Array ( [0] => {{short description|Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants}} [1] => {{About||the mechanical device used to assist breathing|Ventilator|the mask worn during surgery|Surgical mask}} [2] => {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} [3] => [[File:3M 8210.png|thumb|White, disposable Standard [[N95 respirator|N95]] filtering facepiece respirator]] [4] => [[File:Air-Purifying Respirator.jpg|thumb|A half-face [[elastomeric respirator|elastomeric air-purifying respirator]]. This kind of respirator is reusable, with the filters being replaced periodically.]] [5] => [[File:Influenza virus research.jpg|thumb|Lab worker wearing a powered air-purifying respirator]] [6] => A '''respirator''' is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres including [[wikt:fumes|fumes]], [[vapor|vapours]], [[gases]] and [[particulate matter]] such as dusts and airborne pathogens such as [[viruses]]. There are two main categories of respirators: the ''air-purifying respirator'', in which respirable air is obtained by filtering a contaminated atmosphere, and the ''air-supplied respirator'', in which an alternate supply of breathable air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contaminants. [7] => [8] => Air-purifying respirators range from relatively inexpensive, single-use, disposable face masks sometimes referred to as a [[filtering facepiece respirator]] to a more robust reusable model with replaceable cartridges called an [[elastomeric respirator]]. [[Powered air-purifying respirator]]s (PAPR), use a pump or fan to constantly move air through a filter and supply purified air into a mask, helmet or hood. [9] => [10] => ==Physical form== [11] => [[File:N95-respirator-protection-types-508.jpg|thumb|400px|Types of respirators by physical form. Click to enlarge.]] [12] => [13] => All respirators have some type of facepiece held to the wearer's head with straps, a cloth harness, or some other method. Facepieces come in many different styles and sizes to accommodate all types of face shapes. The differences in respirator designs impact the [[respirator assigned protection factors]], i.e. the resulting degree of protection from specific kinds of hazards.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [14] => [15] => Respirators can have half-face forms that cover the bottom half of the face including the nose and mouth, and full-face forms that cover the entire face. Half-face respirators are only effective in environments where the contaminants are not toxic to the eyes or facial area. For example, someone who is spray painting could wear a half-face respirator, but someone who works with [[chlorine]] gas would have to wear a full-face respirator.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} [16] => [17] => An [[escape respirator]] may have no component that would normally be described as a mask, and may use a bite-grip mouthpiece and nose clip instead. [18] => [19] => == Use== [20] => A wide range of industries use respirators including healthcare & pharmaceuticals, defense & public safety services (defense, firefighting & law enforcement), oil and gas industries, manufacturing (automotive, chemical, metal fabrication, food and beverage, wood working, paper and pulp), mining, construction, agriculture and forestry, cement production, power generation, painting, shipbuilding, and the textile industry.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osnr0014.txt|title=Respirator use and practices|website=U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics}} [21] => [22] => Respirators require user training in order to provide proper protection. [23] => [24] => === User seal check === [25] => Each time a wearer dons a respirator, they must perform a seal check to be sure that they have an airtight seal to the face so that air does not leak around the edges of the respirator. (PAPR respirators may not require this because they don't necessarily seal to the face.) This check is different than the periodic fit test that is performed by specially trained personnel using testing equipment. Filtering facepiece respirators are typically checked by cupping the hands over the facepiece while exhaling (positive pressure check) or inhaling (negative pressure check) and observing any air leakage around the facepiece. Elastomeric respirators are checked in a similar manner, except the wearer blocks the airways through the inlet valves (negative pressure check) or exhalation valves (positive pressure check) while observing the flexing of the respirator or air leakage. Manufacturers have different methods for performing seal checks and wearers should consult the specific instructions for the model of respirator they are wearing. Some models of respirators or filter cartridges have special buttons or other mechanisms built into them to facilitate seal checks.{{cite web |title=Filtering out Confusion: Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection, User Seal Check (2018) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2018-130/pdfs/2018-130.pdf |website=NIOSH |access-date=8 December 2021}} [26] => [27] => === Fit testing === [28] => {{Main|Respirator fit test}} [29] => Most types of respirators depend upon forming a good seal between the respirator body and the face of the wearer. Fit testing procedures have been developed to ensure that the respirator is appropriate for the wearer and the wearer's donning technique is capable of creating an adequate seal.{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=9780&p_table=STANDARDS|title=29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix A: Fit Testing Procedures (Mandatory)|publisher=United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)}} Poor fit can have a negative impact on the respirator's overall filtering effectiveness by as much as 65%.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleanairresources.com/pollution-mask-calculator|title=Puraka Clean Air Resources for Particulate Pollution & Smoke|website=www.cleanairresources.com|access-date=2019-02-26}} A study on respirator effectiveness conducted in Beijing found that facial fit was the primary contributor to total inward leakage (TIL), based on a test of nine different models.{{Cite journal|last1=Cherrie|first1=John W|last2=Apsley|first2=Andrew|last3=Cowie|first3=Hilary|last4=Steinle|first4=Susanne|last5=Mueller|first5=William|last6=Lin|first6=Chun|last7=Horwell|first7=Claire J|author-link7=Claire Horwell|last8=Sleeuwenhoek|first8=Anne|last9=Loh|first9=Miranda|date=June 2018|title=Effectiveness of face masks used to protect Beijing residents against particulate air pollution|journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine|volume=75|issue=6|pages=446–452|doi=10.1136/oemed-2017-104765|issn=1351-0711|pmc=5969371|pmid=29632130}} Facial hair such as a [[beard]] can interfere with proper fit.{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2017/11/02/noshave/|title=To Beard or not to Beard? That's a good Question! {{!}} {{!}} Blogs {{!}} CDC|date=2 November 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-27}} [30] => [31] => Qualitative fit testing typically subjects the wearer to an atmosphere containing an aerosol that can be detected by the wearer, such as [[saccharin]] or [[isoamyl acetate]], with the wearer reporting whether detectable levels of the aerosol has penetrated into the breathing area. Quantitative fit testing typically uses a specially prepared respirator with an inserted probe. The respirator is donned, and aerosol concentrations inside and outside of the mask are compared and used to determine a numerical fit factor. Typical room atmosphere contains sufficient particulates to perform the test, but aerosol generators can be used to improve the test accuracy.[[File:Protection Factors of filtering facepiece, measured in real time during work.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Respirators testing in the workplaces|Workplace protection factor (PF)]] of filtering facepiece, measured in real time with two optical dust meters. In-facepiece dust concentration is changed dozens of times in a matter of minutes due to changes of the size of the gaps between the mask and face.{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Shu-An, Sergey Grinshpun|year=2005|title=Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a New Personal Sampling System for Assessing the Protection Provided by the N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators against Particles|journal=The Annals of Occupational Hygiene|volume=49|issue=3|pages=245–257|doi=10.1093/annhyg/meh097|issn=0003-4878|pmid=15668259|doi-access=free}}]] [32] => [33] => A U.S. Department of Labor study{{cite book|last1=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/respsurv/pdfs/respsurv2001.pdf|title=Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, 2001|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|location=Morgantown, WV|pages=273|access-date=22 January 2019}} showed that in almost 40 thousand American enterprises, the requirements for the correct use of respirators are not always met. [34] => [35] => Experts note that in practice it is difficult to achieve elimination of occupational morbidity with the help of respirators: [36] => {{blockquote|It is well known how ineffective ... trying to compensate the harmful workplace conditions with ... the use of respirators by employees.{{cite journal|author=Letavet A.A.|author-link=:ru:Летавет, Август Андреевич|date=1973|script-title=ru:Институт гигиены труда и профессиональных заболеваний в составе АМН СССР|trans-title=Research Institute of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases of AMS USSR|url=https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour|journal=Occupational medicine and industrial ecology [Гигиена труда и профессиональные заболевания]|language=ru|pages=1–7|issn=1026-9428|number=9}} [37] => [38] => Unfortunately, the only certain way of reducing the exceedance fraction to zero is to ensure that Co ''(note: Co - concentration of pollutants in the breathing zone)'' never exceeds the PEL value.{{cite journal|author=M. Nicas & R. Spear|date=1992|title=A Probability Model for Assessing Exposure among Respirator Wearers: Part II - Overexposure to Chronic versus Acute Toxicants|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/aiha20/53/7?nav=tocList|journal=American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal|volume=53|pages=419–426|doi=10.1080/15298669291359889|pmid=1496932|access-date=22 January 2018|number=7}} [39] => [40] => The [[Respirators testing in the workplaces|very limited field tests of air-purifying respirator performance in the workplace]] show that respirators may perform far less well under actual use conditions than is indicated by laboratory [[Respirator fit test|fit factors]]. We are not yet able to predict the level of protection accurately; it will vary from person to person, and it may also vary from one use to the next for the same individual. In contrast, [[Hierarchy of hazard controls|we can predict the effectiveness of engineering controls]], and we can monitor their performance with commercially available state-of-the-art devices.{{cite journal|author=Edwin C. Hyatt|date=1984|title=Respirators: How well do they really protect?|url=http://www.isrp.com|journal=Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection|volume=2|pages=6–19|issn=0892-6298|access-date=22 January 2018|number=1}}}} [41] => [42] => === Contrast with surgical mask === [43] => [[File:Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf|alt=A table listing the attributes of surgical masks and N95 respirators in eight categories|thumb|An infographic on the difference between [[surgical mask]]s and [[NIOSH air filtration rating|N95]] respirators|right]] [44] => [45] => A [[surgical mask]] is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the immediate environment. If worn properly, a surgical mask is meant to help block large-particle [[respiratory droplets|droplets]], splashes, sprays, or splatter that may contain viruses and bacteria. Surgical masks may also help reduce exposure from the wearer's saliva and respiratory secretions to others, especially during surgical procedures.{{Cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-and-surgical-masks-face-masks|title=N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)|date=2020-03-11|website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}} {{PD-inline}} [46] => [47] => A surgical mask, by design, does not filter or block very small particles from the outside air that may be transmitted by coughs, sneezes, or certain medical procedures to the wearer. Surgical masks also do not provide complete protection from germs and other contaminants because of the loose fit between the surface of the face mask and the face. [48] => [49] => Collection efficiency of surgical mask filters can range from less than 10% to nearly 90% for different manufacturers' masks when measured using the test parameters for NIOSH certification. However, a study found that even for surgical masks with "good" filters, 80–100% of subjects failed an OSHA-accepted qualitative fit test, and a quantitative test showed 12–25% leakage.{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2009/10/14/n95/|title=N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks|last1=Brosseau|first1=Lisa|last2=Ann|first2=Roland Berry|date=2009-10-14|website=NIOSH Science Blog|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-28}} {{PD-inline}} [50] => [51] => The U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) recommends surgical masks in procedures where there can be an aerosol generation from the wearer, if small aerosols can produce a disease to the patient.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/isolation/index.html|title=Isolation Precautions|date=July 22, 2019|website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=February 9, 2020}} [52] => [53] => ====Surgical N95==== [54] => [[File:3M Surgical N95 Respirator.png|thumb|left|A [[3M]] 1860 surgical [[N95 respirator|N95]], with a non-surgical 3M 8210 in the background]] [55] => Some N95 respirators have also been cleared by the [[U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) and [[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] as ''surgical'' and are labeled "surgical N95", "medical respirators," or "healthcare respirators". These protect the patient and others from the wearer's respiratory emissions (as a surgical mask would) as well as protect the wearer from airborne particulates and aerosols (as a standard N95 respirator). Unlike a standard N95 respirator, FDA-cleared "healthcare respirators" also provide protection from high-pressure streams or jets of bodily fluid, such as blood.{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/respsource3healthcare.html|title=Respirator Trusted-Source Information: Ancillary Respirator Information |date=2018-01-26|website=U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|access-date=12 February 2020}}{{Cite web |url=https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1794572O/surgical-n95-vs-standard-n95-which-to-consider.pdf |title=Surgical N95 vs. Standard N95 – Which to Consider? Technical Bulletin Revision 3 |date=June 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706234836/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1794572O/surgical-n95-vs-standard-n95-which-to-consider.pdf |url-status=dead }} [56] => [57] => The CDC recommends the use of respirators with at least N95 certification to protect the wearer from inhalation of infectious particles including ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', [[avian influenza]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS), [[Influenza pandemic|pandemic influenza]], and [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola]].{{Cite book|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/isolation-guidelines-H.pdf|title=2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings|date=July 2019|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|pages=55–56|access-date=February 9, 2020}} [58] => [59] => === Escape respirators === [60] => [[File:Escape-filter_Fluchtfilter_Dräger-Parat-3200-02.jpg|thumb|A simple [[Dräger (company)|Dräger]] escape respirator. This model has no hood, and instead comes with [[noseclip]]s to ensure the wearer breathes only through the filter.]] [61] => {{See also|Smoke hood}} [62] => Escape respirators or [[smoke hood]]s such as Air-Purifying Escape Respirators are for use by the general public for [[chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear]] (CBRN) terrorism incidents.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) and the [[International Safety Equipment Association]] (ISEA) established the American National Standard for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices to define both test criteria and approval methods for fire/smoke escape hoods. ANSI/ISEA Standard 110 provides design guidance to manufacturers of Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED) in the form of performance requirements and testing procedures. The standard covers certification, ISO registration for the manufacturer, associated test methods, labeling, conditioning requirements, independent process and quality control audits, and follow-up inspection programs.{{cite web|title=International Safety Equipment Association|url=http://safetyequipment.org/c/std110-2009.cfm|publisher=Safetyequipment.org|access-date=18 April 2010}} [63] => [64] => ANSI/ISEA 110 was prepared by members of the ISEA RPED group, in consultation with testing laboratories and was reviewed by a consensus panel representing users, health and safety professionals and government representatives.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission uses ANSI/ISEA 110 as the benchmark in their testing of fire escape masks.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [65] => [66] => == Air-purifying respirators == [67] => Air-purifying respirators are respirators that draw in the surrounding air and purify it before it is breathed (unlike air-supplying respirators, which are sealed systems, with no air intake, like those used underwater). Air-purifying respirators are used against particulates, gases, and vapors that are at atmospheric concentrations less than immediately dangerous to life and health. They may be [[Pressure#Negative pressures|negative-pressure]] respirators driven by the wearer's inhalation and exhalation, or [[positive pressure|positive-pressure]] units such as [[powered air-purifying respirator]]s (PAPRs). [68] => [69] => Air-purifying respirators may use one or both of two kinds of filtration: mechanical filters retain particulate matter, while chemical cartridges remove gases, [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs), and other vapors. Additionally, air-purifying respirators may come in many forms: filtering facepiece respirators consist solely of a disposable mechanical filter; elastomeric respirators are reusable but have replaceable filters attached to the mask; and powered air-purifying respirators have a battery-powered blower that moves the airflow through the filters. [70] => [71] => According to the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, air-purifying respirators are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates or gases that are greater than the relevant [[occupational exposure limit]] but less than the [[immediately dangerous to life or health]] level and the manufacturer's maximum use concentration, subject to the respirator having a sufficient [[Respirator assigned protection factors|assigned protection factor]]. For substances hazardous to the eyes, a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood is recommended. Air-purifying respirators are not effective during [[firefighting]], in [[oxygen-deficient atmosphere]], or in an unknown atmosphere; in these situations a [[self-contained breathing apparatus]] is recommended instead.{{Cite journal|title=NIOSH respirator selection logic|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/default.html|last=Bollinger|first=Nancy|date=2004-10-01|website=U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|pages=5–16|language=en-us|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100|access-date=2020-04-20|doi-access=free}} [72] => [73] => === Types of filtration === [74] => [75] => ====Mechanical filter==== [76] => {{Main|Mechanical filter respirator}}[[File:What it Means to be NIOSH-Approved - A look into N95 Certification Testing.webm|thumb|right|300px|A video describing N95 certification testing]]Mechanical filter respirators retain particulate matter such as dust created during [[woodwork]]ing or metal processing, when contaminated air is passed through the filter material. Since the filters cannot be cleaned and reused and have a limited lifespan, cost and disposability are key factors. Single-use, disposable and replaceable cartridge models exist.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [77] => [78] => Mechanical filters remove contaminants from air in several ways: ''interception'' when particles following a line of flow in the airstream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it; ''impaction'', when larger particles unable to follow the curving contours of the airstream are forced to embed in one of the fibers directly; this increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity; by ''diffusion'', where gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter, increasing the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the previous two mechanisms; and by using an [[electrostatic charge]] that attracts and holds particles on the filter surface. [79] => [80] => There are many different filtration standards that vary by jurisdiction. In the [[United States]], the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] defines the categories of particulate filters according to their [[NIOSH air filtration rating]]. The most common of these are the [[N95 respirator]], which filters at least 95% of [[airborne particles]] but is not resistant to [[oil]]. [81] => [82] => Other categories filter 99% or 99.97% of particles, or have varying degrees of resistance to oil.{{cite journal| last1 = Metzler | first1 = R| last2 = Szalajda | first2 = J | title = NIOSH Fact Sheet: NIOSH Approval Labels - Key Information to Protect Yourself | journal = DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-179 | year = 2011 | url =https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-179/pdfs/2011-179.pdf | issn =0343-6993}} [83] => [84] => In the [[European Union]], [[European standard]] EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask, while European standard EN 149 defines classes of "filtering half masks" or "filtering facepieces", usually called [[FFP mask]]s.https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Chemical_and_Hazardous_Substances/Respiratory%20Protective%20Equipment.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}} [85] => [86] => According to [[3M]], the filtering media in respirators made according to the following standards are similar to U.S. N95 or European FFP2 respirators, however, the construction of the respirators themselves, such as providing a proper seal to the face, varies considerably. (For example, US [[NIOSH]]-approved respirators never include earloops because they don't provide enough support to establish a reliable, airtight seal.) Those standards include the Chinese KN95, Australian / New Zealand P2, Korean 1st Class also referred to as KF94, and Japanese DS.{{Cite web|url=https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1791500O/comparison-ffp2-kn95-n95-filtering-facepiece-respirator-classes-tb.pdf|title=Technical Bulletin: Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes|date=January 2020|publisher=3M Personal Safety Division}} [87] => [88] => ====Chemical cartridge==== [89] => [[File:Respirator canister with ESLI for asid gases -1.JPG|thumb|Combined gas and particulate respirator filter, type BKF (БКФ), for protection against acid gases. It has a transparent body and a special sorbent that changes color upon saturation. This color change may be used for timely replacement of respirators' filters (like an [[Cartridges and canisters of air-purifying respirators#End-of-service-life indicators (ESLI)|end-of-service-life indicator, ESLI]]).|alt=]] [90] => {{Main|Respirator cartridge}} [91] => [92] => Chemical cartridge respirators use a cartridge to remove gases, [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs), and other vapors from breathing air by [[adsorption]], [[absorption (chemistry)|absorption]], or [[chemisorption]]. A typical [[organic compound|organic]] vapor respirator cartridge is a metal or plastic case containing from 25 to 40 grams of sorption media such as [[activated charcoal]] or certain [[resin]]s. The service life of the cartridge varies based, among other variables, on the carbon weight and molecular weight of the vapor and the cartridge media, the concentration of vapor in the atmosphere, the relative humidity of the atmosphere, and the breathing rate of the respirator wearer. When filter cartridges become saturated or particulate accumulation within them begins to restrict air flow, they must be changed.[[:File:Methods for the timely replacement of cartridges in respirators.pdf|The document describes the methods used previously and currently used to perform the timely replacement of cartridges in air purifying respirators.]] [93] => [94] => If the concentration of harmful gases is [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life or health]], in workplaces covered by the [[Occupational Safety and Health Act]] the US [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] specifies the use of air-supplied respirators except when intended solely for escape during emergencies.OSHA standard [http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=12716 29 CFR 1910.134] "Respiratory Protection" [[NIOSH]] also discourages their use under such conditions.{{cite book|last=Bollinger|first=Nancy|title=NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/|series=DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-100|year=2004|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|pages=32|display-authors=etal|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100}} [95] => [96] => === Form factors === [97] => [98] => ==== Filtering facepiece ==== [99] => [[File:Atemluftfilter Einwegmaske.jpg|thumb|Filtering facepiece half mask with exhalation valve (class: FFP3)|alt=A white cup-type filtering facepiece respirator with an exhalation valve and red head and neck straps|left]] [100] => [101] => Filtering facepiece respirators are discarded when they become unsuitable for further use due to considerations of hygiene, excessive resistance, or physical damage.{{Cite web|title=Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/respsource1quest1.html|date=2018-01-29|website=U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-27}} These are typically simple, light, single-piece, half-face masks and employ the first three mechanical filter mechanisms in the list above to remove particulates from the air stream. The most common of these is the white, disposable Standard N95 variety; another type is the blue, [[Surgical N95]] mask. It is discarded after single use or some extended period depending on the contaminant. [102] => [103] => ==== Elastomeric ==== [104] => [[File:Police officer wearing half-mask respirator.jpg|thumb|[[New York Police Department]] officer wearing a 3M elastomeric respirator with [[NIOSH air filtration rating|P100]]-standard particulate filters in the aftermath of the [[2007 New York City steam explosion]]|alt=Head-only portrait of a male police officer wearing a navy blue peaked cap emblazoned with the New York City coat of arms and navy uniform shirt with gold collar insignia identifying him as a member of the 112th Precinct. His nose and mouth are covered by a gray rubber respirator with bright pink filters.]] [105] => {{Main|Elastomeric respirator}} [106] => Elastomeric respirators are reusable because the facepiece is cleaned and reused, but the filter cartridges are discarded and replaced when they become unsuitable for further use. These are replaceable-cartridge, multiple-use models. Typically one or two cartridges attach securely to a mask which has built into it a corresponding number of valves for inhalation and one for exhalation. [107] => [108] => ====Powered air-purifying respirators==== [109] => {{Main|Powered air-purifying respirator}} [110] => [111] => [[Powered air-purifying respirator]]s (PAPRs) have a battery-powered blower that moves the airflow through the filters. They take [[contaminate]]d air, remove a certain quantity of pollutants and return the air to the user. There are different units for different environments. The units consist of a powered [[fan (mechanical)|fan]] which forces incoming air through one or more [[filter (air)|filter]]s to the user for breathing. The fan and filters may be carried by the user or they may be remotely mounted and the user breathes the air through tubing.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [112] => [113] => The filter type must be matched to the contaminants that need to be removed. Some PAPR's are designed to remove fine particulate matter, while others are suitable for working with [[volatile organic compound]]s as those in [[spray paint]]s. These must have their filter elements replaced more often than a particulate filter.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [114] => [115] => == {{anchor|Atmosphere-supplying_respirators}} Atmosphere-supplying respirators == [116] => [117] => These respirators do not purify the ambient air, but supply breathing gas from another source. The three types are the self contained breathing apparatus, in which a compressed air cylinder is worn by the wearer; the supplied air respirators, where a hose supplies air from a stationary source; and combination respirators that integrate both types.{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/respirator_selection_airvsatmos_resp.html|title=Respirator Selection: Air-purifying vs. Atmosphere-supplying Respirators|website=U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration|access-date=2020-04-09}} [118] => [119] => According to the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, atmosphere-supplying are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates or gases that are greater than the [[immediately dangerous to life or health]] level; where the required [[Respirator assigned protection factors|assigned protection factor]] exceeds those of air-purifying respirators; during [[firefighting]] (self-contained breathing apparatuses only); in [[oxygen-deficient atmosphere]]; and in an unknown atmosphere. [120] => [121] => ===Self-contained breathing apparatus=== [122] => {{Main|Self-contained breathing apparatus}} [123] => [124] => A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) typically has three main components: a high-pressure air cylinder (e.g., 2200 psi to 4500 psi), a pressure gauge and regulator, and an inhalation connection (mouthpiece, mouth mask or full face mask), connected together and mounted to a carrying frame or a harness with adjustable shoulder straps and belt so it can be worn on the back. There are two kinds of SCBA: open circuit and closed circuit. Most modern SCBAs are open-circuit. {{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [125] => [126] => Open-circuit industrial breathing sets are filled with filtered, compressed air. The compressed air passes through a regulator, is inhaled and exhaled out of the circuit, quickly depleting the supply of air. Air cylinders are made of aluminum, steel, or of a composite construction like fiberglass-wrapped aluminum. The "positive pressure" type is common, which supplies a steady stream of air to stop fumes or smoke from leaking into the mask. Other SCBA's are of the "demand" type, which only supply air when the regulator senses the user inhaling. All fire departments and those working in toxic environments use the positive pressure SCBA for safety reasons.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [127] => [128] => The closed-circuit type SCBA filters, supplements, and recirculates exhaled gas like a [[rebreather]]. It is used when a longer-duration supply of breathing gas is needed, such as in mine rescue and in long tunnels, and going through passages too narrow for a large open-circuit air cylinder.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [129] => [130] => === Supplied air respirator === [131] => {{main|Supplied-air respirator}} [132] => Supplied air respirators make use of a hose to deliver air from a stationary source. It provides clean air for long periods of time and are light weight for the user, although it limits user mobility. They are normally used when there are extended work periods required in atmospheres that are not immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH). [133] => [134] => == Disadvantages == [135] => Extended use of respirators can result in higher levels of [[carbon dioxide]] than recommended in a work environment,Mean values for several models; some models may provide a stronger exposure to carbon dioxide. For example, [[Immediately dangerous to life or health|IDLH]] for [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/124389.html CO2 = 4%], but filtering facepiese "AOSafety Pleats Plus" provided concentration up to 5.8%, source: {{cite journal |last1=E.J. Sinkule, J.B. Powell, F.L. Goss |title=Evaluation of N95 respirator use with a surgical mask cover: effects on breathing resistance and inhaled carbon dioxide |journal=Annals of Occupational Hygiene |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=384–398 |doi=10.1093/annhyg/mes068 |pmid=23108786 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232738614 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |issn=2398-7308|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=R.J. Roberge, A. Coca, W.J. Williams, J.B. Powell & A.J. Palmiero |title=Physiological Impact of the N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator on Healthcare Workers |journal=Respiratory Care |date=2010 |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=569–577 |pmid=20420727 |url=http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/55/5/569 |publisher=American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) |issn=0020-1324}}{{cite book |last1=Sinkule E., Turner N., Hota S. |title=American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition, May 10-15, 2003 |date=2003 |publisher=American Industrial Hygiene Association |location=Dallas, Texas |page=54 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20022781.html |language=en |chapter=Automated breathing and metabolic simulator (ABMS) CO2 test for powered and non-powered air-purifying respirators, airline respirators, and gas mask}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307855799_Sinkule_Turner_Hota_AIHce_abstracts_p54_2003_Dallas_TX copy]{{cite journal |last1=Gunner O. Dahlbäck, Lars-Goran Fallhagen |title=A Novel Method for Measuring Dead Space in Respiratory Protective Equipment |journal=The Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection |date=1987 |volume=5|issue=1 |pages=12–17 |url=https://www.isrp.com/the-isrp-journal |publisher=The International Society for Respiratory Protection - The Edgewood Press, Inc|issn=0892-6298 }}{{cite journal |last1=Shai Luria, Shlomo Givoni, Yuval Heled, Boaz Tadmor; Alexandra Khanin; Yoram Epstein |title=Evaluation of CO2 Accumulation in Respiratory Protective Devices |journal=Military Medicine |date=2004 |volume=169|issue=2 |pages=121–124 |doi= 10.7205/MILMED.169.2.121|pmid=15040632 |publisher=Oxford University Press |issn=0026-4075 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Carmen L. Smith, Jane L. Whitelaw & Brian Davies |title=Carbon dioxide rebreathing in respiratory protective devices: influence of speech and work rate in full-face masks |journal=Ergonomics |date=2013 |volume=56|issue=5 |pages=781–790 |doi=10.1080/00140139.2013.777128|pmid=23514282 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1836&context=smhpapers |publisher=Taylor & Francis |s2cid=40238982 |issn=0014-0139 }} and can lead to [[headache]]s,{{cite journal |last1=E.C.H. Lim, R.C.S. Seet, K.‐H. Lee, E.P.V. Wilder‐Smith, B.Y.S. Chuah, B.K.C. Ong |title=Headaches and the N95 face-mask amongst healthcare providers |journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica |date=2006 |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=199–202 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00560.x |pmid=16441251 |url= |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |language=en |issn=0001-6314|pmc=7159726 }} [[dermatitis]] and [[acne]].{{cite journal |last1=Chris C.I. Foo, Anthony T.J. Goon, Yung-Hian Leow, Chee-Leok Goh |title=Adverse skin reactions to personal protective equipment against severe acute respiratory syndrome – a descriptive study in Singapore |journal=Contact Dermatitis |date=2006 |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=291–294 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.00953.x |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pmid=17026695 |pmc=7162267 |language=en |issn=0105-1873|doi-access=free }} [136] => [137] => == Regulation == [138] => The choice and use of respirators in developed countries is regulated by national legislation. To ensure that employers choose respirators correctly, and perform high-quality respiratory protection programs, various guides and textbooks have been developed: [139] => {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center" [140] => ! colspan="5" | Textbooks and guidelines for the selection and use of respirators [141] => |- [142] => ! Country [143] => ! Language [144] => ! Year of publication [145] => ! Pages [146] => ! Institution (hyperlink to document) [147] => |- style="text-align:left" [148] => | US || English || 1987 || 305 ||[[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|NIOSH]] ({{cite book|last=Nancy J. Bollinger, Robert H. Schutz|display-authors=etal|title=NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/87-116/|access-date=10 June 2018|series=DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 87-116|year=1987|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|page=305|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB87116}}) [149] => |- style="text-align:left" [150] => | US || English || 2005 || 32 ||[[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|NIOSH]] ({{cite book|last=Nancy Bollinger|display-authors=etal|title=NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/|access-date=10 June 2018|series=DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2005-100|year=2004|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|page=32|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100}}) [151] => |- style="text-align:left" [152] => | US || English || 1999 || 120 ||[[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|NIOSH]] ({{cite book|last=Linda Rosenstock|display-authors=etal|title=TB Respiratory Protection Program In Health Care Facilities - Administrator's Guide|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-143/ |access-date=10 June 2018|series=DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 99-143|year=1999|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|page=120|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB99143}}) [153] => |- style="text-align:left" [154] => | US || English || 2017 || 48 || Pesticide Educational Resources Collaborative (PERC) ({{cite book |last=Kathleen Kincade, Garnet Cooke, Kaci Buhl |url=http://pesticideresources.org/wps/respirators.html |title=Respiratory Protection Guide. Requirements for Employers of Pesticide Handlers |publisher=Pesticide Educational Resources Collaborative (PERC) |year=2017 |editor=Janet Fults |series=Worker Protection Standard (WPS) |location=California |page=48 |display-authors=etal |access-date=10 June 2018}} [http://pesticideresources.org/wps/hosted/PERC-WPS-Respirator-Guide.pdf PDF] [[:File:СИЗОД Защита от пестицидов СС4.0 2017 PERC Respirator Guide.pdf|Wiki]]) [155] => |- style="text-align:left" [156] => | US || English & Spanish || - || - ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html|title=Respiratory Protection eTool|last=Occupational Safety and Health Administration|year=1998|work=OSHA|language=en, es|access-date=10 June 2018|location=Washington, DC}}) [157] => |- style="text-align:left" [158] => | US || English || 2011 || 124 ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite book|last=Hilda L. Solis|display-authors=etal|title=Small Entity Compliance Guide for the Respiratory Protection Standard|url=https://www.osha.gov/dte/librarymaterials_library.html#respiratoryprotection|access-date=10 June 2018|series=OSHA 3384-09|year=2011|publisher=Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor|location=Washington, DC|page=124}} [https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3384small-entity-for-respiratory-protection-standard-rev.pdf PDF] [[:File:СИЗОД для маленьких предприятий OSHA-2011.pdf |Wiki]]) [159] => |- style="text-align:left" [160] => | US || English || 2015 || 96 ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite book |last=OSHA |url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/guidance.html |title=Hospital Respiratory Protection Program Toolkit |publisher=Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor |year=2015 |series=OSHA 3767. Resources for Respirator Program Administrators |location=Washington, DC |page=96 |display-authors=etal |access-date=10 June 2018}} [https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3767.pdf PDF] [[:File:СИЗОД в медучреждениях OSHA 3767.pdf|Wiki]]) [161] => |- style="text-align:left" [162] => | US || English || 2012 || 44 ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite book|last=J. Edgar Geddie|title=A Guide to Respiratory Protection|url=https://www.labor.nc.gov/safety-and-health/occupational-safety-and-health/occupational-safety-and-health-topic-pages/respiratory-protection#learn-more|access-date=10 June 2018|edition=2|series=Industry Guide 44|year=2012 |publisher=Occupational Safety and Health Division, N.C. Department of Labor|location=Raleigh, North Carolina|page=54}}) [163] => |- style="text-align:left" [164] => | US || English || 2014 || 44 ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite book |last=Patricia Young, Phillip Fehrenbacher & Mark Peterson |url=https://osha.oregon.gov/Pages/topics/respiratory-protection.aspx |title=Breathe Right! Oregon OSHA's guide to developing a respiratory protection program for small-business owners and managers |publisher=Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health |year=2014 |series=Publications: Guides 440-3330 |location=Salem, Oregon |page=44 |access-date=10 June 2018}} [https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHAPubs/3330.pdf PDF] [[:File:Респираторы OSHA Орегон.pdf| Wiki]]) [165] => |- style="text-align:left" [166] => | US || English || 2016 || 32 ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite book|last=Patricia Young & Mark Peterson|title=Air you breathe: Oregon OSHA's respiratory protection guide for agricultural employers|url=https://osha.oregon.gov/Pages/topics/respiratory-protection.aspx|access-date=10 June 2018|series=Publications: Guides 440-3654|year=2016|publisher=Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section, Oregon Occupational Safety and Health|location=Salem, Oregon|page=32}}) [167] => |- style="text-align:left" [168] => | US || English || 2014 || 38 ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite book|last=Oregon OSHA|title=Oregon OSHA Technical Manual|chapter-url=https://osha.oregon.gov/rules/Pages/tech-manual.aspx|access-date=10 June 2018|series=Rules|year=2014|publisher=Oregon OSHA|location=Salem, Oregon|page=38|chapter=Section VIII / Chapter 2: Respiratory Protection}} [https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/technical-manual/Section8-Chapter2.pdf PDF] [[:File:OSHA-TM-2014.pdf |Wiki]]) [169] => |- style="text-align:left" [170] => | US || English || 2017 || 51 ||[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] ({{cite book|last=Cal/OSHA Consultation Service, Research and Education Unit, Division of Occupational Safety and Health, California Department of Industrial Relations|title=Respiratory Protection in the Workplace. A Practical Guide for Small-Business Employers|url=https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/PubOrder.asp|access-date=10 June 2018|edition=3|year=2017|publisher=California Department of Industrial Relations|location=Santa Ana, California |page=51}} [https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh_publications/respiratory.pdf PDF]) [171] => |- style="text-align:left" [172] => | US || English || 2001 || 166 ||[[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]] ({{cite book |last1=K. Paul Steinmeyer|display-authors=etal|title=Manual of Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Radioactive Material |date=2001 |publisher=Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission |location=Washington, DC |pages=166 |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr0041/ |series=NUREG/CR-0041, Revision 1 |access-date=10 June 2018 }} [https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0103/ML010310331.pdf PDF] [[:File:СИЗОД в атомной промышленности США.pdf| Wiki]]) [173] => |- style="text-align:left" [174] => | US || English || 1986 || 173 ||[[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|NIOSH]] & [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] ({{cite book |last1=Gary P. Noonan, Herbert L. Linn , Laurence D. Reed|display-authors=etal|editor1-last=Susan V. Vogt |title=A guide to respiratory protection for the asbestos abatement industry |date=1986 |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) |location=Washington, DC |pages=173 |url=https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/epa/criteria/epa-560opts86001 |series=NIOSH IA 85-06; EPA DW 75932235-01-1 |access-date=10 June 2018 }}) [175] => |- style="text-align:left" [176] => | Canada || French || 2013, 2002 || 60 || Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) ({{cite book |last1=Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes |title=Guide pratique de protection respiratoire |date=2002 |publisher=Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Commission de la sante et de la securite du travail du Quebec |location=Montreal, Quebec (Canada) |isbn=978-2-550-37465-7 |pages=56 |edition=1 |url=http://www.irsst.qc.ca/publications-et-outils/publication/i/862/n/guide-pratique-de-protection-respiratoire-r-319/redirected/1 |series=Projet de recherche: 0098-0660 |access-date=10 June 2018 |language=fr }}; [177] => [178] => '''2 edition:''' {{cite book |last1=Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes |title=Guide pratique de protection respiratoire |date=26 August 2013 |publisher=Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail du Québec |location=Montreal, Quebec (Canada) |isbn=978-2-550-40403-3 |pages=60 |edition=2 |url=http://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/publications/200/Pages/dc_200_1635.aspx |series=DC 200-1635 2CORR |access-date=10 June 2018 |language=fr |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822135121/https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/publications/200/Pages/dc_200_1635.aspx |url-status=dead }}; [179] => [180] => '''online version:''' {{cite web |last1=Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes |title=Appareils de protection respiratoire |url=http://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/apruq/guide-reglementaire/Pages/000-table-des-matieres.aspx |website=www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca |publisher=Commission des normes, de l'equite, de la sante et de la securite du travail |access-date=10 June 2018 |location=Quebec (Quebec, Canada) |language=fr |date=2016 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322031624/https://reptox.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/apruq/guide-reglementaire/Pages/000-table-des-matieres.aspx |url-status=dead }}) [181] => |- style="text-align:left" [182] => | Canada || English || 2015 || - || Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) ({{cite web |last1=Jacques Lavoie, Maximilien Debia, Eve Neesham-Grenon, Genevieve Marchand, Yves Cloutier |title=A support tool for choosing respiratory protection against bioaerosols |url=http://www.irsst.qc.ca/bioaerosol/Accueil.aspx?l=en |website=www.irsst.qc.ca |publisher=Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST) |access-date=10 June 2018 |location=Montreal, Quebec (Canada) |date=22 May 2015}} Publication no.: UT-024; Research Project: 0099-9230.) [183] => |- style="text-align:left" [184] => | Canada || French || 2015 || - || Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travai (IRSST) ({{cite web |last1=Jacques Lavoie, Maximilien Debia, Eve Neesham-Grenon, Genevieve Marchand, Yves Cloutier |title=Un outil d'aide a la prise de decision pour choisir une protection respiratoire contre les bioaerosols |url=http://www.irsst.qc.ca/bioaerosol/Accueil.aspx?l=fr |website=www.irsst.qc.ca |publisher=Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST) |access-date=10 June 2018 |location=Montreal, Quebec (Canada) |language=fr |date=22 May 2015}} N° de publication : UT-024; Projet de recherche: 0099-9230.) [185] => |- style="text-align:left" [186] => | France || French || 2017 || 68 || Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) ({{cite book |last1=M. Gumon |title=Les appareils de protection respiratoire. Choix et utilisation |date=2017 |publisher=Institut National de Recherche et de Securite (INRS) |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-7389-2303-5 |pages=68 |edition=2 |url=http://www.inrs.fr/media.html?refINRS=ED%206106 |series=ED 6106|access-date=10 June 2018 |language=fr}}) [187] => |- style="text-align:left" [188] => | Germany || German || 2011 || 174 || Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) ({{cite book |last1=Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand (DGUV) |title=BGR/GUV-R 190. Benutzung von Atemschutzgeräten |date=2011 |publisher=Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Medienproduktion |location=Berlin |pages=174 |url=http://publikationen.dguv.de/dguv/udt_dguv_main.aspx?FDOCUID=23963 |access-date=10 June 2018 |language=de}} [http://publikationen.dguv.de/dguv/pdf/10002/R-190.pdf PDF]) [189] => |- style="text-align:left" [190] => | UK || English || 2013 || 59 ||[[Health and Safety Executive|The Health and Safety Executive (HSE)]] ({{cite book |last1=The Health and Safety Executive |title=Respiratory protective equipment at work. A practical guide |date=2013 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-71766-454-2 |pages=59 |edition=4 |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg53.htm |series=HSG53|access-date=10 June 2018 }}) [191] => |- style="text-align:left" [192] => | UK || English || 2016 || 29 || The UK Nuclear Industry Good PracIndustry Radiological Protection Coordination Group (IRPCG) ({{cite book |last1=The UK Nuclear Industry Radiological Protection Coordination Group |title=Respiratory Protective Equipment |date=2016 |publisher=IRPCG |location=London (UK) |pages=29 |url=https://www.nuclearinst.com/write/MediaUploads/SDF%20documents/IRPCG/RPE_Good_Practice_Guide_Issue_1.pdf |series=Good Practice Guide |access-date=10 June 2018 }}) [193] => |- style="text-align:left" [194] => | Ireland || English || 2010 || 19 || The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) ({{cite book |last1=The Health and Safety Authority |title=A Guide to Respiratory Protective Equipment |date=2010 |publisher=HSA |location=Dublin (Ireland) |isbn=978-1-84496-144-3 |pages=19 |url=http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Chemical_and_Hazardous_Substances/Respiratory_Protective_Equipment_.html |series=HSA0362|access-date=10 June 2018 }} [http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Chemical_and_Hazardous_Substances/Respiratory%20Protective%20Equipment.pdf PDF]) [195] => |- style="text-align:left" [196] => | New Zealand || English || 1999 || 51 || Occupational Safety and Health Service (OSHS) ({{cite book |last1=Occupational Safety and Health Service |title=A guide to respiratory protection |date=1999 |publisher=NZ Department of Labour |location=Wellington (New Zealand) |isbn=978-0-477-03625-2 |pages=51 |edition=8 |url=https://worksafe.govt.nz/topic-and-industry/respiratory-protective-equipment/rpe-advice-for-workers/ |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143214/https://worksafe.govt.nz/topic-and-industry/respiratory-protective-equipment/rpe-advice-for-workers/ |url-status=dead }} [https://worksafe.govt.nz/dmsdocument/959-a-guide-to-respiratory-protection PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129191921/https://worksafe.govt.nz/dmsdocument/959-a-guide-to-respiratory-protection |date=29 January 2018 }}) [197] => |- style="text-align:left" [198] => | Chile || Spanish || 2009 || 40 || Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile (ISPCH) ({{cite book |last1=Christian Albornoz, Hugo Cataldo |title=Guia para la seleccion y control de proteccion respiratoria |date=2009 |publisher=Departamento de salud occupational, Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile |location=Santiago (Chile) |pages=40 |url=http://www.ispch.cl/documento/13129/guia-de-seleccion-equipos-de-proteccion-respiratorias |series=Guia tecnica |access-date=10 June 2018 |language=es |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822135111/http://www.ispch.cl/documento/13129/guia-de-seleccion-equipos-de-proteccion-respiratorias |url-status=dead }} [http://www.ispch.cl/sites/default/files/documento/2010/02/Gu%C3%ADa%20EPR.pdf PDF]) [199] => |- style="text-align:left" [200] => | Spain || Spanish || - || 16 || Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSHT) ({{cite book |last1=Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSSBT) |title=Guia orientativa para la seleccion y utilizacion de protectores respiratorios |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar en el Trabajo (INSHT) |location=Madrid |pages=16 |url=http://www.insht.es/portal/site/Epi/menuitem.0c9dc88588aacbc9a614c52a180311a0/?vgnextoid=7bfb791385e83310VgnVCM1000008130110aRCRD |series=Documentos tecnicos INSHT|access-date=10 June 2018 |language=es}} [http://www.insht.es/InshtWeb/Contenidos/Documentacion/TextosOnline/Guias/Guias_Orientativas_EPI/Ficheros/protectores_respiratorios.pdf PDF]) [201] => |} [202] => [203] => For standard filter classes used in respirators, see [[Mechanical filter (respirator)#Filtration standards]]. [204] => [205] => ==History== [206] => ===Earliest records to 19th century=== [207] => [[File: Medico peste.jpg|thumb|upright|Plague doctor]] [208] => The history of protective respiratory equipment can be traced back as far as the first century, when [[Pliny the Elder]] ({{circa|23 AD}}–79) described using animal bladder skins to protect workers in Roman mines from red lead oxide dust.{{cite wikisource | title=Naturalis_Historia/Liber_XXXIII#XL|wslanguage=la}} In the 16th century, [[Leonardo da Vinci]] suggested that a finely woven cloth dipped in water could protect sailors from a toxic weapon made of powder that he had designed.{{cite web|url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/rr/s01/cw/students/leeann/historyandcollections/collections/photopages/phesgasmasks.html|title=Women in the US Military – History of Gas Masks|date=11 September 2001|publisher=Chnm.gmu.edu|access-date=18 April 2010}} [209] => [210] => In 1785, [[Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] invented a respirator. [211] => [212] => [[Alexander von Humboldt]] introduced a primitive respirator in 1799 when he worked as a mining engineer in Prussia.{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW1oAAAAcAAJ|title=Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern|website=WorldAtlas|year=1799|language=en|access-date=2020-03-27|last1=Humboldt|first1=Alexander von}} [213] => Practically all respirators in the early 18th century consisted of a bag placed completely over the head, fastened around the throat with windows through which the wearer could see. Some were [[rubber]], some were made of rubberized fabric, and still others of impregnated fabric, but in most cases a tank of compressed air or a reservoir of air under slight pressure was carried by the wearer to supply the necessary breathing air. In some devices certain means were provided for the adsorption of [[carbon dioxide]] in exhaled air and the rebreathing of the same air many times; in other cases valves allowed exhalation of used air.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [214] => [215] => [[Julius Jeffreys]] first used the word "respirator" as a mask in 1836.{{cite journal|author=David Zuck|date=1990|title=Julius Jeffreys: Pioneer of humidification|url=http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/21/120/15-78-188-22-1990-Zuck-JeffreysResp.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the History of Anaesthesia Society|volume=8b|pages=70–80|access-date=16 August 2020}} The mask worked by capturing moisture and warmth in exhaled air in a grid of fine metal wires. Inhaled air then was warmed and moistened as it passed through the same metal grid, providing relief to people with lung diseases. The Respirator became popular, and was mentioned in the literature of the day, including in the writings of [[Elizabeth Gaskell]], [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] and [[Charles Dickens]]. [216] => [217] => [[File:John Stenhouse's mask.png|thumb|right|Woodcut of Stenhouse's mask]] [218] => [[File:How a Man may Breath Safely in a Poisonous Atmosphere b10154140 010 tif zw12z649n.tiff|thumb|right| "How a Man may Breathe Safely in a Poisonous Atmosphere", an apparatus providing oxygen while using caustic soda to absorb carbon dioxide, 1909]] [219] => [220] => In 1848, the first US patent for an air-purifying respirator was granted to [[Lewis P. Haslett]]{{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Scott|title=Fatal Airs: The Deadly History and Apocalyptic Future of Lethal Gases that Threaten Our World|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9780313385520|author-link=Scott Christianson}} for his 'Haslett's Lung Protector,' which filtered dust from the air using one-way clapper valves and a filter made of moistened wool or a similar [[porosity|porous]] substance.{{cite patent |country=US |number=6529A |status=patent |title=Lung Protector |pubdate=1849-06-12 |gdate=1849-06-12 |inventor=Lewis P. Haslett |url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/002066829/publication/US6529A?q=US6529A}} Following Haslett, a long string of patents were issued for air purifying devices, including patents for the use of cotton fibers as a filtering medium, for charcoal and lime absorption of poisonous vapors, and for improvements on the eyepiece and eyepiece assembly.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Hutson Hurd patented a cup-shaped mask in 1879 which became widespread in industrial use, and Hurd's H.S. Cover Company was still in business in the 1970s.{{Cite patent|title=Improvement in inhaler and respirator|gdate=1879-08-26|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US218976A/en}} [221] => [222] => Inventors in Europe included [[John Stenhouse]], a Scottish chemist, who investigated the power of charcoal in its various forms, to capture and hold large volumes of gas. He built one of the first respirators able to remove toxic gases from the air, paving the way for [[activated carbon|activated charcoal]] to become the most widely used filter for respirators.{{Cite book|last=Britain|first=Royal Institution of Great|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tfkAAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tfkAAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 53]|title=Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution, with Abstracts of the Discourses|date=1858|publisher=W. Nicol, Printer to the Royal Institution|language=en}} Irish physicist [[John Tyndall]] took Stenhouse's mask, added a filter of cotton wool saturated with [[calcium hydroxide|lime]], [[glycerin]], and charcoal, and in 1871 invented a 'fireman's respirator', a hood that filtered smoke and gas from air, which he exhibited at a meeting of the [[Royal Society]] in London in 1874.{{Cite journal|last=Tyndall|first=John|date=1873|title=On Some Recent Experiments with a Fireman's Respirator|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|volume=22|pages=359–361|jstor=112853|bibcode=1873RSPS...22R.359T|issn=0370-1662}} Also in 1874, Samuel Barton patented a device that 'permitted respiration in places where the atmosphere is charged with noxious gases, or vapors, smoke, or other impurities.'{{Cite web|url=http://67.225.133.110/~gbpprorg/invention/development.html|title=Gas Mask Development (1926)|website=67.225.133.110|access-date=2020-03-27}}{{cite patent |country=US |number=148868A |status=patent |title=Respirator |pubdate=1874-03-24 [223] => |gdate=1874-03-24 |inventor=Samuel Barton |url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/002218281/publication/US148868A?q=US148868A}} German Bernhard Loeb patented several inventions to 'purify foul or vitiated air,' and counted the [[Brooklyn Fire Department]] among his customers.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [224] => [225] => A predecessor of the N95 was a design by Doctor [[Lien-teh Wu]] who was working for the Chinese Imperial Court in the fall of 1910, which was the first that protected users from bacteria in empirical testing. Subsequent respirators were reusable but bulky and uncomfortable. In the 1970s, the Bureau of Mines and NIOSH developed standards for single-use respirators, and the first N95 respirator was developed by 3M and approved in 1972.{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90479846/the-untold-origin-story-of-the-n95-mask|title=The untold origin story of the N95 mask|last=Wilson|first=Mark|date=2020-03-24|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-27}} [226] => [227] => ===World War I=== [228] => The first recorded response and defense against chemical attacks using respirators occurred during the [[Second Battle of Ypres]] on the Western Front in [[World War I]]. It was the first time Germany used [[chemical weapon]]s on a large scale releasing 168 tons of [[chlorine gas]] over a four-mile (6 km) front killing around 6,000 troops within ten minutes through [[asphyxiation]]. The gas being denser than air flowed downwards forcing troops to climb out of their [[trenches]]. Reserve Canadian troops, who were away from the attack, used [[urine]]-soaked cloths as primitive respirators. A Canadian soldier realized that the [[ammonia]] in urine would react with the chlorine, neutralizing it, and that the water would dissolve the chlorine, allowing soldiers to breathe through the gas.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} [229] => [230] => === 21st century === [231] => China normally makes 10 million masks per day, about half of the world production. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], 2,500 factories were converted to produce 116 million daily.{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/science-health/coronavirus-outbreak/world-depends-china-face-masks-can-country-deliver|title=World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?|last1=Xie|first1=John|date=19 March 2020|website=www.voanews.com|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321094219/https://www.voanews.com/science-health/coronavirus-outbreak/world-depends-china-face-masks-can-country-deliver|archive-date=21 March 2020}} [232] => [233] => During the COVID-19 pandemic, people in the United States, and in a lot of countries in the world, were urged to make their own cloth masks due to the widespread shortage of commercial masks.{{cite web |last1=Hatmaker |first1=Taylor |title=CDC recommends Americans wear cloth masks to limit spread of COVID-19 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/02/cdc-mask-guidance-cloth-face-masks/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=23 April 2020 |date=April 2, 2020}} [234] => [235] => ==See also== [236] => * {{annotated link|Cartridge (respirator)}} [237] => * {{annotated link|Dust mask}} [238] => * {{annotated link|Face shield}} [239] => * {{annotated link|Gas mask}} [240] => * {{annotated link|Open-source hardware}} [241] => * {{annotated link|Microparticle performance rating}} [242] => * {{annotated link|Minimum efficiency reporting value}} [243] => * {{annotated link|Personal protective equipment}} (PPE) [244] => * {{annotated link|Pocket mask}} [245] => * {{annotated link|Self-contained breathing apparatus}} [246] => * {{annotated link|Smoke hood}} [247] => * {{annotated link|Surgical mask}} [248] => * {{annotated link|Ventilator}} [249] => * {{annotated link|Workplace respirator testing}} [250] => [251] => ==References== [252] => {{Reflist|2}} [253] => [254] => == Further reading == [255] => * {{cite book | first=Robert C. Woosnam | last=Savage | author2=Hall, Anthony | year=2002 | title=Brassey's Book of Body Armor | publisher=Brassey's | isbn=978-1-57488-465-4 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/brasseysbookofbo0000woos_w8o2 }} [256] => * {{cite book | first=Albert | last=Palazzo | year=2000 | title=Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | isbn=978-0-8032-8774-7 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/seekingvictoryon00albe }} [257] => * {{cite book | first=Nicholas | last = Cheremisinoff | year=1999 | title=Handbook of Industrial Toxicology and Hazardous Materials | publisher=Marcel Dekker | isbn=978-0-8247-1935-7}} [258] => * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/respirators/ NIOSH respirators main page] [259] => * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/respfact.html NIOSH respirator fact sheet] [260] => * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41712 What's Special about Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Air-Purifying Respirators (APR)?] [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|NIOSH]] Fact Sheet [261] => * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/disp_part/ NIOSH-Approved Disposable Particulate Respirators (Filtering Facepieces)] [262] => * [http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/Product_Information/Literature/Application_Notes/ITI-041.pdf TSI Application note ITI-041: Mechanisms of Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829125133/http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/Product_Information/Literature/Application_Notes/ITI-041.pdf |date=29 August 2017 }} [263] => * [[British Standard]] BS EN 143:2000: Respiratory protective devices – Particle filters – Requirements, testing, marking [264] => * [[British Standard]] BS EN 149:2001: Respiratory protective devices – Filtering half masks to protect against particles – Requirements, testing, marking [265] => [266] => ==External links== [267] => {{Commons category|Respirators}} [268] => *[http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/PPESafetySolutions/PPESafety/Personal_Protective_Equipment/Respirators/ 3M Safety Respirator Classification Guide] 3M.com [269] => *[http://webapps.msanet.com/ResponseGuide Mine Safety Appliance Company (MSA) Respirator Classification Guide] MSA.com [270] => *[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/respfact.html CDC Protective Masks Fact Sheet] cdc.gov/niosh [271] => *[http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ppe/respslct.html Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) Respirator Selection] ccohs.ca [272] => *The following links are respirator selection logic and competitive bid research information pages for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) defense responders: [273] => :*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/cbrnapproved/apr/ Air-Purifying Respirators (APR)]: cdc.gov/niosh. Respirator manufacturer approvals for NIOSH-certified air-purifying respirator with CBRN Protections (CBRN APR). This link covers APR and Air-Purifying Escape Respirators (APER) certified by the NIOSH's National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL), Pittsburgh, PA, to CBRN protection NIOSH standards. CBRN APR are tight-fitting, full-face respirators with approved accessories and protect the user breathing zone by relying on user negative pressure, fit testing and user seal checks to filter less than [[IDLH|Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)]] concentrations of hazardous respiratory compounds and particulates through NIOSH CBRN Cap 1, Cap 2 or Cap 3 canisters for CBRN APR- or CBRN 15- or CBRN 30-rated APER. [274] => :*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/cbrnapproved/papr/default.html PAPR]: cdc.gov/niosh. Respirator manufacturer approvals for NIOSH-certified powered air-purifying respirator with CBRN Protections (CBRN PAPR-loose fitting or tight fitting) [275] => *[http://www.osha.gov/video/respiratory_protection/index.html OSHA videos on respiratory protection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204230017/http://www.osha.gov/video/respiratory_protection/index.html |date=4 February 2012 }} osha.gov [276] => * Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Respiratory Protection [https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/training_videos.html#video Training Video on respiratory protection] [277] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502145330/http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/gasmask/page.html The Invention of the Gas Mask] brinkster.com [278] => [279] => {{Breathing apparatus|industrial}} [280] => {{Authority control}} [281] => [282] => [[Category:Respirators| ]] [] => )
good wiki

Respirator

A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres including fumes, vapours, gases and particulate matter such as dusts and airborne pathogens such as viruses. There are two main categories of respirators: the air-purifying respirator, in which respirable air is obtained by filtering a contaminated atmosphere, and the air-supplied respirator, in which an alternate supply of breathable air is delivered.

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