Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria}} [1] => {{About|the bacterial genus|the generic term that includes species in other genera|Rhizobia}} [2] => {{Automatic taxobox [3] => | image = Rhizobium tropici strain BR816 on TY agar.JPG [4] => | image_caption = ''Rhizobium tropici'' on an [[agar plate]] (Tryptone — Yeast extract agar). [5] => | taxon = Rhizobium [6] => | authority = Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980){{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=B. |title= Über die Pilzsymbiose der Leguminosen |journal= Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft |year= 1889 | volume = 7 | pages=332–346}}{{cite journal |last1=Skerman |first1=VB |last2=McGowan |first2=V |last3=Sneath |first3=PH |title=Approved lists of bacterial names |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |year=1980 |volume=30 |pages=225–420 |doi=10.1099/00207713-30-1-225 |doi-access=free }} [7] => | type_species = ''Rhizobium leguminosarum'' [8] => | type_species_authority = (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) [9] => | subdivision_ranks = Species [10] => | subdivision = [[#Species|See text]] [11] => }} [12] => [13] => '''''Rhizobium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]] [[soil]] [[bacteria]] that [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]]. ''Rhizobium'' species form an [[endosymbiont|endosymbiotic]] [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] association with roots of (primarily) [[legumes]] and other flowering plants. [14] => [15] => The bacteria colonize plant cells to form [[root nodule]]s, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into [[ammonia]] using the enzyme [[nitrogenase]]. The ammonia is shared with the host plant in the form of organic nitrogenous compounds such as [[glutamine]] or [[ureide]]s.{{Cite journal |last1=Thilakarathna |first1=Malinda S. |last2=Raizada |first2=Manish N. |date=2018-01-01 |title=Visualizing Glutamine Accumulation in Root Systems Involved in the Legume–Rhizobia Symbiosis by Placement on Agar Embedded with Companion Biosensor Cells |url=https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PBIOMES-07-18-0031-TA |journal=Phytobiomes Journal |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=117–128 |doi=10.1094/PBIOMES-07-18-0031-TA|doi-access=free }} The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with [[organic compound]]s made by [[photosynthesis]]. This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the [[rhizobia]], of which the genus ''Rhizobium'' is a typical example.{{cite journal |last1=Sawada |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Kuykendall |first2=L. David |last3=Young |first3=John M. |date=June 2003 |title=Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts |journal=The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=155–79 |doi=10.2323/jgam.49.155 |pmid=12949698 |doi-access=free}} ''Rhizobium'' is also capable of solubilizing phosphate.{{cite journal |last1=Sridevi |first1=M |last2=Mallaiah |first2=KV |date=March 2009 |title=Phosphate solubilization by ''Rhizobium'' strains |url= |journal=Indian Journal of Microbiology |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |doi=10.1007/s12088-009-0005-1 |pmc=3450048 |pmid=23100757}} [16] => [17] => ==History== [18] => [[Martinus Beijerinck]] was the first to isolate and cultivate a [[microorganism]] from the nodules of legumes in 1888.{{Cite journal |last=Beijerinck |first=Martinus W. |date=1888 |title=Die Bacteriender Papilionaceenknöllchen |journal=Bot.Ztg. |volume=46}} He named it ''Bacillus radicicola'', which is now placed in ''[[Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology]]'' under the genus ''Rhizobium''. [19] => [20] => ==Research== [21] => ''Rhizobium'' forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants, such as legumes, fixing nitrogen from the air into [[ammonia]], which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. The [[Agricultural Research Service]] is conducting research involving the [[genetic mapping]] of various rhizobial species with their respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers.{{cite web|url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2010/jan/microbe|title=Marvelous Microbe Collections Accelerate Discoveries To Protect People, Plants—and More!|work=Agricultural Research|date=January 2010|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=10 August 2018}} [22] => [23] => In molecular biology, ''Rhizobium'' has been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.{{cite journal |last1=Salter |first1=Susannah J. |last2=Cox |first2=Michael J. |last3=Turek |first3=Elena M. |last4=Calus |first4=Szymon T. |last5=Cookson |first5=William O. |last6=Moffatt |first6=Miriam F. |last7=Turner |first7=Paul |last8=Parkhill |first8=Julian |last9=Loman |first9=Nicholas J. |last10=Walker |first10=Alan W. |display-authors=6 |title=Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses |journal=BMC Biology |volume=12 |pages=87 |date=November 2014 |pmid=25387460 |doi=10.1186/s12915-014-0087-z |pmc=4228153 |biorxiv=10.1101/007187 |doi-access=free |issn=1741-7007}} The presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as contaminants may be due to the use of nitrogen gas in ultra-pure water production to inhibit microbial growth in storage tanks.{{cite journal |last1=Kulakov |first1=Leonid A. |last2=McAlister |first2=Morven B. |last3=Ogden |first3=Kimberly L. |last4=Larkin |first4=Michael J. |last5=O'Hanlon |first5=John F. | title = Analysis of bacteria contaminating ultrapure water in industrial systems |journal =Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1548–1555 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11916667 |pmc=123900 |doi =10.1128/AEM.68.4.1548-1555.2002}} [24] => [25] => ==Species== [26] => The genus ''Rhizobium'' comprises the following species:{{cite web |last1=Euzéby |first1=JP |last2=Parte |first2=AC |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/family/rhizobiaceae |title=''Rhizobiaceae'' |access-date=September 16, 2022 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}} [27] => {{div col|colwidth=350px}} [28] => * ''[[Rhizobium acidisoli]]'' Román-Ponce ''et al''. 2016 [29] => * ''[[Rhizobium aegyptiacum]]'' Shamseldin ''et al''. 2016 [30] => * ''[[Rhizobium aethiopicum]]'' Aserse ''et al''. 2017 [31] => [32] => * ''[[Rhizobium alamii]]'' Berge ''et al''. 2009 [33] => * "''[[Rhizobium album]]''" Hang ''et al''. 2019 [34] => * "''[[Rhizobium albus]]''" Li ''et al''. 2017 [35] => [36] => * ''[[Rhizobium altiplani]]'' Baraúna ''et al''. 2016 [37] => * ''[[Rhizobium alvei]]'' Sheu ''et al''. 2015 [38] => * ''[[Rhizobium anhuiense]]'' Zhang ''et al''. 2015 [39] => * ''[[Rhizobium aquaticum]]'' Máthé ''et al''. 2019 [40] => * "''[[Rhizobium arachis]]''" Wang et al. 2001 [41] => * ''[[Rhizobium arenae]]'' Zhang ''et al''. 2017{{#tag:ref | This species belongs in ''[[Pararhizobium]]'', but hasn't been formally transferred, yet. | group = Note | name = Pararhizobium}} [42] => * ''[[Rhizobium arsenicireducens]]'' Mohapatra ''et al''. 2020 [43] => [44] => [45] => * ''[[Rhizobium azooxidifex]]'' Behrendt ''et al''. 2016 [46] => * ''[[Rhizobium bangladeshense]]'' Rashid ''et al''. 2015 [47] => * ''[[Rhizobium binae]]'' Rashid ''et al''. 2015 [48] => [49] => * ''[[Rhizobium calliandrae]]'' Rincón-Rosales ''et al''. 2013 [50] => * ''[[Rhizobium capsici]]'' Lin ''et al''. 2015 [51] => * ''[[Rhizobium cauense]]'' Liu ''et al''. 2015 [52] => * ''[[Rhizobium cellulosilyticum]]'' García-Fraile ''et al''. 2007{{#tag:ref | These species belong in ''[[Neorhizobium]]'', but haven't been formally transferred, yet. | group = Note | name = Neorhizobium}} [53] => * ''[[Rhizobium changzhiense]]'' Zhang ''et al''. 2021 [54] => * ''[[Rhizobium chutanense]]'' Huo ''et al''. 2019 [55] => [56] => * "''[[Rhizobium cremeum]]''" Yang et al. 2022 [57] => * "''[[Rhizobium croatiense]]''" Rajnovic et al. 2022 [58] => [59] => * "''[[Rhizobium deserti]]''" Liu ''et al''. 2020{{#tag:ref | These species belong in ''[[Neorhizobium]]'', but haven't been formally transferred, yet. | group = Note | name = Neorhizobium}} [60] => * ''[[Rhizobium dioscoreae]]'' Ouyabe ''et al''. 2020 [61] => * ''[[Rhizobium ecuadorense]]'' Ribeiro ''et al''. 2015 [62] => [63] => * ''[[Rhizobium endophyticum]]'' López-López ''et al''. 2010 [64] => * ''[[Rhizobium esperanzae]]'' Cordeiro ''et al''. 2017 [65] => * ''[[Rhizobium etli]]'' Segovia ''et al''. 1993 [66] => [67] => * ''[[Rhizobium favelukesii]]'' Torres Tejerizo ''et al''. 2016 [68] => * "''[[Rhizobium flavescens]]''" Su ''et al''. 2021 [69] => [70] => [71] => * ''[[Rhizobium freirei]]'' Dall'Agnol ''et al''. 2013 [72] => [73] => * ''[[Rhizobium gallicum]]'' Amarger ''et al''. 1997 [74] => * ''[[Rhizobium gei]]'' Shi ''et al''. 2016 [75] => [76] => * "''[[Rhizobium glycinendophyticum]]''" Wang ''et al''. 2020{{#tag:ref | This species belongs in ''[[Peteryoungia]]'', but hasn't been formally transferred, yet. | group = Note | name = Peteryoungia}} [77] => * ''[[Rhizobium grahamii]]'' López-López ''et al''. 2011 [78] => * ''[[Rhizobium hainanense]]'' Chen ''et al''. 1997 [79] => * ''[[Rhizobium halophytocola]]'' Bibi ''et al''. 2012 [80] => * "''[[Rhizobium halotolerans]]''" Diange and Lee 2013{{cite journal |last1=Diange |first1=Eboa Adolf |last2=Lee |first2=Sang-Seob |title=''Rhizobium halotolerans'' sp. nov., Isolated from chloroethylenes contaminated soil |journal=Current Microbiology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=599–605 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23377488 |doi=10.1007/s00284-013-0313-x |s2cid=17809044}} [81] => * "''[[Rhizobium hedysari]]''" Casella ''et al.'' 1986 [82] => * "''[[Rhizobium hedysari]]''" Xu ''et al''. 2017 [83] => * "''[[Rhizobium hedysarum]]''" Casella et al. 1984 [84] => [85] => * ''[[Rhizobium helianthi]]'' Wei ''et al''. 2015 [86] => [87] => * ''[[Rhizobium hidalgonense]]'' Yan ''et al''. 2020 [88] => [89] => [90] => * "''[[Rhizobium indicum]]''" Rahi ''et al''. 2020 [91] => * ''[[Rhizobium indigoferae]]'' Wei ''et al''. 2002 [92] => [93] => *''[[Rhizobium jaguaris]]'' Rincón-Rosales ''et al''. 2013 [94] => [95] => * "''[[Rhizobium kunmingense]]''" Shen ''et al''. 2010 [96] => * ''[[Rhizobium laguerreae]]'' Saïdi ''et al''. 2014 [97] => [98] => * ''[[Rhizobium leguminosarum]]'' (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) [99] => * ''[[Rhizobium lemnae]]'' Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014 [100] => * ''[[Rhizobium lentis]]'' Rashid ''et al''. 2015 [101] => * ''[[Rhizobium leucaenae]]'' Ribeiro ''et al''. 2011 [102] => [103] => [104] => [105] => * ''[[Rhizobium lusitanum]]'' Valverde ''et al''. 2006 [106] => [107] => [108] => * "''Candidatus'' [[Rhizobium massiliense]]" Greub ''et al''. 2004. [109] => * ''[[Rhizobium mayense]]'' Rincón-Rosales ''et al''. 2013 [110] => [111] => [112] => * ''[[Rhizobium mesoamericanum]]'' López-López ''et al''. 2011 [113] => * ''[[Rhizobium mesosinicum]]'' Lin ''et al''. 2009 [114] => * ''[[Rhizobium metallidurans]]'' Grison ''et al''. 2015 [115] => * ''[[Rhizobium miluonense]]'' Gu ''et al''. 2008 [116] => * ''[[Rhizobium mongolense]]'' van Berkum ''et al''. 1998 [117] => * ''[[Rhizobium multihospitium]]'' Han ''et al''. 2008 [118] => [119] => [120] => [121] => * ''[[Rhizobium oryzicola]]'' Zhang ''et al''. 2015 [122] => * "''[[Rhizobium oryzihabitans]]''" Zhao ''et al''. 2020 [123] => [124] => * ''[[Rhizobium pakistanense]]'' corrig. Khalid ''et al''. 2015{{#tag:ref | These species belong in ''[[Neorhizobium]]'', but haven't been formally transferred, yet. | group = Note | name = Neorhizobium}} [125] => [126] => [127] => * "''[[Rhizobium panacihumi]]''" Kang ''et al''. 2019 [128] => * ''[[Rhizobium paranaense]]'' Dall'Agnol ''et al''. 2014 [129] => [130] => * ''[[Rhizobium phaseoli]]'' Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980) [131] => * "''[[Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum]]''" Wen ''et al''. 2011 [132] => * ''[[Rhizobium pisi]]'' Ramírez-Bahena ''et al''. 2008 [133] => * "''[[Rhizobium pongamiae]]''" Kesari ''et al''. 2013{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Ramesh |first2=Aadi Moolam |last3=Rangan |first3=Latha |title=''Rhizobium pongamiae'' sp. nov. from root nodules of ''Pongamia pinnata'' |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2013 |pages=165198 |year=2013 |pmid=24078904 |pmc=3783817 |doi=10.1155/2013/165198 |doi-access=free }} [134] => * ''[[Rhizobium populi]]'' Rozahon ''et al''. 2014 [135] => * "''[[Rhizobium populisoli]]''" Shen et al. 2021 [136] => [137] => * ''[[Rhizobium puerariae]]'' Boonsnongcheep ''et al''. 2016 [138] => [139] => * "''[[Rhizobium qilianshanense]]''" Xu ''et al''. 2013{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Lin |last2=Zhang |first2=Yong |last3=Deng |first3=Zheng Shan |last4=Zhao |first4=Liang |last5=Wei |first5=Xiu Li |last6=Wei |first6=Ge Hong |title=''Rhizobium qilianshanense'' sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of ''Oxytropis ochrocephala'' Bunge in China |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=559–65 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23142858 |doi=10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x |s2cid=18660422}} [140] => * "''[[Rhizobium quercicola]]''" Wang et al. 2022 [141] => [142] => * "''[[Rhizobium redzepovicii]]''" Rajnovic et al. 2022 [143] => * ''[[Rhizobium rhizogenes]]'' (Riker ''et al''. 1930) Young ''et al''. 2001 [144] => * "''[[Rhizobium rhizolycopersici]]''" Thin ''et al''. 2021 [145] => [146] => * ''[[Rhizobium rhizoryzae]]'' Zhang ''et al''. 2014 [147] => [148] => [149] => [150] => * ''[[Rhizobium ruizarguesonis]]'' Jorrin ''et al''. 2020 [151] => [152] => [153] => [154] => * ''[[Rhizobium smilacinae]]'' Zhang ''et al''. 2014{{#tag:ref | These species belong in ''[[Neorhizobium]]'', but haven't been formally transferred, yet. | group = Note | name = Neorhizobium}} [155] => * ''[[Rhizobium soli]]'' Yoon ''et al''. 2010 [156] => * ''[[Rhizobium sophorae]]'' Jiao ''et al''. 2014 [157] => * ''[[Rhizobium sophoriradicis]]'' Jiao ''et al''. 2014 [158] => [159] => * ''[[Rhizobium straminoryzae]]'' Lin ''et al''. 2014 [160] => [161] => * ''[[Rhizobium sullae]]'' Squartini ''et al''. 2002 [162] => [163] => [164] => * "''[[Rhizobium terrae]]''" Ruan ''et al''. 2020 [165] => [166] => * ''[[Rhizobium tibeticum]]'' Hou ''et al''. 2009 [167] => [168] => * ''[[Rhizobium tropici]]'' Martínez-Romero ''et al''. 1991 [169] => * ''[[Rhizobium tubonense]]'' Zhang ''et al''. 2011 [170] => * ''[[Rhizobium tumorigenes]]'' Kuzmanović ''et al''. 2019 [171] => [172] => * ''[[Rhizobium vallis]]'' Wang ''et al''. 2011{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Fang |last2=Wang |first2=En Tao |last3=Wu |first3=Li Juan |last4=Sui |first4=Xin Hua |last5=Li |first5=Ying Li |last6=Chen |first6=Wen Xin |title=''Rhizobium vallis'' sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=2582–2588 |date=November 2011 |pmid=21131504 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0 |doi-access=free}} [173] => [174] => * ''[[Rhizobium viscosum]]'' (Gasdorf ''et al''. 1965) Flores-Félix ''et al''. 2017 [175] => [176] => * ''[[Rhizobium wenxiniae]]'' Gao ''et al''. 2017{{#tag:ref | These species belong in ''[[Neorhizobium]]'', but haven't been formally transferred, yet. | group = Note | name = Neorhizobium}} [177] => [178] => * ''[[Rhizobium yanglingense]]'' Tan ''et al''. 2001{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Claudia |last2=Vinuesa |first2=Pablo |last3=Eguiarte |first3=Luis E |last4=Souza |first4=Valeria |last5=Martínez-Romero |first5=Esperanza |title=Evolutionary genetics and biogeographic structure of ''Rhizobium gallicum sensu lato'', a widely distributed bacterial symbiont of diverse legumes |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=14 |issue=13 |pages=4033–50 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16262857 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02721.x |s2cid=16668742 }} [179] => [180] => * ''[[Rhizobium zeae]]'' Celador-Lera ''et al''. 2017 [181] => {{div col end}} [182] => Species in "parentheses" have been described, but not validated according to the [[Bacteriological Code]]. [183] => [184] => ==Phylogeny== [185] => The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN). The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.{{cite journal |last1=Hördt |first1=Anton |last2=López |first2=Marina García |last3=Meier-Kolthoff |first3=Jan P. |last4=Schleuning |first4=Marcel |last5=Weinhold |first5=Lisa-Maria |last6=Tindall |first6=Brian J. |last7=Gronow |first7=Sabine |last8=Kyrpides |first8=Nikos C. |last9=Woyke |first9=Tanja |last10=Göker |first10=Markus |title=Analysis of 1,000+ Type-Strain Genomes Substantially Improves Taxonomic Classification of Alphaproteobacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=7 April 2020 |volume=11 |pages=468 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2020.00468|pmid=32373076 |pmc=7179689 |doi-access=free }} [186] => [187] => {{Clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% [188] => |1={{clade [189] => |label1='''''Rhizobium''''' [190] => |1={{clade [191] => |1={{clade [192] => |1=''[[Rhizobium tubonense]]'' [193] => |2={{clade [194] => |1=''[[Rhizobium rhizogenes]]'' [195] => |2={{clade [196] => |1={{clade [197] => |1=''[[Rhizobium jaguaris]]'' [198] => |2=''[[Rhizobium leucaenae]]'' [199] => }} [200] => |2={{clade [201] => |1=''[[Rhizobium lusitanum]]'' [202] => |2={{clade [203] => |1={{clade [204] => |1=''[[Rhizobium miluonense]]'' [205] => |2=''[[Rhizobium freirei]]'' [206] => }} [207] => |2={{clade [208] => |1=''[[Rhizobium tropici]]'' [209] => |2={{clade [210] => |1=''[[Rhizobium hainanense]]'' [211] => |2=''[[Rhizobium multihospitium]]'' [212] => }} [213] => }} [214] => }} [215] => }} [216] => }} [217] => }} [218] => }} [219] => |2={{clade [220] => |1={{clade [221] => |1={{clade [222] => |1=''[[Rhizobium altiplani]]'' [223] => |2=''[[Rhizobium grahamii]]'' [224] => }} [225] => |2={{clade [226] => |1=''[[Rhizobium favelukesii]]'' [227] => |2=''[[Rhizobium tibeticum]]'' [228] => }} [229] => }} [230] => |2={{clade [231] => |1={{clade [232] => |1=''[[Rhizobium loessense]]'' [233] => |2=''[[Rhizobium mongolense]]'' [234] => }} [235] => |2={{clade [236] => |1={{clade [237] => |1=''[[Rhizobium leguminosarum]]'' [238] => |2=''[[Rhizobium laguerreae]]'' [239] => }} [240] => |2={{clade [241] => |1=''[[Rhizobium aethiopicum]]'' [242] => |2={{clade [243] => |1=''[[Rhizobium esperanzae]]'' [244] => |2=''[[Rhizobium etli]]'' [245] => }} [246] => }} [247] => }} [248] => }} [249] => }} [250] => }} [251] => |label2=[[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroups]] [252] => |2={{clade [253] => |1={{clade [254] => |1=''[[Allorhizobium]]'' [255] => |2=''[[Ciceribacter]]'' [256] => }} [257] => |2={{clade [258] => |1=''[[Agrobacterium]]'' [259] => |2={{clade [260] => |1=''[[Pseudorhizobium]]'' [261] => |2=''[[Neorhizobium]]'' [262] => }} [263] => }} [264] => }} [265] => }} [266] => }} [267] => [268] => ==Notes== [269] => {{Reflist|group=Note}} [270] => [271] => == References == [272] => {{Reflist}} [273] => [274] => == External links == [275] => * [https://www.jic.ac.uk/research-impact/nitrogen-fixation/ Current research on nitrogen fixation by rhizobia] at the [[Norwich Research Park]] [276] => * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LlUk4EbxY8 Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover] [277] => [278] => {{Taxonbar|from=Q830142}} [279] => {{Authority control}} [280] => [281] => [[Category:Rhizobiaceae]] [282] => [[Category:Bacteria genera]] [] => )
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Rhizobium

Rhizobium is a genus of bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants, such as peas, beans, and clover. The bacteria colonize the roots of these plants and form nodules, which are specialized structures that house the bacteria.

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The bacteria colonize the roots of these plants and form nodules, which are specialized structures that house the bacteria. In return for providing the bacteria with nutrients, the plants receive nitrogen fixation. Rhizobium is able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which the plants can use as a nutrient. This process is important for agriculture as it reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers, reduces soil erosion, and increases crop yields. Rhizobium also plays a crucial role in soil fertility and ecosystem health. The bacteria are able to persist in the soil by forming resting stages called cysts. They can also form associations with non-leguminous plants, acting as plant growth-promoting bacteria. Overall, Rhizobium plays a vital role in plant nutrition, soil fertility, and sustainable agriculture.

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Ammonia is a compound composed of one nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

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Rhizobia

Rhizobia are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae).

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