additionally, two French-language universities, [[Université de Sherbrooke]] and [[Université Laval]] have campuses in the nearby suburb of Longueuil on Montreal's [[South Shore (Montreal)|south shore]]. Also, l'''[[Institut de pastorale des Dominicains]]'' is Montreal's university centre of Ottawa's [[Collège Universitaire Dominicain]]/[[Dominican University College]]. The ''[[Faculté de théologie évangélique]]'' is [[Nova Scotia]]'s [[Acadia University]] Montreal based serving French Protestant community in Canada by offering both a Bachelor and a Master program in theology [852] => [853] => == Transportation == [854] => {{Main|Transportation in Montreal}} [855] => [[File:Montreal autoroute.jpg|thumb|Montreal is a hub for Quebec's [[Autoroutes of Quebec|autoroute]] system of [[controlled-access highway]]s.]] [856] => Like many major cities, Montreal has a problem with vehicular traffic congestion. Commuting traffic from the cities and towns in the West Island (such as [[Dollard-des-Ormeaux]] and [[Pointe-Claire]]) is compounded by commuters entering the city that use twenty-four road crossings from numerous off-island suburbs on the [[North Shore (Laval)|North]] and South Shores. The width of the Saint Lawrence River has made the construction of fixed links to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are presently four road bridges (including two of the country's busiest) along with one bridge-tunnel, two railway bridges, and a metro line. The far narrower Rivière des Prairies to the city's north, separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by nine road bridges (seven to the city of Laval and two that span directly to the north shore) and a Metro line. [857] => [858] => The island of Montreal is a hub for the Quebec [[Autoroute (Quebec)|Autoroute]] system, and is served by Quebec Autoroutes [[Quebec Autoroute 10|A-10]] (known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal), [[Quebec Autoroute 15|A-15]] (aka the Décarie Expressway south of the A-40 and the Laurentian Autoroute to the north of it), [[Quebec Autoroute 13|A-13]] (aka Chomedey Autoroute), [[Quebec Autoroute 20|A-20]], [[Quebec Autoroute 25|A-25]], [[Quebec Autoroute 40|A-40]] (part of the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] system, and known as "The Metropolitan" or simply "The Met" in its elevated mid-town section), [[Quebec Autoroute 520|A-520]] and [[Quebec Route 136 (Montreal)|R-136]] (aka the Ville-Marie Autoroute). Many of these Autoroutes are frequently congested at [[rush hour]].{{cite web|url=http://www.epomm.org/ecomm2004/workshops/anglais/Brun.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327022805/http://www.epomm.org/ecomm2004/workshops/anglais/Brun.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2009 |title=The keys to success for Smart Commuting Montreal, the Downtown Montreal Transportation Management Centre |year=2004 |publisher=European Platform on Mobility Management |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead }} However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long-term solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension of [[Quebec Autoroute 30]] on Montreal's south shore, which will be a [[bypass (road)|bypass]] for trucks and intercity traffic.{{cite web|url=http://www.autoroute30.qc.ca/en/a30-objectifs.asp|title=The completion of Autoroute 30|date=August 1, 2008|work=Objectives|publisher=[[Transports Québec]]|access-date=August 3, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316051744/http://autoroute30.qc.ca/en/a30-objectifs.asp|archive-date=March 16, 2008}} [859] => [860] => === Société de transport de Montréal === [861] => [[File:Métro Acadie.jpg|thumb|A train departs from [[Acadie station]]. The [[Montreal Metro]] has [[List of Montreal Metro stations|68 stations]] and four lines.]] [862] => {{Main|Société de transport de Montréal|Montreal Metro}} [863] => Public local transport is served by a network of buses, subways, and commuter trains that extend across and off the island. The subway and bus system are operated by STM (''Société de transport de Montréal'', “Montreal Transit Company”). The [[List of Montreal bus routes|STM bus network]] consists of 203 daytime and 23 night time routes. STM bus routes serve 1,347,900 passengers on an average weekday in 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2010_q1_ridership_APTA.pdf |title=Transit Ridership Report First Quarter 2010 |access-date=December 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704121336/http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2010_q1_ridership_APTA.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2010 |url-status=dead }} It also provides adapted transport and wheelchair-accessible buses.{{cite web|url=http://www.stcum.qc.ca/English/en-bref/thebusnetwork.pdf|title=The Bus Network: All Over Montreal|year=2004|publisher=[[Société de transport de Montréal]]|page=4|access-date=August 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220326/http://www.stcum.qc.ca/English/en-bref/thebusnetwork.pdf|archive-date=August 19, 2008|url-status=live}} The STM won the award of Outstanding Public Transit System in North America by the APTA in 2010. It was the first time a Canadian company won this prize. [864] => [865] => The Metro was inaugurated in 1966 and has 68 stations on four lines.{{cite web |url=http://stm.info/metro/mapmetro.htm |title=Plan du métro de Montréal |publisher=Stm.info |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831235606/http://www.stm.info/metro/mapmetro.htm |archive-date=August 31, 2009 |url-status=live }} Total daily passengers is 1,050,800 passengers on an average weekday (as of Q1 2010). Each station was designed by different architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02EEDE1638F931A15752C1A967948260&sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=2|title=What's doing in Montreal|last=Giniger|first=Henry|date=November 22, 1981|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=2|access-date=August 3, 2008|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018183635/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/22/travel/what-s-doing-in-montreal.html?sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=2|url-status=live}} The project was initiated by Montreal Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]], who later brought the Summer Olympic Games to Montreal in 1976. The Metro system has long had a station on the South Shore in [[Longueuil, Quebec|Longueuil]], and in 2007 was extended to the city of Laval, north of Montreal, with three new stations.{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=ef3062c1-6e97-4995-95c5-f2dcad97c21c&k=89113|title=Premier cuts ribbon on Metro extension to Laval|date=April 26, 2007|format=PDF|newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]]|access-date=August 3, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202184427/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=ef3062c1-6e97-4995-95c5-f2dcad97c21c&k=89113|archive-date=December 2, 2008}} The metro has recently been modernizing its trains, purchasing new ''Azur'' models with inter-connected wagons.{{cite web|url=http://www.stm.info/en/about/major_projects/major-metro-projects/azur-metro|title=New AZUR métro cars|website=Société de transport de Montréal|language=en|access-date=November 24, 2019|archive-date=November 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118134311/http://stm.info/en/about/major_projects/major-metro-projects/azur-metro|url-status=live}} [866] => [867] => === Air === [868] => [[File:AirCanadaHQMontreal.jpg|thumb|An [[Air Canada]] flight flies past the company's corporate headquarters, at [[Montréal–Trudeau International Airport]].]] [869] => Montreal has two international airports, one for passengers only, the other for cargo. [[Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport|Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport]] (also known as ''Dorval Airport'') in the City of [[Dorval]] serves all commercial passenger traffic and is the headquarters of Air Canada{{cite web |url=http://www.aircanada.com/en/about/acfamily/index.html |title=About Air Canada – Corporate Profile |publisher=Air Canada |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211164648/http://www.aircanada.com/en/about/acfamily/index.html |archive-date=February 11, 2010 |url-status=live }} and Air Transat.{{cite web |url=http://www.airtransat.ca/en/6_2.asp |title=Air Transat |publisher=Airtransat.ca |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328190114/http://www.airtransat.ca/en/6_2.asp |archive-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=live }} To the north of the city is [[Montréal-Mirabel International Airport|Montreal Mirabel International Airport]] in [[Mirabel, Quebec|Mirabel]], which was envisioned as Montreal's primary airport but which now serves cargo flights along with [[MEDEVAC]]s and [[general aviation]] and some passenger services.{{cite web |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1099074224073_94483424/?hub=CTVNewsAt11 |title=Mirabel airport bids final passengers farewell |publisher=CTV.ca |date=November 1, 2004 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202011736/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1099074224073_94483424/?hub=CTVNewsAt11 |archive-date=December 2, 2009 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |last=Gazette |first=The |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=d84a7648-6515-4b48-ae49-357a337229da |title=It's liftoff for AirMédic ambulance |publisher=Canada.com |date=August 30, 2007 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140157/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=d84a7648-6515-4b48-ae49-357a337229da |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |author=La Presse |url=http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/article/20070514/LAINFORMER/705140647 |title=Mirabel redécolle |publisher=Lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca |date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930095910/http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/article/20070514/LAINFORMER/705140647 |archive-date=September 30, 2008 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.helibellule.ca/en/flotte.php?laSection=3&intro=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129235051/http://www.helibellule.ca/en/flotte.php?laSection=3&intro=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 29, 2007 |title=Hélibellule fleet |publisher=Helibellule.ca |access-date=September 1, 2009 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.linfonet.com/articles/nordinfo/070908/art14/index.html|title=Hélibellule fait revivre le transport des passagers à Mirabel|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315072339/http://www.linfonet.com/articles/nordinfo/070908/art14/index.html|archive-date=March 15, 2008|author=LeClerc, Martin|date=September 8, 2007|publisher=TC Media}} In 2018, Trudeau was the [[List of the busiest airports in Canada|third busiest airport in Canada]] by passenger traffic and aircraft movements, handling 19.42 million passengers,{{cite web |url=https://www.admtl.com/sites/default/files/2018/ADM_Statsdet_2018_EN.pdf |title=Aéroports de Montréal Passenger Statistics |publisher=Admtl.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623061915/https://www.admtl.com/sites/default/files/2018/ADM_Statsdet_2018_EN.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/pol/en/report/TP577/pdf/TP577_06.pdf |title=Transport Canada TP 577 – Aircraft Movement Statistics Annual Report 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304224436/http://www.tc.gc.ca/pol/en/report/TP577/pdf/TP577_06.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2009|publisher=Aviation Statistics Centre – Statistics Canada}} and 240,159 aircraft movements.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-209-x/2015001/t002-eng.htm|title=Aircraft Movement Statistics|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=August 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725205307/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-209-x/2015001/t002-eng.htm|archive-date=July 25, 2015|url-status=live}} With 63% of its passengers being on non-domestic flights it has the largest percentage of international flights of any Canadian airport.{{cite web|url=http://www.admtl.com/a_propos/salle_de_presse/statistics.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804235757/http://www.admtl.com/a_propos/salle_de_presse/statistics.aspx|archive-date=August 4, 2008 |title=Aéroports de Montréal Passenger Statistics |publisher=Admtl.com |access-date=September 1, 2009}} [870] => [871] => It is one of Air Canada's major [[airline hub|hubs]] and operates on average approximately 2,400 flights per week between Montreal and 155 destinations, spread on five [[continents]]. [872] => [873] => Airlines servicing Trudeau offer year-round [[non-stop flight]]s to five continents, namely Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America.{{cite web|url=http://www.admtl.com/en/flights/direct-destination/international|title=International destinations: Direct flights – Aéroports de Montréal|work=ADM|access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618064521/http://www.admtl.com/en/flights/direct-destination/international|archive-date=June 18, 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.admtl.com/en/flights/direct-flights/united-states|title=U.S. destinations: Direct flights – Aéroports de Montréal|work=ADM|access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622111426/http://www.admtl.com/en/flights/direct-flights/united-states|archive-date=June 22, 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.admtl.com/en/flights/direct-flights/canada|title=Canadian destinations: Direct flights – Aéroports de Montréal|work=ADM|access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618064443/http://www.admtl.com/en/flights/direct-flights/canada|archive-date=June 18, 2015|url-status=live}} It is one of only two airports in Canada with direct flights to five continents or more. [874] => [875] => === Rail === [876] => Montreal-based Via Rail Canada provides rail service to other cities in Canada, particularly to Quebec City and Toronto along the [[Quebec City – Windsor Corridor]]. [[Amtrak]], the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates its ''[[Adirondack (Amtrak)|Adirondack]]'' daily to New York. All intercity trains and most [[commuter train]]s operate out of [[Central Station (Montreal)|Central Station]]. [877] => [[File:Gare centrale de Montreal - 011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Central Station (Montreal)|Central Station]] is a major [[inter-city rail|inter-city]] and [[commuter rail]] hub for the city.]] [878] => Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was founded here in 1881.{{cite web|url=http://www8.cpr.ca/cms/English/General+Public/Heritage/History/A+Brief+History.htm|title=A Brief History|work=General Public|publisher=[[Canadian Pacific Railway]]|access-date=September 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907065510/http://www8.cpr.ca/cms/English/General+Public/Heritage/History/A+Brief+History.htm|archive-date=September 7, 2009|url-status=live}} Its corporate headquarters occupied [[Windsor Station (Montreal)|Windsor Station]] at 910 [[Peel Street, Montreal|Peel Street]] until 1995, when it moved to [[Calgary]], Alberta. With the Port of Montreal kept open year-round by icebreakers, lines to Eastern Canada became surplus, and now Montreal is the eastern and intermodal freight terminus of CPR's successor company, [[Canadian Pacific Kansas City]] (CPKC).{{cite web|url=http://www8.cpr.ca/cms/nr/cprinternet/facilitiesmap/index2.htm|title=Where We Ship|work=Customers|publisher=[[Canadian Pacific Railway]]|access-date=August 2, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916171451/http://www8.cpr.ca/cms/nr/cprinternet/facilitiesmap/index2.htm|archive-date=September 16, 2008}} CPKC connects at Montreal with the Port of Montreal, the [[Delaware and Hudson Railway]] to New York, the [[Quebec Gatineau Railway]] to Quebec City and [[Buckingham, Quebec|Buckingham]], the [[Central Maine and Quebec Railway]] to Halifax, and [[Canadian National Railway]] (CN). The CPR's flagship train, ''[[The Canadian]]'', ran daily from Windsor Station to [[Vancouver]], but in 1978 all passenger services were transferred to Via. Since 1990, ''The Canadian'' has terminated in Toronto instead of in Montreal. [879] => [880] => Montreal-based CN was formed in 1919 by the Canadian government following a series of country-wide rail bankruptcies. It was formed from the [[Grand Trunk Railway|Grand Trunk]], Midland and [[Canadian Northern Railway]]s, and has risen to become CPR's chief rival in freight carriage in Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.cn.ca/companyinfo/history/en_AboutBirthofCanadianNational19161923.htm|title=Birth of Canadian National 1916–1923|work=Canadian National History|publisher=[[Canadian National Railway]]|access-date=August 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213653/http://www.cn.ca/companyinfo/history/en_AboutBirthofCanadianNational19161923.htm|archive-date=January 5, 2009|url-status=live}} Like the CPR, CN divested itself of passenger services in favour of Via.{{cite web|url=http://www.cn.ca/companyinfo/history/en_AboutProfitsandpassengers19601979.htm|title=Profits and Passengers – 1960–1979|work=Canadian National History|publisher=[[Canadian National Railway]]|access-date=August 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105173901/http://www.cn.ca/companyinfo/history/en_AboutProfitsandpassengers19601979.htm|archive-date=January 5, 2009|url-status=live}} CN's flagship train, the ''[[Super Continental]]'', ran daily from Central Station to Vancouver and subsequently became a Via train in 1978. It was eliminated in 1990 in favour of rerouting ''The Canadian''. [881] => [882] => The commuter rail system is managed and operated by [[Exo (public transit)|Exo]], and reaches the outlying areas of Greater Montreal with six lines. It carried an average of 79,000 daily passengers in 2014, making it the seventh busiest in North America following New York, Chicago, Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia, and Mexico City.{{cite web|url=http://www.emta.com/article.php3?id_article=620|title=Montréal Public Transport System|date=February 2008|publisher=European Metropolitan Transport Authorities|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182052/http://www.emta.com/article.php3?id_article=620|archive-date=May 11, 2011|url-status=live}} [883] => [884] => On April 22, 2016, the forthcoming automated [[rapid transit]] system, the [[Réseau express métropolitain]] (REM), was unveiled. Groundbreaking occurred April 12, 2018, and construction of the {{Convert|67|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} network{{snd}}consisting of three branches, 26 stations, and the conversion of the region's busiest commuter railway{{snd}}commenced the following month. To be opened in three phases as of 2022, the REM will be completed by mid-2024, becoming the fourth largest automated rapid transit network after the [[Dubai Metro]], the [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Singapore Mass Rapid Transit]], and the [[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|Vancouver SkyTrain]]. Most of it will be financed by pension fund manager Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ Infra).{{cite web|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/public-transit-update-for-montreals-west-island-south-shore|title=Electric light-rail train network to span Montreal by 2020|date=April 23, 2016|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123224452/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/public-transit-update-for-montreals-west-island-south-shore|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}} [885] => [886] => === Bike Share Program === [887] => {{Main|BIXI Montréal|PBSC Urban Solutions}} [888] => The city of Montreal is world-renowned for being in the top 20 most cyclist-friendly cities around the globe.{{cite web|last=cyclingmag|date=November 9, 2011|title=Montreal In Top 20 Bicycle-Friendly Cities|url=https://cyclingmagazine.ca/sections/news/montreal-in-top-20-bicycle-friendly-cities/|access-date=September 9, 2021|website=Canadian Cycling Magazine|language=en-US|archive-date=September 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909205842/https://cyclingmagazine.ca/sections/news/montreal-in-top-20-bicycle-friendly-cities/|url-status=live}} It follows that they have one of the world's most successful bike share systems in [[BIXI Montréal|BIXI.]] First launched in 2009{{cite web|title=Montréal Bike Share Program|url=https://www.pbsc.com/cities/montreal-bike-share|access-date=September 9, 2021|website=PBSC Urban Solutions|language=en|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827190759/https://www.pbsc.com/cities/montreal-bike-share|url-status=live}} with Montreal-based PBSC Urban Solutions ICONIC bikes, the bicycle-sharing scheme has since grown its fleet to include 750 docking and charging stations across the different neighbourhoods with 9000 bikes available for users.{{cite press release|last=Solutions|first=PBSC Urban|date=September 8, 2021|title=PBSC Electrifies Transportation Globally with E-Bike Share Schemes in 15+ Cities|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/09/08/2293414/0/en/PBSC-Electrifies-Transportation-Globally-with-E-Bike-Share-Schemes-in-15-Cities.html|access-date=September 9, 2021|website=GlobeNewswire News Room|language=en|archive-date=September 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909205842/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/09/08/2293414/0/en/PBSC-Electrifies-Transportation-Globally-with-E-Bike-Share-Schemes-in-15-Cities.html|url-status=live}} In what the [[Société de transport de Montréal|STM]] states is a mission to combine different forms of mobility, transit card holders can now take advantage of their membership to also rent bicycles at select stations. [889] => [890] => == Notable people == [891] => {{Main|List of people from Montreal}} [892] => [893] => == International relations == [894] => === Sister cities === [895] => {{Colbegin|colwidth=20em}} [896] => * {{flagdeco|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algeria – 1999{{cite web |url = http://www11.ville.montreal.qc.ca/sherlock2/servlet/template/sherlock%2CAfficherDocumentInternet.vm/nodocument/20146;jsessionid=24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F |publisher=Ville de Montréal |title=Déclaration d'intention d'amitié et de coopération entre les Villes de Montréal et le Gouvernorat du Grand Alger (mars 1999) |access-date=July 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223231510/http://www11.ville.montreal.qc.ca/sherlock2/servlet/template/sherlock%2CAfficherDocumentInternet.vm/nodocument/20146%3Bjsessionid%3D24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F |archive-date=February 23, 2009 }} [897] => * {{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Brussels]], Belgium{{cite web | url =http://www.mliesl.com/edit/files/community_profiles/qc_-_montreal_centre-mli.pdf | title =Discover Montreal | date =2007 | website =www.mliesl.com | publisher =Muskoka Language International | access-date =March 26, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054610/http://www.mliesl.com/edit/files/community_profiles/qc_-_montreal_centre-mli.pdf | archive-date =March 4, 2016 | url-status=live }} [898] => * {{flagdeco|ROM}} [[Bucharest]], Romania{{cite web |url=http://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |title=Cu cine este înfrățit Bucureștiul? |work=[[Adevărul]] |date=February 21, 2011 |language=ro |access-date=November 18, 2019 |archive-date=November 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118035638/https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |url-status=live }} [899] => * {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Busan]], South Korea – 2000{{cite web|last1=Reid|first1=Evelyn|title=Sister Cities International: Montreal's Sister Cities|url=http://montreal.about.com/od/historypeopleplaces/ss/sister_cities_international_montreal_jumelage_villes.htm#step8|website=Montreal About|publisher=About Travel|access-date=March 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705125039/http://montreal.about.com/od/historypeopleplaces/ss/sister_cities_international_montreal_jumelage_villes.htm#step8|archive-date=July 5, 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url = http://english.bsdonggu.go.kr/open_content/community/sub01.php?mode=view&idx=46833&page=10&searchstring=&search= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521204200/http://english.bsdonggu.go.kr/open_content/community/sub01.php?mode=view&idx=46833&page=10&searchstring=&search= |archive-date=May 21, 2008 |title=Busan News-Efforts increased for market exploration in N. America |author=Dynaic Busan|date=June 4, 2007 |work=Community > Notice |publisher=Busan Dong-Gu District Office |access-date=June 25, 2008}} [900] => * {{flagdeco|USA}} [[Boston]], United States – 1995 [901] => * {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Guadalajara]], Mexico – 2004 [902] => * {{flagdeco|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]], Vietnam – 1997{{cite web |url=http://www11.ville.montreal.qc.ca/sherlock2/servlet/template/sherlock%2CAfficherDocumentInternet.vm/nodocument/20146;jsessionid=24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F |title=Liste – Protocoles et Ententes Internationales Impliquant La Ville de Montréal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223231510/http://www11.ville.montreal.qc.ca/sherlock2/servlet/template/sherlock%2CAfficherDocumentInternet.vm/nodocument/20146%3Bjsessionid%3D24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F |archive-date=February 23, 2009 }} [903] => * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan – 1998{{cite web |url = http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/shimin/kokusai/shimai/montreal-e.html |title=Sister City: The City of Montreal |author=Citizens' Affairs Bureau |year=2001 |work=International Relations Division, International Peace Promotion Department |publisher=The City of Hiroshima |access-date=June 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227023556/http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/shimin/kokusai/shimai/montreal-e.html |archive-date=December 27, 2008 }} [904] => * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Lyon]], France – 1979{{cite web |url = http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 |title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon'' |publisher=2008 Mairie de Lyon |access-date=October 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 |archive-date=July 19, 2009}} [905] => * {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Manila]], Philippines – 2005{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=23170 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lnDvv2sF?url=http://www.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=23170 |archive-date=December 5, 2009 |title=Manila-Montreal Sister City Agreement Holds Potential for Better Cooperation |author=Foreign Relations |date=June 24, 2005 |publisher=The Republic of the Philippines |access-date=October 2, 2009 |url-status=dead }} [906] => * {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia – 2007 [907] => * {{flagdeco|Haiti}} [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti – 1995 [908] => * {{flagdeco|Ecuador}} [[Quito]], Ecuador – 1997 [909] => * {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil – 1998 [910] => * {{flagdeco|El Salvador}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador – 2001 [911] => * {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Shanghai]], China – 1985{{cite web |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/hssl/collections/special/shanghai/ |title=Window of Shanghai |year=2008 |work=Humanities and Social Sciences Library |publisher=McGill University |access-date=June 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522121513/http://www.mcgill.ca/hssl/collections/special/shanghai/|url-status=dead |archive-date=May 22, 2008}} [912] => * {{flagdeco|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisia – 1999 [913] => * {{flagdeco|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia – 1998{{cite web |url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ |title=Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities |access-date=November 4, 2013 |work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website |year=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125955/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |url-status=live }} [914] => {{Colend}} [915] => [916] => === Friendship cities === [917] => * [[Paris]], France – 2006{{cite web |url = http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |author = Mairie de Paris |title = Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |access-date = October 14, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |archive-date = October 11, 2007 |url-status = dead }} [918] => [919] => == See also == [920] => * [[List of anglophone communities in Quebec]] [921] => * [[List of mayors of Montreal]] [922] => * [[List of Montreal music venues]] [923] => * [[List of shopping malls in Montreal]] [924] => * [[List of tallest buildings in Montreal]] [925] => * [[Montreal International Games Summit]] [926] => * [[Order of Montreal]] [927] => * [[Royal eponyms in Canada]] [928] => [929] => == Notes == [930] => {{NoteFoot}} [931] => {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} [932] => [933] => == References == [934] => {{Reflist [935] => |refs = [936] => [937] => {{SCref |unit = popc |code = 0547}} [938] => {{SCref |unit = cma |code = 462}} [939] => {{SCref |year = 2016 |unit = cd |code = 2466}} [940] => [941] => {{SCref |year = 2016 |unit = cmaca |code = 462}} [942] => {{mamrot |type = municipalite |66023}} [943] => [944] => }} [945] => [946] => == Further reading == [947] => {{refbegin}} [948] => * Collard, Edgar A. (1976). ''Montréal: The Days That Are No More'', in series, Totem Book[s]. This ed. slightly edited [anew]. Toronto, Ont.: Doubleday Canada, [1978], cop. 1976. x, 140, [4] p., ill. in b&w with maps and numerous sketches. {{ISBN|0-00-216686-0}}. [949] => * Gagnon, Robert (1996). ''Anglophones at the C.E.C.M.: a Reflection of the Linguistic Duality of Montréal''. Trans. by Peter Keating. Montréal: Commission des écoles catholiques de Montréal. 124 p., ill. with b&w photos. {{ISBN|2-920855-98-0}}. [950] => * {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpxmNNnjBQoC&pg=PP1 |title=Montréal |last2=Lyon |first2=Patricia |publisher=Fodor's |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4000-1315-9 |access-date=December 28, 2021 |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018183728/https://books.google.com/books?id=bpxmNNnjBQoC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} [951] => * Heritage Montréal (1992). ''Steps in Time = Patrimoine en marche''. Montréal: Québécor. 4 vol. of 20, 20 p. each. Text printed "tête-bêche" in English and in French. On title covers: "Montréal, fête, 350 ans". [952] => * {{cite book|url =https://archive.org/details/montrealinevolut00jean|url-access =registration|title =Montreal in evolution|last =Marsan|first =Jean-Claude|publisher =McGill-Queen's University Press|year =1990|isbn =978-0-7735-0798-2}} [953] => * Tomàs, Mariona. "Exploring the metropolitan trap: the case of Montreal." ''International Journal of Urban and Regional Research'' (2012) 36#3 pp: 554–567. {{doi|10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01066.x}}. [954] => * {{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census/index.cfm|title=2006 Census of Canada|year=2008|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=May 28, 2008|archive-date=October 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010164347/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census/index.cfm|url-status=dead}} [955] => * {{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=2466&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title=Montreal|year=2008|publisher=Statistics Canada|work=2006 Census of Canada: Community Profiles|access-date=May 28, 2008|archive-date=December 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202162740/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=2466&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|url-status=dead}} [956] => * Natural Resources Canada (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080531042123/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/montreal_e.php Canadian Geographical Names: Island of Montreal]. Retrieved August 29, 2005. [957] => * Michael Sletcher, "Montréal", in James Ciment, ed., ''Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History'' (5 vols., N.Y., 2005). [958] => {{refend}} [959] => [960] => == External links == [961] => {{Sister project links|voy=Montreal}} [962] => {{Spoken Wikipedia|Montreal.ogg|date=April 26, 2005}} [963] => * {{Official website|https://montreal.ca/}} [964] => [965] => {{Administrative divisions of Quebec|regions=yes|cities=yes|counties=yes|region=06}} [966] => {{Montreal}} [967] => {{Geographic location [968] => |North=''[[Rivière des Prairies]]'', [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]] [969] => |West=[[West Island]] [970] => |Center=Montreal [971] => |East=''[[Saint Lawrence River]]'', [[Boucherville]], [[Varennes, Quebec|Varennes]] [972] => |South=''[[Saint Lawrence River]]'', [[Saint-Lambert, Quebec|Saint-Lambert]], [[Brossard]] [973] => |Northwest=''[[Rivière des Prairies]]'', [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]] [974] => |Northeast=''[[Rivière des Prairies]]'', [[Repentigny, Quebec|Repentigny]] [975] => |Southwest=''[[Saint Lawrence River]]'', [[La Prairie, Quebec|La Prairie]], [[Candiac, Quebec|Candiac]] [976] => |Southeast=''[[Saint Lawrence River]]'', [[Longueuil]] [977] => }} [978] => {{Montreal landmarks}} [979] => {{Navboxes|list = [980] => {{Streets in Montreal}} [981] => {{MontrealNeighbourhoods}} [982] => {{Greater Montreal}} [983] => {{Subdivisions of Quebec|cities=yes|region=Montreal}} [984] => {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} [985] => {{World Book Capital}} [986] => {{Montreal tallest buildings}} [987] => {{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}}} [988] => {{Authority control}} [989] => [990] => [991] => [[Category:Montreal| ]] [992] => [[Category:Cities and towns in Quebec]] [993] => [[Category:1832 establishments in Canada]] [994] => [[Category:Former colonial capitals in Canada]] [995] => [[Category:Catholic missions of New France]] [996] => [[Category:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts]] [997] => [[Category:Populated places established in 1642]] [998] => [[Category:Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River]] [999] => [[Category:Port settlements in Quebec]] [1000] => [[Category:Island of Montreal municipalities]] [] => )
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Montreal

Montreal is a city located in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is the largest city in Quebec and the second-largest in Canada.

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About

It is the largest city in Quebec and the second-largest in Canada. Known for its rich history, vibrant arts scene, and diverse culture, Montreal is often considered one of the most livable cities in the world. Originally inhabited by Indigenous peoples, the area was settled by French colonists in the 17th century and named Ville-Marie. It later became a prominent fur trading center and grew into a bustling city. In the 19th century, Montreal experienced significant industrialization and urbanization, becoming a major hub for manufacturing and commerce. Today, Montreal is renowned for its stunning architecture, with a unique blend of old and new. The historic district of Old Montreal features cobblestone streets, charming buildings, and prominent landmarks such as Notre-Dame Basilica. The city also boasts a world-class culinary scene, with a wide variety of restaurants serving diverse cuisines. Montreal is host to numerous cultural events and festivals throughout the year, including the Montreal International Jazz Festival, Just for Laughs comedy festival, and the International Fireworks Competition. The city is home to several renowned museums, such as the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and the McCord Museum, showcasing art, history, and culture. As a bilingual city, Montreal is known for its vibrant English and French-speaking communities. It is also a major center for higher education, with prestigious universities such as McGill University and Université de Montréal attracting students from around the world. Montreal's economy is diverse and spans various sectors, including aerospace, technology, finance, and entertainment. The city is also a prominent center for the video game industry in North America. With its unique blend of history, culture, and modernity, Montreal continues to attract tourists, immigrants, and students from around the world. Its welcoming atmosphere, stunning landscapes, and vibrant city life make it a destination of choice for many.

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