Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Chemical compound}} [1] => {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}} [2] => {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} [3] => {{Infobox drug [4] => | drug_name = [5] => | INN = [6] => | type = [7] => | IUPAC_name = 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol [8] => | image = Pyridoxin.svg [9] => | width = [10] => | alt = [11] => | image2 = Pyridoxine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png [12] => | width2 = [13] => | alt2 = [14] => | caption = Pyridoxine [15] => [16] => [17] => | pronounce = [18] => | tradename = [19] => | Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|pyridoxine-hydrochloride}} [20] => | MedlinePlus = [21] => | licence_EU = [22] => | licence_US = [23] => | DailyMedID = Pyridoxine [24] => | pregnancy_AU = [25] => | pregnancy_AU_comment = Exempt{{cite web | title=Pyridoxine Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=27 April 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/pyridoxine.html | access-date=6 May 2020 | archive-date=4 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204075134/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/pyridoxine.html | url-status=live }} [26] => | pregnancy_category= [27] => | dependency_liability = [28] => | addiction_liability = [29] => | routes_of_administration = By mouth, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous [30] => | class = [31] => | ATCvet = [32] => | ATC_prefix = A11 [33] => | ATC_suffix = HA02 [34] => | ATC_supplemental = [35] => [36] => | legal_AU = [37] => | legal_AU_comment = [38] => | legal_CA = [39] => | legal_CA_comment = [40] => | legal_DE = [41] => | legal_DE_comment = [42] => | legal_NZ = [43] => | legal_NZ_comment = [44] => | legal_UK = P [45] => | legal_UK_comment = {{cite web | title=Pyridoxine 50mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=27 April 2015 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/28135/SPC/Pyridoxine+50mg+Tablets/ | access-date=6 May 2020 | archive-date=12 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012075900/http://medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/28135/SPC/Pyridoxine+50mg+Tablets/ | url-status=live }} [46] => | legal_US = OTC [47] => | legal_US_comment = / Rx-only [48] => | legal_UN = [49] => | legal_UN_comment = [50] => | legal_status = [51] => [52] => [53] => | bioavailability = [54] => | protein_bound = [55] => | metabolism = [56] => | metabolites = [57] => | onset = [58] => | elimination_half-life = several weeks (see [[#Metabolism]] for details) [59] => | duration_of_action = [60] => | excretion = [61] => [62] => [63] => | CAS_number = 65-23-6 [64] => | CAS_supplemental = [65] => | PubChem = 1054 [66] => | PubChemSubstance = [67] => | IUPHAR_ligand = [68] => | DrugBank = DB00165 [69] => | ChemSpiderID = 1025 [70] => | UNII = KV2JZ1BI6Z [71] => | KEGG = D08454 [72] => | ChEBI = 16709 [73] => | ChEMBL = 1364 [74] => | NIAID_ChemDB = [75] => | synonyms = vitamin B6, pyridoxol{{cite book| vauthors = Dryhurst G | chapter = Electrochemistry of Biologically Important Pyridines |title=Electrochemistry of Biological Molecules |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-14452-0 |page=562 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2FCSE3TGlgC&pg=PA562 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160436/https://books.google.ca/books?id=N2FCSE3TGlgC&pg=PA562 |archive-date=30 December 2016}} pyridoxine hydrochloride [76] => [77] => | chemical_formula = [78] => | C=8 | H=11 | N=1 | O=3 [79] => | charge= [80] => | molecular_weight = [81] => | SMILES = OCc1cnc(C)c(O)c1CO [82] => | Jmol = [83] => | StdInChI = 1S/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3 [84] => | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} [85] => | StdInChIKey = LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [86] => | density = [87] => | density_notes = [88] => | melting_point = 159 to 162 [89] => | melting_high = [90] => | melting_notes = [91] => | boiling_point = [92] => | boiling_notes = [93] => | solubility = [94] => | specific_rotation = [95] => }} [96] => [97] => [98] => '''Pyridoxine''', is a form of [[vitamin B6|vitamin B6]] found commonly in food and used as a [[dietary supplement]]. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent [[pyridoxine deficiency]], [[sideroblastic anaemia]], [[pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy]], certain [[metabolic disorders]], side effects or complications of [[isoniazid]] use, and certain types of [[mushroom poisoning]]. It is used by mouth or by injection. [99] => [100] => [101] => It is usually well tolerated. Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness. Normal doses are safe during [[pregnancy]] and [[breastfeeding]]. Pyridoxine is in the [[vitamin B]] family of vitamins. It is required by the body to metabolise [[amino acids]], [[carbohydrates]], and [[lipids]].{{cite web|title=Pyridoxine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pyridoxine-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161645/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pyridoxine-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=30 December 2016}} Sources in the diet include [[fruit]], [[vegetables]], and [[food grain|grain]].{{cite web|title=Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B6|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/|website=ods.od.nih.gov|access-date=30 December 2016|date=11 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212235920/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/|archive-date=12 December 2016}} [102] => [103] => ==Medical uses== [104] => As a treatment (oral or injection), it is used to treat or prevent [[pyridoxine deficiency]], [[sideroblastic anaemia]], [[pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy]], certain [[metabolic disorders]], side effects of [[isoniazid]] treatment and certain types of [[mushroom poisoning]]. Isoniazid is an [[antibiotic]] used for the treatment of [[tuberculosis]]. Common side effect include [[peripheral neuropathy|numbness in the hands and feet]].{{cite web|title=Isoniazid|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isoniazid.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231039/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isoniazid.html|url-status=live}} Co-treatment with vitamin B6 alleviates the numbness.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lheureux P, Penaloza A, Gris M | title = Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review | journal = European Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 78–85 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15756083 | doi = 10.1097/00063110-200504000-00007 | s2cid = 39197646 }} Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a type of rare infant epilepsy that does not improve with typical anti-seizure medications.{{cite journal | vauthors = Abend NS, Loddenkemper T | title = Management of pediatric status epilepticus | journal = Current Treatment Options in Neurology | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 301 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24909106 | pmc = 4110742 | doi = 10.1007/s11940-014-0301-x }} [105] => [106] => Pyridoxine in combination with [[doxylamine]] is used as a treatment for [[morning sickness]] in pregnant women.{{cite journal | vauthors = Anh NH, Kim SJ, Long NP, Min JE, Yoon YC, Lee EG, Kim M, Kim TJ, Yang YY, Son EY, Yoon SJ, Diem NC, Kim HM, Kwon SW | title = Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = Nutrients | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 157 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31935866 | pmc = 7019938 | doi = 10.3390/nu12010157 | doi-access = free }} [107] => [108] => ==Side effects== [109] => It is usually well tolerated, though overdose toxicity is possible. Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness. Pyridoxine overdose can cause a [[peripheral sensory neuropathy]] characterized by poor coordination, numbness, and decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration.{{Cite web|title=Pyridoxine deficiency and toxicity|work=MedLink Neurology|url=https://www.medlink.com/article/pyridoxine_deficiency_and_toxicity|access-date=14 December 2020|publisher=www.medlink.com|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719043247/https://www.medlink.com/article/pyridoxine_deficiency_and_toxicity|url-status=live}} Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1–21.7 ng/mL. Normal doses are safe during [[pregnancy]] and [[breastfeeding]]. [110] => [111] => ==Mechanism== [112] => Pyridoxine is in the [[vitamin B]] family of vitamins. It is required by the body to make [[amino acids]], [[carbohydrates]], and [[lipids]]. Sources in the diet include [[fruit]], [[vegetables]], and [[food grain|grain]]. [113] => It is also required for muscle phosphorylase activity associated with glycogen metabolism. [114] => [115] => ==Metabolism== [116] => The half-life of pyridoxine varies according to different sources: one source suggests that the half-life of ''pyridoxine'' is up to 20 days,{{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_174-1|quote=The half-life of pyridoxine is up to 20 days. |chapter=Pyridoxine |title=Critical Care Toxicology |date=2016 |last1=Kennedy |first1=Ashleigh |last2=Schaeffer |first2=Tammi |pages=1–4 |isbn=978-3-319-20790-2 }} while another source indicates half-life of ''vitamin B6'' is in range of 25 to 33 days.{{cite book |title=Assessment of vitamin B6 intake in relation to tolerable upper intake levels. Opinion of the Panel on Nutrition, Dietetic Products, Novel Food and Allergy of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety |isbn=978-82-8259-260-4 |location=Oslo, Norway |url=https://vkm.no/download/18.645b840415d03a2fe8f2653d/1499330353450/087ba2170f.pdf |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117011203/https://vkm.no/download/18.645b840415d03a2fe8f2653d/1499330353450/087ba2170f.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2019 | quote=Eighty to ninety percent of vitamin B6 in the body is found in muscles and estimated body stores in adults amount to about 170 mg with a half-life of 25-33 days.}} After considering the different sources, it can be concluded that the half-life of pyridoxine is typically measured in several weeks. [117] => [118] => ==History== [119] => Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.{{cite book|vauthors=Squires VR|title=The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV|date=2011|publisher=EOLSS Publications|isbn=978-1-84826-195-2|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJWoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|language=en|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111085247/https://books.google.com/books?id=VJWoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}{{cite book|vauthors=Harris H|title=Advances in Human Genetics 6|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-8264-9|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ0KCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114034224/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ0KCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|url-status=live}} It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }} Pyridoxine is available both as a [[generic medication]] and [[over the counter]] product. Foods, such as [[breakfast cereal]] have pyridoxine added in some countries. [120] => [121] => == References == [122] => {{Reflist}} [123] => [124] => == External links == [125] => * {{Commons category-inline}} [126] => * {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/pyridoxine | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Pyridoxine }} [127] => * [http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/73e34958-2680-41b1-a8d7-40e1650703bc.aspx Pyridoxine mass spectrum] [128] => [129] => {{Vitamin}} [130] => {{Portal bar|Medicine}} [131] => {{Authority control}} [132] => [133] => [[Category:B vitamins]] [134] => [[Category:Hydroxypyridines]] [135] => [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [136] => [[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]] [137] => [[Category:Cofactors]] [138] => [[Category:Primary alcohols]] [139] => [[Category:Triols]] [140] => [141] => [[pt:Piridoxina]] [] => )
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Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It is a water-soluble vitamin that cannot be synthesized by the body, thus it must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements.

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It is a water-soluble vitamin that cannot be synthesized by the body, thus it must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements. Pyridoxine is involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, as well as the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. It also plays a role in the production of red blood cells, immune function, and the maintenance of a healthy nervous system. Deficiency in pyridoxine can lead to a range of health issues, including anemia, skin disorders, and neurological problems. Conversely, excessive intake of pyridoxine can result in toxicity, which may cause neurological symptoms. Pyridoxine is found in various foods, including fish, poultry, nuts, beans, and fortified cereals. It is widely used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat deficiencies, as well as for its potential therapeutic benefits in conditions such as premenstrual syndrome, morning sickness, and autism.

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