Array ( [0] => {{short description|Earth observation satellite series}} [1] => {{Infobox spacecraft class [2] => | name = Sentinel-3 [3] => | image = Sentinel-3 spacecraft model.svg [4] => | image_size = 275px [5] => | image_caption = [6] => [7] => | manufacturer = [[Thales Alenia Space]]{{cite web |url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/copernicus-sentinel-3 |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-3 |work=eoPortal |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=21 December 2015}} [8] => | designer = [9] => | operator = [[EUMETSAT]] [10] => | applications = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]] [11] => [12] => [13] => | spacecraft_type = Satellite [14] => | spacecraft_bus = Prima [15] => | series = 2 [16] => | design_life = 7 years{{cite web |url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/S3-Data_Sheet.pdf |title=Sentinel-3 Data Sheet |publisher=European Space Agency |date=August 2013 |access-date=17 November 2016}} [17] => | launch_mass = {{convert|1250|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} [18] => | dry_mass = [19] => | dimensions = {{convert|3.710|xx|2.202|xx|2.207|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} [20] => | power = 2,100 W [21] => [22] => [23] => | status = Active [24] => | built = 2 [25] => | orders = 2{{cite news |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/regional/2016/02/10/esa-awards-sentinel-3c-and-d-satellite-contracts-to-thales-alenia-space/ |title=ESA Awards Sentinel 3C and D Satellite Contracts to Thales Alenia Space |work=Via Satellite |first=Caleb |last=Henry |date=10 February 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016}} [26] => | launched = 2 [27] => | operational = 2 [28] => | retired = [29] => | failed = [30] => | lost = [31] => | first = [[Sentinel-3A]]
{{small|16 February 2016}} [32] => | last = [[Sentinel-3D]]
{{small|≥ 2021}} [33] => | lastretired = [34] => [35] => | previous = [[Sentinel-2]] [36] => | next = [[Sentinel-4]] [37] => }} [38] => [39] => '''Sentinel-3''' is an [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation heavy satellite]] [[satellite series|series]] developed by the [[European Space Agency]] as part of the [[Copernicus Programme]].{{cite web |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/sentinel-3 |title=Sentinel 3 |work=European Space Agency |date=2015 |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609154042/https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/sentinel-3 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |title=The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Sentinel-3 Mission |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |last1=Donlon |first1=C. |last2=Berruti |first2=B. |last3=Buongiorno |first3=A |last4=Ferreira |first4=M-H |last5=Femenias |first5=P. |last6=Frerick |first6=J. |last7=Goryl |first7=P. |last8=Klein |first8=U. |last9=Laur |first9=H. |last10=Mavrocordatos |first10=C. |last11=Nieke |first11=J. |last12=Rebhan |first12=H. |last13=Seitz |first13=B. |last14=Stroede |first14=J. |last15=Sciarra |first15=R. |display-authors=5 |volume=120 |pages=27–57 |date=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.024 |bibcode=2012RSEnv.120...37D}}{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3 |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-3 |publisher=European Space Agency |date=2015 |access-date=11 June 2015}} It currently (as of 2020) consists of 2 satellites: [[Sentinel-3A]] and [[Sentinel-3B]]. After initial commissioning, each satellite was handed over to [[EUMETSAT]] for the routine operations phase of the mission. Two recurrent satellites— Sentinel-3C and Sentinel-3D— will follow in approximately 2025 and 2028 respectively to ensure continuity of the Sentinel-3 mission.{{cite web |url=https://www.eumetsat.int/planned-launches |title=Planned launches |work=[[EUMETSAT]] |access-date=14 December 2023}} [40] => [41] => Each Sentinel-3 satellite is designed to operate for seven years in a Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit and uses multiple sensors to measure topography, temperature, marine ecosystems, water quality, pollution, and other features for ocean forecasting and environmental and monitoring. [42] => [43] => ==Overview== [44] => On 14 April 2008, the European Space Agency and [[Thales Alenia Space]] signed a {{€|305 million}} contract to build the first GMES Sentinel-3 in its [[Cannes Mandelieu Space Center]].{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/Contract_signed_for_ESA_s_Sentinel-3_earth_observation_satellite |title=Contract signed for ESA's Sentinel-3 earth observation satellite |publisher=European Space Agency |date=14 April 2008 |access-date=17 August 2014}} Bruno Berruti led the team that was responsible for delivering the Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellites from the drawing board into orbit.{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3/Bruno_Berruti_Project_Manager |title=Bruno Berruti: Project Manager |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=26 January 2019}} The satellite platform was delivered to France for final integration in 2013.{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Bringing_Sentinel-3_together |title=Bringing Sentinel-3 together |publisher=European Space Agency |date=6 March 2013 |access-date=17 August 2014}} The communications systems were completed by Thales Alenia Space España in early 2014.{{cite web |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/event/thales-alenia-space-espanas-contribution-europes-sentinel-satellites |title=Thales Alenia Space España's contribution to Europe's Sentinel satellites |publisher=Thales Alenia Group |date=24 April 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014}} [45] => [46] => [[Sentinel-3A]] was subsequently launched on 16 February 2016 on a [[Rokot]] vehicle from the [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]], located near Arkhangelsk, Russia.{{Cite web |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-eo-missions/sentinel-3 |title=Sentinel-3 - ESA EO Missions |series=Earth Online |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=13 March 2018}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3/About_the_launch |title=About the Launch |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=19 February 2019}} This first launch was followed by the launch of [[Sentinel-3B]] on 25 April 2018, also aboard a Rokot.{{cite news |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/25/european-environmental-observer-launched-by-russian-rocket/ |title=European environmental observer launched by Russian rocket |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=25 April 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018}} Each satellite is designed to operate for 7 years.{{cite web|title=Sentinel Online - Satellite Description|url=https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-3/satellite-description|publisher=European Space Agency|access-date=February 5, 2023}} [47] => [48] => The Sentinel-3 mission's main objective is to measure [[sea-surface topography]], land- and [[sea-surface temperature]], and land- and [[ocean colour|ocean-surface colour]] with accuracy in support of ocean forecasting systems, and for environmental and climate monitoring. Sentinel-3 builds directly on the heritage pioneered by [[ERS-2]] and [[Envisat]] satellites. Near-real time data will be provided for ocean forecasting, sea-ice charting, and [[maritime safety]] services on the state of the ocean surface, including surface temperature, [[marine ecosystem]]s, water quality and [[Marine pollution|pollution monitoring]]. [49] => [50] => A pair of Sentinel-3 satellites will enable a short revisit time of less than two days for the OLCI instrument and less than one day for SLSTR at the equator. This will be achieved using both Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B satellites in conjunction. The satellite orbit provides a 27-day repeat for the topography package, with a 4-day sub-cycle. [51] => [52] => ==Objectives== [53] => Mission objectives are: [54] => *Measure sea-surface topography, sea-surface height and significant wave height [55] => *Measure [[ocean]] and land-surface temperature [56] => *Measure ocean and land-surface colour [57] => *Monitor sea and land ice [[topography]] [58] => *Sea-water quality and [[Marine pollution|pollution]] monitoring [59] => *Inland water monitoring, including rivers and lakes [60] => *Aid [[marine weather forecasting]] with acquired data [61] => *[[Climate]] monitoring and [[Climate model|modelling]] [62] => *[[Land-use change]] monitoring [63] => *Forest cover mapping [64] => *Fire detection [65] => *[[Weather forecasting]] [66] => *Measuring Earth's thermal radiation for atmospheric applications [67] => [68] => ==Mission characteristics== [69] => *Role: [[Earth observation satellite]] [70] => *Launch mass: Appx. {{convert|1150|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [71] => *Orbit: Sun-synchronous [72] => *Altitude: {{convert|814|km|mi|abbr=on}} [73] => *Inclination: 98.6° [74] => *Local time of Descending Node: 10:00 a.m. [75] => *Orbit cycle: ~100 minutes [76] => *Nominal duration: 7.5 years [77] => [78] => ==Instruments== [79] => Sentinel-3 makes use of multiple sensing instruments: [80] => [81] => ===SLSTR=== [82] => SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer) determines global sea-surface temperatures to an accuracy of better than {{convert|0.3|K-change|C-change F-change|1|lk=in}}. It measures in nine spectral channels and two additional bands optimised for fire monitoring. The first six spectral bands cover the [[visible and near-infrared]] (VNIR) spectrum as well as the [[short-wave infrared]] (SWIR) spectrum; VNIR for bands 1 to 3, and SWIR for bands 4 to 6.{{cite web |url=https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-3-slstr/resolutions/radiometric |title=Radiometric Resolution |series=Sentinel Online |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=9 March 2019}} These 6 bands have a spatial resolution of {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, while bands 7 to 9 as well as the two additional bands have a spatial resolution of {{convert|1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}. For the SLSTR instrument on the Sentinel 3, calibration on-board is one of the most detrimental objectives for the thermal and infrared channels. This instrument has two [[Black body|black bodies]] that were targeted, one at lower temperature than predicted, and one at a higher temperature. Therefore, the range in between the high and low temperatures of these black bodies measures the ocean surface temperature.{{Cite journal|last1=Birks|first1=Andrew|last2=Cox|title=SLSTR: Algorithm Theoretical Basis Definition Document for Level 1 Observables|url=https://sentinel.esa.int/documents/247904/349589/SLSTR_Level-1_ATBD.pdf|journal=Science & Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory|date=14 January 2011|pages=173}} [83] => [84] => ===OLCI=== [85] => OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument) is a medium-resolution imaging [[spectrometer]] that uses five cameras to provide a wide field of view. The OLCI is an along-track or [[Push broom scanner|"push broom" scanner]], meaning that the [[sensor array]] is arranged perpendicular to the path of flight.{{cite web |url=https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-3/instrument-payload/olci |title=OLCI Instrument Payload |series=Sentinel Online |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=19 February 2019}} This method essentially eliminates the scale distortion near the edge of an image that is common with across-track or [[Whisk broom scanner|"whisk broom" scanners]]. OLCI has 21 spectral bands with wavelengths ranging from the optical to the near-infrared.{{cite web |url=https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/685236/Sentinel-3_User_Handbook |title=Sentinel-3 User Handbook |publisher=European Space Agency |version=1.0 |date=2 September 2013 |id=GMES-S3OP-EOPG-TN-13-0001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305205504/https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/685236/Sentinel-3_User_Handbook |archive-date=5 March 2016}} Bands vary in width from 400 nm to 1020 nm, and serve a variety of different purposes, including measuring [[water vapour]] absorption, [[aerosol]] levels, and [[chlorophyll]] absorption. SLSTR and OLCI are optical instruments with an overlap of their swath path, allowing for new combined applications. Due to climate changing factors, inland coastal regions have become an increased area of concern and from 2002 to 2012, the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) provided quality observations for analysis. The OLCI improves upon the MERIS in that it was built with six additional spectral bands, higher-end signal to noise ratio (SNR), reduced solar glaring, a maximum of 300 m spatial resolution, and increased ground coverage allowing it to sense cyanobacterial levels within inland coastal ecosystems.{{Cite journal|last1=Kravitz|first1=Jeremy.|last2=Mathews|first2=Mark|last3=Bernard |first3=Stewart|last4=Griffith|first4=Derek|title=Application of Sentinel 3 OLCI for chl-a retrieval over small inland water targets: Successes and challenges|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment|year=2020|volume=237 (Feb 2020)|pages=111562|doi=10.1016/j.rse.2019.111562|bibcode=2020RSEnv.237k1562K|s2cid=213229746 }} This is currently the only sensor in space able to detect [[cyanobacteria]]. [86] => [87] => ===SRAL=== [88] => SRAL ([[Synthetic Aperture Radar|Synthetic Aperture]] [[Radar Altimeter]]) is the main topographic instrument to provide accurate topography measurements over sea ice, ice sheets, rivers and lakes. It uses dual-frequency [[Ku band|Ku]] and [[C band (IEEE)|C band]] and is supported by a [[microwave radiometer]] (MWR) for atmospheric correction and a DORIS receiver for orbit positioning. This allows the instrument, which is based on legacy missions such as CryoSat and the Jason missions,{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3/Instruments|title=Instruments|website=www.esa.int|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}} to provide a 300-meter resolution and a total range error of 3 cm.{{Cite web|url=https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-3/instrument-payload/altimetry|title=Sentinel-3 - Instrument Payload - Altimetry - Sentinel Online|website=sentinel.esa.int|access-date=2020-03-06}} The instrument operates its pulse repetition frequency at 1.9 kHz (low-resolution mode - LRM, [[real aperture radar]]) and 17.8 kHz (synthetic aperture radar - SAR). [89] => [90] => ===DORIS=== [91] => [[DORIS (geodesy)|DORIS]] (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) is a receiver for orbit positioning. [92] => [93] => ===MWR=== [94] => MWR (Microwave Radiometer) measures water vapour and cloud water content and the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth. The MWR sensor has a radiometric accuracy of {{convert|3.0|K-change|C-change F-change}}.{{cite web |url=https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-3/instrument-payload/altimetry |title=Altimetry Instruments Payload |series=Sentinel Online |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=19 February 2019}} [95] => [96] => ===LRR=== [97] => LRR ([[Laser retroreflector]]) accurately locates the satellite in orbit using a laser ranging system. When used in combination with SRAL, DORIS, MWR, they will acquire detailed topographic measurements of the ocean and in-land water. [98] => [99] => ===GNSS=== [100] => GNSS ([[Global Navigation Satellite System]]) provides precise orbit determination and can track multiple satellites simultaneously. [101] => [102] => ==Satellite operation and data flow== [103] => Sentinel-3 is operated by the [[European Space Operations Centre]] (ESA) and [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites|Eumetsat]]. The in-orbit operations for Sentinel-3 are coordinated by Eumetsat in [[Darmstadt|Darmstadt, Germany]]. This includes monitoring the health of the satellite and the instruments, and coordinates housekeeping [[telemetry]] and commands at the main flight control center in Darmstadt, Germany. ESA maintains a backup flight control center at a ground station in [[Kiruna|Kiruna, Sweden]]. In addition, the ESA operates an x-band core station in [[Svalbard]], Norway. This station is responsible for receiving the data collected by Sentinel-3.{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/content/view/full/463902 |title=Data flow |series=Sentinel-3 |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=3 April 2018}} The data is then analysed by the Sentinel Collaborative Ground Segment and compiled into the Copernicus Space Component (CSC). The CSC is an earth observation program run by the ESA with the objective of providing high quality continuous monitoring of the earth. [104] => [105] => ==Applications== [106] => The applications of Sentinel-3 are diverse. Using the collection of sensors on-board Sentinel-3 is able to detect ocean and land temperature and colour change. The Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) has a {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} resolution with 21 distinct bands allowing global coverage in less than four days. This sensor can then be used to by researches to do water quality and land-monitoring research. The satellite also has the ability to monitor the temperature of the sea, land and ice through the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR). Sentinel-3 also had the ability to detect changes in sea-surface height and [[Sea ice|sea-ice]] using the [[synthetic aperture radar]] [[altimeter]] and the [[microwave radiometer]], two of the most complex sensors on the satellite. [107] => [108] => The observations acquired by the mission will be used to in conjunction with other ocean-observing missions to contribute to the [[Global Ocean Observing System]] (GOOS) which aims to create a permanent system of ocean observation.{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3_stacks_up |title=Sentinel-3 stacks up |publisher=European Space Agency |date=24 April 2014 |access-date=21 December 2015}} [109] => *Ocean colour and land reflectance data [110] => *Sea, land and ice surface temperature [111] => *Active fire and burnt area monitoring [112] => *Sea surface topography data [113] => [114] => ==Gallery== [115] => [116] => File:Bering Sea ESA376705.jpg|Bering Sea [117] => File:Cyclone Debbie ESA375411.jpg|[[Cyclone Debbie]] [118] => File:Kamchatka, Russia ESA374357.jpg|Kamchatka, Russia [119] => File:United Kingdom ESA361630.tiff|United Kingdom [120] => File:Hinnamnor 2022-09-01 0159Z.jpg|[[Typhoon Hinnamnor]] off the coast of Taiwan [121] => [122] => [123] => ==References== [124] => {{reflist|30em}} [125] => [126] => ==External links== [127] => {{Commons category|Sentinel-3}} [128] => * [http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Sentinel3/index.html Sentinel-3 website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826080836/http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Sentinel3/index.html |date=2016-08-26 }} by EUMETSAT [129] => * [https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/sentinel-3 Sentinel-3 website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609154042/https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/sentinel-3 |date=2016-06-09 }} by European Space Agency [130] => * [https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/copernicus-sentinel-3 Sentinel-3 website] by eoPortal [131] => * [https://s3view.oceandatalab.com Sentinel-3 NRT visualisation website] by OceanDataLab [132] => [133] => {{Copernicus programme}} [134] => {{European Space Agency}} [135] => [136] => [[Category:Copernicus Programme]] [137] => [[Category:Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency]] [138] => [[Category:Satellite series]] [139] => [[Category:Earth satellite radar altimeters]] [] => )
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Sentinel-3

Sentinel-3 is an Earth observation heavy satellite series developed by the European Space Agency as part of the Copernicus Programme. It currently (as of 2020) consists of 2 satellites: Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B.

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